SP Lecture 29 - Interference&Diffraction PDF

Electromagnetism & Light
Name ______________________ Date(YY/MM/DD) ______/_____

St.No. __ __ __ __ __-__ __ __ __ Section_________Gro
Interference & Diffraction
UNIT
C H 31:
A P INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTI
33
T E R
WHITE LIGHT IS REFLECTED OFF A SOAP

BUBBLE. WHEN LIGHT OF ONE
Interference WAVELENGTH IS INCIDENT ON A THIN
SOAP-AND-WATER FILM, LIGHT IS
and Diffraction REFLECTED FROM BOTH THE FRONT AND
THE BACK SURFACES OF THE FILM.
IFTHE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF THE
THICKNESS OF THE FILM IS ONE
33-1 Phase Difference and Coherence WAVELENGTH OF THE LIGHT, THE TWO
33-2 Interference in Thin Films Interference of two circular waves, snapshots of absolute
REFLECTED LIGHT WAVES INTERFERE.
IFTHE TWO REFLECTED WAVES ARE 180°
Your opinion is very important to us.
What study material would you recommend for future
classes of Phys140/141?
A. SmartPhysics alone
B. SmartPhysics + a textbook such as Tipler & Mosca
C. Only a textbook (Tipler&Mosca or other) without
SmartPhysics
Diffraction - Huygen’s Principle
Huygen’s Principle
1 Each point on a wave front is the source of a spherical wavelet
that spreads out at the wave speed.
2 At a later time, the shape of the wavefront is the tangent line to all
of the wavelets.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 2/1
Diffraction - Single Slit
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Notes
The slit-width (a) and slit-separation (d) are similar in size to the
wavelength of light ( )
The wave fronts arrive at the two slits from the same source in
about the same time - they are in phase ( ⇥ = 0).
Each slit acts like a point-source by Huygen’s principle.
Analyzing Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Constructive interference occurs

when
r = d sin m = m⇥, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Constructive interference occurs

when
r = d sin m = m⇥, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
In practice, the angle is small and

sin
⇥
m =m
d
Using some simple trigonometry:

m L
ym = , m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
d

m L
ym = , m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
d
Similarly, we can get the dark fringe positions:
✓ ◆
⇥ 1 L
ym = m + , m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2 d

m L
ym = , m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
d
Similarly, we can get the dark fringe positions:
✓ ◆
⇥ 1 L
ym = m + , m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2 d
And we can get the fringe spacing
(m + 1) L m L L
y = ym+1 ym = =
d d d
Young’s Double-Slit Fringe Intensity
✓ ◆
2 ⇥d
Idouble = 4I1 cos y
L
Phase Difference & Path Length
A phase difference due to a path-‐length difference is

observed for monochromaMc visible light. Which phase
difference requires the least (minimum) path-‐length
difference?
(A) 90°
(B) 180°
(C) 270°
(D) The answer depends on the wavelength of the light.
Two-slit Pattern
A two-‐slit interference paUern is formed using

monochromaMc laser light that has a wavelength
of 450 nm. What happens to the distance between
the first maximum and the central maximum as
the two slits are moved closer together?
(A) The distance increases.
(B) The distance decreases.
(C) The distance remains the same.
Multiple Slits
 If you have more than two slits, the maxima get

brighter and beUer separated. Using Phasors to Add Harmonic Waves S
I/I0
Four sources
Three sources
Two sources
FIGURE
0 sin θ
– λ λ versus sin u
d d sources that
Diffraction Grating
The Diffraction Grating
If one extends the double slit to large

number of slits very closely spaced, one
gets what is called a diffraction grating.
d sin . Maxima are still at
d sin m = m⇥, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
The difference is that the fringes are

thinner and brighter.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 1 / 15
The DiffractionDiffraction
Grating Grating
Lines of high intensity occur only
Lines of high intensity occur only
where where
the the
wavefronts from
wavefronts from all slits
all the the
slits interfere construcMvely.
interfere constructively. Therefore the
maxima are very intense and very
Therefore
narrow.the maxima are very
intense Theand
angle very
from n arrow.
the middle of the
grating to the maxima is given by
The angle from the middle of the
graMng tdo sin
the
mm = axima
m⇥, m = i0,s 1,given
2, 3, . . b
. y
d sinθThe
m =distance
mλ, m =from
0,1,2,3,...
the central
maximum to the next maximum is
The distance
given by from the central
maximum to the next maximum is
ym = L tan m
given by
ym =NeilL Alberding
tanθm(SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 2 / 15
The Diffraction Grating
Diffraction Grating
The angles to the maxima are not

small. Therefore, the small angle
approximation cannot be used. The
distance on the screen to the bright
lines is given by
 ✓ ◆
1 m
ym = L tan sin
d
The distances to the maxima provide
a good way of determining
wavelengths of light.
Diffraction gratings are essential
components of optical spectrometers.
Reflection Gratings
Reflection Diffraction Gratings
Many common gratings are actually

reflection gratings rather than
transmission gratings.
A mirror with thousands of narrow
parallel grooves makes a grating
which reflects light instead of
transmitting it, but the math is the
same.
A CD is an excellent example.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010
Single Slit Diffraction
Diffraction Grating
A wave front passes through a narrow

slit (width a). Note that narrow is
important.
Each point on the wave-front emits a
spherical wave
One slit becomes the source of many
interfering wavelets.
A single slit creates a diffraction
pattern on the screen.
Single Slit Diffraction Single Slit
It is rather strange to talk
about thousands of slits before
talking about 1. However,
thousands are actually a little
easier.
A single slit diffraction pattern
involves a wide central
maximum flanked by weaker
secondary maxima and dark
fringes.
It would appear that we have
only one light source in this
case, so how do we
understand the interference?
We have to go back to
Huygen’s principle.
Single
Why the Wide Central Slit
Maximum?
Wavelets from any part of the slit

have to travel approximately the same
distance to reach the center of the
screen.
A set of in-phase wavelets therefore
produce constructive interference at
the center of the screen.
Why the Dark Bands?Single Slit
Consider the path-lengths well away

from the centre axis
For any wavelet it is possible to find a
partner which is a/2 away.
If the path difference between
partners happens to be /2 then this
pair will create total destructive
intereference. A dark band will be
created.
For any given wavelength there will
be an angle for which this condition is
true! There will always be dark
bands, as long as a is greater than
and the slit is narrow.
Single
The Mathematics of the Dark Slit
Bands
The path difference between 1 and 2 is
a ⇥
r12 = sin 1 =
2 2
What about the other angles for destructive
interference? The general formula becomes
a sin p = p⇥, p = 1, 2, 3, . . .
The small angle approximation means we

can write
⇥
p = p , p = 1, 2, 3, . . .
a
But if a is small then p is large and the
small angle approximation is not valid.
The Width of the BandsSingle Slit
It can be useful to express the fringe
position in distance rather than angle.
The position on the screen is given by
yp = L tan p . This leads to
p⇥L
yp = , p = 1, 2, 3, . . .
a
The width of the central maximum is give
by twice the distance to the first dark
fringe
2⇥L
w=
a
It is important to note that: 1) the width
grows if the screen is farther away 2) A
thinner slit makes a wider central
maximum.
Circular Aperture Diffraction
Circular Aperture
1.22⇥
1 =
D
And the width of the central maximum is
2.44⇥L
w = 2y1 = 2L tan 1
D
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010
The Wave Wave
and Ray
vs.Models of Lightof Light
Ray Models
The factor that determines how much

a wave spreads out is /a
With water or sound we see
diffraction in our everyday lives
because the wavelength is roughly
the same as the macroscopic
openings and structures we see
around us.
We will only notice the spreading of
light with apertures of roughly the
same scale as the wavelength of light.
The Wave and Ray Models of Light
Waves or Rays?
Sometimes we treat light like a stream of particles, sometimes like a

wave and sometimes like a ray. Does light travel in a straight line or
not? The answer depends on the circumstances.
Choosing a Model of Light

When light passes through openings < 1mm in size, diffraction
effects are usually important. Treat light as a wave.
When light passes through openings > 1mm in size, treat it as a
ray.
Diffraction Grating
When a diffracMon graMng is illuminated by white light,

the first-‐order maximum of green light
(A) is closer to the central maximum than the first-‐order
maximum of red light,
(B) is closer to the central maximum than the first-‐order
maximum of blue light,
(C) overlaps the second-‐order maximum of red light,
(D) overlaps the second-‐order maximum of blue light.
e Diffraction Grating
The angles to the maxima are not

small. Therefore, the small angle
approximation cannot be used. The
distance
Green on the screenred
is between to the and brightblue
lines is given by
 ✓ ◆
(A) Gymreen i s
= L tan sin closer
1 t mo the
d
central maximum than the
The distances to the maxima provide
first-‐order m
a good way of determining
aximum o f red
light,
wavelengths of light.
Diffraction gratings are essential
components of optical spectrometers.
Single Slit Diffraction
A single-‐slit diffracMon paUern is formed using

monochromaMc laser light that has a wavelength of
450 nm. What happens to the distance between the
first maximum and the central maximum as the slit
is made narrower?
(A) The distance increases.
(B) The distance decreases.
(C) The distance remains the same.
Class 2 Laser Safety
< 1 mW
Do not stare into the beam (0.25 s max)
Do not point at anybody.
Keep the laser on the table. Beam horizontal.
Do not point or reflect beam across the room
 OpMcal experiments should be carried out on an opMcal table with all laser
beams travelling in the horizontal plane only, and all beams should be
stopped at the edges of the table. Users should never put their eyes at the
level of the horizontal plane where the beams are in case of reflected
beams that leave the table.
 Watches and other jewelry that might enter the opMcal plane should not be
allowed in the laboratory. All non-‐opMcal objects that are close to the
opMcal plane should have a maUe finish in order to prevent specular
reflecMons.
 Adequate eye protecMon should always be required for everyone in the
room if there is a significant risk for eye injury.
 High-‐intensity beams that can cause fire or skin damage (mainly from class
4 and ultraviolet lasers) and that are not frequently modified should be
guided through opaque tubes.
 Alignment of beams and opMcal components should be performed at a
reduced beam power whenever possible.
Bonus Exam Question
A resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor walk into a bar.

The inductor says to the capacitor, "I'm just as reac>ve as you are!"
The resistor says, "That's nothing! I can shiB BOTH your phases by 45
degrees with one ohm >ed behind my back!!”
Just then a big bad baJery walks in. "Mr. Capacitor and Mr. Resistor.
Why don't you just shake hands and I'll see how you discharge.”
Mr, Capacitor and Mr. Resistor agree to the test. Big bad baJery
renders his verdict. "Five seconds. Sounds kinda puny to me. But
now you know.."
The barkeeper, Mr. Generator, chimes in. "Well, I guess I'll have to
excite you both and see if you're all telling the truth."
What frequency is Mr. Generator?

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Electromagnetism & Light

Name ______________________ Date(YY/MM/DD) ______/_____

WHITE LIGHT IS REFLECTED OFF A SOAP

Constructive interference occurs

Constructive interference occurs

In practice, the angle is small and

Using some simple trigonometry:

Using some simple trigonometry:

Using some simple trigonometry:

A phase diﬀerence due to a path-­‐length diﬀerence is

A two-­‐slit interference paUern is formed using

 If you have more than two slits, the maxima get

If one extends the double slit to large

The difference is that the fringes are

The angles to the maxima are not

Many common gratings are actually

A wave front passes through a narrow

Wavelets from any part of the slit

Consider the path-lengths well away

The path difference between 1 and 2 is

The small angle approximation means we

The factor that determines how much

Sometimes we treat light like a stream of particles, sometimes like a

Choosing a Model of Light

When a diﬀracMon graMng is illuminated by white light,

The angles to the maxima are not

A single-­‐slit diﬀracMon paUern is formed using

A resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor walk into a bar.

What frequency is Mr. Generator?

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Name ________________ Date(YY/MM/DD) /_

A phase diﬀerence due to a path-‐length diﬀerence is

A two-‐slit interference paUern is formed using

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