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    Project Report ON: Capasitor As A Charger

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    Ms Rawat
    The document is a project report on using a capacitor as a charger. It defines what a capacitor is and how it works by storing electric charge on two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The report provides information on capacitance, how capacitors are connected in series and parallel, and the energy stored in a capacitor through equations.

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    Project Report ON: Capasitor As A Charger

    Uploaded by

    Ms Rawat
    27 views10 pages
    The document is a project report on using a capacitor as a charger. It defines what a capacitor is and how it works by storing electric charge on two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The report provides information on capacitance, how capacitors are connected in series and parallel, and the energy stored in a capacitor through equations.

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    The document is a project report on using a capacitor as a charger. It defines what a capacitor is and how it works by storing electric charge on two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The report provides information on capacitance, how capacitors are connected in series and parallel, and the energy stored in a capacitor through equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views10 pages

    Project Report ON: Capasitor As A Charger

    Uploaded by

    Ms Rawat
    The document is a project report on using a capacitor as a charger. It defines what a capacitor is and how it works by storing electric charge on two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The report provides information on capacitance, how capacitors are connected in series and parallel, and the energy stored in a capacitor through equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    PROJECT REPORT

    ON
    CAPASITOR AS A CHARGER

    PHYSICS PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR


    XIITH CLASS

    BY:
    ASJAD GHAZI
    XIIC

    SUBMITTED TO
    MS. RAKHI MAM

    CITY VOCATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

    1
    ACKCKNOWLDEGE

    2
    Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2 close

    conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates accumulate

    electric charge when connected to power source. One plate accumulates positive charge and the

    other plate accumulates negative charge.

    The capacitance is the amount of electric charge that is stored in the capacitor at voltage of 1

    Volt.

    The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F).

    The capacitor disconnects current in direct current (DC) circuits and short circuit in alternating

    current (AC) circuits.

    Capacitor pictures

    3
    Capacitor symbols
    Capacitor

    Polarized capacitor

    Variable capacitor

    Capacitance
    The capacitance (C) of the capacitor is equal to the electric charge (Q) divided by
    the voltage (V):

    C is the capacitance in farad (F)


    Q is the electric charge in coulombs (C), that is stored on the capacitor
    V is the voltage between the capacitor's plates in volts (V)
    Capacitance of plates capacitor
    The capacitance (C) of the plates capacitor is equal to the permittivity (ε) times the
    plate area (A) divided by the gap or distance between the plates (d):

    C is the capacitance of the capacitor, in farad (F).


    ε is the permittivity of the capacitor's dialectic material, in farad per meter (F/m).
    A is the area of the capacitor's plate in square meters (m2].
    d is the distance between the capacitor's plates, in meters (m).

    Capacitors in series

    4
    The total capacitance of capacitors in series, C1,C2,C3,.. :

    Capacitors in parallel

    The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel, C1,C2,C3,.. :

    CTotal = C1+C2+C3+...

    5
    For prectical applications , two or more capacitors are often used in combination
    and their total capacitance C must be known.To find total capacitance of the
    arrangement of capacitor we would use equation

    Q=CV

    (i) Parallel combination of capacitors

    Figure below shows two capacitors connected in parallel between two points A
    and B

    Parallel combination of capacitors

    Right hand side plate of capacitors would be at same common potential VA.
    Similarly left hand side plates of capacitors would also be at same common
    potential VB.

    Thus in this case potential difference VAB=VA-VB would be same for both the
    capacitors, and charges Q1 and Q2 on both the capacitors are not necessarily equal.
    So,

    Q1=C1V and Q2=C2V

    Thus charge stored is divided amongst both the capacitors in direct proportion to
    their capacitance.

    Total charge on both the capacitors is,

    Q=Q1+Q2

    =V(C1+C2)

    and

    Q/V=C1+C2 (8)

    So system is equivalent to a single capacitor of capacitance

    C=Q/V

    6
    where,

    When capacitors are connected in parallel their resultant capacitance C is the sum
    of their individual capacitances.

    The value of equivalent capacitance of system is greater then the greatest


    individual one.

    If there are number of capacitors connected in parallel then their equivalent


    capacitance would be

    C=C1+C2+ C3........... (10)

    (ii) Series combination of capacitors

    Figure 7 below shows two capacitors connected in series combination between


    points A and B.

    Series combination of capacitors

    Both the points A and B are maintained at constant potential difference VAB.

    In series combination of capacitors right hand plate of first capacitor is connected


    to left hand plate of next capacitor and combination may be extended foe any
    number of capacitors.

    In series combination of capacitors all the capacitors would have same charge.

    Now potential difference across individual capacitors are given by

    VAR=Q/C1

    and,

    VRB=Q/C2

    Sum of VAR and VRB would be equal to applied potential difference V so,

    V=VAB=VAR+VRB

    =Q(1/C1 + 1/C2)

    7
    or,

    where

    i.e., resultant capacitance of series combination C=Q/V, is the ratio of charge to


    total potential difference across the two capacitors connected in series.

    So, from equation 12 we say that to find resultant capacitance of capacitors


    connected in series, we need to add reciprocals of their individual capacitances and
    C is always less then the smallest individual capacitance.

    Result in equation 12 can be summarized for any number of capacitors i.e.,

    7. Energy stored in a capacitor

    Consider a capacitor of capacitance C, completely uncharged in the begning.

    Charhing process of capacitor requires expanditure of energy because while


    charging a capacitor charge is transferred from plate at lower potential to plate at
    higher potential.

    Now if we start charging capacitor by transporting a charge dQ from negative plate


    ti the positive plate then work is done against the potential difference across the
    plate.

    If q is the amount of charge on the capacitor at any stage of charging process and φ
    is the potential difference across the plates of capacitor then magnitude of potential
    difference is φ=q/C.

    Now work dW required to transfer dq is

    dW=φdq=qdq/C

    To charge the capacitor starting from the uncharged state to some final charge Q
    work required is

    Integrating from 0 to Q

    8
    W=(1/C)∫qdq

    =(Q2)/2C (14a)

    =(CV2)/2

    =QV/2

    Which is the energy stored in the capacitor and can also be written as

    U=(CV2)/2 ---(15)

    From equation 14c,we see that the total work done is equal to the average potential
    V/2 during the charging process ,multiplied by the total charge transferred

    If C is measured in Farads ,Q in coulumbs and V in volts the energy stored would


    in Joules

    A parallel plate capacitor of area A and seperation d has capacitance

    C=ε0A/d

    electric field in the space between the plates is

    E=V/d or V=Ed

    Putting above values of V and C in equation 14b we find

    W=U=(1/2)(ε0A/d)(Ed)2

    =(1/2)ε0E2(Ad)

    =(1/2)ε0E2.V ---(16)

    If u denotes the energy per unit volume or energy density then

    u=(1/2)ε0E2 x volume

    The result for above equation is generally valid even for electrostatic field that is
    not constant in space.

    9
    BIBILIOGRAPHY

    1) Electronic projects for beginners by A.K Manini


    2) Comprehensive physics (class_XIIth , NCERT based)
    3) Comprehensive practical physics
    4) NCERT based CBSE text for XIIth
    5) Website : www.yahoo.com

    10

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