Competition in the Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur began days before the opening

ceremonies on August 19, 2017 with the Philippine sepak takraw and archery teams picking up the
national team's first medals.

After nearly half a month of events, bouts, games and races, the Filipinos bagged 24 gold, 33 silver
and 64 bronze medals.

Silver (1)

 Sepak takraw, men’s chin lone (John-John Bobier, Rhemwil Catana, Emmanuel Escote,
Ronsited Gabayeron, Joeart Jumawan, John Carlo Lee, John Jeffrey Morcillos, Regie Pabriga
and Alvin Pangan)

Bronze (1)

 Archery, individual compound (Paul dela Cruz)

Bronze (1)

 Archery, men’s team compound event (Earl Yap, Joseph Benjamin Vicencio and Paul dela
Cruz)

Gold (1)

 Women’s marathon (Mary Joy Tabal)

Silver (1)

 Archery, women's individual recurve (Nicole Tagle)

Gold (2)

 Men’s triathlon (Nikko Huelgas)

 Women’s triathlon (Kim Mangrobang)

Silver (4)

 Fencing, women’s individual foil (Samantha Catantan)

 Men's triathlon (John Chicano)
 Wushu, women’s optional taijian (Agatha Wong)
 Women’s triathlon (Claire Adorna)

Bronze (4)

 Archery, men’s team recurve (Florante Matan, Gabriel Moreno and Mark Javier)
 Archery, womens’ team recurve (Nicole Marie Tagle, Mary Queen Ybanez and Kareel Meer
Hongitan)
  Fencing, women’s individual foil (Maxine Esteban)
 Sepak takraw, women’s regu (Rizalyn Amolacion, Mary Ann Lopez, Jean Marie Sucalit,
Kristel Karloman and Lhaina Lhiell Mangubat)

Gold (5)

 Fencing, men’s individual foil (Brennan Louie)

 Gymnastics, men’s floor exercise (Reyland Capellan)
 Gymnastics, women’s uneven bars (Kaitlin de Guzman)
 Men’s 400-meter hurdles (Eric Cray)
 Wushu, women's taijiquan (Agatha Wong)

Silver (5)

 Fencing, women's individual epee (Hanniel Abella)

 Fencing, men's individual foil (Nathaniel Perez)
 Karate, men's kumite under-60 kilograms (Jayson Macaalay)
 Karate, men's kumite under-67 kilograms (Rexor Tacay)
 Men’s 100-meter sprint (Eric Cray)

Bronze (5)

 Fencing, women's individual epee (Harlene Raguin)

 Karate, women's kumite under-50 kilograms (Junna Tsukii)
 Karate, men's kata (James Delos Santos)
 Table tennis, men's singles (Richard Gonzales)
 Women’s javelin throw (Evalyn Palabrica)
 Women's backstroke (Roxanne Ashley Yu)

The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회
동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018,
was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018
in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain
events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony.

Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC
Session in Durban, South Africa. This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter
Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in
Seoul. It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games,
after Sapporo (1972) and Nagano(1998), both in Japan. It was also the first of three consecutive
Olympics to be held in East Asia, the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and
the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

Typhoon Mangkhut,[nb 1] known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ompong, is currently a

weakening tropical cyclone over southern China. The thirty-first tropical depression, twenty-second
tropical storm, and ninth typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Mangkhut made landfall in the
Philippine province of Cagayan on September 15, 2018 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon,
and subsequently impacted Hong Kong and southern China.[2] Mangkhut was the strongest typhoon
to make landfall in the Philippines since Typhoon Haiyan (Super Typhoon Yolanda) in November
2013,[3] as well as the strongest typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon
Ellen in 1983.[4] Mangkhut was also the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

Secretary of Agrarian
Reform December
DAR
Kalihim ng Repormang 1, 2017
Department of Agrarian Pansakahan
Reform
Kagawaran ng Repormang
Pansakahan Hon. John Rualo
Castriciones

Secretary of Agriculture June 30,

DA
Kalihim ng Pagsasaka 2016
Department of
Agriculture
Kagawaran ng Pagsasaka Hon. Emmanuel
Fantin Piñol

Secretary of Budget and

Management June 30,
DBM
Kalihim ng Pagbabadyet at 2016
Department of Budget Pamamahala
and Management
Kagawaran ng Pagbabadyet Hon. Benjamin
at Pamamahala
Erestain Diokno
 Secretary of Education June 30,
DepEd
Kalihim ng Edukasyon 2016
Department of Education
Kagawaran ng Edukasyon
Hon. Leonor
Magtolis-Briones

Secretary of Energy June 30,

DOE
Kalihim ng Enerhiya 2016
Department of Energy
Kagawaran ng Enerhiya
Hon. Alfonso Gaba
Cusi

Secretary of
Environment and
DENR Natural Resources May 8, 2017
Department of
Kalihim ng Kapaligiran at
Environment and Natural Likas na Kayamanan
Resources
Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Hon. Roy Agullana
Likas na Kayamanan Cimatu

Secretary of Finance June 30,

DOF
Kalihim ng Pananalapi 2016
Department of Finance
Kagawaran ng Pananalapi
Hon. Carlos Garcia
Dominguez III
 Secretary of Foreign
Affairs May 18,
DFA
Kalihim ng Ugnayang 2017
Department of Foreign Panlabas
Affairs
Kagawaran ng Ugnayang
Panlabas Hon. Alan Peter
Schramm Cayetano

Secretary of Health October 26,

DOH
Kalihim ng Kalusugan 2017
Department of Health
Kagawaran ng Kalusugan
Hon. Francisco
Tiongson Duque III

Secretary of Information
and Communications
Department of Technology September
DICT
Information and Kalihim ng Teknolohiyang 22, 2017
Communications Pang-Impormasyon at
Technology Komunikasyon
Kagawaran ng
Teknolohiyang Pang- Hon. Eliseo Mijares
Impormasyon at Rio Jr. (Acting)
Komunikasyon

Secretary of the Interior

and Local Government January 4,
DILG
Department of the Kalihim ng Interyor at 2018
Interior and Local Pamahalaang Lokal
Government
Kagawaran ng Interyor at Hon. Eduardo
Pamahalaang Lokal Manahan Año (OIC)
 DOJ Secretary of Justice April 5, 2018
Kalihim ng Katarungan
Department of Justice
Kagawaran ng Katarungan
Hon. Menardo
Ilasco Guevarra

Secretary of Labor and

Employment June 30,
DOLE
Department of Labor Kalihim ng Paggawa at 2016
and Employment Empleyo
Kagawaran ng Paggawa at
Empleyo Hon. Silvestre
Hernando Bello III

Secretary of National
Defense June 30,
DND
Kalihim ng Tanggulang 2016
Department of National Pambansa
Defense
Kagawaran ng Tanggulang
Pambansa Hon. Delfin Negrillo
Lorenzana

Secretary of Public
Works and Highways August 1,
DPWH
Department of Public Kalihim ng Pagawaing 2016
Bayan at Lansangan
Works and Highways
Kagawaran ng Pagawaing
Hon. Mark Aguilar
Bayan at Lansangan
Villar
 Secretary of Science
and Technology June 30,
DOST
Kalihim ng Agham at 2016
Department of Science Teknolohiya
and Technology
Kagawaran ng Agham at
Teknolohiya Hon. Fortunato
Tanseco de la Peña

Secretary of Social
Welfare and
Development May 10,
Department of Social DSWD
Kalihim ng Kagalingang 2018
Welfare and Panlipunan at
Development Pagpapaunlad
Kagawaran ng Kagalingang
Panlipunan at Pagpapaunlad Hon. Virginia
Nazarrea
Orogo(Acting)

DOT Secretary of Tourism May 8, 2018

Kalihim ng Turismo
Department of Tourism
Kagawaran ng Turismo Hon. Bernadette
Fatima Romulo-
Puyat

Secretary of Trade and

Industry June 30,
DTI
Department of Trade Kalihim ng Kalakalan at 2016
and Industry Industriya
Kagawaran ng Kalakalan at
Industriya Hon. Ramón
Mangahas López
 Secretary of June 30,
DOTr Transportation 2016
Department of Kalihim ng Transportasyon
Transportation
Kagawaran ng
Transportasyon Hon. Arthur Planta
Tugade

The entire landmass of the Philippines is made up islands, making it the

second-largest archipelago in the world.

In fact, the Philippines has approximately 7,500 islands with only 2,000 of
them inhabited and nearly 5,000 still unnamed on global maps. (Source)

2. There are about 175 languages spoken in the Philippines, with 171 of them
considered “living,” while four tribal dialects have no known living speakers.
The country’s official languages are Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English,
with Cebuano and Ilocano also popular in some regions. (Source)

But when Filipinos interact with tourists and foreigners, it’s easy for them to
speak English since it’s the fifth largest English-speaking nation behind the
U.S., India, Pakistan, and the U.K. (Source)

3. About 11% of the population of the Philippines – more than 11 million

people – work overseas. In fact, the Philippines is the top supplier of nurses in
the world, with about 25% of all overseas nurses coming from the country. In
the United States, Filipinos are the second-largest Asian-American group
behind only Chinese. (Source)

4. Filipinos are crazy about basketball! You’ll see makeshift hoops erected on
every street corner, young men commonly wearing NBA jerseys, and local
teams playing in every community hall. Their professional league, The
Philippines Basketball Association (PBS) is the second oldest in the world
after only the NBA! In fact, a good number of players with U.S. college and
NBA experience come to play in the PBA. (Source)
5. Filipino’s also love boxing with a passion, and when their most famous
native son, Manny Pacquiao, fights, it’s like a national holiday. In fact, Filipinos
are so supportive of “PacMan” that every time he has a boxing match, the
Philippine National Police report that street crime drops to zero in Metro
Manila, and the same is true in most of the country. (Source)

6. The Philippines produces and exports more coconuts than any country in
the world, shipping off about 19.5 million tons of the fruit (called “buko”) every
year. (Source)

7. While most of their Southeast Asian neighbors practice Buddhism, the

Philippines is the only Asian nation that’s predominantly Christian, with 90%
practicing that religion (and about 80% of its population, Roman Catholic)
because of its Spanish colonial influence. (Source)

8. Filipinos are very social, spending as much time as possible with family and
friends. But they also stay in touch these days by exchanging a whole lot of
text messages. In fact, it’s estimated that Filipinos send about 400 million text
messages every day, adding up to about 142 billion texts per year, earning
them the designation “the texting capital of the world.” (Source)

That’s more than the total number of daily text messages sent in the U.S. and
Europe combined. (Source)

9. One of the most remarkable geological formations in the world, the Taal
Volcano consists of an island (Luzon) that contains a lake (Taal Lake) with a
smaller island in the lake (Volcano Island) with a lake on that island (Main
Crater of Taal Volcano) with another tiny islet (Volcano Island) inside!
(Source)

10. The Philippines population crossed the 100-million threshold in 2014,

ranking as the 12th most populous country in the world. With an annual
growth rate of about 2 percent, it’s also one of the fastest growing countries in
the world. (Source)

11. Manila, the capital of the Philippines, ranks as the city with the highest
population density in the world (and some of the worst traffic congestion!). In
fact, Manila spans only 24 square miles but has 1,660,714 residents, giving it
a population density of 55,446 people per square mile. (Source)

Metro Manila, comprising several other conjoined cities, stands at more than
12,877,000 people, making it one of the most populated metropolitan areas in
the world. (Source)

12. The Philippines island of Palawan has been named one of the best island
in the world by Condé Nast Traveler, Travel & Leisure, and other publications,
thanks to its jaw-dropping natural beauty. Visitors can explore white sand
beaches, swim in lagoons, enjoy island hopping in Coron and El Nido, find
some of the best scuba diving in the world, and even traverse the
underground river in the capital, Puerto Princesa, a UNESCO world heritage
site and the second longest underground river in the world. (Source)

13. The country suffered one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history on
June 15, 1991, when Mt. Pinatubo erupted only a couple hours from Manila.
The blast was so powerful that it shot 10 billion metric tons of magma and 20
million tons of toxic sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, 25 miles high.
(Source)

Mt. Pinatubo’s sent such a big mushroom cloud of ash into the atmosphere
that it created a haze of sulfuric acid all around the world for two years,
causing global temperatures to drop by 1 degree Fahrenheit! Tragically, the
eruption killed at least 847 people, injured 184, and left more than 1 million
people homeless, as well as forcing an American air force base to be
abandoned and relocated soon after. (Source)

14. Jeepneys are a unique form of transportation that many people in Manila
and other places in the Philippines use every day. In fact, jeepneys were born
from the thousands of army jeeps that the U.S. military left after World War II.
Resourceful Filipinos extended the cabs to accommodate about 18
passengers for hot, bumpy and dusty rides through the streets.

 The Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to gain independence after World War
II, in 1945.[18]
 The Philippines has the highest rate of discovery of new animal species with 16 new species of
mammals discovered just in the last 10 years.[18]
 Human trafficking is a problem in the Philippines. The country has the fourth largest number
of prostituted children in the world. There are estimated to be 375,000 women and girls in the
sex trades, mostly between the ages of 15 and 20, though some are as young as 11.[18]
 Current president Benigno Aquino III is the first president of the Philippines to be a bachelor
and he is the son of ex-president Corazon Aquino, making him the second president to be a child
of a former president (his predecessor Gloria Arroyo was the other).[18]
 The world’s biggest pair of shoes was made in Marikina City, Philippines, in 2002. The
wingtips measured about 17.4 feet (5.3 m) in length, 7.9 feet (2.4 m) in width, and almost 6.6
feet (2 m) in height. Their cost was 2 million Philippine pesos.[5]
The Philippines are named after King Philip II of Spain
 The Philippines are named after King Philip II of Spain. Explorer Ruy López de Villalobos
named the Eastern Visayas Felipenas first, and the name was later applied to the entire
archipelago. The country’s official name is the Republic of the Philippines.[7]
 The world record for most women breastfeeding simultaneously was 3,541, set in Manila,
Philippines, on May 4, 2006.[11]
 Of the top 10 largest shopping malls in the world, three are found in the Philippines: SM
Megamall, SM North Edsa, and SM Mall of Asia.[18]
 The world’s largest pearl was discovered by a Filipino diver in the Palawan Sea in 1934.
Known as the “Pearl of Lao Tzu,” or “Pearl of Allah,” the gem weighs 14 pounds (6.35 kg) and
measures 9.5 inches (24 cm) long and 5.5 inches (.4 cm) in diameter. It has a value of over
US$40 million. It is believed to be 600 years old.[2]
 The Philippines is the world’s largest exporter of coconuts and tropical fruits, such as papaya
and mangosteen.[18]
 Some Filipinos are wary of the number 13 and will avoid having 13 people at a table. Also,
steps to the main entrance of a house should not fall on a number divisible by three. Superstitious
Filipinos will not travel or bathe on Holy Thursday or Good Friday during Holy Week, the week
before Easter.[16]
 The only place in the world where skunks are found other than America is Indonesia and the
Philippines, where they are called stink badgers.[14]
 President Benigno Aquino III of the Philippines is known as “Noynoy,” and two of his sisters’
nicknames are “Pinky” and “Ballsy."[10]
 Christian names in the Philippines include Bing, Bong, Bambi, Bogie, Girlie, Peanut, and
Bumbum.[10]
 The Philippines is the only majority Christian nation in Asia. Eighty percent of its population
identifies as Roman Catholic.[18]
 The Philippines has a population of more than 100 million people, which makes it the 12th
most populous country in the world. Its annual growth rate of around 2% makes it one of the
fastest growing countries in the world.[18]
 Mt. Pinatubo on the Philippine island of Luzon erupted on June 15, 1991, and created the
largest mushroom cloud in the world. Its eruption ejected 10 billion metric tons of magma and 20
million tons of sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere.[18]
The Philippine, or monkey-eating, eagle is the largest of all eagles and was declared the national bird of the
Philippines in 1985
 The national symbol of the Philippines is the Philippine, or monkey-eating, eagle. It is the
largest of all eagles and was declared the national bird of the Philippines in 1995. It stands up to
3.3 feet (1 m) in height and has a wingspan of almost 7 feet (2 m). It is critically endangered;
there may only be around 180–500 eagles remaining. Killing one is punishable by Philippine law
by 12 years in jail and a heavy fine.[18]
 According to Filipino custom, it is considered rude to open gifts immediately after they are
given.[3]
 The Philippines is the only country in the world whose flag is hoisted upside down when the
country is at war.[18]
 The Conus gloriamus, the rarest and most expensive seashell in the world, is one of the
12,000 species of seashells found in the Philippines. The first examples of these shells sold at
auction for about US$5,000.[18]
 The yo-yo had its beginnings as an ancient Filipino studded hunting weapon attached to a 20-
foot rope. The modern yo-yo was invented by a Filipino American, and its name yóyocomes
from the Filipino language Ilocano and means “come back.”[2]
 The Philippines is home to the world’s longest snake, the Reticulated Python (Python
reticulatus), which also happens to be the world’s longest reptile. It can grow to 28.5 feet (8.7
m).[18]
 There are between 120 and 175 individual languages spoken in the Philippines, 171 of which
are living while the other four no longer have any known speakers. English and Filipino, based
on Tagalog, are the country’s two officially recognized languages.[16]
 The Philippines is the world’s largest supplier of nurses, supplying roughly 25% of all
overseas nurses worldwide.[15]
 The antibiotic erythromycin was invented by Filipino Dr. Abelardo Aguilar in 1949. He sent a
sample to his employer, the Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company, which promptly patented it.
Erythromycin is used for people who are allergic to penicillin and has saved millions of lives.[16]
 The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River in Palawan, Philippines, is 5 miles (8.2 km) long.
Until the discovery of a 6.2-mile (10-km) underground river in Mexico, the Puerto Princesa
River was known as the longest subterranean waterway in the world.[18]
 The Philippines is the second largest archipelago in the world and is made up of 7,107 islands
located in the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and the Luzon Strait.[2]
The human body is composed
of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus.[1] These elements reside
in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.
The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres. This is made up
of about 19 litres of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres
of interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres of fluid inside cells.[2] The content, acidity and composition of
the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water
outside cells are sodium and chloride, whereas within cells it is potassium and other phosphates.[3]
The main systems of the human body are:

1. Circulatory system:
1. Circulates blood around the body via the heart, arteries and veins,
delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste
products away.
 2. Equalizes temperature in the body
2. Digestive system :
1. Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via
the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.
2. Eliminates waste from the body.
3. Endocrine system:
1. Provides chemical communications within the body using hormones.
4. Integumentary system / Exocrine system:
1. Skin, hair, nails, sweat and other exocrine glands.
5. Lymphatic system / Immune system:
1. The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid
called lymph.
2. Defends the body against pathogenic viruses that may endanger the body .
6. Muscular system:
1. Enables the body to move using muscles.
7. Nervous system:
1. Collects and processes information from the senses via nerves and the brain and
tells the muscles to contract to cause physical actions.
8. Renal system / Urinary system/ Excretory system:
1. The system where the kidneys filter blood.
9. Reproductive system:
1. The sex organs required for the production of offspring.
10. Respiratory system :
1. The lungs and the trachea that bring air into and out of the body.
11. Skeletal system:
1. Bones supporting the body and its organs.
12. The average heart is the size of a fist in an adult.
13. Your heart will beat about 115,000 times each day.
14. Your heart pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood every day.
15. An electrical system controls the rhythm of your heart. It’s called the
cardiac conduction system.
16. The heart can continue beating even when it’s disconnected from the
body.
17. The first open-heart surgery occurred in 1893. It was performed by
Daniel Hale Williams, who was one of the few black cardiologists in the
United States at the time.
18. The first implantable pacemaker was used in 1958. Arne Larsson, who
received the pacemaker, lived longer than the surgeon who implanted it.
Larsson died at 86 of a disease that was unrelated to his heart.
19. The youngest person to receive heart surgery was only a minute old. She
had a heart defect that many babies don’t survive. Her surgery was
successful, but she’ll eventually need a heart transplant.
20. The earliest known case of heart disease was identified in the remains of
a 3,500-year-old Egyptian mummy.
21. The fairy fly, which is a kind of wasp, has the smallest heart of any living
creature.
22. The American pygmy shrew is the smallest mammal, but it has the
fastest heartbeat at 1,200 beats per minute.
23. Whales have the largest heart of any mammal.
24. The giraffe has a lopsided heart, with their left ventricle being thicker
than the right. This is because the left side has to get blood up the
giraffe’s long neck to reach their brain.
25. Most heart attacks happen on a Monday.
26. Christmas day is the most common day of the year for heart attacks to
happen.
27. The human heart weighs less than 1 pound. However, a man’s heart, on
average, is 2 ounces heavier than a woman’s heart.
28. A woman’s heart beats slightly faster than a man’s heart.
29. The beating sound of your heart is caused by the valves of the heart
opening and closing.
30. It’s possible to have a broken heart. It’s called broken heart syndrome
and can have similar symptoms as a heart attack. The difference is that a
heart attack is from heart disease and broken heart syndrome is caused
by a rush of stress hormones from an emotional or physical stress event.
31. Death from a broken heart, or broken heart syndrome, is possible but
extremely rare.
 32. The iconic heart shape as a symbol of love is traditionally thought to
come from the silphium plant, which was used as an ancient form of
birth control.
33. If you were to stretch out your blood vessel system, it would extend over
60,000 miles.
34. Heart cells stop dividing, which means heart cancer is extremely rare.
35. Laughing is good for your heart. It reduces stress and gives a boost to
your immune system.
111Corazon C. Aquino
1933–2009
(Lived: 76 years)
(No prior elected office)February 25, 1986
[note 31] June 30, 1992 UNIDO(1986)
13
(1986)Salvador H. Laurel[73]
[74]

122Fidel V. Ramos
[66]

Born 1928
(90 years old)Secretary of National DefenseJune 30, 1992June 30, 1998 Lakas–NUCD(1992)
14
(1992)Joseph Ejercito Estrada[76]
[77]

133Joseph Ejercito Estrada

[78]

Born 1937
(81 years old)9th Vice President of the PhilippinesJune 30, 1998January 20, 2001
[note 33]

[note 6] LAMMP(1998)
15
(1998)
(2001)Gloria Macapagal Arroyo[80]
[81]

144Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

[82]

Born 1947
(71 years old)10th Vice President of the PhilippinesJanuary 20, 2001June 30, 2010 Lakas–NUCD–UMDP
Lakas–CMDVacant
[note 14]

January 20 –
February 7, 2001[83]
[84]

[82]

[85]Teofisto Guingona Jr.

February 7, 2001 –
June 30, 2004Lakas–CMD
Lakas Kampi CMD(2004)
16
(2004)Noli L. de Castro
[note 34]

June 30, 2004 –

June 30, 2010155Benigno S. Aquino III
Born 1960
(58 years old)Senator of the PhilippinesJune 30, 2010June 30, 2016 Liberal(2010)
17
(2010)Jejomar C. Binay[86]
[87]

166Rodrigo Duterte
[88]

Born 1945
(73 years old)Mayor of Davao City June 30, 2016Incumbent PDP–Laban(2016)
18
(2016)Maria Leonor G. Robredo[89]

New7Wonders of the World (2000–2007) was a campaign started in 2000 to choose Wonders of
the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments.[1] The popularity poll was led by Canadian-
Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the New7Wonders Foundation based in Zurich, Switzerland,
with winners announced on 7 July 2007 in Lisbon.

Great Wall of China China700 BCE

Petra Jordan312 BCE

The Colosseum Rome, Italy80 CE

Chichen Itza Yucatán, Mexico600 CE

Machu Picchu Cuzco Region, Peru1450 CE

Taj Mahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India1643 CE

Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil1931 CE

The deities of Philippine mythology are the gods, goddesses and diwatas worshiped by ancient
Filipinos before the Christianization of the natives after the Spanish conquest of the Philippines.

Name God(dess) of... Generation

Sometimes referred as Abba, he is the supreme god of being;

creator of man and earth and addressed sometimes as Bathalang
Bathala Maykapal. He dwells in Kaluwalhatian together with the lesser gods First[A]
and goddesses. Aside from the lesser gods and goddesses, he sent
his anitos (ancestral spirits of mankind) in order to assist the daily
lives of every human. He provided everything mankind needed, to a
 point where he spoiled them too much, hence, the Tagalog
philosophy of bahala na (what comes will come, let it be). However,
despite his intense kindness and love for mankind, he has also the
capability to punish mankind through famine, diseases, and
lightning. When he went into a deep slumber, he let Apolaki (his
grandson who would later be known as his son) and Mayari (his
daughter) rule in his place. This action led to the pre-colonial
Tagalog notion that the younger generations also have the capability
to become leaders. Many datus (community leaders) during the pre-
colonial era were young men and women. In some accounts during
the Spanish occupation, Bathala was not in deep slumber, but 'died'
instead. This source is believed to have been crafted by Spanish
friars so that Tagalogs at the time would stop believing in Bathala
and would instead embrace the Christian God who the friars
branded as 'undying', and therefore 'more powerful'. When most of
the natives were converted to Christianity during the Spanish Era,
Bathala was referred interchangeably by many as the Christian God,
as the natives would not let his name be forgotten despite threats
from the Spanish colonialists and friars. Researchers have
suggested that Bathala's name is Hindu in origin as it comes from
the Sanskrit word, bhattara, meaning noble lord. In Tagalog
animism, the tigmamanukan omens (which can be a bird, lizard, or
snake) were Bathala's emblems. In some accounts, Bathala chose
the tigmamanukan creatures, especially the bird, as his messengers
as they look like the bird form of his friend, Amihan, a primordial
deity. A tigmamanukan omen bird was used by Bathala to split the
bamboo that would let out the first man, Malakas, and woman,
Maganda. The tigmamanukan omens were also used by Bathala to
warn mankind if they should continue or discontinue their journey. If
a traveler sees a tigmamanukan omen, and it passes from right to
left, then it symbolizes as labay (Bathala's approval to proceed with
the journey). If the tigmamanukan omen passes from left to right, the
traveller should not proceed, or else he or she will never return.
According to Tagalog elders, the tigmamanukan omen birds had
blue strikes on their feathers and live in the mythical Mount Batala (a
mountain dedicated to Bathala). According to research, the most
probable bird species qualified as a tigmamanukan omen bird, as
described by elders, is the fairy bluebird from the genus Irena.[2]

Originally this god was worshipped as the god of Hunters who

provided good game to his worshippers. He gave titles to people
who proved their prowess in hunting. In more modern stories he has
become associated as the husky, ill-tempered god of the sea,
replacing Aman Sinaya among of the first generation gods (aside
Amanikable from Bathala), he was never married after his love was spurned by a First[B]
beautiful mortal maiden, Maganda, the first woman who was the
partner of Malakas, the first man. Both came out from a bamboo that
was pecked by Bathala's sacred bird, the tigmamanukan bird
according to traditional Tagalog tales (but sometimes the sarimanok
according to Tagalogs who migrated to the southern islands where
the sarimanok is more known). In frustration, he swore vengeance
 against the humans by sending turbulent waves and horrible
tempests in order to wreck boats and to drown men. Despite this, he
is also wise and will help men if they earn his praise. This notion is in
line with the dogma that Tagalog deities who are welcome in
Kaluwalhatian are all kind. Amanikable has a cordial relationship
with Haik, the sea god who brings peace to the sea, which is the
opposite of Amanikable's sea prowess. In Tagalog animism, the
hunter was Amanikable's emblem.[3]

Also known as Idianale or Idianali. She is the goddess of labor and

good deeds. In some accounts, she is also a female deity of animal
husbandry, and a male deity of agriculture. Natives used to call for
her guidance in order to make their works successful. If a person
does not call her name, the work being conducted may not be
finished in time, not finished properly, or not finished at all. She is
Idiyanale First[C][D]
friends with the mischievous Bibit and medicine deity Lingga. She
married Dimangan and had two offspring, namely, Dumakulem and
Anitun Tabu. Her nature of needing to be considered was passed
down to Anitun Tabu, while her nature o hard work was passed
down to Dumakulem. In Tagalog animism, the water buffalo was
Idiyanale's emblem.[4]

Also known as Dumangan. He is the sky god of good harvest.

People offer him words of praise and respect to have a bountiful
harvest and for the crops to yield better quality grains. In old
tradition, singing songs for Dimangan is conducted to appease the
god while harvesting the bounties he blessed on men. He has the
capability to enhance the harvests of men with a wave of his hand.
Because of this, he is praised together with Lakapati, who taught
agriculture to mankind. He was married to Idiyanale and had two
Dimangan offspring, namely Dumakulem and Anitun Tabu. His nature of First
needing appeasement was passed down to Anitun Tabu, while his
nature of giving aid to people was passed down to Dumakulem. In
Sambal mythology, Dimangan had three brothers with equal
strength as him, namely, Kalasakas, who hastened the ripening of
rice stalks, Kalasokus, who was responsible for turning the grains
from green to yellow, and Damulag, who protected the flowers of the
rice plants from destructive hurricanes. In Tagalog polytheism, a
basket of bounties was Dimangan's emblem.[3]

The goddess of fertility and the most understanding and kind of all
the deities. S/he was a hermaphrodite, having both female and male
genitalia, symbolizing the balance of everything. Her bodily
Lakapati expression is notably feminine. Also known as Ikapati, s/he was the First[E]
giver of food and prosperity. Her/His best gift to mankind was
agriculture (cultivated fields), a reason why s/he is praised along
with Dimangan, god of good harvest. Through her/his teachings,
s/he was respected and loved by the people. S/he was known to be
 the kindest deity to the Tagalogs. Later, s/he married Mapulon, who
courted her/him tirelessly. Her/His marriage with Mapulon was
symbolic for the ancient Tagalogs as it referred to marriage as a
mutual bond between two parties regardless of gender, which was
common and an acceptable practice at the time. They had a
daughter, named Anagolay who aided mankind when they have lost
something or someone. During early Spanish rule, Lakapati was
depicted as the Holy Spirit, as the people continued to revere her
despite Spanish threats. In Tagalog animism, the small unhusked
rice grain was Lakapati's emblem.[4]

The god of seasons. He also sometimes associated as a deity of

good health and medicine. Mapulon is known as the second kindest
deity to the Tagalogs, after Lakapati. He gave good seasons and
health to mankind, and whenever a person is ill, medicinal herbs
grow due to his prowess of commanding the seasons, providing
men with something to heal themselves with. He fell in love with
Lakapati due to Lakapati's kindness and understanding towards the
Mapulon people despite the mistakes made by mankind. At first, Lakapati was First
not interested with Mapulon, but eventually, Lakapati fell in love with
him due to his tireless actions of love and they got married. Their
story exemplifies why pre-colonial Tagalog men would court the
person they love tirelessly for years, sometimes up to a decade,
awaiting their loved one to fall in love with them as well through
sheer determination. Mapulon and Lakapati had a daughter named
Anagolay. Mapulon's emblem is undetermined.[3]

The goddess of the moon, war, revolution, and right to equal rule.
She is also associated with healing and lunar emotions. She is one
of the three daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman. She was the
most charming of all the goddesses, until one of her eyes were
taken off by Apolaki in a battle. She has no hatred towards Apolaki,
however, as the god did everything he could to make amends,
Mayari Second[F][G]
though Mayari's eye was never healed. She had two sisters, Tala
and Hanan, who she has very good ties with. In some stories, she
became the ruler of the earth every night when her father Bathala
was in a deep slumber, in contrast, Apolaki rules every day when
Bathala was in deep slumber. In Tagalog polytheism, the moon was
Mayari's emblem.[5]

The goddess of the stars; sister of Mayari and Hanan and one of the
three daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman. People looked up to
her for direction during nighttime. Her light at night is said to guide
Tala men to safety, along with the extended aura of Anagolay. She is Second[H]
known to have supported the creation of the Tagalog constellations
whose names have been forgotten due to the influx of Western
names and depictions on constellations. Tala used light spheres or
orbs to ferry men to safety at night, however, when the Spaniards
 came, they demonized the light orbs and called it santelmos. The
natives eventually regarded the santelmos as deadly beings that kill
humans or get humans to lose their way. In Tagalog animism, the
stars were Tala's emblem.[5]

The goddess of morning; sister of Mayari and Tala and one of the
three daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman. The first prayer of
the day is given to Bathala, Apolaki, and her as a sign of a new day.
She is specially important during the entrance of a new age or a new
phase in a person's life. People offer her bountiful harvests and
Hanan Second
prayers during the birth of a child, the womanhood or manhood or a
child, and the death of a person, entrance of the planting season,
beginning of the harvest season, and start of a new annual cycle.
These prayers are only conducted at the break of dawn. In Tagalog
animism, the rooster and the dawning sun was Hanan's emblem.[5]

The strong, agile guardian of mountains and the son of Idiyanale

and Dimangan. He also known as a sky god. He aids people who
get lost in the mountains. He hates people who destroys the
mountain's forests and wildlife, however, he never intentionally
strays people in mountains as he is a kind god, but he does not help
those who destroy the mountains and excessively hunt wildlife. It is
Dumakulem Second
said that he creates mountains to shield the people from the terrible
storms caused by his sister, Anitun Tabu. Because of this,
sometimes earthquakes occur, signaling the creation of mountains.
He is always in good terms with his sister as both love the good side
of men. He later married Anagolay. In Tagalog polytheism, the
mountain was Dumakulem's emblem.[3]

The fickle-minded goddess of wind and rain. Every time it rains

(ambon) and suddenly stops, it is said that the happy Anitun Tabu is
nearby. If a storm is present, the angry Anitun Tabu is nearby. Due
to the association of the ambon as a presence of the happy Anitun
Tabu, the event eventually became a good time for marriages, until
eventually, the better time for marriage was changed to sunny
showers. This belief on marriage every sunny showers have been
diverted in the Spanish era as a marriage between supernatural
beings, and thus, ceased to be practiced by the common Tagalog. In
Anitun Tabu Second
later stories, Anitun Tabu was also known to be a mediator between
warring supernatural beings, as she was associated with sunny
showers, a sacred peace pact for supernatural beings. She was the
daughter of Idiyanale and Dimangan and the sister of Dumakulem.
To the neighboring pre-colonial Sambal people in west Luzon,
Anitun Tabu (or Aniton Tauo to them) is male, conflicting with the
beliefs of pre-colonial Tagalogs. According to Sambal mythology,
Aniton Tauo was the most revered deity for the Sambals, however,
he eventually became full of himself, leading to Malayari (male
Zambal counterpart of Mayari) to punish and oast him from
 supremacy. Afterwards, he became of the deities to assist Malayari
in his tasks. The pinipig (punded young rice grains) is offered to the
Tagalog Anitun Tabu. The ritual offering to her is called mamiarag.
In Tagalog animism, the rain was Anitun Tabu's emblem.[3]

The goddess of lost things and the only offspring of Lakapati and
Mapulon. Pre-Hispanized Tagalogs sought Anagolay's guidance
whenever something or someone is lost. It is said that Anagolay's
aura is present in the very fabric of everything, the very reason why
she can find things and persons that are lost. However, she had
both traits of her parents, goodness and a wide view in equality. Due
to this, she never uses her power to take advantage of anyone. She
Anagolay Second
was secretly in love with Dumakulem prior to their marriage. Anitun
Tabu, sister of Dumakulem, offered her aid in pursuing Dumakulem
as the rain goddess approved of Anagolay. However, Anagolay
humbly rejected the offer as she does not honor forced love. Later
on, Dumakulem fell in love with Anagolay's care for mankind and
courted her for years until they got married. In Tagalog animism, a
hole of light was Anagolay's emblem.[3]

The god of sun, wisdom and strategy and the chief patron of
warriors. Spanish accounts say he was ill-tempered, however, the
Spanish used the image of the Greek god, Ares. In actual pre-
colonial mythologies, Apolaki was a peaceful god who would fight for
what he thinks was right and if he was wrong in the end, he would
do his best to fix his wrong. This trait was exhibited during his battle
with Mayari, where he apologized, after he put out one of Mayari's
eyes, and agreed to Mayari's proposal for equal rights in ruling the
earth. He was the son of Anagolay and Dumakulem. The
neighboring pre-colonial Kapampangan people in central Luzon Third (or
Apolaki
regarded Apolaki not a god of the sun as they already had one, but Second)[I]
a goddess of the moon, conflicting with pre-colonial Tagalog beliefs.
During the Spanish occupation, reports surfaced where Apolaki
came down from Kaluwalhatian and scolded some Tagalog folks for
'welcoming men with white teeth'. The report was passed on by the
townsfolk to the parish priest, thus documenting the said event.
During pre-colonial Tagalog times, having black-pigmented teeth
was the aesthetics, while having white teeth was seen as disgusting
and unbearable. In Tagalog polytheism, the sun was Apolaki's
emblem.[5]

The goddess of love, conception and childbirth and the protector of

lovers. She was in good relations with Ikapati, who presided over the
Diyan fertility of mankind, the second stage to be determined after love and
Third
Masalanta before conception. Sacrifices were offered to her so that conception
is assured. She was the daughter of Anagolay and Dumakulem and
youngest of all the deities. Spanish accounts imaged her like the
Greek Aphrodite, but in actual pre-colonial mythologies, she was of
 more motherly nature and had a high standard in family values. She
is wise and has waged battles against evil spirits to protect the
family from breaking apart. Her mortal enemy is Manisilat, the
breaker of families. She viewed the family as a web of interlaced
families and communities, which is exhibited in the Tagalog tradition
of extended families. In Tagalog animism, the actual human heart
and the child were Diyan Masalanta's emblems.

APOLLO

Apollo was the son of Leto and Zeus. He was born on the island of Delos. He and his twin sister
Artemis, also an Olympian, shared an aptitude for archery. The nine Muses were companions of his;
they were goddesses known for inspiring art and music.

ARES

He was the son of Zeus and Hera, both of whom hated him (according to Homer). Eros (more
commonly known as Cupid) was the child of Ares and Aphrodite. Ares was most notably referred to
as the God of War; he represented the unpleasant aspects of battle.

DIONYSUS
Dionysus was primarily known as the God of the Vine. Upon reaching adulthood, Dionysus
wandered the Earth, teaching men the culture of the vine. Dionysus was the last god to enter
Olympus.

HADES
He was also called the God of Wealth or “the rich one” because he possessed the precious metals
of the earth. Hades had a cap or helmet that made its wearer invisible. His wife was Persephone,
Demeter’s only daughter, whom he kidnapped and made his queen.

HEPHAESTUS
Hephaestus was the only ugly god among perfectly beautiful immortals. He was the workman of the
immortals: he made their dwellings, furnishings, and weapons. Hephaestus was known as the God
of Fire.
HERMES

Hermes was considered a “trickster” due to his cunning and clever personality. He primarily served
as the herald or messenger of the gods. Hermes was born in a cave on a mountain in Arcadia; he
was conceived and born within the course of one day.

POSEIDON
Poseidon was allotted his dominion after the fall of the Titans. He wielded the trident or three-
pronged spear, and this image of him is reflected in art. Poseidon was most notably the God of the
sea and the protector of all waters.

ZEUS
Zeus was the father of the famous Greek hero Hercules. The name Zeus means "bright" or "sky."
His weapon of choice was the thunderbolt, made for him by the Cyclops.

OLYMPIAN GREEK GODDESSES

APHRODITE
Aphrodite was the goddess of fertility, love, and beauty. During the Trojan War, Aphrodite fought on
the side of Paris. Aphrodite and her son Eros (Cupid) teamed up to cause Zeus to fall in love with a
human named Europa.

ARTEMIS
Artemis was daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo. She was primarily a virgin
huntress, goddess of wildlife and patroness of hunters. She was an important goddess in the lives of
women, especially when it came to marriage and young creatures.

ATHENA
Athena was the Goddess of War, the female counterpart of Ares. She is one of three virgin
goddesses; the other two were Hestia and Artemis. Athena served as a guardian of Athens, where
the Parthenon served as her temple.

DEMETER
Demeter was the daughter of Cronos and Rhea. She was the goddess of harvest and fertility. Only
women attended the Thesmophoria, a fertility festival held in honor of Demeter.

HERA

Hera was Queen of the Olympian gods. In the story of the Quest of the Golden Fleece, Hera was a
gracious protector of the heroes. Hera had few, if any, redeeming qualities. She never forgot an
injury.

HESTIA
Although Hestia appeared in a few stories, she was not overly significant in Greek mythology. She
was a sibling to Demeter, Hades, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus. Hestia is completely omitted from the
works of Homer, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.

TYCHE
Tykhe, also known as Tyche, was the Greek goddess of chance, fate and fortune. She represented
not only the positive aspects of these characteristics but also the negative ones. The ancient Greeks
thought she was the reason for unexpected events in their lives, good and evil.