L T P C

PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

15AEC14 Semester : II - II 3 1 0 4
Total Contact Hours : 48
Prerequisites: EDC, AEC and STLD

SYLLABUS

UNIT I

Introduction to Op-Amps and its frequency response

Introduction, Block diagram, Ideal Op-Amp, Equivalent circuit, Voltage Transfer curve, open
loop op-amp configurations, Introduction to dual OP-AMP TL082 as a general purpose JFET-
input Operational Amplifier, frequency response of internally compensated op-amps and non
compensated op-amps, open loop gain Vs frequency, circuit stability, slew rate. Feedback
configurations, voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback and differential amplifiers.

UNIT II

Op- Amps Applications–1:

DC and AC amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, V to I and I to V converters, integrator,

differentiator, Buffers. Non-Linear function generation, Multivibrators, Square and Triangular
wave generators, Log and Antilog amplifiers, Precision rectifiers, Comparators, Zero crossing
detector, Schmitt trigger, Characteristics and limitations

UNIT III

Specialized applications of Op-Amps: 555 timer IC (monostable & astable operation) & its
applications, Voltage regulators, Design of Series Voltage Regulator, Series regulator with
Current Pre-regulator.

CMOS Logic: Introduction to logic families, CMOS logic, CMOS steady state electrical
behavior, CMOS dynamic electrical behavior, CMOS logic families.
UNIT IV

Bipolar Logic And Interfacing: Bipolar logic, Transistor logic, TTL families, CMOS/TTL
interfacing, low voltage CMOS logic and interfacing, Emitter coupled logic, Comparison of
logic families, Familiarity with standard 74XX and CMOS 40XX series-ICs –Specifications.

The VHDL Hardware Description Language: Design flow, program structure, types and
constants, functions and procedures, libraries and packages. Structural design elements, data
flow design elements, behavioral design elements, time dimension and simulation synthesis.

UNIT V

Combinational Logic Design: Decoders, encoders, three state devices, multiplexers and
demultiplexers, Code Converters, EX-OR gates and parity circuits, comparators, adders
&subtractors, ALUs, Combinational multipliers, VHDL modes for the above ICs.

Sequential Logic Design: Latches and flip-flops, PLDs, counters, shift register, and their VHDL
models, synchronous design methodology, impediments to synchronous design.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI, 1987.

2. Digital Design Principles &Practices–John F. Wakerly, PHI/ Pearson Education Asia, 3rd
Ed., 2005.
3. Digital System Design Using VHDL–Charles H. Roth Jr., Cengage Publications, 1st
Edition.
REFERENCES:

1. Op amps & Linear Integrated Circuits Concepts & Applications, James M.Fiore,
Cengage 2009.
2. Linear Integrated Circuits–D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (P) Ltd, 2nd
Edition, 2003.
3. VHDL Primer–J. Bhasker, Pearson Education/ PHI, 3rdEdition.
Lesson Plan
Preferred
Lectures TITLE & SUB TOPICS
Books
UNIT– I
1,2 Introduction
Introduction, Block diagram, Ideal Op-Amp, Equivalent circuit, Voltage
3,4
Transfer curve
5 Open loop op-amp configurations
Introduction to dual OP-AMP TL082 as a general purpose JFET-input
6
Operational Amplifier
1,4,5
frequency response of internally compensated op-amps and non
7,8
compensated op-amps
9,10 open loop gain Vs frequency, circuit stability, slew rate
11,12 Feedback configurations, voltage series feedback
13,14 voltage shunt feedback and differential amplifiers
15 Tutorial 1
UNIT – II
16 Op- Amps Applications–1:DC and AC amplifiers

17,18 instrumentation amplifier, V to I and I to V converters

19,20 integrator, differentiator, Buffers
21 Non-Linear function generation, Multivibrators
1,4,5
22,23 Square and Triangular wave generators
24,25 Log and Antilog amplifiers, Precision rectifiers
26 Comparators, Zero crossing detector
27,28 Schmitt trigger, Characteristics and limitations
29 Tutorial 2
UNIT – III
Specialized applications of Op-Amps: 555 timer IC (monostable &
30,31
astable operation) & its applications
32 Voltage regulators, Design of Series Voltage Regulator
33 Series regulator with Current Pre-regulator
1,2,3,4,5
CMOS Logic: Introduction to logic families, CMOS logic, CMOS
34,35
steady state electrical behavior
36 CMOS dynamic electrical behavior, CMOS logic families
37 Tutorial 3
UNIT – IV
Bipolar Logic And Interfacing: Bipolar logic, Transistor logic, TTL
38,39
families, CMOS/TTL interfacing
40 low voltage CMOS logic and interfacing, Emitter coupled logic 2,3,5
Comparison of logic families, Familiarity with standard 74XX and CMOS
41,42
40XX series-ICs –Specifications
 The VHDL Hardware Description Language: Design flow, program
43
structure
44,45 types and constants, functions and procedures, libraries and packages
Structural design elements, data flow design elements, behavioral design
46,47
elements
48 time dimension and simulation synthesis
49 Tutorial 4
UNIT – V
50 Combinational Logic Design: Decoders, encoders, three state devices
51 Multiplexers and demultiplexers
52 Code Converters, EX-OR gates and parity circuits
53 comparators, adders &subtractors
54,55 Combinational multipliers, VHDL modes for the above ICs.
2,3,5
56 Sequential Logic Design: Latches and flip-flops

57,58 counters, shift register, and their VHDL models

synchronous design methodology, impediments to synchronous design

59
60 Tutorial 5
TEXT BOOKS:
Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI, 1987.
1

Digital Design Principles &Practices–John F. Wakerly, PHI/ Pearson Education Asia,

3rd Ed., 2005.
2

Digital System Design Using VHDL–Charles H. Roth Jr., Cengage Publications, 1st
3 Edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
Op amps & Linear Integrated Circuits Concepts & Applications, James M.Fiore,
Cengage 2009.
4

Linear Integrated Circuits–D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (P) Ltd, 2nd
Edition, 2003.
5
 VHDL Primer–J. Bhasker, Pearson Education/ PHI, 3rdEdition.
6

COURSE OBJECTIVES, COURSE OUTCOMES, MAPPING WITH PO’S

Course Objectives
To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.
1

To teach the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.

2

To introduce the theory and applications of PLL.

3

To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special

4 function ICs

Course Outcomes
Students will have the ability to
1 Students will develop and build different Electronic circuits.

2 Student will be able to analyze different issues related to the development of Linear
and Digital integrated circuits.

Course Outcomes Mapping a b c d e f g h i j k l

with POs
 QUESTION BANK
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
1. Make a comparison between an ideal Op-amp and a practical Op-amp.
2. What are the three differential amplifier configurations? Compare and contrast these
configurations.
3. Design a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 10
4. Draw the pin diagram and schematic symbol of a typical op-amp IC 741and explain the
function of each pin.
5. Explain about frequency response of internally compensated op-amps.

UNIT II

1. Define the Op-Amp parameters: (i) Input offset voltage, Vio (ii) Input bias current, Iio.
2. Draw a neat circuit diagram of an integrator circuit. Explain its functioning with the
Input-Output wave forms.
3. What is an instrumentation amplifier? Draw a three Op-Amp dc instrumentation
amplifier and derive the expression for its output.
4. List any Six characteristics of an Ideal op-amp.
5. Draw and explain the non-inverting summing amplifier.

UNIT III

1. Draw the circuit of an Astable multivibrator using Op-Amp and derive the expression for
its frequency of oscillations. How will you modify this circuit to have independent
control of ON and OFF time durations?
2. What is the function of voltage regulator?
3. Derive expression for the pulse width of Mono stable multi vibrator using IC 555 with a
neat circuit and waveforms.
4. Draw the resistive model of a CMOS inverter and explain its behavior for LOW and
HIGH outputs.
5. Explain about the steady state electrical CMOS behaviors for i) Resistive loads ii) Non
ideal inputs

UNIT IV
1. Explain sinking current and sourcing current of TTL output. Which of the above
parameters decide the fan-out and how? 2.
2. What are different data types available in VHDL? Explain.
 3. Discuss the steps in VHDL design flow.
4. Explain about dataflow design elements of VHDL
5. Explain about structural design elements of VHDL
6. Explain about behavioral design elements of VHDL.

UNIT V
1. Design 1:8 demultiplexer using two 1:4 demultiplexer.
2. Design a conversion circuit and Write a data-flow style VHDL program to convert a D flip-
flop to J-K flip-flop.
3. Write VHDL program for priority encoder.
4. Design a 4×4 combinational multiplier and write the VHDL program in data flow model.
5. Design a priority encoder for 16 inputs using two 74×148 encoders

TUTORIALS

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
UNIT-1

1. A line charge ρL = 400pC/m lies along the X- axis. The surface of zero potential passes
through the point P (0,5,12)m. Find the potential at point (2,3,-4)m.

2. Two uniform line charges of density 8nC/m are located in a plane with y=0 at x = ±4m.
Find the E- field at a point P(0m,4m,10m).

3. An infinitely long uniform line charge is located at y=3, z=5 and ρ L= 30nC/m. Find E at
the origin.

4. An infinitely long uniform line charge is located at y=3, z=5. If ρL =30nC/m, find field
intensityE at i) origin ii) P (5,6,1).

5. Find electric flux density at (0,4,3) when a point charge of 30nC is located at the origin
and plane y=3 carries charge 10nC/m2.

6. A line charge ρL =400pC/m lies along the axis. The surface of zero potential passes
through the point(0,5,12)cm. Find the potential at point (2,3,-4)m.
 7. A point charge Q1 =10μC is located at P(1,2,3) in free space, while Q2=5μC is at
P2(1,2,10).
a. Find the vector force exerted on Q2 by Q1.
b. Find the coordinates of P3 at which a point charge Q3 experience no force

8. Two point charges 5nC and -2nC are located at (2,0,4) and (-3,0,5) respectively. i)
Determine the force on a point charge located at (1,-3,7) ii) Find the electric field E at (1,-
3,7)

UNIT II

1. A thin ring of radius 5cm is placed on plane z=1 cm so that its center is at (0,0,1)cm. If
the ring carries 50mA along aø , find H at i) (0,0,-1)cm ii) (0,0,10)cm

2. Show that the magnetic field due a finite current element along z-axis at a point P, ‘r’
distance away along y-axis is given by H =(1/ 2 Пr)(Sinα1 - Sin α2) a ϕ. Where I is the
current through the conductor, α1, α2 are the angles made by the tips of the conductor
element at P.

3. A thin ring of radius 5cm is placed on plane z=1 cm so that its center is at (0, 0, 1) cm. If
the ring carries 50 mA along aø, find H at (i) (0, 0,-1) cm (ii) (0, 0, 10) cm.

9. A circular loop located on x2 +y2 = 9, z=0 carries a direct current of 10 A along aϕ.
Determine H at (0,0,4) and (0,0,-4).

10. A filamentary current of 10A is directed in from infinity to the origin on the positive x-
axis, and then back out to infinity along the positive y-axis. Find H at P (0, 0, 1).

11. A thin ring of radius 5 cm is placed on plane z=1 cm so that its center is at (0, 0, 1) cm. If
the ring carries 50 mA along aaØ, find H at i) (0, 0,-1) cm ii) (0, 0, 10) cm.

12. In the region 0<ρ<=0.5m, in cylindrical coordinates, J = 4.5 exp (-2 ρ) z (A/m2) and J = 0
elsewhere. Find H, everywhere due to this current distribution.

13. Given that H=-2ax+6ay+4az A/m; in the region y-x<=0 where μ=5μ0. Calculate magnetic
flux density

UNIT III

1. In a nonmagnetic medium E= 50 cos (109t-8x)ay+ 40 Sin(109t-8x) az V/m. Find the

dielectric constant ϵr and the corresponding H.
 2. In a three dimensional space, divided into region 1(X<0) and region 2(X>0), σ1= σ2=0,
E1 =1ax+ 2ay +3az.Find E2 and D2, ϵr1=1,ϵr2=2.

3. In the space, the magnetic field of an EM wave is given by H =0.4ωϵ0cos (ωt-50x)

azA/m. Find the electric field and displacement current density.

4. If σ=0,ϵ=2.5 ϵ 0 and μ=μ0, determine whether or not the following pairs of fields satisfy
Maxwell’s equation.
E = 2y Ay; H=5x Ax
E=100 sin (6X107 t) sinz Ay
H= -0.1328 cos (6X107t) cosz Ax

5. In a medium, conduction current density given by J = 10 z sin2ϕ aρ A/m2 , find the

current through the cylindrical surface ρ = 2, 1 ≤ z ≤ 5 m.

6. A Parallel plate capacitor with a plate area of 5cm2 and plate separation of 3mm has a
voltage 50 sin 103 t V applied to its plates. Calculate the displacement current assuming ε
= 2 εo.

7. Given the conduction current density in a lossy dielectric as Jc = 0.02sin109 t (A/m2 ).

Find the displacement current density if σ = 103 S/m and εr = 6.5.

UNIT IV
1. If ϵr =9, μ= μ0, for the medium in which a wave with a frequency of f=0.3GHz is
propagating, determine the propagation constant and intrinsic impedance of the medium
when σ = 0.

2. The electric field in free space is given by E= 50 cos (108 t + βx) ay V/m.
i)Find the direction of wave propagation.
ii) Calculate β and the time it takes to travel adistance of half-wavelength.
iii) Sketch the uniform plane wave at t=0, T/4, and T/2.

3. A plane wave propagation through a medium with ϵr =8, μr =2 has E=0.5 exp(-0.33z) sin
(108 t–βz)ax v/m.Determine wave velocity, wave impedance and the magnetic field
intensity.

4. A plane wave is propagating in a medium having the properties μr = 4, ϵr = 36, σ = 1s/m

and the E = 100e-azcos(108t-βz)ax V/m, determine the associated magnetic field.

5. A uniform plane wave propagating in a medium has E = 2e-_zsin(108t-_z) ay V/m. If

medium is characterized by ϵr=1, μr=20, σ=3 mhos /m, Find α,β .

6. A uniform plane wave propagating in a medium has E = 2e-αz sin (108 t-βz)ay V/m If
the medium is characterized by εr = 1, µr = 20 and σ = 3 S/m, find α, β and H
 7. A lossy dielectric has an intrinsic impedance of200∠30 Ω at a particular radian frequency
ω. If, at that frequency, the plane wave propagating through the dielectric has the
magnitude field component H = 10 e-αx cos(ωt-0.5x)ay A/m Find E and α. Determine the
skin depth.

8. A plane wave is propagating in a medium having the properties µr = 4, εr = 36, σ = 1 S/m

and the E = 100e-azcos(109 t-βz)ax V/m, determine the associated magnetic field

UNIT V
1. Find α, β ,V and η for ferrite at 10 GHz, ϵr =9, μr =4, σ =10 mho/m.

2. A polarized wave is incident from air to polystyrene with μ= μ0, ϵ = 2.6 ϵ 0 at Brewster
angle. Determine the transmission angle.

A plane wave travelling in a medium of ϵr =1,μr =1 has an electric field intensity of 100 X
sqrt(π).Determine the energy density in the magnetic field and also the total energy
density.

3. In free space E=50 cos (ωt-βz) Az(V/m). Find the average power crossing a circular area
ofradius 2.5m in the plane z= constant.

4. In free-space the intensity of the field is Ecos(ωt-βz)az V/m. Find the average power
crossing a circular area of radius 2.5m in the plane z = constant.

5. Evaluate the reflection and transmission coefficients for the case an EM wave in air
incident normally upon the copper sheet of frequency 1 MHz. Given μ0=μ1=μ2, ϵ1= ϵ2=
ϵ0, σ1=0, σ 2=5.8X10-7/m.

6. A good conductor is planar in form and it carries a uniform plane wave that has a wave
length of 0.3 mm and a velocity of 3 x 105 m/s assuming the conductor is non-magnetic
determine the frequency and the conductivity.

UNIT VI
1. A lossless transmission line has capacitance if 50 Pf/m and an inductance of 200 nH/m.
Find the characteristic impedance for section of a line 10m long and 500m long.

2. A lossy cable which has R=2.25 ῼ/m, L=1.0μH/m, C=1pF/m and G=0 operates at f=
0.5GHz. Find out the attenuation constant of the line.

3. A high frequency line has the following primary constants L=1.2 mH/Km, C=0.05μF/Km
.R=G=negligible.
4. A transmission line of length 70 meters is terminated in an impedance of ZR = 125 + j48.
If the frequency is 3 MHz and the characteristic impedance is 230 Ω, find the sending
end impedance using Smith chart, explaining the procedure.

5. Find out VSWR if i) Z0 = 200Ω; RL = 80Ω ii) when Z0 = 80Ω; RL = 200Ω

6. A certain transmission line 2 m long operating at ω=106 rad/s has α = 8 dB/m. β = 1

rad/m and Z0 = 60 + j40Ω. If the line is connected to a source of 10 ∠0 V, Zg = 40Ω (Zg
source impedance) and terminated by a load of 20 + j50Ω, determine i) The input
impedance ii) The sending-end current

7. A co-axial cable has following parameters Z0 =50 ohms, L= 20KM if the power input is
1watt and the attenuation constant is 1.5dB/km. Find the output power of the cable
provided it is terminated by Z0. Also determine the output current.

8. 50Ω loss less line connects a signal of 50 kHz to a load of 140Ω. The load power is
75mW. Calculate i) Voltage Reflection coefficient ii) VSWR, iii) Position of VMax ,
Imax ,Vmin and Imin

9. A certain low loss line has a characteristic impedance of 400Ω. Determine the standing
wave ratio with the following receiving end impedance. i) ZR = 70 + j0.0Ω ii) ZR = 800
+ j0.0Ω iii) ZR = 650 – j475Ω

10. A loss less transmission line with Z0 = 50Ω is 30 m long and operates at 2MHz. The line
is terminated with a load ZL = 60 + j40Ω. If velocity u = 0.6c (where “c” is the free space
velocity) on the line, find the following using smith chart i) The reflection coefficient ii)
The standing wave ratio iii) input impedance

11. A load of (50-j100) ῼ is connected across a 50 ῼ line. Design a short circuited stub in
order to provide impedance matching between the two at a signal frequency of 30 MHz

12. The input impedance of a short-circuited lossy transmission line of length 2m and
characteristic impedance 75 is 45+j225.
a. Find α and β of the line.
b. Determine the input impedance if the short circuit is replaced by a ZL=67.5-j4.5ῼ

13. A lossless transmission line of length 0.434λ and Z0= 100 is terminated in an impedance
a. 260+j180. Find i) VSWR ii) Reflection Coefficient iii) Input impedance iv)
location of voltage maximum on the line.

14. Z0C = 900 <- 300 and ZSC=400 <-100. Calculate Z0 and γ of a 12km long line.

15. A 50 ohm line is terminated with a load ZL=75+j65 ohms. Determine the location to
insert a short circuited stub and its length required to match the load to the line. The
frequency of operation is 1 GHz. Use Smith chart if necessary.
 16. A transmission line of length 70 meters is terminated in an impedance of ZR = 125 + j48.
If the frequency is 3 MHz and the characteristic impedance is 230 Ω, find the sending
end impedance using Smith chart, explaining the procedure.

UNITWISE QUESTIONS
UNIT-1
1. Define the terms electric fields, electric displacement and electric flux density.

2. State and expression Coulomb’s law. Obtain an expression in vector form.

3. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a finite length line charge along
the z-axis at an arbitrary point Q (x,y,z).

4. State and prove Amphere’s circuital law.

5. Derive Possion’s and Laplace’s equations from fundamentals.

6. What are equi-potential surfaces? Give two examples of these.

7. Using Gauss’s law derive expression for electric field intensity and electric flux densitydue
to an infinite sheet of charge density ρs C/cm and line charge density.

8. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor containing two
dielectrics with the dielectric interface parallel to the conducting plates.

9. Define electric potential and obtain expression for electric potential due to n-point charges.

UNIT II

1. Define Ampere’s force law with associated relations.

2. State and explain Biot-Savart’s law relating the magnetic field produced at a point due to
the current in a small elemental wire and also find field at arbitrary point “p” due to a
straight filamentary conductor.

3. Obtain an expression for differential magnetic field strength dH due to differential current
element I dl at the origin in the positive Z- direction.

4. Find the magnetic field strength, H at the centre of a square conducting loop of side ‘2a’
inZ=0 plane if the loop is carrying a current, I in anti clock wise direction.
 5. Define magnetic flux and flux density.

6. Derive the expression for inductance per unit length for a solid wire of radius ‘a’.

UNIT III
1. State the boundary conditions satisfied by electromagnetic fields E and H at the interface
of airperfect dielectric.

2. State and derive Maxwell’s equations in differential form, integral form and write down
their word statements.

3. State i) Faraday’s law and transformer emf ii) Discuss about inconsistency of Ampere’s
law
and displacement current density.

4. What is inconsistency associated with Amphere’s law? How is it overcome?

5. Show that the displacement current in the dielectric of parallel-plate capacitor is equal to
theconductor current in its leads.

6. State and prove Maxwell’s equations concerned to magnetic fields. Give their
significance

7. Derive the equation of continuity for time varying fields.

8. Explain Faraday’s laws for time-varying fields. b) Verify the displacement current in the
parallel plate capacitor is the same as the conduction current in the connecting wires.

9. What is the Faraday’s law of induction? Explain the significance of the terms transformer
e.m.f and generator e.m.f.

UNIT IV
1. Define uniform plane wave. Prove that uniform plane wave does not have field
components in the direction of propagation.

2. Discuss about uniform plane wave in lossless dielectrics, and establish the
relationship between electric and magnetic field in the medium.

3. Derive the expression for the phase shift constant and attenuation constant of a plane
wavepropagation in a lossy dielectric medium.

4. What is polarization of an EM wave? Explain different types of polarizations.

 5. Discuss about the propagation characteristics of EM waves in conducting medium.

6. Derive wave equations in E and H for free space conditions.

7. Define uniform plane wave? Derive the relation E/H =η.

8. Derive the expressions for α and β in a good conductor?

9. Derive wave equation for source free regions.

10. Derive attenuation constant and phase constant for the plane wave in conducting
medium.

UNIT V
1. Prove that under the condition of no reflection at an interface, the sum of the Brewster
angle and the angle of refraction is π/2 for parallel polarization for the case of reflection
by a perfect conductor under oblique incidence, with neat sketches.

2. Derive the Helmholtz wave equation from the fundamentals and determine the Loss
tangent. What is the significance of the loss tangent?

3. For good dielectrics derive the expression for α, β, V and η.

4. Show that in a good conductor, the skin depth ‘δ’ is always much shorter than the
wavelength.

5. Explain the significances of Pointing theorem and pointing vector.

6. Derive the expression for the resultant Electric field and resultant magnetic field when a
wave incidents normally on a perfect conductors.

7. Explain Brewster angle, critical angle, total internal reflection and surface impedance.

8. Derive the standing wave equation when a EM wave is incident normally a perfect
conductor.

9. Derive the wave equation for loss less medium and prove that velocity of EM wave is
equal to velocity of light in free space.

10. Using Poynting theorem, show that the power flow along a coaxial cable is the product of
Voltage and Current.
 11. Derive expressions for the reflection coefficient when plane waves with perpendicular
polarization are incident at an angle on a boundary between two dielectric media.

12. Define the following: i) loss tangent ii) Distinguish between conductors and Dielectrics

UNIT VI
1. Using the general line equations, obtain an expression for the input impedance of a line.

2. List out the application of transmission lines. Draw an equivalent circuit of a two wire
transmission line

3. Show that a line will be distortion free if CR=LG.

4. Determine the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of the line for loss less
transmission line.

5. What is meant by inductive loading? With the help of suitable expressions explain the
advantages of loading and also discuss the disadvantages.

6. What are the different types of losses in transmission lines?

7. Explain the principal of impedance matching with quarter-wave transformer.

8. What is single stub matching? How is it used in impedance matching? Find the location
of the stub with respect to the load under matched conditions

9. What is Stub? Explain clearly why the short circuited stubs are preferred over to a open
circuited stubs?

10. Derive the expression for the input impedance of a loss-less line. Hence evaluate Zsc and
Zoc and sketch their variation with line length.

11. Explain the significance and utility of λ/8, λ /4 and λ /2 lines.

12. Write short notes on the applications of smith chart.

13. Sketch input impedance versus line length for short and open circuited lines with0 < l < λ
.
14. Define the reflection coefficientand voltage standing wave ratio and derive the
expressions for i/p impedance in terms of reflection coefficient.

15. Describe all the characteristics of UHF lines?

16. Derive the expression for from the transmission line theory.
Gate syllabus

Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation,
boundary conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane waves and properties: reflection and
refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin
depth; Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, Smith chart;

IES

Maxwell’s equations-basic concepts, Wave propagation through different media, Transmission

Lines-different types, basics, Smith’s chart

2011

1. A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50Ω is terminated by a 50Ω load. When excited by a
sinusoidal voltage source at 10GHz, the phase difference between two points spaced 2mm apart on the
line is found to be 𝜋⁄4 radians. The phase velocity of the wave along the line is

(A) 0.8× 108 m/s (B) 1.2× 108 m/s (C) 1.6× 108 m/s (D) 3× 108 m/s

2012

1. A plane wave propagating in air with 𝐸̅ = (8𝑎

̂𝑥 + 6𝑎̂𝑦 + 5𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧
𝑗(𝜔𝑡+3𝑥−4𝑦)
V/m is incident on a
perfectly conducting slab positioned at x≤ 0 . The 𝐸 field of the reflected wave is
𝑗(𝜔𝑡+3𝑥+4𝑦)
A) ̂𝑥 − 6𝑎̂𝑦 − 5𝑎
(−8𝑎 ̂)𝑒
𝑧 V/m
𝑗(𝜔𝑡+3𝑥+4𝑦)
B) ̂𝑥 + 6𝑎̂𝑦 − 5𝑎
(−8𝑎 ̂)𝑒
𝑧 V/m
𝑗(𝜔𝑡−3𝑥−4𝑦)
C) ̂𝑥 − 6𝑎̂𝑦 − 5𝑎
(−8𝑎 ̂)𝑒
𝑧 V/m
𝑗(𝜔𝑡−3𝑥−4𝑦)
D) ̂𝑥 + 6𝑎̂𝑦 − 5𝑎
(−8𝑎 ̂)𝑒
𝑧 V/m

2. The electric field of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave in free space, along the positive x
−𝑗25𝑥
direction, is given by 𝐸 = 10(𝑎̂𝑦 + 𝑗𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧 . The frequency and polarization of the wave,
respectively, are

(A) 1.2 GHz and left circular (B) 4 Hz and left circular
(C) 1.2 GHz and right circular (D) 4 Hz and right circular
3. A coaxial cable with an inner diameter of 1 mm and outer diameter of 2.4 mm is filled with a
10−9
dielectric of relative permittivity 10.89. Given 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 H/m , 𝜀𝑜 = F/m, the
36𝜋
characteristic impedance of the cable is

(A) 330  (B) 100  (C) 143.3  (D) 43.4 

4. A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 100 is used to match a 50 section to a
200 section. If the matching is to be done both at 429 MHz and 1 GHz, the length of the
transmission line can be approximately

(A) 82.5 cm (B) 1.05 m (C) 1.58 m (D) 1.75 m

5. The magnetic field along the propagation direction inside a rectangular waveguide with the cross-
section shown in the figure is

𝐻𝑧 = 3 cos(2.094 ∗ 102 𝑥) cos(2.618 ∗ 102 𝑦) cos(6.283 ∗ 1010 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)

The phase velocity p v of the wave inside the waveguide satisfies

(A) 𝑣𝑝 > 𝑐(B) 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑐 (C) 0 < 𝑣𝑝 < 𝑐 (D) 𝑣𝑝 = 0

An infinitely long uniform solid wire of radius a carries a uniform dc current of density𝑗̅ .

6. The magnetic field at a distance r from the center of the wire is proportional to
(A) r for r < a and 1⁄𝑟 2 for r > a (B) 0 for r < a and 1⁄𝑟 for r > a
⁄
(C) r for r < a and 1 𝑟 for r > a (D) 0 for r < a and 1⁄𝑟 2 for r > a

7. A hole of radius b (b < a) is now drilled along the length of the wire at a distance d from the
center
of the wire as shown below.
 The magnetic field inside the hole is
(A) uniform and depends only on d (B) uniform and depends only on b
(C) uniform and depends on both b and d (D) non uniform

2013

̅ can be expressed as
1. Consider a vector field 𝐴̅(𝑟̅ ) . The closed loop line integral ∮ 𝐴̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
(A) ∯(∇ × 𝐴̅) ∙ ̅̅̅
𝑑𝑠 over the closed surface bounded by the loop
̅
(B) ∰(∇ ∙ 𝐴)𝑑𝑣 over the closed volume bounded by the loop
(C) ∭(∇ ∙ 𝐴̅)𝑑𝑣 over the open volume bounded by the loop
̅̅̅ over the open surface bounded by the loop
(D) ∬(∇ × 𝐴̅) ∙ 𝑑𝑠

2. The divergence of the vector field 𝐴̅ = 𝑥𝑎

̂𝑥 + 𝑦𝑎
̂𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎
̂is
𝑧

(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1 (D) 3

3. A monochromatic plane wave of wavelength λ = 600 µm is propagating in the direction as shown in the
figure below. 𝐸̅𝑖 , ̅̅̅
𝐸𝑟 ,and 𝐸̅𝑡 denote incident, reflected, and transmitted electric field vectors associated
with the wave.

The angle of incidence 𝜃𝑖 and the expression for 𝐸̅𝑖 are

 𝜋×104 (𝑥+𝑧)
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(A) 600 and (𝑎
̂𝑥 −𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧
3√2 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 𝑧
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(B) 450 and (𝑎
̂𝑥 +𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧 3 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 (𝑥+𝑧)
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(C) 450 and (𝑎
̂𝑥 −𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧
3√2 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 𝑧
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(D) 600 and (𝑎
̂𝑥 −𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧 3 V/m
√2

4. The expression for ̅̅̅

𝐸𝑟 is

𝜋×104 (𝑥−𝑧)
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(A) 0.23 (𝑎
̂𝑥 +𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧
3√2 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 𝑧
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(B) - (𝑎
̂𝑥 +𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧 3 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 (𝑥−𝑧)
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(C) 0.44 (𝑎
̂𝑥 +𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧
3√2 V/m
√2
𝜋×104 (𝑥+𝑧)
𝐸𝑜 −𝑗
(D) (𝑎
̂𝑥 +𝑎
̂)𝑒
𝑧 3 V/m
√2

2014

1. In spherical coordinates, let 𝑎̂,

𝜃 𝑎̂𝜙 denote unit vectors along the 𝜃, 𝜙 directions.

100
𝐸= 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑟)𝑎̂𝜃 V/m

and

0.265
𝐻= 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑟)𝑎̂
𝜙 A/m

represent the electric and magnetic field components of the EM wave at large distances r from a dipole
antenna, in free space. The average power (W) crossing the hemispherical shell located at r=1km, 0≤ 𝜃 ≤
𝜋⁄2 is _____________
2. For a parallel plate transmission line, let 𝜗 be the speed of propagation and Z be the characteristic
impedance. Neglecting fringe effects, a reduction of the spacing between the plates by a factor of
two results in

(A) halving of 𝜗 and no change in Z

(B) no changes in 𝜗 and halving of Z
(C) no change in both 𝜗 and Z
(D) halving of both 𝜗 and Z
𝜆
3. The input impedance of a 8 section of a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance
50Ω is found to be real when the other end is terminated by a load 𝑍𝐿 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋)Ω . If 𝑋 is 30Ω ,
the value of R(in Ω) is _________

4. To maximize power transfer, a lossless transmission line is to be matched to a resistive load

impedance via a 𝜆⁄4 transformer as shown.

The characteristic impedance (in⁡Ω)of the 𝜆⁄4 transformer is __________________

5. Which one of the following field patterns represents a TEM wave travelling in the positive x
direction?

(A) E = +8𝑦̂, H = -4𝑧̂ (B) E = -2𝑦̂, H = -3𝑧̂

(C) E = +2𝑧̂ , H = +2𝑦̂ (D) E = -3𝑦̂, H = +4𝑧̂

6. If the electric field of a plane wave is

𝐸⃗ (𝑧, 𝑡) = ⁡ 𝑥̂3 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 300 ) − 𝑦̂4 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 450 )(mV/m),

the polarization state of the wave is

(A) left elliptical

(B) left circular
 (C) right elliptical
(D) right circular

7. In the transmission line shown, the impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 (in ohms) between node A and the ground is
__________

8. In the following figure, the transmitter Tx sends a wideband modulated RF signal via a coaxial
cable to the receiver Rx. The output impedance ZT of Tx, the characteristic impedance Z0 of the
cable and the input impedance ZR of Rx are all real.

9. which one of the following statements is TRUE about the distortion of the received signal due to
impedance mismatch?

(A) The signal gets distorted if ZR≠⁡Z0 , irrespective of the value of ZT

(B) The signal gets distorted if ZT≠⁡Z0 , irrespective of the value of ZR
(C) Signal distortion implies impedance mismatch at both ends: ZT≠⁡Z0 and ZR≠⁡Z0
(D) Impedance mismatches do NOT result in signal distortion but reduce power transfer
efficiency

10. Given the vector A= (cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑦)𝑎 ̂𝑥 ⁡ + (sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑦)𝑎̂,⁡where
𝑦 𝑎
̂𝑥 and 𝑎̂𝑦 denote unit vectors
along x, y directions, respectively. The magnitude of curl of A is __________

11. A region shown below contains a perfect conducting half-space and air. The surface current ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐾𝑠
on the surface of the perfect conductor is 𝐾⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 𝑥̂2 amperes per meter. The tangential 𝐻
⃗ field in
the air just above the perfect conductor is
 (A) (𝑥̂ + 𝑧̂ )2⁡amperes per meter
(B) 𝑥̂2 amperes per meter
(C) -𝑧̂ 2 amperes per meter
(D) 𝑧̂ 2 amperes per meter

12. Assume that a plane wave in air with an electric field 𝐸̅ = 10 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 3𝑥 − √3𝑧) 𝑎̂𝑉/𝑚𝑦 is
incident on a non-magnetic dielectric slab of relative permittivity 3 which covers the region
z>0.The angle of transmission in the dielectric slab is _____________degrees.

Given 𝐹̅ = 𝑧𝑎̂𝑦 + 𝑥𝑎̂𝑦 + 𝑦𝑎̂𝑦 . If S represents the portion of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1⁡for z≥ 0,

then∫ ∇ × 𝐹 ⁡. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 is _____________

if𝐸⃗ = ⁡ −(2𝑦 3 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑥̂ − (6𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑦̂ + (6𝑥𝑦𝑧)𝑧̂ is the electric field in a source free region, a
valid expression for the electrostatic potential is

(A) 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦𝑧 2 (B) 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 (C) 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 (D) 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 2