TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROGRAMME

AT AITEK NETWORKS SYSTEMS LIMITED, 2A TOMORI STREET,OFF

SIMBIAT ABIOLA ROAD,IKEJA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.

BY

ADENIRAN OBAFEMI OLUBUNMI

MATRIC NO: 134196

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
IBADAN

SUBMITTED TO THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING COORDINATING

CENTRE (ITCC) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE 300 LEVEL INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
PROGRAMME
NOVEMBER-JANUARY 2010.

Adeniran Obafemi O.
Department of Electrical/ Electronics Engineering
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria.
20th of February, 2010.

The Director,
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme,
Industrial Training Coordinating Centre,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.

Dear Sir,

SUBMISSION LETTER FOR TIT 399 REPORT WORK

Having completed the eight weeks training programme required by the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), which started on the 16th of November,
2010 and ended on the 15th of January, 2010, I hereby write to inform you that the
report work was compiled and completed by me. I therefore submit the report work as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the student industrial work experience scheme
of the University of Ibadan.

Yours sincerely,
Adeniran Obafemi . 134196.

CERTIFICATIONI, Adeniran Obafemi Olubunmi with matriculation number 134196

hereby declare that I undergo two full months of Industrial Training Programme at Aitek
Networks Systems Limited, Ikeja, Lagos and that this report is written by me to the best
of the practical knowledge I gained during the course of the training programme.

----------------------------------------
134196
 ABSTRACT

Aitek Networks Systems Limited is one of the very few indigenous companies that is
well established in the aspect of electronics engineering referred to as Surveillance or
better still Extra Low Voltage. The company is staffed with hardworking, resilient,
intelligent and hospitable personnel.
The sale and installation of various security devices are carried out by experts at Aitek
Network Systems Limited. Devices like the smoke detectors, satellite televisions, cctv,
camera, motion detectors, fire alarm systems, network systems to mention a few are
sold and installed by capable engineers and technicians.
However, there is the administrative section consisting of the secretary, receptionist,
cleaners, drivers, personal assistant and the managing director. All other staffs are
transported to the site to ensure services are procured to customers.
 INTRODUCTION

A great deal of knowledge and tremendous skills related to electrical/electronics

engineering was imbibed on me during the few weeks of rigorous training I went through
at Aitek Networks Systems Limited in Lagos. An enormous amount of physical and
intellectual strength is required to survive on site at the engineering firm. Almost all the
installation processes involves a great deal of cabling that is running of cable through
trunkings, pvc pipes or ebonite tubes. Also, cables are run through manholes from metal
boxes or adaptable boxes.

The basic tools often used are the fishing tapes, draw ropes, drillings machines, screws,
screwdrivers, mallet, chisel, cables, connectors, masking tapes, multimeter, cutter to
mention a few.

As we all know, our society is in jeopardy as far as security is concerned, this calls for
the installation of security systems by experts.
Systems such as the fire alarm systems, cameras, motion detectors, smoke and heat
detectors etc serve to reduce if not to completely eliminate impending hazards This
report treats in details some other systems such as the network system (LAN) and so
on.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank God Almighty for his mercy and grace that kept me all through my industrial
training period.

I am greatly indebted to my parents, Mr and Mrs Adeniran for their financial and moral
support during the course of the programme and my uncle, Mr Omofoyewa for his
hospitality and fatherly care towards ensuring that my industrial training was a
worthwhile and fulfilling one.

I also want to thank everyone that contributed to the success of my industrial training;
my industrial supervisors, my colleagues, co-workers and my relatives.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLEPAGE…………………………………………………………………………

SUBMISSION LETTER……………………………………………………………………i
CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………….ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………..v
TABLE OF
CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………….vi

CHAPTER ONE
Fire alarm system and
operations………………………………………………………………………………….1

CHAPTER TWO
Networking systems and local area network……………………………………..11

CHAPTER THREE
Installation of satellite television, motion detectors……………………………………..55
And other security devices

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………70
RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………………………71
REFRENCES………………………………………………………………………………...72
CHAPTER ONE

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM AND OPERATIONS

An automatic fire alarm system is an active fire protection system designed to detect the
unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with
combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is either classified as automatic, manually
activated, or both. The basic modern system consists of a dependable primary power
supply, a secondary or backup power supply, any number of "initiating devices" and
"notification appliances." Automatic fire alarm systems can be used to notify people of
the need to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to summon emergency
forces aid, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of
fire and smoke.
However, the use of fire alarm system in buildings and campuses in Nigeria is not
encouraging at all.

FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP THE FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

• Fire alarm control unit (panel): A fire alarm control panel is the central control device
that receives information from input devices such as smoke detectors, heat detectors,
manual call points, etc. The panel then processes the information to trigger output
devices which are usually bells, horns, or strobes. Panels usually have a number of
loops within the range of two to 20 loops. At the present time, four or six loop panels are
the most common. Each loop can have a number of devices connected to it. Each
device has its own address, and so the panel knows the state of each individual device
connected to it. There are three types of panels: coded panels, conventional panels,
and addressable panels.

A fire alarm control panel

• Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 220/240 Volt Alternating Current
source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a
branch circuit dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch
circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to
a single appliance.
• Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component commonly sealed, lead-acid
storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply
energy in the event of a primary power failure.
• Initiating Devices: This component acts as input to the fire alarm control unit and are
either manually or automatically activated. Examples of initiating devices are manual
call point/break glass, smoke detector, heat detector, carbon mono-oxide detector,
etc.manual call point/break glass

Notification Appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm
system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to
take action, usually to evacuate. Example of notification appliance is sounders.
Fig 4.3; A fire alarm notification appliance with a strobe light

HOW FIRE ALARM WORKS

Activation of the alarm will:

• Sound the alarm throughout the premises.
• Summon the Fire Service.
• Unlock security exits that are integrated with fire detection / alarm system

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Fire hose reels and portable fire extinguishers are firefighting equipment and are
located in easily identifiable locations throughout the premises. Residents and workers
in that environment are meant to know their locations and suitability for use on various
types of fires (e.g.) electrical, flammable liquids, ordinary combustibles.
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguishers are only suitable to use on fires in their incipient stages (small or
beginning).Before you use a fire extinguisher you must know:
• What fuel is burning.
• What type of fire extinguisher is suitable for that type of fire.
Fire extinguishers are grouped into five classes:

GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

It is recommended that you examine your premises on a continuous basis to ensure

that:-
• Corridors, aisles and walkways remain clear of obstructions.
• Exit doors remain clear and unlocked whilst the premises are occupied.
• Fire fighting equipment is available, serviceable and accessible.
• Excess quantities of combustible materials are not permitted to accumulate
anywhere on the premises.
• Extra care be taken with the use and maintenance of office/heating equipment,
etc.
• Any accumulation of litter, which may increase the danger of fire, is removed.
• Check for incorrect storage of flammable liquids and chemicals
• Defective public address / telephone systems are repaired.
• Fire and smoke doors are kept shut except during use. The self-closing
mechanism is in operational order. The door should close automatically and
they should not be held open by wedges, rocks, chairs, etc.
• Fire stairs are kept clear at all times and are not used for storage.
• Prevention of emergencies is as important as the development of efficient
means of dealing with them and to this end all occupants, should be
acutely aware of the need to avoid dangerous practices and the danger to life and
property in the event of emergencies getting out of control.
• The keeping of flammable liquids on office floors should be permitted
only in special circumstances and only in minimal quantities.
• All occupants should be encouraged to observe the greatest care in the use of
matches, portable heaters, electrical appliances and other possible sources of
ignition. Their immediate surroundings should be kept neat.
Resettable call point

General information on call points

Based on a micro controller and is being equipped with a short circuit isolator, the
resettable FN500 digital manual call point is used o manually initiate an addressed fire
prevention systems. The FM 500 is able to store automatically into its non volatile
memory, thirty measures before and thirty measures after the alarm condition. These
measures can be displayed in graphic or in text mode on the control panel monitor. This
features is very important to understand what has happened before and after the alarm
condition has been detected

The bi colour LED (light emiting diode) green-red in operating mode, indicates the
detector condition while in serviced mode, it can be used to show the detector ‘s
address by a special function activated from the control panel. The FN 500 is a
resettable manual call point. The alarm condition will be initiated by pressing on the
operating face of the manual call point. Resetting of the alarm condition is affected by
inserting the supplied key in the slit and pulling as shown in fig below . open the
enclosure , see the key as shown in fig below
CIRCUITRY OF THE CALLPOINT

ADDRESSING
The address (1-128) is software set and stored in a non volatile memory . the FM 500
can be addressed, in manual or automatic mode from the control panel. For further
detaits, see the control panel’s programming manual or catalogue.

CONNECTIONS
A shielded cable most be used: connect the shield of the cable cone end in a loop mode
to the ground in the control panel only and connect the shield between a device . this
section of leads can vary according to the length of the detection libe. A lead section of
1.5mm is advised.
Precaution should be taken not to use cables that exceed these limits;
Maximum resistance of lower
Maximum capacitance of 2mf
The dectoneal connection must be performed by removing approaximately 10mm of
insolating cover from the main lead and insert it on the terminal block.

The FM 500 is only to be used with ELKRON FAP series control panels
Testing (trained personnel) of call points
It is required that before testing competent authorities are withe field that the system is
stemporarily out of service due to maintenance operations . the manual call point can be
tested by pressing on the operating face and verifying the alarm condition. At the end of
testing operations, restore the system to normal operation and notify the status to the
competent authorites.
Terminal specification of call points
Operating voltage 20 vdc (-15%, +10%) modulated
Average power consumption (normal condition) 250 ma @ 20vdc
Average power consumption (alarm condition) 2ma @ 20vdc
Operating temperature -10 /55 Relative humidity 93%+_2%C (14/131F)
Storage/ shipping temperature -30/70C
Bi colour LED Red steady: alarm condition Dimensions 110 by 110 by 42
Weight 140g
However, apart from the FM 500 type call point, we also have the FM 400 call point but
the latter is limited in use due to its design and specifications.
 CHAPTER TWO

NETWORKING SYSTEMS AND LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)

A network is a system of two or more computers that are connected in some manner.
Each computer on the network has access to the files and peripheral equipment (such
as printers or modems) on all the other computers on the network.
The origin of local area networks can be traced, in part, to IBM terminal equipment
introduced in 1974. At that time, IBM introduced a series of terminal devices designed
for use in transaction-processing applications for banking and retailing. What was
unique about those terminals was their method of connection: a common cable that
formed a loop provided a communications path within a localized geographical area.
Unfortunately, limitations in the data transfer rate, incompatibility between individual IBM
loop systems, and other problems precluded the widespread adoption of this method of
networking.

The economics of media sharing and the ability to provide common access to a
centralized resource were, however, key advantages, and they resulted in IBM and
other vendors investigating the use of different techniques to provide a localized
communications capability between different devices. However, Datapoint Corporation
began selling its Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNet), considered by most
people to be the first commercial local area networking product. Since then, hundreds of
companies have developed local area networking products, and the installed base of
terminal devices connected to such networks has increased exponentially. They now
number in the hundreds of millions.
Designing a manageable network

One of the most important considerations in designing a network to be manageable is

deciding how and where to connect the network-management equipment. Is there a
separate network-management center to accommodate? Do nonoperational staff
members like the network designer sit in a different area? Do they require access to the
network-management center's equipment through the network? In general, the design
should include a separate virtual local area network (VLAN) just for network-
management equipment. The management VLAN was used to access management
functions on remote network equipment. This network management-equipment VLAN
houses servers and workstations used to manage the network.

Design Types
A large-scale network design is composed of several common building blocks. Every
LAN, of whatever size, has to have an access system by which the end stations connect
to the network. There are several inexpensive options for LAN connections, such as
Ethernet and Token Ring. As a philosophical principle, the network should be built using
basic commonly available technology. The design shouldn't have to reinvent any wheels
just to allow the machines to talk to one another. So, just as basic commonly available
technologies exist for connecting end stations to LANs, there are common methods for
interconnecting LAN segments. Once again, these technologies and methods should
involve the most inexpensive yet reliable methods. But in this stage of interconnecting,
aggregating, and distributing traffic between these various LAN segments, the designer
may run into some serious hidden problems. There may be thousands of ways to
connect things, but most of these methods result in some kind of reliability problems.

Network topology
The topology of a local area network is the structure or geometric layout of the cable
used to connect stations on the network. Unlike conventional data communications
networks, which can be configured in a variety of ways with the addition of hardware
and software, most local area networks are designed to operate based on the
interconnection of stations that follow a specific topology. The most common topologies
used in LANs include the loop, bus, ring, star, and tree, as illustrated in the figure below
Loop As previously mentioned, IBM introduced a series of transaction-processing
terminals in 1974 that communicated through the use of a common controller on a cable
formed into a loop. This type of topology is illustrated at the top of Figure below.

Local area network topology.

The five most common geometric layouts of LAN cabling form a loop, bus, ring, star, or
tree structure. Because the controller employed a poll-and-select access method,
terminal devices connected to the loop require a minimum of intelligence. Although this
reduced the cost of terminals connected to the loop, the controller lacked the
intelligence to distribute the data flow evenly among terminals. A lengthy exchange
between two terminal devices or between the controller and a terminal would thus tend
to weigh down this type of network structure. A second problem associated with this
network structure was the centralized placement of network control in the controller. If
the controller failed, the entire network would become inoperative. Due to these
problems, the use of loop systems is restricted to several niche areas, and they are
essentially considered a derivative of a local area network.

Bus In a bus topology structure, a cable is usually laid out as one long branch, onto
which other branches are used to connect each station on the network to the main data
highway. Although this type of structure permits any station on the network to talk to any
other station, rules are required for recovering from such situations as when two
stations attempt to communicate at the same time.
Ring In a ring topology, a single cable that forms the main data highway is shaped into a
ring. As with the bus topology, branches are used to connect stations to one another via
the ring. A ring topology can thus be considered to be a looped bus. Typically, the
access method employed in a ring topology requires data to circulate around the ring,
with a special set of rules governing when each station connected to the network can
transmit data.
Star The fourth major local area network topology is the star structure, illustrated in the
lower portion of Figure 1. In a star network, each station on the network is connected to
a network controller. Then, access from any one station on the network to any other
station can be accomplished through the network controller. Here, the network controller
functions like a telephone switchboard, because access from one station to another
station on the network can occur only through the central device. In fact, you can
consider a telephone switchboard or PBX as representing a star-structured LAN whose
trunks provide connections to the wide area network telephone infrastructure.
Tree A tree network structure represents a complex bus. In this topology, the common
point of communications at the top of the structure is known as the head-end. From the
head-end, feeder cables radiate outward to nodes, which in turn provide workstations
with access to the network. There may also be a feeder cable route to additional nodes,
from which workstations gain access to the network. One common example of a tree
structure topology is the cable TV network many readers use on a daily basis. With the
upgrade introduction to networking of many cable TV systems to two-way amplifiers and
the support of digital transmission, the local cable TV infrastructure can be considered
to represent an evolving type of tree-structured local area network.
Mixed Topologies Some networks are a mixture of topologies. For example, a tree
structure can be viewed as a series of interconnected buses. Another example of the
mixture of topologies is a type of ethernet known as 10BASE-T. 10BASE-T network can
actually be considered a star-bus topology, because up to 16 or 24 devices known as
stations are first connected to a common device known as a hub, which in turn can be
connected to other hubs to expand the network.

Transmission Medium Used in LAN.

The transmission medium used in a local area network can range in scope from twisted-
pair wire, such as is used in conventional telephone lines, to coaxial cable, fiber-optic
cable, and electromagnetic waves such as those used by FM radio and infrared. Each
transmission medium has a number of advantages and disadvantages. The primary
differences between media are their cost and ease of installation; the bandwidth of the
cable, which may or may not permit several transmission sessions to occur
simultaneously; the maximum speed of communications permitted; and the geographic
scope of the network that the medium supports.

Twisted-pair wire
In addition to being the most inexpensive medium available for LAN installations,
twisted-pair wire is very easy to install. Since this wiring uses the same RJ11 and RJ45
modular connectors as a telephone system, once a wire is cut and a connector
fastened, the attachment of the connector to network devices is extremely simple.
Normally, a screwdriver and perhaps a pocket knife are the only tools required for the
installation of twisted-pair wire. Anyone who has hooked up a pair of speakers to a
stereo set has the ability to install this transmission medium.
Unshielded twisted-pair
Although inexpensive and easy to install, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) wire is very
susceptible to noise generated by fluorescent light ballasts and electrical machinery. In
addition, a length of twisted-pair wire acts as an antenna; however, the twists serve as a
mechanism to partially counteract this antenna effect. Unfortunately, due to the law of
physics, the longer the wire length, the greater the noise it gathers. At a certain length,
the received noise will obliterate the signal, which attenuates or decreases in strength
as it propagates along the length of the wire. This noise can affect the error rate of data
transmitted on the network, although lead-shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable can be
employed to provide the cable with a high degree of immunity to the line noise and
enable extended transmission distances. Examining a building cabling standard and the
various categories of twisted-pair that can support different transmission rates which, in
turn, enable different types of Ethernet networks to be supported. Because the
bandwidth of twisted-pair cable is considerably less than coaxial or fiber-optic cable,
normally only one signal is transmitted on this cable at a time.
Although a twisted-pair wire system can be used to transmit both voice and data, the
data transmission is baseband because only one channel is normally used for data. In
comparison, a broadband system on coaxial or fiber-optic cable can be designed to
carry voice and several sub channels of data, as well as fax and video transmission.
Other constraints of unshielded twisted-pair wire are the rate at which data can flow on
the network and the distance it can flow. Although data rates up to 1 gigabit per second
(Gbps) can be achieved, normally local area networks employing UTP wiring operate at
a lower data rate. In addition, UTP systems normally cover a limited distance, measured
in terms of several hundred to a few thousand feet, while coaxial and fiber-optic cable–
based systems may be limited in terms of miles. Extending transmission distances over
twisted-pair wire requires the periodic insertion of repeaters into the cable. A repeater
receives a digital signal and then regenerates it; hence, it is also known as a data
regenerator.

Coaxial cable
At the center of a coaxial cable is a copper wire, which is covered by an insulator known
as a dielectric. An overlapping woven copper mesh surrounds the dielectric, and the
mesh, in turn, is covered by a protective jacket consisting of polyethylene or aluminum.
The figure below illustrates the composition of a typical coaxial cable; however, it should
be noted that over 100 types of coaxial cable are currently marketed. The key
differences between such cables involve the number of conductors contained in the
cable, the dielectric employed, and the type of protective jacket and material used to
provide strength to the cable so it can be pulled through conduits without breaking. Two
basic types of coaxial cable are used in local area networks. The type of cable used is
based on the transmission technique employed: baseband or broadband signaling. Both
cable types are much more expensive than twisted-pair wire; however, the greater
frequency bandwidth of coaxial cable permits higher data rates for longer distances than
you can obtain over twisted-pair wire.
Normally, 50-ohm coaxial cable is used in baseband networks, while 75-ohm cable is
used in broadband networks. The latter coaxial is identical to that used in cable
television (CATV) applications, including the coaxial cable used in a home. Data rates
on baseband networks using coaxial cable range from 50 to 100 Mbps. With broadband
transmissions, data rates up to and including 400 Mbps are obtainable. A coaxial cable
with a polyethylene jacket is normally used for baseband signaling. Data is transmitted
from stations on the network to the baseband cable in a digital format, and the
connection from each station to the cable is accomplished by the use of a simple
coaxial T-connector. Because data on baseband network travels in a digital form, those
signals can be easily regenerated by the use of a device known as a line driver or data
regenerator. The line driver or data regenerator is a low-cost device that is constructed
to look for a pulse rise, and upon detecting the occurrence of the rise, it will disregard
the entire pulse and regenerate an entirely new pulse. Thus, you can install low-cost
line drivers into a baseband coaxial network to extend the distance over which
transmission can occur on the cable. Typically, a coaxial cable baseband system can
cover an area of several miles, and may contain hundreds to thousands of stations on
the network. Obtaining independent sub channels defined by separate frequencies on
coaxial cable broadband transmission requires the translation of the digital signals from
workstations into appropriate frequencies. This translation
process is accomplished by the use of radio-frequency (RF) modems, which modulate
the digital data into analog signals and then convert or demodulate received analog
signals into digital signals. Because signals are transmitted at one frequency and
received at a different frequency, a head-end or frequency translator is also required for
broadband transmission on coaxial cable. This device is also known as a demodulator,
as it simply converts the signals from one sub channel to another sub channel.

Fiber-optic cable
Fiber-optic cable is a transmission medium for light energy, and as such, provides a
very high bandwidth, permitting data rates ranging up to billions of bits per second. The
fiber-optic cable has a thin core of glass or plastic, which is surrounded by a protective
shield. Several of these shielded fibers are bundled in a jacket, with a central member of
aluminum or steel employed for tensile strength.
Digital data represented by electrical energy must be converted into light energy for
transmission on a fiber-optic cable. This is normally accomplished by a low-power laser,
or through the use of a light-emitting diode and appropriate circuitry. At the receiver,
light energy must be reconverted into electrical energy. Normally, a device known as a
photo detector, as well as appropriate circuitry to regenerate the digital pulses and an
amplifier, are used to convert the received light energy into its original digital format.
The figure below provides an illustration of the cross section of a single-strand fiber
cable. The cladding that surrounds the core of the fiber can be considered to represent
a cylindrical mirror whose job is to ensure light stays in the core as it flows along the
fiber. The Kevlar fibers add strength to the cable, while the outer jacket, which is
commonly colored orange, represents a polymer-based shield that protects the cable
from the elements.
There are two key factors that govern the manner by which light flows
through a fiber-optic cable. Those factors are the diameter of the core and the light
source.
The first type of fiber-optic cable developed had a relatively large diameter that ranged
from 50 to 140 microns, where a micron is a millionth of a meter. The original light
source used to transmit information was a light-emitting diode (LED).

Horizontal cross section of a single-strand fiber cable

The coupling of an LED to a large-diameter optical fiber results in photons flowing along
multiple paths through the optical fiber, resulting in the transmission referred to as
multimode, which is also the same name used to reference the type of optical fiber.
There are two types of multimode fiber, referred to as step-index and graded index. A
step-index fiber has a core with a uniform refractive index, resulting in the different
components of a light signal in the form of modes or rays flowing in a non-uniform
manner through the optical cable. The top portion of the figure below illustrates the flow
of light through a step-index, multimode fiber. In a graded-index multimode fiber, the
refractive index is varied from the center to the edge of the core to minimize modal
dispersion. The middle portion of the figure below illustrates the flow of light through a
graded-index, multimode fiber. This type of fiber minimizes model dispersion and
supports higher data rates than a step-index multimode optical fiber. A third type of
optical fiber has a relatively small core diameter, typically between 7 and 12 microns
(10−6 meters). This type of optical fiber permits only one path for the flow of light due to
the small diameter of the core. As a result of the lack of modal dispersion, single mode
supports a much higher data rate than multimode fiber. Because of the small diameter
of single-mode fiber, lasers are used as the light source instead of LEDs. Both the core
thickness and the cladding of an optical fiber are measured in microns. The three major
core thicknesses used in optical fiber are 50, 62 and 100 microns. The associated
claddings for those core diameters are 125 and 140 microns, respectively.

Light flow in multimode and single-mode optical fiber.

Computer networks are everywhere; from a simple two-node home setup to the vast
number of computers on the internet. However, any computer network includes certain
basic components, regardless of which operating system one is running.
Networking Basics
Here are some of the fundamental parts (hardware and software components) of a
network:

Network - A network is a group of computers connected together in a way that allows

information to be exchanged between the computers.
Internetwork – multiple networks connected together to produce a larger network.
Node - A node is anything that is connected to the network. While a node is typically a
computer, it can also be something like a printer or CD-ROM tower.
Segment - A segment is any portion of a network that is separated, by a switch, bridge
or router, from other parts of the network.
Backbone - The backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the segments
connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the
individual segments. For example, each segment may have a transfer rate of 10 Mbps
(megabits per second), while the backbone may operate at 100 Mbps.
Topology - Topology is the way that each node is physically connected to the
network.

Local Area Network (LAN) - A LAN is a network of computers that are in close proximity
in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus.

Wide Area Network (WAN) – A network in which the computers or nodes are far apart
(such as across town or in different cities). The internet is the greatest WAN.
Network Interface Card (NIC) - Every computer (and most other devices) is connected
to a network through a NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card
(normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computer's motherboard.

Media Access Control (MAC) address - This is the physical address of any device such
as the NIC in a computer on the network. The MAC address, which is made up of two
equal parts, is 6 bytes long. The first 3 bytes identify the company that made the NIC.

The second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC itself.
Unicast - A unicast is a transmission from one node addressed specifically to another
node.

Multicast - In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed to a special group address.

Devices that are interested in this group register to receive packets addressed to the
group. An example might be a Cisco router sending out an update to all of the other
Cisco routers.

Broadcast - In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is intended for transmission
to all other nodes on the network.
Server – This is any computer that makes resources available to other computers on
the network, they run network server software.
Client: Any computer that uses the resources of a server. Client computer run network
client software.
Media: The physical means of communication between network computers. The
network medium is often a specialized cable or other media such as infra red
transmission or radio signals (as in wireless networks).
Resources: The data, applications, and hardware provided by network servers for use
by network clients.
Network Adapter: A Network Interface Card (NIC) that allows two computers to send
and receive data over the network medium.
Network protocol: A specialized electronic language that enables network computers to
communicate.

Network Topology: This is the physical layout of a network. This includes specifications
for the type of media, adapter and protocol the network can use.
Network Scope
Network scope refers to the extent to which a network provides coverage. There are two
major divisions of network scope; Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks.
• A Local Area Network (LAN) consists of any number of computers that are linked
directly together and are housed in a clearly defined geographic area, such as in a
single building or campus. A LAN can only be as large as the physical limitations of the
cabling you use which also depends on the cabling type. Usually the computers linked
together in a LAN are workstations that can access data on computers on the same
LAN, and use devices like printers that are connected to the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network (WAN) can span large geographic areas like countries and
continents. WANs often contain two or more LANs. At least some of the connections
used in WAN rely on long distance communications media such satellite links, long
distance fiber optic cable, or specialized high speed telephone lines. WAN technology is
essentially used to link all the computers in a multi-site or multinational enterprise in a
reliable way
Note that the key characteristic of a LAN or WAN is not how big it is, but rather the
technologies used to connect the computers.

There are other more specialized scopes used to describe networks. These include:

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): this is a mini-wan or a giant LAN that is confined
to a single municipality. A company might use a private MAN to link different offices
together within the same compound. Computers on a MAN are linked using high-speed
media like fiber optic or dedicated digital lines. This is the typical description of the IITA
Ibadan network as will be discussed later.

• Storage Area Network (SAN): A specialized LAN linking several network servers that
are dedicated to storing large amounts of data in a centralized secure repository.

• Personal Area Network (PAN): This is a connection you personally have with the
technology that is around you (within your body) e.g. the way your cell phone
communicates with your Bluetooth headset and your laptop. Bluetooth and infrared are
currently the major types of PAN.

Network Topology
A network topology refers to the layout of the transmission medium and devices on a
network. Topologies use either a point to point or multipoint connection scheme. A
connection scheme indicates how many devices are connected to a transmission media
segment or an individual cable. An example of point-to-point connection scheme is a
printer or modem connected to your computer. Another is two computers connected
directly to each other to use file transfer software like windows i.e. the network computer
communicates with other network devices via direct cable connection between them. An
example of a multi point connection scheme is a star or bus topology network. The
entire physical structure of the network is called its physical topology.

Star topology: This is a local area network topology where all the nodes are connected
individually to a central connecting device called a hub. Signals travel from the nodes to
the hub which then sends signals to other nodes on the network. A star topology
network is easily scaleable – nodes can be added and removed fairly easily- and if a
computer fails, none of the other nodes are affected. However if the hub fails the entire
network fails. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data. It is
simply a junction that joins all the different nodes together.

Other Network topologies;

Bus topology: A LAN topology where a single main bus cable, sometimes called a
backbone, transmits data to all the nodes on the network. The bus is actually a series of
cable segments running from one node to the other. A terminator is attached to each
end of the cable to substitute for computers in the line and keep the signal that is sent
by a node across the network from bouncing back when it reaches the end of the cable.
A break or faulty piece of cable any where on the segment prevents all the computers
on the segment from being able to communicate.

Bus network topology

Ring Topology: A topology for a LAN where all the nodes are connected in a continuous
loop. This topology is used by a token ring network where a packet called a token (a
special bit pattern) is passed from station to station; only the machine holding the token
can transmit data over the network so no other machine can send signals that might
interfere with the signal from the machine with the token. Each node takes a turn
sending and receiving information through the use of a token. The token, along with any
data, is sent from the first node to the second node, which extracts the data addressed
to it and adds any data it wishes to send. Then, the second node passes the token and
data to the third node, and so on until it comes back around to the first node again. If a
station goes down, no other station on the ring is affected.

Ring network topology

Mesh: A full mesh topology occurs when every node on the network has a separate wire
connecting it to every other node on the network. It provides each device with a point-to-
point connection to every other device in the network. This type of network has a high
fault tolerance because failure of one node does not affect data transmission between
other nodes. However a full mesh topology network is very expensive to setup
particularly in large organizations like IITA. A cable would have to run from one node to
every other node on the network, about 300 cables!
TREE: A LAN topology that combines two or more of the basic topologies bus, star or
mesh are combined.

A typical star bus network

Network Media
The choice of a network medium depends on the desired transmission speed and the
distance over which the data is supposed to be transmitted.
Two factors determine the type of network medium to be used in any network. These
are:
1. Network technology/ standard &
2. Network scope used
Network media selection based on network technology/ standard
Certain network technologies, due to the standard on which they were built, have been
designated to use particular network media. This is to ensure that the speed of data
transmission specified in these standards is attained. For example the IEEE 802.3
standard which describes the Ethernet network technology, stipulates different network
cables for different network connections. Versions of the standard are listed below:
• 10 Base 5: this is the original cabling standard for Ethernet that uses coaxial cables.
The name derives from the fact that the maximum data transfer speed is 10 Mps, it uses
base band transmission, and the maximum length of cable is 500 meters. 10 base 5 is
also called thick Ethernet, Thickwire or Thicknet.
• 10 base2 Standard: Also called Thinnet or cheapnet, uses 50 ohm coaxial cable with
maximum length of 185 meters .This cable is thinner and more flexible than that used
for 10 base 5 standard. Cables in the 10 base 2 system connect with BNC connectors.
The network interface card in a computer requires a T-connector to which two cables
can be attached in order to connect two adjacent computers. Any unused connection
must have a 50 ohm terminator. The 10 Base 2 system operates at 10 Mbps.
• 10 base T: (Also called twisted pair Ethernet) uses a twisted pair cable with a
maximum length of 100 meters. The cable is thinner and more flexible than that used for
the 10 base 2 or 10 base 5 standards. Cables in 10 base T system connect with RJ-45
connectors. 10 base T standard is common with star topology network with 12 or more
computers connected directly to a hub or concentrator. The 10 base T system operates
at 10 Mbps.
• Fast Ethernet (100 base T): Supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. There are
several different cabling schemes that can be used with 100 base T, including 100 base
T (two pairs of high quality twisted pair wires), 100 base T4 ( four pairs of normal quality
twisted pair wires ) and 100 base FL ( fiber optic cables).
• Gigabit Ethernet: Supports data transfer rates of I Gigabit (1000 megabits per second
• 802.11 wireless standards: Institute of Electrical/Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
standards which determine speeds and bandwidths for wireless local area networks.
802.11A; is supposed to transfer data at even higher speeds of up to 54 Mbps in the 5
GHz band. In a typical office environment, its maximum range is 50 meters (150 feet) at
the lowest speed, but at higher speed, the range is less than 25 meters (75 feet) (better
in an open space)
802.11B; most popular technology used by WLANs deployed today. Transfers data at
speeds of up to 11 Mbps in the 2 .4 GHz radio band (a license is not required for this
band). maximum range in a typical office or flat environment is 75-100 meters (250 feet)
at the lowest speed and about 30 meters (100 feet) at higher speed (3x further in an
open space)
802.11G; offers up to 54 Mbps data rates, functions in the 2.4 GHz range, and is
compatible with 802.11b because of the 2,4 GHz range, but uses a different radio
technology in order to boost overall bandwidth

Network media selection based on network scope employed

As said earlier, the network scope is the extent of coverage of the network and this
determines the distance over which data will have to be transmitted. Hence it is
important to choose a network medium made from a material that can support transfer
of data signals over the entire scope of the network without loss in quality of the signal
i.e. attenuation, and due to signal interference.
Based on this categorization there are two types of network media;
• Wired media
• Wireless media
Wired Media
These are media which require the use of wires, lines and cables to transmit
communication signals. During my industrial training, I encountered majorly 3 different
types of network media namely:
Coaxial cable: A coaxial cable is an alternative for protecting data from noise. Coaxial
cables do not produce external electric and magnetic fields and are not affected by
them. This makes them ideally suited, although more expensive, for transmitting
signals. The cable consists of a single conductor (D) which is surrounded by insulation
(C) and a conductive shield (B), with a heavy protective covering over the shield (A).

Coaxial cable
The shield is usually a braided wire connected to an electrical ground and prevents the
cable from picking up or emitting electrical noise. The choice is due to the ability of the
cable to carry more data and it is more resistant to interference. An example is the LMR
400 which is used to connect the VSAT to the fiber optic cable which serves as the
uplink to the fiber optic switch.

Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP):

This is least expensive type of LAN cable. It is made up of 4 pairs of wires insulated
from each other and twisted together within another insulating sheath. The twisting of
the wire pairs produces a mutual shielding effect. Although this effect cuts down on the
absorption and radiation of electrical energy, it is not as effective as an external wire
braid or foil.
Since shielding is omitted, the price is low, but electrical interference can cause a
problem.
The eight wires of the UTP cable fit into an RJ-45 (Registered Jack) connector as
shown below

The arrangement of wires into an RJ-45 connector follows a particular standard. The
standards used in IITA-Ibadan are EIA/TIA T568A (for straight through cables) and
EIA/TIA T568A and B (for cross over cables).
N.B. EIA/TIA stands for Electronics Industry Association/ Telecommunications Industry
Association. A straight through cable is used to connect a computer to a hub in a star
topology Ethernet network while a cross over cable is used for point-to-point connection
between computers without passing through a hub.
The colour codes for both standards are as follows:
Standard A
1. White/Orange
2. Orange/white
3. White/Green
4. Blue/white
5. White/blue
6. Green/white
7. White/brown
8. Brown/white

EIA/TIA T568A WIRING STANDARD

Standard B
1. White/green
2. Green/white
3. White/orange
4. Blue/white
5. White/blue
6. Orange/white
7. White/brown
8. Brown/white

EIA/TIA T568B WIRING STANDARD

You see that, from the straight configuration, we permute "white/green" and
"white/orange" on one hand, "orange" and "green" on the other hand. These two pairs
are the ones which are used in a base-10 or base-100 or base 1000 connection. Other
wires do not carry signal in the connection.
Fiber Optic Cables: They are made of glass fibers instead of wire. A fiber Optic cable
consists of a number of sub structures including:
• Core of glass, ranging from 50 micrometers (µm) to 1000 µm in diameter, carries the
light
• Cladding surrounds the core, Bends the light and confines it to the core.
• Substrate layer of glass (in some fibers) surrounds the cladding, does not carry light
but adds to the diameter and strength of the fiber
• Primary buffer coating surrounds all the other layers and provides the first layer of
mechanical protection.
• Secondary buffer coating surrounds the primary buffer coating, while protecting the
relatively fragile primary coating and the underlying fiber

Fibre optic cable

Optical fibers come in two types:
• Single-mode fibers
• Multi-mode fibers
Single-mode fibers; have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter)
and transmit infrared laser light (wavelength = 1,300 to 1,550 nanometers). Single-mode
fibers are used for most communication links longer than 200 meters.
Multi-mode fibers; have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in
diameter) and transmit infrared light (wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from light-emitting
diodes (LEDs). Used for short-distance communication links or for applications where
high power must be transmitted.
Advantages of Fiber Optics
• Less expensive - Several miles of optical cable can be made cheaper than equivalent
lengths of copper wire. This saves your provider (cable TV, Internet) and you money.
• Thinner - Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire.
• Higher carrying capacity - Because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires, more
fibers can be bundled into a given-diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more
phone lines to go over the same cable or more channels to come through the cable into
your cable TV box.
• Less signal degradation - The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than in copper wire.
• Light signals - Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light signals from one fiber do
not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone
conversations or TV reception.
• Low power - Because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower-power transmitters
can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters needed for copper wires.
Again, this saves your provider and you money.
• Digital signals - Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital information, which is
especially useful in computer networks.
• Non-flammable - Because no electricity is passed through optical fibers, there is no fire
hazard.
• Lightweight - An optical cable weighs less than a comparable copper wire cable. Fiber-
optic cables take up less space in the ground.

Wireless Media
Communication system designers have sought to use wireless because of the reduced
infrastructure cost and complexity, when compared to wireline communication systems.
There is no need to construct miles of telephone line poles or cable trenches. Simply
put in a few strategically positioned radio towers and transmit around the world. Today,
wireless systems are significantly more complex because we want to allow millions of
users to make telephone calls or receive feature length movies via wireless systems
There are four general types of wireless (radio) communication systems:
• Cellular Telephone
A type of wireless communication that is most familiar to mobile phones users. It's
called 'cellular' because the system uses many base stations to divide a service area
into multiple 'cells'. Cellular calls are transferred from base station to base station as a
user travels from cell to cell. Cellular networks are inherently asymmetric with a set of
fixed main transceivers each serving a cell and a set of distributed (generally, but not
always, mobile) transceivers which provide services to the network's users. Cellular
networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:
• increased capacity
• reduced power usage
• better coverage

A good (and simple) example of a cellular system is an old taxi driver's radio system
where the taxi company will have several transmitters based around a city each
operated by an individual operator.
• Basic 2-Way Radio
These are devices that possess both a transmitter and a receiver for sending and
receiving signals, they are called transceivers. They operate in certain frequencies.
• High frequency (HF) radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. Also known as the
decameter band or decameter wave. This range is extensively used for medium and
long range terrestrial radio communication.
• Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
VHF propagation characteristics are ideal for short-distance terrestrial communication,
with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter.
• Ultra-high frequency (UHF) (0.3–3 GHz) the most commonly used frequency bands for
transmission of television signals. Modern mobile phones also transmit and receive
within the UHF spectrum. UHF is widely used by public service agencies for two-way
radio communication, usually using narrowband frequency modulation,
• Super high frequency (SHF) (3–30 GHz) Also known as the centimeter band or
centimeter wave as the wavelengths range from ten to one centimeters.
• Extremely high frequency (EHF) (30–300 GHz) electromagnetic radiation is
considered to be low (or far) infrared light, also referred to as terahertz radiation. This
band has a wavelength of ten to one millimetre, giving it the name millimeter band or
millimetre wave, Compared to lower bands, terrestrial radio signals in this band are
extremely prone to atmospheric attenuation, making them of very little use over long
distances.
Advantages & Uses
• Microwave radio is used in broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions
because, due to their short wavelength, highly directive antennas are smaller and
therefore more practical than they would be at longer wavelengths (lower frequencies).
• There is also more bandwidth in the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio
spectrum; the usable bandwidth below 300 MHz is less than 300 MHz while many GHz
can be used above 300 MHz.
• microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal from a remote location to
a television station from a specially equipped van.
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and Wi-Max (point-to-multipoint)
This is a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video
games and other electronic devices that require some form of wireless networking
capability. In particular, it covers the various IEEE 802.11 technologies (including
802.11n, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a). Wi-Fi technologies are supported by nearly
every modern personal computer operating system, most advanced game consoles and
laptops, and many printers and other peripherals. The purpose of Wi-Fi is to provide
wireless access to digital content. This content may include applications, audio and
visual media, Internet connectivity, or other data. Wi-Fi generally makes access to
information easier, as it can eliminate some of the physical restraints of wiring; this can
be especially true for mobile devices.

Wireless network (Wi-Fi)

MAKING A CAT5 ETHERNET CABLE

The following short procedure serves as a guideline for stripping & terminating CAT5
(10BaseT & 100BaseTX Ethernet) cables.
The LAN-Wire Material kit is as follows:
• CAT5 4-pair UTP cable

• CAT5 8-pin RJ-45 connectors

For optimum results, the universal tools and connector types listed below are
recommended for use. They are:
• RJ-45/RJ-11 Crimping/Terminating Tool

• 4-pair Rotational Stripper (or Clothespin Stripper)

• Wire cutters (straight cut)
• Impact Tool with 110 Punchdown Block

DIAGRAM OF CABLE, PUNCHER, STRIPPER & CUTTER

Fabrication Procedure
1. Use a cutter and make an incision at 2/3 cm from the cable's end. Make a straight cut
at this point and remove the jacket using a 4 pair rotational stripper.

This exercise should be carried out carefully in order not to damage the wire insulation.
2. Insert the properly arranged cable core (EIA/TIA T568A or B) into the RJ45 connector
housing. To keep the jacket as close to the connector sleeve as possible do not untwist
pairs more than 1\2". Terminate Individual Wires.

3. Install insertion caps if required, push down the insertion caps onto the terminated
wires. If the caps are used (optional), they, of course, have to be placed on the cable's
ends before crimping the connectors!

Coloured caps help to protect the ethernet connector as well as they differentiate the
cables in the muddle of cables a network can produce!
4. Ensure the wires are well placed on, push the girdle firmly up to the metallic pins
The cable is now properly terminated; inspect its neatness and tightness.
5. Insert the terminated cable into the RJ45 slot in the crimping tool and squeeze hard
to tighten the pins to the cables and clip down the jacket with the plastic lug.

The yellow arrow points to the contacts which will go fixed into the conducting parts, the
blue one shows the plastic lug which will lock the conducting parts and their coat into
the connector.
6. Do the same thing to the other end of the cable. Your Ethernet network cable is now
ready for use

NETWORK DEVICES
Modem
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier
signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to
decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be
transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be
used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.

ADSL Modem
The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns the digital 1s and 0s of a
personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone lines of Plain
Old Telephone Systems (POTS), and once received on the other side, converts those
1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB, Ethernet, serial, or network connection.
Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time,
normally measured in bits per second, or "bps". They can also be classified by Baud,
the number of times the modem changes its signal state per second.
Ethernet hub
A network hub or repeater hub is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber
optic Ethernet devices together, making them act as a single network segment. Hubs
work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is thus a form of
multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a
jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision. Hubs also often come with a BNC and/or
AUI connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.
The availability of low-priced network switches has largely rendered hubs obsolete but
they are still seen in older installations and more specialized applications.

Ethernet hub
Network Bridge
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of
the OSI model, and the term layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge.
Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect network
segments at the physical layer; however, a bridge works by using bridging where traffic
from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network
segments. In Ethernet networks, the term "bridge" formally means a device that
behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard—this is most often referred to as a
network switch in marketing literature.
Advantages of network bridges
• Self configuring
• Primitive bridges are often inexpensive
• Reduce size of collision domain by microsegmentation in non switched networks
• Transparent to protocols above the MAC layer
• Allows the introduction of management - performance information and access control
• LANs interconnected are separate and physical constraints such as number of
stations, repeaters and segment length don't apply
Disadvantages of network bridges
• Does not limit the scope of broadcasts
• Does not scale to extremely large networks
• Buffering introduces store and forward delays - on average traffic destined for bridge
will be related to the number of stations on the rest of the LAN
• Bridging of different MAC protocols introduces errors
Network switch
A network switch is a broad and imprecise marketing term for a computer networking
device that connects network segments. In simple terms, in the context of a standard
10/100 Ethernet switch, a switch operates at the data-link layer of the OSI model to
create a different collision domain per switch port. This basically says that if you have 4
computers A/B/C/D on 4 switch ports, then A and B can transfer data between them as
well as C and D at the same time, and they will never interfere with each others'
conversations. That is the basic idea. In the case of a "hub" then they would all have to
share the bandwidth, run in half-duplex and there would be collisions and
retransmissions. Using a switch is called micro-segmentation and it allows you to have
dedicated bandwidth on point to point connections with every computer and can
therefore run in full duplex with no collisions.

Network switches
Managed & Unmanaged switches
This option determines the level of control you can have over your network, including
the degree of security that your business wants for its networked data and
communications. Unmanaged switches are preconfigured to satisfy most small business
needs and can be set up quickly, making them appropriate for simple LAN connections.
Managed switches offer more control; they also usually require more technical
expertise. If you have multiple LANs and switches, you may decide to manage some of
them and not others. Managed switches provide control capabilities that can increase
LAN security and performance, and let you segment traffic. For example, you could
allow only certain employees access to your finance applications. You could also give
certain applications more bandwidth, or ensure that video and voice communications
take priority over other types of traffic.
Router
Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not necessarily map one-to-one
to the physical interfaces of the router. The term layer 3 switch often is used
interchangeably with router, but switch is really a general term without a rigorous
technical definition. In marketing usage, it is generally optimized for Ethernet LAN
interfaces and may not have other physical interface types.
Linksys wireless router
Routers operate in two different planes:
• Control Plane, in which the router learns the outgoing interface that is most
appropriate for forwarding specific packets to specific destinations,
• Forwarding Plane, which is responsible for the actual process of sending a packet
received on a logical interface to an outbound logical interface.

CONFIGURATION, INSTALLATION & TROUBLESHOOTING ADSL (ASYMMETRIC

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE) ROUTER/MODEM
During my training in IITA I had the privilege of working with various types of ADSL
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) modems and routers such as Paradyne, Dlink,
Netgear, Belkin, US Robotics, Linksys e.t.c. I was extensively involved in configuring,
troubleshooting and installing ADSL routers and modems. The type of modem
described in this report is the Belkin wireless ADSL modem/router.

ADSL2+ Modem with Wireless G+ MIMO Router

System Requirements
• An active ADSL service with a telephone wall jack for connecting the Router
• At least one computer with a Network Interface Card (NIC) and Internet browser
installed and correctly configured
• TCP/IP networking protocol installed on each computer connected to the Router
• No other DHCP server on your local network assigning IP addresses to computers and
devices
The Router is designed to be placed on a desktop. All of the cables exit from the rear of
the Router for better organization and utility. The LED indicators are easily visible on the
front of the Router to provide you with information about network activity and status.

Front Panel

1. Power LED
When you apply power to the Router or restart it, a short period of time elapses while
the Router boots up. When the Router has completely booted up, the Power LED
becomes a GREEN light, indicating the Router is ready for use.
OFF: Router is OFF
GREEN: Router is ON
RED: Router failed to start
2. LAN Status LEDs
These LAN Status LEDs are labeled 1–4 and correspond to the numbered ports on the
rear of the Router. When a computer is properly connected to one of the LAN ports on
the rear of the Router, the LED will light. Solid GREEN means a computer or a network-
enabled device
is connected. When information is being sent over the port, the LED blinks rapidly.
ORANGE indicates a 10Base-T connection.
OFF: No device is connected
ORANGE: Ethernet link is up and 10Base-T device connected
ORANGE – blinking: 10Base-T device transmitting or receiving data
GREEN: Ethernet link is up and 100Base-T connected
Green – blinking: 100Base-T device transmitting or receiving data
3.WLAN Status LED
The WLAN Status LED is solid GREEN when you enable the wireless LAN function. It
flashes when the Router is transmitting or receiving data wirelessly.
OFF: WLAN is off
GREEN: WLAN is up and connected
GREEN – blinking: When transmitting or receiving data
4. ADSL LED
The ADSL LED flashes GREEN during negotiation with your ISP. It stays GREEN when
the Router is connected properly to your ADSL service.
OFF: No ADSL connection
GREEN: ADSL link is up and connected
GREEN – blinking: negotiating connection
5. Internet LED
The Internet LED shows you when the Router is connected to the Internet. When the
LED is OFF, the Router is NOT connected to the Internet. When the LED is solid
GREEN, the Router is
connected to the Internet. When the LED is blinking, the Router is transmitting or
receiving data from the Internet.
OFF: No Internet connection
GREEN: Connected to the Internet
GREEN – blinking: When transmitting or receiving data
RED: Failed to get IP
Rear Panel

6. DSL Line
This port is for connection to your ADSL line. Connect your ADSL line to this port.
7. Ethernet Ports
The Ethernet ports are RJ45, 10/100 auto-negotiation. The ports are labeled 1 through
4. These ports correspond to the numbered LEDs on the front of the Router. Connect
your network-enabled computers or any networking devices to one of these ports.

8. Reset Button
The “Reset” button is used in rare cases when the Router may function improperly.
Resetting the Router will restore the Router’s normal operation while maintaining the
programmed settings. You can also restore the factory default settings by using the
Reset button. Use the restore option in instances where you may have forgotten your
custom password.
a. Resetting the Router
Push and hold the Reset button for one second then release it. When the Power/Ready
light becomes solid again, the reset is complete.
b. Restoring the Factory Defaults
Press and hold the Reset button for five seconds then release it. When the
Power/Ready light becomes solid again, the restore is complete.
9. Power Plug
Connect the included 15V DC power supply to this inlet. Using the wrong type of power
adapter may cause damage to your Router.

Connecting your Computers

1. Power off your computers and networking equipment.
2. Connect your computer to one of the RJ45 ports on the rear of the Router labeled
“connections to your computers” by using an Ethernet networking cable (one Ethernet
network cable is supplied).

Connecting your ADSL Line

1. Typically it involves a microfilter or a microfilter with built-in splitter to allow
simultaneous use of ADSL service and telephone service on the same telephone line.
Please read the following steps carefully and select appropriate method. If your
telephone service and ADSL service are on the same telephone line, ADSL microfilters
are needed for each telephone and device, such as answering machine, fax machine,
and caller ID display. Additional splitters may be used to separate telephone lines for
telephone and the Router. Note: Do not connect the ADSL microfilter between the wall
jack and the Router—this will prevent ADSL service from reaching
the modem.
3. If your telephone service and ADSL service are on the same telephone line and you
are using an ADSL microfilter with built-in splitter, connect the splitter to the telephone
wall jack ;p
4. roviding ADSL service. Then, connect the telephone cord from the ADSL microfilter
RJ11 port generally labeled “DSL” to the gray RJ11 port labeled “DSL line” on the back
of your Router. Connect telephony device to the other port on the ADSL splitter
commonly labeled “Phone”. An additional ADSL microfilter is needed for another
telephone and device on the same line.
3. If you have a dedicated ADSL service telephone line with an RJ11 wall jack, simply
connect a telephone cord from the wall jack to the gray RJ11 port labeled “DSL line” on
the back of your Router.
4. If you have an RJ45 wall jack for your ADSL service, connect an RJ45-to-RJ11
converter to the wall jack. Then connect one end of a telephone cord to the converter
and the other end to the gray RJ11 port labeled “DSL line” on the back of your Router.

Powering Up your Router

1. Connect the supplied power adapter to the Router power-input plug labeled “Power”.
Note: For safety and performance reasons, only use the supplied power adapter to
prevent damage to the Router.
2. After connecting the power adapter and the power source is turned on, the Router’s
power icon. on the front panel should be on. It might take a few minutes for the Router
to fully start up.
3. Turn on your computers. After your computers boot up, the LAN status LED on the
front of the Router will be on for each port to which a wired computer is connected.
These lights show
you the connection and activity status. Now you are ready to configure the Router for
ADSL connection.
Configuring your router
In order for your computer to properly communicate with your Router, you will need to
change your computer’s “TCP/IP Ethernet” settings to “Obtain an IP address
automatically/Using DHCP”. This is normally the default setting in most home
computers. You can set up the computer that is connected to the ADSL modem FIRST
using these steps. You can also use these steps to add computers to your Router after
the Router has been set up to connect to the Internet.

Manually Configuring Network Adapters in Windows XP, 2000, or NT

1. Click “Start”, “Settings”, then “Control Panel”.
2. Double-click on the “Network and dial-up connections” icon (Windows 2000) or the
“Network” icon (Windows XP).
3. Right-click on the “Local Area Connection” associated with your network adapter and
select “Properties” from the drop-down menu.
4. In the “Local Area Connection Properties” window, click “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)”
and click the “Properties” button. The following screen will appear:

5. If “Use the following IP address” (2) is selected, your Router will need to be set up for
a static IP connection type. Write the address information in the table below. You will
need to enter this information into the Router.

6. If not already selected, select “Obtain an IP address automatically” (1) and “Obtain
DNS server address automatically” (3). Click “OK”. Your network adapter(s) are now
configured for use with the Router.
 CHAPTER THREE

INSTALLATION OF SATELLITE TELEVISION, MOTION DETECTOR AND OTHER

SECURITY DEVICES

MOTION DETECTOR

It is also known as Infrared detector. It serves as a security that can be used in homes,
offices and any other place where movement of people is not desired. Usually, it is
mounted on the wall and the slightest presence of any being triggers the motion
detector sometimes referred to as PIR to give a loud altering sound at the syrene
blazer. Most often, it is used to alert people outside the premises ina case where
everyone has vacated or left the house and valuable possessions are still in the house.

Below are some of its technical characteristics.

Voltage ratings……………………………………………………..12V
operatingvoltage…………………………………………………9V -15V Absorption
12V……………………………………………………11Ma quiescent, 17mA
Range…………………………………………………………………………..12m(volumetric
lens) 12m(curtain lens) 20m( long range lens)
IRcoverage………………………………………………………………108(Volumetric lens)
sensiblezones…………………………………………………………31 on 4 planes
(volumetric lens) alarmrelay………………………………………………………………solid
state relay antitamperdevice……………………………………………………50mA @ 24V
operatingtemperature…………………………………………………………..-10C / +55C
storingtemperature…………………………………………………………………-20C /+70C
dimensions……………………………………………………………………………..70 by 85
by 54 +-2mm
weight……………………………………………………………………………80g +-2g Some
warnings should taken when installing the infrared detector, they are 1] Place sensor on
hard surfaces ,free from vibrations at a height between 2 and 2.2 metres. Avoid sensor
close to heat sources or at direct sunlight. Also, avoid blind zones within area where the
intruder can move such as due to furniture, shelves etc.
2] Avoid presence of animals in protected area 3]For connections ,shielded conductor
cable is suggested. If possible, we use cable for each sensor. More than one sensor
can be connected in the same room without causing interference problems. Do not
touch with your fingers, pyro-electric specular surfaces, if so, wipe it off with cotton and
alcohol. S3 Addressable sounder and sounder strobe devices This is the last stage
involved in the operation of the fire alarm systems. The sounder is a square like device
with an oval or bulb like cross section. In case of any excessive heat or steam
generation in the house detected heat and steam detector sensor base, it triggers the
sounder which in turn gives a very loud sound signifying an abnormality in the heat or
steam generated in the house. This prompts the user or personnel around o address
the situation at the control panel located within the premises. It is also possible to trigger
the sounder strobe device by hitting on the breakglass also known as “call point”, this
when eventually done will cause a blaring noise to emerge from the sounder. The
sounders are often mounted vertically on the wall.
However, we have two ranges of sounder products which are 1] The low profile sounder
and sounder strobe devices and 2]The system sounder and sounder strobe devices. At
the control panel, the area of interest or zone from which the excess heat or steam is
produced and conventionally, some other devices called sprinklers operates in such a
way that as soon as the fire alarm system is triggered, and the zone of interest is
detected, the sprinklers installed at the roof of the room concerned sprays or sprinkles
water around in the room to quench the fire and to subdue the heat or steam produced.
Below are some of the Do’s and Don’ts of the sounder strobe devices. Do’s 1] Ensure
that the addressable system can accept s3 products ; if in doubt, contact the supplier. 2]
Use the correct method to open and close the devices. 3] Mount the device in correct
orientation with ‘TOP’ uppermost, to allow remote control operation. 4] Fit the wall
gasket first when installing the deep base if IP55C protection is required. 5] Ensure the
temperature cover is in place over the PCB. 6] Ensure the earth continuity strap is in
place in the deep base.

Dont’s
1] Do not flush mount the base. 2] Do not have excessive incoming cable slack. 3] Do
not mount the device above obstructions such as shelves that can prevent its operation
with the IR remote control. 4] Do not install the S3 device such that the audible and
visual outputs are obstructed.
5] Do not paint the device enclosure. Technical data of a sounder
Sound output for standard tone …………………………………………..low profile s3-
100dbA +-3dbA(levels given are typical values with measurement taken at 90 anechoic
–fast response)
panel tones of signals 1,2 and 3……………………………………………………configure
at the panel
standard(sounder only)……………………………………………….EN54:part 3:2001
strobe flash rate…………………………………………………..signal 1----0.5Hz signal 2---
-1Hz signal 3---1Hz strobe light output with red(amber
lens)…………………………………equivalent to 3W xenon flasher loop loading
factors……………………………………………………..per device standard
tone…………………………………………………..5 standard tone with red or amber
strobe………………………..15 standard tone with white
strobe………………………………………28 operating
voltage…………………………………………………… range 35V to 41V
terminal size……………………………………………………………………….2.5mm
square –maximum rating with deep
base……………………………………………………..IP55C with shallow
base…………………………………………………IP31C
enclosurematerial………………………………………flameretardant ABS(strobe cover is
polycarbonate)
enclosure colour………………………………………………………..white and red
(with red,amber or white translucent lens cover for the strobe)
weight………………………………………………………………………0.3kg approximate
relative humidity……………………………………………………….up to 90% operating
temperature…………………………………………….. -10C to 50C storage
temperature………………………………………………….-20C to 70C IR operating
distance…………………………………………………..3m The addressable s3 products
are fully synchronized on the same fire panel. SOUNDERS

NOTE : If you have a sounder only product then ignore Drill or knockout the required the
strobe information given. INSTALLATION OF THE SOUNDER 1] Drill or knockout the
required cable entry points on the base. 2] If using the deep base option and IP55C
protection is required, then stick on the circular wall gasket on to the centre back of the
base. 3] Secure the base to the wall gasket while the top of the base is in correction.
4] Terminate the cable at the entry point leaving not more than 10cm (4”) tail wire length
for connection. 5] Ensure the transparent cover is in place over the PCB. Connect the
wires to the terminal block, see the wiring. 6] Close the main assembly to the base.
The S2IP-SN-R3, S2IP-SN-W3 and 78400-03NM products are suitable for retrofitting
and are supplied with a 6-way terminal block to ease the cable connection. NOTE: The
system range of products do not support strobe options.
LPCB-----Loss Prevention Certification Board The sounder in all the s3 product listed
and marked ~ are approved by the loss prevention board and meets the requirements of
EN54: PART 3:2001 which is the standard for fire alarm device sounders. The low
power addressable sounder and the combined strobe products provide audible and
visual alarm signals and are designed for use in GENT analogue addressable fire alarm
system. Each S3 is supplied with either a deep base (40mm) or shallow base (25mm),
offering IP55C and IP31C ratings respectively. In addition to the products covered in
this report , there are speech sounder strobe and strobe only variants. The S3 products
range incorporates innovative design features for which design patents application are
pending . The product’s design has also been registered.
Installation of Satellite Television
Satellite televisions can be found almost everywhere in our society today ranging from
homes to offices , bars and so on .It’s installation involves some technical processes
and it’s wiring could be cumbersome at times if many rooms are de signed to be fitted
with satellite televisions. Conventionally, there are different types of satellite dish, some
of which are
1] Pan Dish 2] Fibre Dish 3] Wire Dish Typically, only the RG-6U which has a resistance
of 75 ohms is used in the wiring process involved in the installation of the satellite
television. The devices worthy of note in this process are
1] The Satellite dish 2] The LNB known as the low noise band found on the dish 3] The
F-connector 4] Decoder 5] Television socket 6] Metal box 7] RG-6 cable (which would
also serve as the return) 8] The adaptable box 9] The television set 10] TV/FM/SAT
socket
A SATELLITE DISH AND IT’S LNB
However, in this jet age of ours where we have experienced tremendous progress in the
technology world, one very important application of this progress can be seen in the
installation of satellite television. We have two major kinds of satellite, which are
1] The Natural Satellites: these are found in the universe on the solar system and
2] The Artificial Satellites: they are built by professionals and some can be found in
space by launching them into space so as to improve the Information Technology and
Communication Technology of a specific large location such as a nation. Some other
types of these artificial satellites on the earth by installing them at high altitudes with the
help of a mast, a tall tower or on top of a long pole. There are also different types of
artificial satellites, they are owned by different satellite stations. We have some in our
country Nigeria and a lot more in other foreign countries of the world. The mode of
payment for subscription for any these satellite varies as those in foreign countries are
paid using the smart cards, green cards and so on while those in our nation Nigeria are
subscribed for by making payments to the satellite station in question. The most
prominent satellites television station are 1] Daar Sat 2] Dstv 3] Hitv 4] Mytv 5] Nisat 6]
Show time (a foreign satellite television station)
Less, we forget, we are actually concerned with the installation or wiring process of a
satellite television. For better result and performance, the satellite is mounted at high
altitude on the roof of the building where the installation is to be done. From the
illustration below, a good description of the processes involved in the installation of TV
is given bearing in mind that all the details shown must be followed intoto. Explanation
of the Illustration Shown Above. In this case, we are required to install the satellite
television in about five rooms; three bedrooms, one master bedroom one living room. In
each of these rooms, it is required of us to chisel out a portion on the wall where the 3
by 3 metal box would be fitted. As such, we have a 3 by 3 box in all the rooms. Another
device known as the adaptable box is of great importance as it is the box that houses all
the cables from each of the boxes in the rooms. The adaptable box also referred to as
junction terminal can be situated inside or outside the house. The Cabling Process To
start with, from each of the metal boxes in the rooms, the RG-6 cable is run through
each of the boxes to the adaptable box. Besides, a TV/FM/SAT socket is also needed.
The next operation to be performed would be to chisel FM, TV/FM & TV/FM/SAT
SOCKET
out the portion on the wall of say, the living room where the television socket would be
fitted. The process is done with the aid of a hammer/mallet and a chisel, this is known
as Chiseling. We have the TV, TV/FM or TV/FM/SAT sockets. However, from the
mounted satellite dish , we have a component so important in the overall process called
the LNB meaning the ” low noise block”. An RG6 cable is run from the LNB through the
TV socket to another device known as the “Decoder”, thus, this cable serves as a
receiver. To crown the installation process, all the cables pulled to the adaptable box
must receive signal generated from the satellite dish and this can be achieved with the
aid of a “Return cable” which is a cable from the decoder back to the adaptable box. As
a result, all the cables at the adaptable box receives signal transferred from the dish,
hence the name “Return”. Moreover, at the adaptable box, a link must be made by the
use of a device called “Splitter”. The splitter helps to transfer signals received from the
decoder through the return cable to all other cables coming from different rooms at the
adaptable box. The return cable is fitted at the input portion of the splitter while the other
cables from the different are connected to the output of the splitter. Another metal box
portion should be chiseled out where another TV/FM socket would be fitted for the
receiver cable from the dish and the return cable for the decoder.With the use of F-
connectors, the decoder is connected to the television set and depending on the
television programming desired, the required frequency is maintained. CAMERA As we
all know the usefulness of cameras in our society which is to catch or produce pictures
of animals, plants, human beings and any other living or non-living thing. So far it can
be viewed by the eyes, then the camera has the ability to produce it’s image. The
camera is one of the objects that has features and functions similar to the human eye in
the possession of the lens, focal length and so on.
There are two types of camera, these are 1] Dome Cameras 2] External cameras Dome
Cameras ; they have a dome like structure and can be divided into two sub-groups,
which are:
1]PTZ : these are panned, can be tilted and zoomed and 2] Ceiling mount : they are
mounted on ceilings, roofs etc. External cameras : they are installed externally and can
also be sub-divided into
1] Standard 2] Bullet (small ones) Cables used for running camera are 1] Cat 6 cables
or RG 6 cable for video 2] 1.5mm or 2.5mm cable for power Multiplexer/DVR and
Monitor : more than one camera can be connected to multiplexer or DVR but only one
camera can be connected to monitor directly by using AV cable. Some cameras work
for 24 hours (day and night) and display black and white colour during the night while
some are only day. CONNECTION OF CAMERA Cat 6 cable will be connected to video
balum. All the coloured pairs will be positive and the white pairs will be negative. The
second leg of the balum will be connected to BNC connector and then plugged to the
camera after which the power cable wll be connected to the AC. The camera can be
adjusted to see near or far. Multiplexer : can divide screen to 2, 4, 6. 9, 16 etc
depending on the channels of the DVR. DVR : Digital Versatile Recorder , it can record
day and night before 24 hours. Connection at the camera point. Red------------------from
the power supply (red) + white/red----------------from the power supply (black)- white/red--
-------------------from the DVR port- yellow------------------------from the DVR port(video)+
NOTE: If the camera is O.K AND it is not showing at the monitor , it means that there is
too much load on the power supply cable and the reduction of the load on the power
supply cable is needed or better still, another cable from the power supply unit for the
camera can be connected. CABLES
Types of Cable and other Uses
RG6U cable---------------------------for satellite
RG59 cable--------------------------for cctv
CAT6 cable---------------------------for networkimg
CAT5E cable--------------------------for voice intercom
10/50 pairs cable--------------------telephone
1.5mm fire alarm-------------------- for fire alarm
V MD-------------- Video Motion Detector
DRE----------------Dynamic Range Enhancement
DNR---------------- Dynamic Noise Reduction
BLC------------------Back Light Compensation
Cross over Cable: This is used for connecting two systems
Examples are
Desktop---------------------Laptop
Laptop-----------------------Laptop
Desktop----------------------Desktop
It is used for connecting two or more switches example from one switch to another
switch. Also, it can be used to bypass switch to another device example from system to
camera or other device that uses RJ45 connector. NOTE: Each side of the cat 6 cable
will have different colours.
Straight Cable : This is used to connect systems to switches or hubs only. Examples
are:
laptop------------------------switch
switch-------------------------patch panel
desktop------------------------switch
Switches are faster than hubs. Colour Code For Straight Cables
1] white/orange
2]orange
3] white/green
4] blue
5] white/blue
6]green
7]white/brown
8]brown
NOTE : Both of the two sides will have the same colour code “B Standard” is used for
connecting or patching the RJ45 or RJ11 module and the patch panel.
RJ45 is for data
RJ11 is for voice TYPES OF CABINET 4U Rack 17U Rack 36U Rack 42U Rack 21U
Rack 19U Rack
CO-AXIAL CABLE - cable consists of a single copper conductor at the centre
surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and a branded metal outer shield.
LNB: LO W DOWN CONVERTER
Down converter, a combination of low noise amplifier and down converter built into a
device attached to the dish.
SPLITTER : A passive device which distributes television signals carried in a cable into
two or more paths and send it to a number of receivers simultaneously.
RF: Radio Frequency
UHF: Ultra high frequency
LED: Light emitting diode
DSD: Digital satellite decoder
EPG: Electronic programme guide
SPLITTER
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION
The SIWES programme undergone at Aitek networks systems limited afforded me an
indepth exposure to some of the practical industrial aspects of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering profession. I was opportuned to have known the design and
implementation of local area network. Experience were also garnered in the cable
evaluation and running processes.
Besides, knowledge and skills were acquired in computer operations like computer
aided designs, fire-alarm systems, installation of smoke detectors, cable specifications
(cat 5e&cat 6 categories) etc .The programme has been highly enlightening, beneficial,
interesting and successful. The objective of which the scheme was undergone was
however achieved.

RECOMMENDATION
Although SIWES undergone did achieve quite a lot of its stated objectives,
nevertheless, the following recommendations are suggested to improve the qualitative
context of the programme:
i Participation of private corporate organization to minimize the problem of low funding
as recently complained by the director of ITF.
ii. Participation of various professional, regulatory and statutory bodies such as COREN,
NSE in the supervision of students.
iii Sending students specifically to establishment where the stipulated aims and
objectives of SIWES would be achieved.
iv Payment of befitting student allowance to assist in students finances during the period
of training.
 REFERENCES

1. Data Communications Networking Devices: Operation, Utilization, LAN and WAN

Internetworking, Fourth Edition 0 471 97515 X (November 1998)
2. Dictionary of Communications Technology: Terms, Definitions and
Abbreviations, Third Edition 0 471 97517 6 (May 1998)
3. Internetworking LANs and WANs: Concepts, Techniques and Methods,
Second Edition 0 471 97514 1 (May 1998)
4. LAN Management with SNMP and RMON 0 471 14736
5. Encarta encyclopedia