Switched Mode Regulated Power Supply (SMPS)

Switched Mode Regulated Power Supply (SMPS)
The linear power supply contains a mains transformer and a dissipative

series regulator.
This means the supply has extremely large and heavy 50/60 Hz
transformers, and also very poor power conversion efficiencies, both
serious drawbacks.
Typical efficiencies of 30% are standard for a linear.
This compares with efficiencies of between 70 and 80%, currently
available using S.M.P.S. designs.
Furthermore, by employing high switching frequencies, the sizes of the
power transformer and associated filtering components in the S.M.P.S. are
dramatically reduced in comparison to the linear.
An S.M.P.S. design can produce very compact and lightweight supplies.
Block Diagram
The ac supply is first rectified, and then filtered by the input
reservoir capacitor to produce a rough dc input supply.
This level can fluctuate widely due to variations in the mains.
In addition the capacitance on the input has to be fairly large to
hold up the supply in case of a severe droop in the mains.
The unregulated dc is fed directly to the central block of the
supply, the high frequency power switching section.
Fast switching power semiconductor devices such as
MOSFETs and Bipolars are driven on and off, and switch the
input voltage across the primary of the power transformer.
The drive pulses are normally fixed frequency (20 to 200kHz)
and variable duty cycle. Hence, a voltage pulse train of suitable
magnitude and duty ratio appears on the transformer secondaries.
This voltage pulse train is appropriately rectified, and then
smoothed by the output filter, which is either a capacitor or
capacitor / inductor arrangement, depending upon the topology
used.
INTRODUCTION
• Previous DC-DC converters (Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost) do
not provide electrical isolation between input and output -
these are non-isolated DC-DC converters
• In most applications, isolation is required and this can be
provided by transformers
Switched-Mode DC Power Supplies
Five configurations
Flyback
Forward
Push-pull
Half Bridge
Full-Bridge
Operate at high frequencies

Easy to filter out harmonics
Flyback Converter
Basic Topology of a Fly-back
Converter
6
Fly-back Converter
 Fly-back converter is the most commonly
used SMPS circuit
 Low output power applications
 The output voltage needs to be isolated
from the input main supply
 The output power may vary from few
watts to less than 100 watts.
7
Fly-back Converter
 The circuit can offer single or multiple
isolated output voltages
 Operate over wide range of input voltage
variation.
 In respect of energy-efficiency, fly-back
power supplies are inferior to many other
SMPS circuits but its simple topology and
low cost makes it popular in low output
power range. Typical efficiency of a fly-
back converter is around 65%-75%.
8
Mode-1 Equivalent Circuit
Mode 1: Switch is ON; Diode is OFF;

When switch ‘S’ is on, the primary winding of the transformer gets
connected to the input supply with its dotted end connected to the positive
side.
At this time the diode ‘D’ connected in series with the secondary
winding gets reverse biased due to the induced voltage in the secondary
(dotted end potential being higher).
At the end of Mode-1, energy stored in the primary winding is

9
Principle of Operation: Mode-2
Mode 2: Switch is OFF, Diode is ON

When Switch turns off, the current in the primary winding drops suddenly, the
voltage across the primary winding reverses.
The diode becomes forward biased.
The primary and secondary windings of the fly-back transformer don’t carry current
simultaneously
10
Mode-2
The secondary winding, while charging the output capacitor (and feeding
the load), starts transferring energy from the magnetic field of the fly back
transformer to the output in electrical form.
If the off period of the switch is kept large, the secondary current gets
sufficient time to decay to zero and magnetic field energy is completely
transferred to the output capacitor and load.
Flux linked by the windings remain zero until the next turn-on of the
switch, and the circuit is under discontinuous flux mode of operation.
Alternately, if the off period of the switch is small, the next turn on takes
place before the secondary current decays to zero. The circuit is then under
continuous flux mode of operation.
11
Principle of Operation Mode-3
After complete transfer of the magnetic field energy to the output, the secondary
winding emf as well as current fall to zero and the diode in series with the winding
stops conducting.
The output capacitor however continues to supply uninterrupted voltage to the load.
This part of the circuit operation has been referred to as Mode-3 of the circuit
operation 12
Waveform Summary
Forward Converter
Figure shows the basic topology of the forward converter.
It consists of a fast switching device ‘S’ along with its control circuitry, a
transformer with its primary winding connected in series with switch ‘S’ to the input
supply and a rectification and filtering circuit for the transformer secondary
winding.
The load is connected across the rectified output of the transformer-secondary.
The circuit’s operation is divided into two diferent modes, mode 1 and mode 2.
Mode 1 corresponds to the on duration of the switch and Mode 2 corresponds to
its ON duration.
Mode 1 Operation -- Q1 ON
As switch ‘S’ closes, diode D1 in the secondary circuit gets forward biased and
the input voltage, scaled by the transformer turns ratio, gets applied to the
secondary circuit.
Diode D2 does not conduct during mode-1, as it remains reverse biased.
The output circuit consisting of L-C filter and the load gets a voltage equal to
during mode-1.
Mode 2 Operation -- Q1 turned OFF
 Polarity of transformer voltages reverses
 D2 turns OFF, D1 and D3 turn ON
The inductor current continues to flow through the parallel combination of the
load and the output capacitor.
During mode-2, there is no power flow from source to load but still the load
voltage is maintained nearly constant by the large output capacitor ‘C’.
The charged capacitor and the inductor provide continuity in load voltage.
However since there is no input power during mode-2, the stored energy of the
filter inductor and capacitor will be slowly dissipating in the load and hence during
this mode the magnitudes of inductor current and the capacitor voltage will be
falling slightly.
In order to keep the load voltage magnitude within required tolerance band, the
converter-switch ‘S’ is turned on again to end the freewheeling mode and start the
next powering mode (mode-1).
With the assumption of constant input and output voltage, the instantaneous value
of inductor voltage (eL) during mode-1 can be written as:
The inductor voltage during mode-2 may similarly be written as:

Waveform Summary
Vo
D3
Push-Pull Converter
Push-Pull Operation
Q1 ON, Vs across the lower primary winding
Q2 ON, Vs across the upper primary winding
Principle of Operation
A push-pull converter is a transformer-isolated converter based on
the basic forward topology.
The high-voltage DC is switched through the centre-tapped primary
of the transformer by two switches, Q1 and Q2, during alternate half
cycles.
These switches create pulsating voltage at the transformer primary
winding.
The transformer is used to step down the primary voltage and to
provide isolation between the input voltage source VIN and the output
voltage VOUT.
The transformer used in a push-pull converter consists of a center-
tapped primary and a centre-tapped secondary.
The switches Q1 and Q2 are driven by the control circuit, such that
both switches should create equal and opposite flux in the transformer
core.
Mode 1 Operation -- Q1 ON
When Q1 is ON for the period of TON, the dot end of the windings
become positive with respect to the non-dot end.
The diode D5 becomes reverse-biased and the diode D6 becomes

forward-biased.
 Thus, the diode D6 provides the path to the output inductor current
IL through the transformer secondary NS2. As the input voltage VIN
is applied to the transformer primary winding NP1, a reflected
primary voltage appears in the transformer secondary.
The difference of voltages between the transformer secondary and

output voltage VOUT is applied to the inductor L in the forward
direction. Therefore, the inductor current IL rises linearly from its
initial value of IL1 to IL2.
Mode 2 Operation -- Q1 OFF
At the end of the TON period, the switch Q1 is turned OFF, and
remains off for the rest of the switching period TS.
The switch Q2 will be turned ON after half of the switching period
TS/2.
Thus, during the TOFF period, both of the switches (Q1 and Q2) are
OFF.
When switch Q1 is turned OFF, the body diode of the switch
provides the path for the leakage energy stored in the transformer
primary, and the output rectifier diode D5 becomes forward-biased.
As the diode D5 becomes forward-biased, it carries half of the
inductor current through the transformer secondary NS1, and half of
the inductor current is carried by the diode D6 through the
transformer secondary NS2.
This results in equal and opposite voltages applied to the
transformer secondary's, assuming both secondary windings NS1 and
NS2 have an equal number of turns.
Waveforms
Half-Bridge Converter
Mode 1 Operation
 Q1 ON, D1 conducting
 Energy transferred to the load
Mode 2 Operation
 Both transistors are OFF

 D1 continues to conduct due to current in L1
Mode 3 Operation
 Q2 ON, D2 conducting
 Energy transferred to the load
Mode 4 Operation
 Both transistors OFF

Waveform Summary – k<0.5
Full-Bridge Converter
Mode 1 Operation
 Q1,Q4 ON, Q2,Q3 OFF

 D1 conducting, energy transferred to the load
Mode 2 Operation
 All transistors are OFF

Mode 3 Operation
 Q2,Q3 are ON, Q1,Q4 OFF

 D2 conducting, energy transferred to the load
Mode 4 Operation
 All transistors are OFF

Waveform Summary – k<0.5

Switched Mode Regulated Power Supply (SMPS)

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Switched Mode Regulated Power Supply (SMPS)

The linear power supply contains a mains transformer and a dissipative

Operate at high frequencies

Mode 1: Switch is ON; Diode is OFF;

At the end of Mode-1, energy stored in the primary winding is

Mode 2: Switch is OFF, Diode is ON

The inductor voltage during mode-2 may similarly be written as:

The diode D5 becomes reverse-biased and the diode D6 becomes

The difference of voltages between the transformer secondary and

 Both transistors are OFF

 Both transistors OFF

 Q1,Q4 ON, Q2,Q3 OFF

 All transistors are OFF

 Q2,Q3 are ON, Q1,Q4 OFF

 All transistors are OFF

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