COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN REPORT

MODULE 4:

Research in Child and Adolescent Development

The Child and Adolescent Learners and

Learning Principles

(PROFED1)

Reporters: Beltran, Mary Dianne B.

Bernas, Kim D.

CED02-101P
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module the students should be able to:

 Explain the Basic Principles of Research

 Demonstrate appreciation of the role of the teachers as consumers and
producers of developmental research.
 Read researches on Child and Adolescent Development and make simple
research abstracts out of researches read.

RESEARCH IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Teachers as Consumers/End Users of Research

Research enables teachers to come up with informed decision on what to teach and
how to teach. This involves decisions related to educational policies, curriculum,
effective teaching-learning process, and even those involving research, too.

Teachers as Researchers

The conduct of research does not only belong to thesis and dissertation writers. It is for
students and teachers, too.

The Scientific Method

One important principle of research is adherence to the scientific method, since

research is a systematic and logical process. As such researchers basically follow the
scientific method.

5 steps of the scientific method ( JOHN DEWEY)

1. Identify the problem

2. Determine the Hypothesis

3. Collect and Analyze the data

4. Formulate Conclusions

5. Apply conclusions to the original hypothesi

RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Case Study

Description: An in-depth look at an individual

Strengths: It provides information about an individual’s fears, hopes, fantasies,

traumatic experiences, upbringing, family relationship, health, and anything that helps a
psychologist understand that person’s development.

 Weaknesses: Need to exercise caution when generalizing from the information;

the subject of a case study is unique, with a genetic make-up and experiences
no one else shares; involves judgments of unknown reliability, in that usually no
check is made to see if other psychologists agree with other observations. A
process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the
development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.

 A case study is a research methodology that has commonly used in social

sciences. A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that
investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.

 A case study is a descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person, group or

event.

 Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate
new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way
of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person's life
are related to each other.

2. Correlational Study

Description: A research design that determines association.

Strengths: Useful because the more strongly two events are correlated, the more we
can predict one from the other.

Weaknesses: Because correlational research does not involve the manipulation of

factors, it is not a dependable way to isolate cause.
Positive Both variables As height increases, weight also increases
correlation change in the same
direction

Negative The variables change As coffee consumption increases,

correlation in opposite directions
tiredness decreases

Zero correlation There is no Coffee consumption is not correlated

relationship between with height
the variables

3. Experimental

Description: A research design that determines cause and-effect relationships.

Strengths: The only true reliable method of establishing cause and effect.

Weaknesses: Experimental research is limited to what is observable, testable, and

manipulable.

4. Naturalistic Observation

Description: A research design that focuses on children’s experiences in natural

settings.

Strengths: One of the advantages of this type of research is that it allows the
researcher to directly observe the subject in a natural setting.

Weaknesses: The disadvantages of naturalistic observation include the fact that it can
be difficult to determine the exact cause of behavior and the experimenter cannot
control outside variables.

5. Longitudinal

Description: This research design studies and follows through a single group over a
period of time.
Strengths: Allows them to record and monitor development trends.

Weaknesses: They are expensive and time-consuming.

6. Cross-sectional

Description: A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compare at

one time.

Strengths: Allows them to record and monitor developmental trends.

Weaknesses: It gives no information about how individuals change or about the

stability of their characteristics.

7. Sequential

Description: This is the combined cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to learn

about lifespan development.

Strengths: It provides information to obtain from cross sectional or longitudinal

approaches.

Weaknesses: It is complex, expensive, and time consuming.

8. Action Research

Description: Action research is a reflective process of progressive problem-solving led

by individuals working with others in teams or as part of a “community of practice” to
improve the way they address issues and solve problems.

Strengths: Appropriate in a particular setting when the purpose of study is to “to

create changes and gain information on processes and outcome of the strategies used”.

Weaknesses: typically take place in one organization only at a particular time and
could not be interpreted within different organizations in the same way. Therefore,
research findings are hard to generalize.
Data-Gathering Techniques

1. Observation

Observations can be made in either laboratory or materialistic settings. In naturalistic

observation, behavior is observed in the real world like classroom, home in
neighborhood.

2. Psychological Measures

Certain indicators of children’s development such as, among others, heart rate,
hormonal levels, bone growth, body weight, and brain activity are measured.

3. Standardized Tests

These are prepared tests that assess individuals’ performance in different domains.
These tests are administered in a consistent manner.

4. Interviews and Questionnaires

Involves asking the participants to provide information about

themselves based on the interview or questionnaire given by the researchers.

Gathering of data may be conducted through a printed questionnaire, over the

telephone, by mail, in person, or online.

Information is obtained by utilizing standardized procedures so that every participant is

asked the same questions in the same manner. It entails asking participants for
information in some structured format.

5. Life-History Records

These are records of information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities.
They often involve a combination of data records on education, work, family, and
residence. These include public records or historical documents or interviews with
respondent.

Ethical Principles

Ethical principles provide a generalized framework within which particular ethical

dilemmas may be analyzed.

Details of these ethical principles are found in documents:

1. Ethical standards of the American Educational Research Association

2. Ethical Standards for Research with Children – Society for Research in Child
Development

3. Standards of the American Psychological Association Concerning Research

The following consideration for researches conducted with young children and other
vulnerable population -National Association for the Education of Young Children
(NAEYC).

Some key points are:

1. Research procedures must never harm children,

physically or psychologically.

2. Children and their families have the right to full

information about the research in which they may

participate, including possible risks and benefits. Their

decision to participate must be based on what is called

“informed consent”.

3. Children’s questions about the research should be answered in a truthful manner and
in ways that children can understand.

4. There should be respect for privacy. Information obtained through research with
children should remain confidential.

Impact of Teachers’ Research Involvement on Teachers

1. Teachers who have been involved in research may become more reflective, more
critical and analytical in their teaching, and more open and committed to professional
development (Oja & Pine 1989; Herson 1996; Keyes 2000; Rust 2007).

2. Participating in teacher research also helps teachers become more deliberate in their
decision-making and actions in the classroom.

3. Teacher research develops the professional dispositions of lifelong learning, reflective

and mindful teaching, and self-transformation (Mills 2000; Stringer 2007).
4. Engaging in teaching research at any level may lead to rethinking and reconstructing
what it means to be a teacher or teacher educator and, consequently, the way teachers
relate to children and students.

5. Teacher research has the potential to demonstrate to teachers and prospective

teachers that learning to teach is inherently connected to learning to inquire (Borko et
al.2007).

References:

Andrew, J. (2019) Sequential Study. Retrieved from:

https://theclassroom.com/sequential-study-8718229.html

Bhat, A. (2019) Experimental Research. Retrieved from:

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/experimental-research/

Borabo, H. G., Corpuz, B., Lucas, M.R., Lucido, P. (2018) The Child and Adolescent
Learners and Learning Principles. LORIMAR Publishing

Borko et al.2007

Malano, E. P., (2018) Research in Child and Adolescent Development Retrieved from:
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/KuyzEdd/research-in-child-and-adolescent-
development

McCombes, S. (2019) Correlational Research. Retrieved from:

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/correlational-research

McLeod, S. (2015) Observation Method. Retrieved from:

https://www.simplypsychology.org/observation.html

Mills 2000; Stringer 2007

Oja & Pine 1989; Herson 1996; Keyes 2000; Rust 2007

PressAcademia (n.d) Definition of Case Study. Retrieved from:

https://www.pressacademia.org/definition-of-case-study/

Rouse, M. (2019) Longitudinal Study. Retrieved from:

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/longitudinal-study