Storage Reservoir

Storage Reservoir: - Its purpose is store water during excess flow periods and supply the same
during lean periods

Dam: - A dam is structure of considerable height built across the river to provide working head of
water for power plant and increase the storage capacity of power plant.
Forebay:- It is small water reservoir at the end of water passage from the reservoir and before the
water is fed to the penstock. It is temporary regulating reservoir. It stores water when load is light
and supplied same water during peak period.
Spillway :- It acts as safety valve. It discharge the overflow water to downstream side when the
reservoir is full.
Surge Tank:
A reduction in load on the generator causes the governor to close the turbine gates and thus create
an increased pressure in the penstock. This may result in water hammer phenomenon and may need
pipe of extraordinary strength to withstand it otherwise the penstock may burst. To avoid this positive
water hammer pressure, some means are required to be provided for taking the rejected flow.
This may be accomplished by providing a small storage reservoir or tank (open at the top) for receiving
the rejected flow and thus relieving the conduit pipe of excessive water hammer pressure. This storage
reservoir, called the surge tank is usually located as close to the power station as possible, preferably
on ground to reduce the height of the tower.
When there is sudden increase in the load, governor valves opens and accepts more water to the
turbine. This results in creation of vacuum in the penstock resulting into the negative water hammering
effect. Therefore the penstock should have to withstand both positive water hammering effect created
due to close of governor valve and negative water hammering effect due to opening of governor
valve.In order to protect the penstock from these water hammering effects, surge tank is used in
hydroelectric power station.
Penstock :- It is closed conduit which connects the forebay or surge tank to the case of turbine.
Trash rack: the water intake from the dam or from the forebay are provided with trash rack. The main
function of trash rack is to prevent the entry of any debris which may damage the wicket gates and
turbine runners.
Tail Race :- after useful work in turbine the water is discharged to tail race which may lead to the
river or reservoir.
Draft Tubes :- An air tight pipe giving passage to the runner outlet water of turbine to tail race.
Hydraulic turbines :- converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
Simple Surge Tank
A simple surge tank is like vertical pipe which is connected in between penstock and turbine
generator. These are constructed with greater height and supports are also provided to hold the
tank. Whenever the water flow suddenly increased the water is collected in the surge tank and
neutralize the pressure.
.
Gallery Type Surge Tank
In this type of surge tanks, extra storage galleries are constructed in it. They are constructed above or
below the surge tank level. The above-constructed galleries are used to absorb the excess pressure. And
the below-constructed galleries are used to store excess water and release it at the time of need.
Inclined Surge Tank

In case of inclined surge tank, the surge tank is provide with some inclination. It is provided when there
is a limit in height of tank. By providing inclined surge tank the overflowed water under excess pressure
is entered into inclined tank and pressure destroyed.
Restricted Orifice Surge Tank

Restricted orifice consists an orifice between pipeline and surge tank. This orifice is also called as
throttle so, it is also called as throttled surge tank. This throttle or orifice have very small diameter.
If the water overflows it should enter into the surge tank through this orifice. Because of small
diameter frictional losses will developed and excess pressure in main pipe line is destroyed. This will
creates quickly a retarding or accelerating head in the conduit. To reduce the water hammer effect,
diameter of orifice should be well designed for full rejection of load by the turbine.
Differential Surge Tank
In case of differential surge tank, an internal riser is fixed in the tank. This riser have very small
diameter through which water enters into the riser when it overflows. The riser also contains annular
ports at its lower end. These ports help the flow into or out of the tank. So, the excess pressure is
destroyed by internal riser of surge tank and storage of water is done by outer tank. So, it is called as
differential surge tank.
What is the function of draft tube
 Due to high KE at the exit of reaction turbine, there would be a loss of overall reduction in KE. So
to prevent this loss, the draft tube is provided which produces net efficiency
 It makes possible the installation of the turbine above the tail race level without the loss of head
 The draft tube prevents the splashing of water coming out of the runner and guides the water to
the tail race.

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Storage Reservoir

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Storage Reservoir: - Its purpose is store water during excess flow periods and supply the same

during lean periods

Inclined Surge Tank

Restricted Orifice Surge Tank

What is the function of draft tube

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