Motor Efficiency: Definitions of Technical Terms

Introduction
The operating conditions such as duty cycle, startup, temperature and operating
environment are vital considerations in the motor efficiency and reliability. It is absolutely
essential to match the motors to their specified operating conditions for minimizing stresses
on the motors and to get predetermined performance and life.
One of the areas, in which significant technical requirements are considered lightly or even
neglected, is selection of motors for operating various types of cranes and hoists.
These motors are specifically termed as “Crane Duty Motors” and are supplied by all the
manufacturers.
Effort is made in this article to discuss in brief the vital factors required to be considered
invariably when selecting the motor for performing the crane duty.
Definitions Of Technical Terms
Some technical terms used frequently in intermittent duty drives and hoisting are
defined as follows:
1. Duty
Operation of the motor at the declared load(s) including starting, electric braking, no load and
rest and de-energised periods to which the motor is subjected, including their durations and
sequence in time.
2. Cyclic duration factor
The ratio of the period of energisation/loading, including starting and electric braking, to
the duration of the one complete duty cycle expressed as percentage.
Generally the values for the CDF used are 25%, 40%, 60% and 100%.
3. Starting
The process of energizing a motor to bring it up to rated speed from rest.
4. Jogging or inching
This is an incomplete start during which the motor does not attain more than 25% of the
rated speed.
5. Electric braking
A system in which a braking action is applied to an electric motor by causing it to act as a

generator.
6. DC Injection braking
A form of braking of an induction motor in which a separate dc supply is used to magnetize

the motor.
7. Plug braking
A form of electric braking of an induction motor obtained by reversing the phase sequence of
its any two lines.
Duty Type and Class Of Rating
Before going to the principle discussion, it is necessary to throw some light on two of the
most important technical requirements to be considered for better understanding.
Duty cycle assigned to the motor is one of the important factors in selection and operation
of motors for several reasons, as it depends on how often and howlong a motor operates.
In accordance with Indian Standard IS:12824-1989; Types of Duty and Classes of Rating
Assigned to Rotating Electrical Machines. The motors are to be designed for the standard
duty cycles as given in Table.1 below.
Table.1 – Types of duty for electric motors
Duty Type Motor performance requirements

Continuous running duty – The motor works at a constant load round the clock or
S1
runs for adequate time to reach thermal equilibrium.
Short-time duty – The motor works at a constant load for a definite time, but not
S2 long enough to reach thermal equilibrium. The rest periods are long enough for the
motor to cool down to the ambient temperature.
Intermittent periodic duty – The motor works with a sequence of identical duty
cycles comprising of period of running at a constant load and rest and de-energized
S3
period. Thermal equilibrium is never reached due to these periods being too short.
Starting current has little effect on temperature rise.
Intermittent periodic duty with starting – The motor works with a sequence of
identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of significant periodof starting, a period
S4 of running at a constant load and rest and de-energized period. Thermal equilibrium
is never reached due to these periods being too short, but starting current affects
temperature rise.
Intermittent periodic duty with electric braking – The motor works with a
sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period of starting, a
S5 period of running at a constant load, a period of rapid electric braking and rest and
de-energized period. Thermal equilibrium is never attained due to periods of
operating, rest and de-energized state being too short
Continuous operation periodic duty – The motor works with a sequence of
identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period of running at a constant load
S6
and a period of running at no load without rest and de-energized period. Thermal
equilibrium is never reached due to operation period at no load is too short.
Continuous operation periodic duty with electric braking – The motor works
S7
with a sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period of
starting, a period of running at a constant load and a period of electric braking.
Thermal equilibrium is never reached, as rest and de-energized period is not there.
Continuous operation with periodic related variations in load and speed – The
motor works with a sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a
period of running at a constant load corresponding to a definite speed of rotation,
S8
followed by one or more periods of running at other constant loads at different
speed.Thermal equilibrium is never reached, as rest and de-energized period is not
there.
Duty with non-periodic load and speed variations – The motor works generally
at a load and speed, which are varying non-periodically within permissible
S9 operating range including frequent application of overloads that may exceed the
ratingof motor. Thermal equilibrium is never reached, as rest and de-energized
period is not there.
Classes of rating assigned to the electric motors are as given in Table.2 below. It may be
noted that while assigning classes of rating, the motors should invariably comply with the
requirements of Indian Standard referred above.
Table.2 – Class of ratings for electric motors
Class of Rating Philosophy for operation of motor
The motor may be operated continuously for unlimited period at the load
Maximum continuous rating
and service conditions assigned by the manufacturer.
Starting at ambient temperature, the motor may be operated

Short time rating continuously for limited period at the load and service conditions assigned
by the manufacturer.
The motor may be operated at the load and service conditions assigned
by the manufacturer for the test purposes until thermal equilibrium is
Equivalent continuous duty
attained. This is considered to be equivalent to one of the periodic duty
defined in duty type S3 to S8 or to the duty type S9.
The motor may be operated for duty cycles at the load and service
conditions assigned by the manufacturer. When applied to the motor, this
Periodic duty type rating class of rating corresponds to the periodic duty S3 and S6 types
maintaining time of duty cycle 10 minutes and one of the cyclic duration
factors (CDF) with values – 15, 25, 40 or 60 percent.
The motor may be operated non-periodically for dutycycles having varying

loads over varying speed and service conditions, including overloads,
Non-periodic duty type rating assigned by the manufacturer. When applied to the motor, this class of
rating corresponds to the non-periodic duty with non-periodic load and
speed variations as per duty type S9.
Designation of Duty Types and Class of Ratings
The duty types and class of ratings designated to the motor should be indicated on the
nameplate following the rated output as discussed hereunder.
1. If no designation is indicated following the rated output, then the motor should be
considered suitable for maximum continuous rating, i.e. S1 duty.
2. For the duty type S2, the duration of duty should be indicated in minutes after S2. For
example, “S2 60 minutes”.
3. For the duty type S3 and S6, indication of the cyclic duration factor (CDF) in percentage
should follow S3 or S6. For example, “S3 15 %” or “S6 60%”.
4. For the duty type S4 and S5, the indication of S4 and S5 should be followed by
indication of the CDF in percentage, the moment inertia of motor (JM) and the moment of
inertia of load (Jext), both referred to the motor shaft. For example, S4 25 %, JM= 0.15 km-
m2, Jext= 0.7 km-m2.
5. For the duty type S7, the indication of S7 should be followed by indication of the
moment inertia of motor (JM) and the moment of inertia of load (Jext), both referred to the
motor shaft. For example, S7, JM= 0.15 km-m2, Jext= 0.7 km-m2.
6. For the duty type S8, the indication of S8 should be followed by indication of the
moment of inertian of the motor (JM) and the moment of inertia of the load (Jext), both
referred to the motor shaft,together with tee load, speed and cyclic duration factor for each
speed condition.
For example:
S8 JM = 0.4 kg-m2, Jext = 4 kg-m2
 16 kW, 740 rpm 30 percent

Need of specifying Duty Type and Class of Rating
For the majority of applications, the motors assigned with duty types S1, S2, S3, and S6
would be found appropriate respectively for continuous rating, short time rating, intermittent
ratings or continuous rating with intermittent loading.
However for special duties, such as cranes, the motors with equivalent continuous rating,
short time rating or intermittent rating would be required.
In order to get the motor that meets the requirements for special duties, it is essential that the
vendor is furnished all the data of required duty by the purchaser.
In case the data is insufficient, there should be an agreement by discussion between the
purchaser and the vendor for the type of motor. If the duty type and class or rating are not
specified or incorrect values are specified, the vendor may arrive at the motor rating and
select a suitable motor to met the require duty from his standard list of ratings and the
purchaser may not get the correct motor and cause problems during actual service.
Moreover, when a motor is designed for cyclic duty for crane, it should also be possible to
subject the said motor for testing for equivalent continuous, short time or intermittent rating
such that the motor would satisfactorily meet the actual duty requirements whilst complying
with the specified conditions.

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Introduction

Definitions Of Technical Terms

2. Cyclic duration factor

The process of energizing a motor to bring it up to rated speed from rest.

A system in which a braking action is applied to an electric motor by causing it to act as a

A form of braking of an induction motor in which a separate dc supply is used to magnetize

Duty Type and Class Of Rating

Table.1 – Types of duty for electric motors

Duty Type Motor performance requirements

Table.2 – Class of ratings for electric motors

Class of Rating Philosophy for operation of motor

Starting at ambient temperature, the motor may be operated

The motor may be operated non-periodically for dutycycles having varying

S8 JM = 0.4 kg-m2, Jext = 4 kg-m2

 16 kW, 740 rpm 30 percent

Need of specifying Duty Type and Class of Rating

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