MATEC Web of Conferences 266, 02001 (2019) https://doi.org/10.

1051/matecconf/201926602001
IConBEE2018

Reducing Flooding Impacts to the Built Environment: A

Literature Review
Mohammed Nurashikin1,2, Edwards Rodger1 and Mohd Nordin Rumaizah2*
1
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
2
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, MARA University of Technology, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract. The paper consists of the literature review and discussions that concerns the built environment,
flooding, disaster risk management including resiliency and sustainability theory. The objective of this
paper is to review any relevant works of literature in reducing the flooding impacts to the built environment
in Malaysia, at the same time describing any potential improvements and current measures to handle the
aftermath of flooding. Systematic literature review using reference material such as books, scholarly
journals, previous studies, articles, and websites is carried out. The author also searched further for the
references of the articles that were retrieved and repeated the process until a point where no new relevant
articles come to light. The paper is significant in three ways; i) reducing the flood impacts by raising
knowledge ii) providing responsibility measures in reducing flood from different perspectives iii) preparing
ways to lessen the impacts of future flooding threats. The key findings of the paper are; a) Through
knowledge application, the practice of reducing flooding impacts could be enhanced b) Flooding
management should be carried out earlier before flooding attack but also remains later the event c) Disaster
management plans must get ready to face with any uncertainties.

1 Introduction developing countries [4]. With all the technological

advancement that the community has now, the
The built environment term that involved in this paper is management of flood still facing problems that need to
generally about buildings and infrastructure for example; be tackled accordingly [5]. The built environment could
transports, energy, water, waste and related services. suffer a considerable impact when the flood happens
Commercial properties and construction industries are through the damage and loss of assets, properties, and
also considered. Since flooding is becoming more infrastructure [5-6]. The current knowledge in dealing
common and frequent, planning and preparedness for the with flood impact is still growing and developing [7].
worst scenario must exist as a central consideration in Apart from that, there is also a need for people to take
development. Disaster management is an extensive area. more significant roles and responsibility in enhancing
Hence, in searching for the comprehensive literature the flood resiliency [8]. It is palpable that reducing
review, the authors applied for the systematic review. flooding impacts to the built environment could be a
Literature reviews gathered from reference materials success if the organisation or management gets together
such as websites and scholarly journals from previous to come out with the probable strategies to cater to
studies. Different evaluations in published journals are different needs and situations.
used in this paper to come out with diversifying
opinions. The authors have also provided discussions in
the paper. Barakat [1], stated that disasters have a more 2 The Built Environment and
considerable influence on the built environment of Sustainable Agenda
developing countries than industrialised ones. Plus, more
built environment projects are expected to take place in There are numbers of built environment definition
the next 20 years that has occurred in the past [2]. carried out by many other researchers. It is usually
Because of the increase in flooding losses, policy- described as a physical environment, which is
makers, practitioners, and members of the research constructed by people to fulfil their activities [9]. Built
community around the world are seeking a competent environment involves any building and infrastructure
and efficient means of overcoming or minimising them under civil engineering together with the administration
[3]. This paper emphasises that flooding is hard to [10]. Some of the built environment professions deal
predict, and it also cannot be prevented entirely, thus with flooding circumstances including surveyors,
reducing disaster risk impacts is a cost-effective planners, and land administrators. Those who always
investment in lessening future losses especially for the being referred to as practitioners always dealing with

*
Corresponding author: [email protected] / [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 266, 02001 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926602001
IConBEE2018

services like consultation, design, planning, project improved coping capacities to lessen the adverse
management, and technical investigations. It is best if the impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster” [21].
built environment could work together with other extents DRM could be a practice for the national, regional or
such as planning, climate change, infrastructure, building local level [22]. DRM would also be able to lessen the
and more major issues [11]. There is an increased disaster and encouraging the resiliency concerning
sharing of understanding in the built environment study society and have the capacity to deal with any activities
together with the literature review, but each professional related to disaster [23]. By using DRM as a medium in
and areas could bring to the table its unique offering reducing flooding impacts towards the built
[12]. One important thing is that the built environment is environment, it provides guides in determining who is
closely related to sustainability. It is a division of the responsible for each strategy and offers necessary
overall environment, which connected to nature; thus, implementation towards the issues arise. Moreover, the
one will affect one another in many circumstances. The stakeholders would be accountable for ensuring that
undertakings of the built environment are changing DRM is well coordinated at all levels [22]. Since the
throughout the years because of the existence of an whole process of the disaster management is integrated
updated sustainable agenda worldwide and the latest with one another [23], DRM should have focused on
policies and solutions [13]. A study carried out by both long-term as well as short-term efforts [24].
Young [14] provides few points in guiding principles of Natural Disaster Risk Reduction (NDRR) - The
the built environment as discussed; built environment knowledge and awareness about NDRR are critical to
should include the sustainability input in the economic, ensuring that the community could have at least some
social and the environment through all the deals. The preparation towards flooding attacking the country.
built resources such as building should be kept and Having insufficient knowledge in flood would cause
preserved where possible to avoid any waste, involved in further problems, including lack of control during
the conservation of history and culture [15], and flooding recovery and leads to complicated flooding
responsible for larger scope such as water, infrastructure, investigation and evaluation. Apposite knowledge could
transport, property development, and facilities [16]. Built be earned by understanding the previous flooding
environment should also be equipped with efficient experience. It is essential to choose the most relevant
resources to reduce building energy and emissions [16]. knowledge that fit into the real situation. It could help to
There is a lack of approach to face with sustainable contribute to the success of each decision made. The
built environment challenges [17]. The challenges are assimilation of NDRR could also involve the country
caused by larger attention being given to greening the policies, the connection between research activities into
surroundings, but a reduced attempt in making things political elements, create linkage between researchers
sustainable from every aspect including management, and stakeholders in promoting education and awareness
construction, production and operation [17]. To ensure [25]. Every part of the information should be shared
the sustainability efforts, three things need to be accordingly to all stakeholders, staffs, communities, and
followed which are; sustainability assurances, ready for others who considered vulnerable. Proper decision-
any drawbacks and identifying future visions [17]. In making could be earned by having a greater receiving
facing those challenges, the affected organisation should and delivering of information. Other things associated
have the capability and capacity in technology and with knowledge utilisation are an integral part of
human resources [18]. This is because, the functionality building resiliency and creating an active flooding
of the built environment could be changed, including the disaster recovery and response.
building design, while at the same time identifying the Integrated Flood Management (IFM) - IFM is a
vulnerability of which the building construction is process that promotes an integrated, rather than a
carried out, building location, identify the challenges and fragmented approach to flood management. Since
come out with adaptation [18]. Towards sustainability, improving the country disaster management requires
all components of building and environment should be hard work [26], IFM is promoting approaches by
done concurrently [19]. The growing of the built utilising the available resources and provide protective
environment often becomes a threat with a lot of measures to reduce the flooding impacts. Each
negative effects [20]. Sustainable land use and renewable management and stakeholders could have unique ideas
energy should be used together to promote a preserved to manage flood by using the IFM. There are few critical
built environment while it is important to improve land elements of IFM [27]. The explanations of the IFM
use in every aspect [14]. However, considering that the elements are based on the authors' enlightenment. i)
world is facing with complicated climate and economics Manage the water cycle as a whole; Any organisation
that could affect the built environment, any changes to involves with the flooding should be able to tackle the
improvement and approach will take some time [13]. problems beyond the usual flood damage. The flood
management team should be ready to provide any
additional approaches in handling another disaster, such
3 Raising Knowledge as health issues. Proper management of flood is the one
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) - DRM defined as that is efficiently done, considering wider angles in
“the systematic process of using administrative approaching things, such as knowing the types of
directives, organisations, and operational skills and flooding occurs, knowing the water quantity and water
capacities to implement strategies, policies and quality to control flooding issues accordingly. ii)
Integrate land and water management; Land use

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planning and water management should combine in one Stakeholders’ involvement is not merely depending on
synthesised plan with a standard field. The examples of power but to their awareness including the
the important things involved are flooding hazards administration and public approaches [34]. There are
mapping and useful sharing of information among weaknesses in stakeholders’ involvement if it is not
authorities and management. An interdisciplinary managed efficiently, including problems and conflicts
approach is required to come out with good flood concerning political leaders and stakeholder groups [35].
management concerns. iii) Manage risk and uncertainty; Stakeholders’ power, legitimacy, and urgency could help
Flooding impacts could relate to fears or doubts. It also to describe whether it is proactive or reactive approaches
could affect the social, economic and political stability. being used in the different DRM phases [36]. This
Significant challenges are the increase in population and spearheads in making better distribution management of
ever-changing economic activities. The related resources in between the proactive and reactive
organisation would have to include a few advances stakeholders [36]. Decision-making carried out by the
comprises of risk identification, risk evaluation, risk stakeholders’ plays an essential part in making integrated
reduction or risk removal by using the designated flooding management a success [37]. Moreover,
approach through policies and practices. iv) Adopt the stakeholders need to know what sort of information to be
best mix of strategies; Each of the management should delivered, to whom, when and how. The aim is to offer
carry out the applicable strategies that are adaptable, an improved basis for the stakeholders to continuously
having resiliency input and adjustable to different types and interactively, share and exchange DRM information
of flooding at any time of the year. Additionally, the in ways that help to manage disaster risks [26].
management plans require the procedure for short and Workshops could help to gather the relevant
long-term approach. v) Ensure a participatory approach; stakeholders to become familiar with each other's
In adapting IFM into plans, the communication between accountabilities, communication, and create
parties should be done strategically. The data and understanding during a crisis. Through this medium, it
information should be delivered clearly. Decision- could promote broader viewpoints and provide
making should go through consultation and take account opportunities for future collaboration [26].
stakeholders’ expertise. The "top-down” and “bottom- Consequently, it is reasonable that the successfulness of
up” approach, including coordination between the the DRM could also be based on the efficiency of
administrations, is a right blend in making better stakeholders in managing flooding.
assessments. vi) Adopt integrated hazard management In addition to that, local government is the first that
approaches; Problems handling should be done should respond to flood, but this still depends on how
holistically. Forecasting and early warning systems are bad the disaster is, topography, current weather and the
essential for managing flood. Other mechanisms that are capability of local governments in providing the
used for flooding risks reduction are, for example, early effective disaster response [38]. In smaller
warning system, automatic warning sirens, the Short municipalities, concern in flood mitigation is distributed
Messaging System (SMS), telephone, fax, internet, among the different department levels. Attentions are
automated telemetric rain gauges and river level given to public infrastructure and assets, any planning
recorders [28]. involved, emergency management, conservation, and
public health. As for larger municipalities, flood
4 Who is Responsible? mitigation is distributed to different plans because their
related departments work separately [39]. Larger
Stakeholders who are dealing with flooding risks or municipalities will have more power to deal with flood
impacts could be distinguished by several categories mitigation because of the broader working staffs and
such as the type of participants, for example, the often expertise in dealing with flood events. Therefore,
government, experts or the public, including the level they could investigate structural and non-structural
whether it is local, regional, or national level [29. Level mitigation options. Structural flood mitigation is, for
or type of governance also plays a role such as example, the structure and maintenance construction,
government-led, citizen-led or combination [30]. while the non-structural flood mitigation is the measures
National authorities are at the highest power while the in planning by the related departments [39]. Critical
local stakeholder is having less power if it is based on response supervision needs to be carried out when
the hierarchy. If it were related to politics, stakeholders’ flooding strikes. Consequently, there would be high
involvement would always have political interest, for demands for the fast and enough supply of foods,
example, the mayor or the public administration. medical assistance, volunteers and other necessities. The
Increasing the trust and acceptability of the local rescue leader is the one who is responsible for managing
stakeholders in public administration deemed important the rescue activities. It is because the leader had received
[31]. The government-led stakeholder could manage training on the help and rescue during flooding disaster
complex issues while local-level concern for the issue is [40]. The leader involves in the said disaster should be
somehow limited. For instance, technical issues would able to make a timely decision while making sure all the
need specific stakeholders for technical information operations are still following the plan [41]. Enough help
sharing [32]. Local stakeholder involvement would with the transport, recovery supplies, rescue teams and
depend on their knowledge, motivation, interest, debris management could help a lot in disaster
networks or organisation they are joining [33]. management [42]. Coping capacity in the development
should be involved in reducing the disaster impact [43].

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The technical aspects, network or financial could reviews on water control structures, transportation
improve the capacity development of local or structures, electrical, water control, and waste amenities.
community-based management [44]. Each country has The ‘culture of prevention’ between NGOs and the
different coping capacities in dealing with the flood. It private sector should reduce the impact of environmental
depends on the countries culture, how people are dealing hazards, in this case, flooding. ‘Capacity Building’ is a
with risks, country laws or their social and political vital part of this agenda because of its connection to the
situation [45]. It is very tough to accept the risk level latest scientific knowledge. Flood management plans are
without knowing the country able to handle the disaster. essential for any built environment to streamline the
Therefore, any measures taken should be based on process of administration in handling such events. Each
vulnerability and capability of the country [26]. The management of any property must develop its strategy.
citizens’ trust towards the country will be disrupted if the The strategy could be derived from other previous
flooding events keep occurring. For example, Dutch flooding experience and from research carried out which
citizens think that there will be no flood and they may incorporates including theoretical aspects. The strategy
lose their trust in authorities of the flood is happening must be in line with the objectives, goals, and visions of
again. As for English citizens, they still experience each organisation. The direction and expected outcomes
flooding repeatedly [45]. Citizens do not indeed have to may be determined in the first place. This management
lose their trust in authorities, if they get help and offered plan requires a robust management approach, so any
enough information on flooding. Perhaps citizens could issues that could prevent the built environment from
take extra care of those additional measures. Whatever achieving the objectives of any of its risk reduction plans
the situation is, the government and authorities should need to be managed appropriately. A proactive work
take the matter seriously, and they should be responsible culture could also help in flooding risk reduction issues.
for anything happens [45]. On the other hand, perception At the same time, administrations should carry out a
and understanding will lead to the people actions in SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses,
planning for and responding to flood events [46]. The opportunities, and threats towards the implementation of
understanding of resilience and capacity building should the strategy. Understanding the topography of the built
be developing further along the way with the environment, getting significant information from the
understanding of flood risk perception [47]. Likewise, Malaysian Meteorological Department, identifying
the risk perceptions could improve the resilience of the lowland areas and high-risk buildings constructed near
societies [48]. In managing the disaster, risk steep slopes, and evaluating the current drainage system
communication should be further clarified [49]. For should be done even before flooding happens. As part of
example, a study being done towards the U.K. this plan, other risks that may arise directly or indirectly
Environment Agency's Indicative Floodplain Maps and it due to flooding should be identified. The causes of
is about possible flooding. It has been argued that a map flooding need to be determined to ensure that the
provided had given misleading information. However, remedial work performed suits current conditions. It is
problems came from the public as they had lack of also important to identify if there are any contaminants
knowledge; thus, they cannot interpret the map in a and hazardous elements in the floodwater that requires
correct way [49]. Risk communication would be able to further actions. For instance, the remediation approach
help in understanding the impacts of flooding and help to for a river overflowing would be different from the
develop more appropriate strategies. Improvement of approach for flash floods. As for existing buildings, their
flood risk communication raises the awareness of current state before the flooding events occur must be
citizens and the business community which have had evaluated. Any previous remediation done such as
limited capability in authorities [45]. repairs, modifications or any other building issues should
be adequately recorded. The use of strategies for
5 Discussions flooding risk reduction should become a practice within
the university sector. In ensuring the effectiveness,
Malaysia will be anyhow affected by large areas of creating understanding among the public and getting the
flooding from experience, even though there are many right approach to these risks, actions should start from
precautions had been taken. The risks of flooding will the earliest planning stages. Flooding could be a
always be there. Therefore, pre and post-flood planning challenging experience, but with an appropriate
require necessary knowledge to ensure its success. precautionary measure and knowledge on how to recover
Malaysian built environment management and from flooding could help during and after flooding
administrations, which previously have had no events.
experience in handling flooding incidents, may face
difficulties in dealing with such incidents effectively 6 Facing the Future
without a proper NDRR process in place. A strong
foundation of flood knowledge process could facilitate A paper from Josephson [50] is discussed under this
good interaction amongst management, building users, section. Worst things could happen if planning towards
and other key stakeholders. Reducing the impact of flooding was treated as less important and when the
flooding risk could be done in several ways including a stakeholders react only when the actual flooding occurs.
review of the design standards for the newly constructed The stakeholders’ preparation to face with flooding
building and the existing building. It would include should be made clear. For example, business and

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location characteristics, changes in policies, and previous mitigate the flood risk in the region [38]. Anyone who is
flood works need to be known. The flood management exposed to flooding risk should have a sense of
planning should consider and promote sustainability, responsibility to take proactive steps towards the disaster
including looking at short-term and long-term strategic event [47].
management decisions. Business-focused
recommendations could be conceptually grouped into
four broad areas; 1) planning, defined as the assessment 7 Conclusions
of risk and planning specific strategies to minimise it; 2) The wake of flooding could help to provide rooms to
transfer of risk, described as the purchase of insurance; launch for a better sustainable change. Providing
3) reinforcement of structures; and 4) protection of resilience input throughout the process is one of the on-
tangible business assets, business processes and going betterments. The stakeholders need to have an
operations. The structural measures towards the building ability to plan for the unexpected situation and tackle the
and properties are needed for short and long-term situation with knowledge. Therefore, each management
purposes. Long-term activities could include the should have some plan, being able to manage the overall
retrofitting of the building structures. There are different situation. The management should be expected to be able
ways of lessening the flooding impact through to deliver flexibility and adaptability in handling any
engineering structural measures or temporary measures. circumstances. Appropriate decision-making is essential
The structural measures are like the construction of in accomplishing the aims of reducing natural disasters.
walls, pumps and road networks while the temporary Hence, there is a need to do an overview of
measures are like the placement of sandbags, flood proof understanding and practice in the multidisciplinary field
utilities and anything that can be done within a short to create benefits and advancement for researchers,
time [51]. Even though things like promoting NDRR, policymakers and planners. Reducing the impact of
education, and knowledge on NDRR had been delivered, flooding is the responsibility of everybody, including the
the safety of the building occupants cannot be confirmed society, government, professionals and the private
if the building was not built from the flood-proof sector. Every decisions and action are vital in making
structure [52]. Safety and regulations must be updated sure whether each of them could help in reducing the
from time to time together with the appropriate follow impact of flooding.
up including the technical guidelines [52]. For the past
two decades, the move had been changed from
defending against floods known as resistance, towards The authors would like to extend their greatest appreciation
adapting to them that is known as resilience [53]. and acknowledge the Grant LESTARI 600-IRMI/DANA
Population areas affected by the flood area need to be 5/3/LESTARI (0154/2016) to give funding and support for this
research.
recognised plus identifying damage to the building
functions, roads, and infrastructures. This would aid
flood risks assessment to other areas with comparable References
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