Human Value and Professional Ethics Unit 1

Human Values
And
Professional Ethics
What are Values?
❑ Human values are the virtues that guide us to take

into account human element when one interacts
with one other human beings.
❑ They are our feelings for the human essence of

others.
❑ It’s both what we expect others to do to us and

what we aim to give to other human beings.
❑ These human values give the effect of bonding,

comforting and reassuring.
❑ Value denotes the degree of importance of some
thing or action.
❑ With the aim of determining what actions are best

to do or what way is best to live.
❑ As such, values reflect a person's sense of right

and wrong or what "ought" to be and what not to
be.
❑ Value systems are proscriptive (restricting) and

prescriptive (enforcement) beliefs; they affect
ethical behavior of a person.
❑ Scott and Kluckhohn (1951) described value as
a conception: explicit or implicit of desirable
which influences the selection from available
modes, means and end of action.
❑ Rokeach (1969) stated that values are type of

belief that is “centrally located within one’s total
belief system, about how one ought to or ought
not to behave”.
❑ Feather (1975) continued to criticize Rokeach

by arguing that values may be classified as
prescriptive or proscriptive beliefs rather than as
a descriptive or evaluative belief.
❑ Common human values are as under:
Truthfulness Sincerity
Humbleness Politeness
Brotherhood Friendliness
Empathy Compassion
Helpfulness Openness
Caring Welcoming
Acceptance Kindness
Appreciation Honesty
Fairness Loyalty
Sharing Solidarity
Civility Respect
Consideration Courage
Wisdom Love and many more….
Essence of Values
❑ Values comes from the Latin word “valere” which

means to measure the worth of something.
❑ Values are the elements of life prevailing in any
society.
❑ Max Scheler (1874-1928) is the foremost
exponent of Axiology. Axiology is defined as the
philosophical science of values.
❑ “Acts reveal the person’s value preferences. Like
a prism that reflects the invisible spectrum of
colors, a person’s acts manifest his invisible order
of values.
Types of Values
Values can be classified into two broad
categories:
(1) Individual values:
These are the values which are related with the
development of human personality or individual
norms of recognition and protection of the human
personality such as honesty, loyalty, veracity and
honor.
(2) Collective values:
Values connected with the solidarity of the
community or collective norms of equality, justice,
solidarity and socialness are known as collective
values.
Values can also be’ categorized from the point of
view their hierarchical arrangement:
(1) Intrinsic values:
These are the values which are related with goals of
life. They are sometimes known as ultimate and
transcendent values. They determine the schemata of
human rights and duties and of human virtues. In the
hierarchy of values, they occupy the highest place
and superior to all other values of life.
(2) Instrumental values:
These values come after the intrinsic values in the
scheme of gradation of values. These values are
means to achieve goals (intrinsic values) of life. They
are also known as incidental or proximate values.
Personal Values –
❑ Personal values provide an internal reference for
what is good, beneficial, important, useful,
beautiful, desirable and constructive.
Cultural Values -
❑ Individual cultures emphasize values which their
members broadly share.
Sources of Values
Culture Regions of
Fellow Workers
Country
Family Profession
The Individual
Conscience
Friends Employer
The Law Religious

Society at Large
Beliefs
Classification of Values
According to Edward Spranger, there are
six types of values:
⚫ Theoretical
⚫ Economic
⚫ Aesthetic
⚫ Social
⚫ Political
⚫ Religious
Theoretical: Interested in the discovery of
truth through reasoning and systematic thinking.
Economic: Interest in usefulness and
practicality, including the accumulation of
wealth.
Aesthetic: Interest in beauty, form and artistic
harmony.
Social: Interest in people and love as a human
relationship.
Political: Interest in gaining power and
influencing people.
Religious: Interest in unity and understanding
the cosmos as a whole.
According to Rokeach, depending on nature,
values can be of two types:
Instrumental Value: Instrumental values
reflect the means to achieve goals; that is, they
represent the acceptable behavior to be used
in achieving some end state.
⚫ Instrumental values identified by Rokeach
include ambition, honesty, self-sufficiency and
courageousness.
Terminal Value: Terminal values, in contrast,
represent the goals to be achieved, or the end
states of existence. Rokeach identified
happiness, love, pleasure, self-respect, and
freedom among the terminal values.
Everett suggested values like :
⚫ Bodily Values
⚫ Economic Values
⚫ Values of Recreation
⚫ Values of association
⚫ Character Values
⚫ Aesthetic Values
⚫ Intellectual Values
⚫ Religious Values
Cultural
Political
Temporal Economic
Corporate
Types of
Social
values
Human
Universal Moral
Spiritual
Hierarchy of Values by Max Scheler
Values across CULTURE
Culture
⚫ Crosby defines culture as patterns of behaviour, which
suggests some sort of naturally accruing patterns of
structure and repeatability.
⚫ Juran defines culture as the creation of values, beliefs
and behaviour necessary for success, which suggests
culture is an entity man creates to meet the needs of
the group at the time according to a large body of
knowledge.
⚫ Hofstede observed culture is the collective
programming of the mind, which distinguishes the
members of one group pr category of people from
those of another.
Characteristics of Culture
⚫ Learnt
⚫ Shared
⚫ Continuous – passes from 1 generation to next
⚫ Symbolic – use one thing to represent another
⚫ Integrated – inter related, inter dependent, change in leads to
change in another
⚫ Adaptive – adaptability, creative, innovation, imagination
⚫ Regular – use of common language, terminology and accepted form
of behaviour
⚫ Norms – distinctive standards of behaviour
⚫ Dominant Values – advocated and accepted
⚫ Philosophy – policies concerning beliefs & standards of
performance, attitude, behaviour, conduct
⚫ Rules – formal and informal
Components of Culture
CUSTOM ART
CULTURE
SOCIAL
WAY OF LIFE
ORGANISATION
o f
ts
a n
in
rm
e te re
D ltu
Cu
Key Values rooted deep in
Indian Culture and Society
⚫ The individual must be respected
⚫ Cooperation and trust
⚫ Jealousy is harmful for mental health
⚫ Purification of mind
⚫ Top quality product or service
⚫ Work is worship
⚫ Containment of greed
⚫ Moral soundness
⚫ Self-discipline and Self-Restraint
⚫ Customer Satisfaction
⚫ Creativity
⚫ Inspiration to give
⚫ Renunciation and detachment
Values in Indian Culture and
Management
⚫ Fundamentally flawed views of reality lead
to certain false ways of relating to the
world and to oneself, which in turn leads
to confusion, misery and suffering.
⚫ Indian culture is very rich in values which
if practiced lead to success, prosperity
and peace.
⚫ Some are presented in value tree as
follows:
Value
Tree
Values Across
Culture
Hofstede studied cultural values across 50
countries
A framework for assessing cultures; he introduced
five Bvalue dimensions of national culture.
Power distance
Individualism versus collectivism
Quantity of life versus quality of life
Uncertainty avoidance
Long-term versus short-term orientation

Hofstede’s Framework for
Assessing Cultures
Hofstede’s Framework
(cont’d)
(cont’d)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which people prefer
order and certainty, or uncertainty
and ambiguity.
The extent to which they feel
comfortable or threatened by which
a common good is perceived and
tendency and the willingness to work
towards this.
(cont’d)
Can you list some
Western and Eastern
Countries?
Values West can learn from the East
⚫ The individual must be ⚫ Containment of greed
respected ⚫ Ethico-moral
⚫ Cooperation and trust soundness
⚫ Jealousy is harmful for ⚫ Self-discipline and
mental health Self-Restraint
⚫ Purification of mind ⚫ Customer Satisfaction
⚫ Top quality product ⚫ Creativity
or service ⚫ Inspiration to give
⚫ Work is worship ⚫ Renunciation and
detachment
Values East can learn from the West
• Accountability • National Service through
• Attitude to Corruption industry
• Believe in Best • Professionalism in Dealings
• Civic and Hygiene Value • Proud of Work
• Don’t rationalise failures • Public Apathy
• Environment Friendly • Quality Imperative
• Equality of Sexes • Respect for the Public
Good
• Extensive Target
• Respect to Contractual
• Independence Obligation
• Listen to better • Time Conscious
performers
• Unity and Solidarity
Values for Global Managers
⚫ Pascale and Athos indentified
following main values :
National Harmony and

Fairness
Service Cooperation
Adjustment
Struggle for Courtesy and
and
Betterment Humility
Assimilation
Gratitude
⚫ Peters and Waterman indentified
following main values :
Importance of
People as
Being the Best details of
individuals
execution
Superior Informality to
quality and Innovators enhance
service communication
Economic
Growth and
Profits
⚫ Globalisation has become a reality today.
⚫ One of the major tasks of global
managers is to identify similar cultural
values and beliefs among host and home
countries.
⚫ To make this internationalism a success
and fruitful to all it must practice certain
values as follows:
⚫ Secularism
⚫ International Cooperation
⚫ Peaceful Coexistence
⚫ Pursuit of Excellence
⚫ Quality
⚫ National Integration Policy
⚫ Scientific Temper
⚫ Protection of the environment
⚫ Common cultural Heritage
⚫ Equality of the sexes
⚫ Removal of economic and social barriers
⚫ Unity and Solidarity
⚫ Respect for local cultures
⚫ Social Values
⚫ Environment Values
Leading forces of Globalisation
Technology
Trade
Thank You!

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Human Values

❑ Human values are the virtues that guide us to take

❑ They are our feelings for the human essence of

❑ It’s both what we expect others to do to us and

❑ These human values give the effect of bonding,

❑ With the aim of determining what actions are best

❑ As such, values reflect a person's sense of right

❑ Value systems are proscriptive (restricting) and

❑ Rokeach (1969) stated that values are type of

❑ Feather (1975) continued to criticize Rokeach

❑ Values comes from the Latin word “valere” which

The Law Religious

Individualism versus collectivism

Quantity of life versus quality of life

Long-term versus short-term orientation

National Harmony and

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