Prepared By: CATHERINE F. REYES For iMIND Approach Review and Training Center, Inc
Prepared By: CATHERINE F. REYES For iMIND Approach Review and Training Center, Inc
Prepared By: CATHERINE F. REYES For iMIND Approach Review and Training Center, Inc
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY- use of photography in POLICE *Eye level Position- right camera position; produce good
WORK (e.g. Criminal Investigation- 5”x7” size of photograph) perspective (judge)
4) PRESERVATION- retaining actual condition of crime scene
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY- photograph presented for 5) DISCOVERING AND PROVING
COURT PRESENTATION- 8”x10” size of photograph Use of magnification
photomicrography- use of microscope
PHOTOGRAPHY photomicrography/ macrophotography- use of
Art and science of reproduction of image macro lens
By means of light microphotography- filmmaking, reduce into
Through some sensitized material strips
With the aid of the camera and its accessories telephotography- far distant object/ infinity
And the chemical process involve therein
ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY (5)
1839- Birth year of photography 1) LIGHT- most important
electromagnetic wave
JOHN F.W. HERSCHEL travels 186,000 miles/second- air or atmosphere
coined the word “photography”; positive” and “negative” Reflected light
Introduced “ hypo” / Sodium thiosulfate (main fixer)
2) CAMERA- light tight box (frame that house other parts)
ETYMOLOGY: Greek Words Block unwanted/ unnecessary light
PHOS/ PHOTOS- light 3) LENS
GRAPHO- writing light gathering device
GRAPHIA- to draw Image forming device
“to write with light” Collects reflected light
4) SENSITIZED MATERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH- mechanical and chemical result of records the image
photography
contains silver halides/ metallic grains (one sensitive to
light)
HENRY FOX TALBOT- father of photography
5) CHEMICAL PROCESS
Calotype process- first use of negative (multiple copies)
transform latent/ negative image into patent/ positive
“Kalos” (Greek)- beautiful: “Tupos” (Greek)- image (photographic paper)
impression
Negative- paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with METHODS OF FORMING IMAGE BY MEANS OF
salt solution LIGHT
He invented the mouse trap camera - “first Miniature 1) Pinhole Method
camera” oldest method of forming image
Box camera with very small hole without lens used to
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre collect light and form an image
Developed Daguerreotype in Collaboration with Joseph 2) Shadow Method
Nicephore Niepce x-ray machine
Daguerreotype- form an image directly on a silver surface 3) Lens Method
of a metal plate modern method
Light action passing a lens
CAMERA OBSCURA- first pinhole camera
“Obscura” (latin)- Dark Chamber LIGHT (Reflected light)
Forerunner of modern camera
First camera in the world Measuring WAVELENTGH by means of;
Alhazen/ Alhacen ( Ibn- al Haytam) Millimicron/ Nanometer (nn)- one millionth part of
the millimetre
USES OF POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY Ansgtrom- ten millionth part of the millimetre
1) PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- first use (mug shot)
2) COMMUNICATION- universal language REACTION OF LIGHT UPON HITTING THE OBJECT
3) RECORD PURPOSES- utmost use
GENERAL VIEW/ OVER ALL/ TAKE ALL(where) Reflected- mirror - bouncing of light
Direction & location of crime scene Absorbed- dark/opaque - NO bouncing/ NO passing
MEDIUM VIEW ( what) Transmitted- transparent/ translucent- passing of light
Refracted/ Diffracted- water- bending of light (125 m/s)
Nature of the crime
Divided into 4 angles (8-10 ft.) TYPES OF LIGHT
CLOSE UP VIEW (how) 1. Visible/ White Light- excites the retina of an eye
Details of the crime Isaac Newton (1666)- white light mixture of all colors
Individual photographing of the evidence (less
than 5 ft. from the cadaver) 2. Invisible- too short or too long to excite the retina
EXTREME CLOSE UP VIEW
show the extent of the damage
in the crime laboratory
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POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS (4) Synchronization
Timing b/w the flashing of lights and the opening of
1) X- RAY- .01- 30 nn shutter
accidentally discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen Problem usually encountered in flash bulb
Thinnest/ shortest wavelength b. Electronic Flash/ Flash Unit (meas. by Guide
number)
2) Ultra Violet Rays/ BLACK LAMP- 30- 400nn o Attached to the camera
Used in erasures, indented/contact writing, invisible o Modern used
writing
*Guide Number- measure / determine the light emitted from the
3) Visible light- 400- 700 nn. flash of the camera
4) Infrared Rays (Beyond the Red/ Heat Rays)- 700- 1000nn 1. View Finder Types- smallest & simplest type
Thicket/ longest wavelength 2. Single Lens Reflex (SLR)- interchangeability of lens
Used in charred, superimposed, obliterated doc., etc. o Ideal in police photography
o Use film
Superimposed, obliterated and charred documents
DSLR- Digital Single Lens Reflex
SOURCES OF LIGHT (Exposure/ Reflected Light)
o No film
Generally meas. by Light / Exposure Meter o Has Digital Sensor (memory card)
* Light Meter- measure the amount of light coming from the 3. Twin Lens Reflex
object (reflected light or exposure) o Dual lens
o Focusing and capturing
1) Natural/ Providential or Divine Light o Prone to Parallax Error- view subj. in different
Sun, moon & stars positions (Views of lens & view founder are in
Bright- No clouds, Deep or uniform shadow different positions)
Hazy- Thin clouds, Bluish or transparent shadow 4. View or Press Type
Dull- Thick Clouds, No shadow o Biggest and most expensive /sophisticated type
o Used in movie making, television, etc.
2) Artificial Light (Man- Made Light)
OTHER PARTS OF THE CAMERA
Continuous Radiation (long lasting)
a. Photoflood/ Reflectorized/ Spot light A. Relative Aperture/ Lens Aperture/ Lens Opening
o pictorials/ filming, field o Light gathering device of the Lens
o w/ reflector at the back to focus the light to the o Express in F-Number/ F- stop
object o The higher the number of f- stops the smaller the opening
o 500 watts the lesser light will pass through
b. Fluorescent Lamp
o Fluorescent powder (mercury) 2x
o Tube
o Most economical (power consumption) f- 2 f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16 f- 22
c. Incandescent Bulb
o Wire filament Depth of Field (DOF)
o More expensive (power consumption) Distance (nearest- farthest) that is sharp
Short Duration Type Hyperfocal Distance
a. Flash Bulb Has a maximum depth of field
o Flash- busting of chemical powder
All object appear sharp (Landscape Photography)
o Synchronize with shutter opening
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POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
*Smaller Lens Opening- Wider DOF 3) Long Focus/ Telephoto Lens
* Bigger Lens Opening- Narrower/ shallow DOF o More than 70mm
o Narrow coverage; Long distances (surveillance)
B. Focusing 4) Zoom Lens
Controls the degree of sharpness of the image o Variable lenses
*Fish Eye Lens/ Ultra Wide Angle
Focusing Devices o 180˚
a. Range Finder- coincidence/ double; split= SINGLE o Panoramic view
b. Ground Glass- blurred= SHARP *Cable release- cord attach to the camera to prevent unnecessary
c. Scale Bed/ Focusing Scale movement
Adjusting the actual distance by estimation, calculation or *Tripod- where the camera is attach to fix the camera and prevent
measuring (using different , measuring devices; ruler, from unnecessary movement
yardstick, meter stick, tape measure, etc.)
SENSITIZED MATERIAL (traditional photography)
C. Shutter Speed Film- negative/ latent image
Regulates the time exposure and the amount of light Photographic/ Photo paper- positive/ patent image
reaching the film
LAYERS (3)
Express in fraction of a second
The higher the number, the faster the shutter, the lesser 1) Emulsion- retains or records the image
the light will pass through
Contain silver halides or metallic grains (sensitive to light)
2x
*Animal Gelatin- to prevent the emulsion for abrasion/ scratches
B- shutter 1/1 ½ ¼ 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/6 0 1/125 1/250 1/500
2) Anti- Halation backing
STANDARD COMBINATION Prevent halation (spreading of light/ deformation of
image)
Emulsion/ Film Speed- ISO 100/ 21˚ 3) Base- support the emulsion
Bright Sunlight- 1/ 125; F- 11
Hazy Sunlight- 1/125; F- 8 * 2 Main Parts- Emulsion & Base
Dull Sunlight- 1/125; F- 5.6
LENS TYPES OF FILM- latent/ invisible image
Image forming device A) Use
Glass/ transparent material Black and White- suffix “Pan” or “ortho”
Used to collect and focus light Colored Negative- color (James Clark Maxwell)
Reversal- chrome
Introduced by Daniel Barbaro
B) Spectral Sensitivity (COLOR/ wavelength)
Blue- Sensitive Film- UV- Blue
CLASSIFICATIONS
Orthochromatic/ Kodalith Film- UV- Green
A. Types of Image Formed (Result) Panchromatic Film- UV- Red (all colors)
Convex/ Convergence/ Positive Lens
Infrared Film- UV- Infrared ray
o Image is enlarge and inverse
o Thicker at the center, thinner at the side
C) Film/ Emulsion Speed (LIGHT)
Concave/ Diverging/ Negative Lens ASA (American Standard association) - arithmetic form
o Image is virtual or reduce
DIN ( Deutche Industri Normen) - logarithmic form
o Thinner at the center, thicker at the side ISO (International Standard organization) - combination of ASA
& DIN
B. Lens Defect/ Aberration – Corrective Lens ASA(arithmetic); DIN(logarithmic);ISO (combination)
12 12˚ 12/ 12˚
Meniscus lens- lens NO correction 25 15˚ 25/ 15˚
Distortion- shape Rapid Rectilinear
50 18˚ 50/ 18˚
Astigmatism- vertical/ horizon line Anastigmat Appochromatic 100 21˚ 100/ 21˚
Chromatic- color/ wavelength Achromatic
200 24˚ 200/ 24˚
Curvature of field- doom like image/ curve image
400 27˚ 400/ 27˚
Spherical Aberration- sharp- center, blurred- side
800 30˚ 800/ 30˚
Coma/ Lateral Aberration- sharp- oblique light, blurred- straight
1600 33˚ 1600/ 33˚
Flare- lens producing multiple image
* The higher the number the more sensitive the film is (lesser the
Exposure/ faster the exposure)
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
D) Granularity/ Graininess (SIZE of silver halides)
A. Focal Length- distance form lens to film focused at infinite/ far Bigger- Higher sensitivity (fast/ lesser exposure)
position
Smaller/ finer- lower sensitivity (slow/ greater exposure)
1) Wide Angle/ Short Focus lens
o less than 35mm
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER- positive/ final
o wide coverage; short distances A) Emulsion Used (Silver Halides Content)
2) Normal Angle/ Medium Focus Lens
Silver Chloride- slow development (lower sensitivity)
o 35- 70 mm Silver Bromide- fast development (high sensitivity)
o Normal Eye View
Silver Cholorobromide- multi- speed
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POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
4. Contrast/ Grade
Velox 0- extremely overexposed film
Velox 1- over exposed film
VELOX 2- normally exposed film (police
photography)
Velox 3- underexposed film
Velox 4- extremely under exposed film
CHEMICAL PROCESS
Make latent image becomes visible and permanent
Dark Room
a photographic laboratory form which all actinic light
maybe excluded.
Room which is dark and light sensitive materials maybe
handled without fear of accidental exposure
3 Processes;
1) Developing/ Developer
Reduce silver halides into image
Make image visible
*Elon, Hydroquinone (William Abney)- main developing
agent
2) Stop Bath
Water and acetic acid
Prevent contamination b/w the developer & acid fixer)
Prepared by: CATHERINE F. REYES for iMIND Approach Review and Training Center, Inc. 4|P a g e
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Course Outline:
3) LENS
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY Image formed
PHOTOGRAHY & PHOTOGRAPH Convex- enlarge
ETYMOLOGY Concave- reduce
USES OF POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY Lens aberration/ defects; with Corresponding corrective Lenses
Identification Distortion- Rapid Rectillinear
Communication Astigmatism- Anastigmat
Recording Chromatic- Achromatic
(General, medium, close-up & extreme close-up) Spherical aberration
Court exhibit Curvature of field
Preservation Coma/ lateral aberration
Discovering & proving
Photomicrography LENS CHARACTERISTICS
Macrophtography/ photomacrography Focal Length
Microphotography Wide angle/ short focus
Telephotography Normal/ medium
Long/ telephoto
*5 ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY Zoom Lens
Relative/ lens Aperture/ Lens Opening
1) LIGHT Depth of Field (DOF)
Measurement of wavelength Hyperfocal Distance
nanometer/ millimicron
angstrom 4) Sensitized Material
Reaction of light upon hitting the object
Reflected Layers of Sensitized Material
Absorbed Emulsion
Transmitted Anti- halation backing
Types of light ( visible/ invisible) Base
4 Photographic Rays (x-ray, UV, visible and infrared)
Types of Film
SOURCES OF LIGHT Usage
Natural/ Providential/ Divine Black & white- “pan” or “ortho”
Sunlight/ moonlight/ starlight Colored - negative “color”, reversal “chrome”
Bright, hazy & dull Spectral Sensitivity (Color)
Artificial/ Man- made Blue- sensitive film
Continuous Radiation Orthochromatic film
Photoflood/ reflectorized/ spot light Panchromatic film
Short duration Infrared film
Flash bulb (synchronization) Emulsion/ Film Speed (light)
Electronic flash ASA, DIN & ISO
* concurrent, coherent & hologram Granularity/ Graininess
Bigger & smaller
2) CAMERA
Photographic Paper
Basic parts of camera
Light tight box Holder of sensitive material Types of Photo paper- used in “Police Photography”
Lens View Finder Emulsion used
Shutter Silver Bromide
Physical Characteristics;
Types of Camera Weight- single
View finder type Texture- glossy
SLR/ DSLR Color- white
Twin Lens Reflex (problem: parallax error) Grade or contrast- velox no. 2
View/ Press Type 5.) Chemical Processess
Development (Elon hydroquinone)
OTHER PARTS; Dektol
Focusing Universal
Focusing Device D-76
Range finder Stop bath
Ground glass Fixation (sodium thiosulfate/ hypo)
Scale bed Other Chemical used
Shutter Speed Acetic/ boric acid
Lens Aperture Sodium sulfate
Potassium bromide
Sodium bicarbonate/ borax powder
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