All 'Calculation of Inductance and Capacitance of 1 Phase Line' 'Enter Diameter in CM:'

(a) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE PHASE LINE
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE');

d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');

r1=rad*0.7788;
L=4*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE
Enter diameter in cm: 1.5
Enter distance between conductors in m: 3.5
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 2.5582e-006
CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 4.5261e-012

(b) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE
SYMMETRIC LINE
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE

SYMMETRIC LINE');

r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in

m:'); r1=rad*0.7788; L=2*10^(-
7)*log(D/r1); C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-
12))/(log(D/rad));
disp(L);
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE
Enter distance between conductors in m: 1.5
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 1.1543e-006
CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 1.0075e-011

(c) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE
UNSYMMETRIC TRANSPOSED LINE
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
UNSYMMETRIC LINE - TRANSPOSED');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');

f=input('Enter Frequency');
Deq=(Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Deq/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(Deq/rad));
disp(L);
disp(C);
XL=2*pi*f*L;
XC=1/(2*pi*f*C);
disp('INDUCTIVER REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');

disp(XL);
disp('CAPACITIVE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');
disp(XC);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC

LINE - TRANSPOSED
Enter distance between conductors A & B in m: 5
Enter distance between conductors B & C in m: 4
Enter distance between conductors C & A in m: 3
Enter Frequency50
INDUCTANCE (in H/m):
1.1994e-006
CAPACITANCE (in F/m):
9.6804e-012
INDUCTIVER REACTANCE (in ohm/m):
3.7679e-004
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

3.2882e+008
(d) PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE');
D=input('Enter the diameter');
Dab=input('Dab=');
Dbc=input('Dbc=');
Dca=input('Dca=');
d=input('Enter the spacing');
r=d/2;
GMD=[Dab*Dbc*Dca]^(1/3);
disp(GMD);
GMR=(D*d^3)^(1/4);
GMR1=1.09*GMR;
disp(GMR1);
C=0.0556/log(GMD/GMR);
L=0.2*log(GMD/GMR);
disp('INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE VALUE IN FARAD');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE

Enter the diameter.03625
Dab=11
Dbc=11
Dca=22
Enter the spacing0.045
13.8591
0.0465
INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY 1.1568
CAPACITANCE VALUE IN FARAD 0.0096
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
A = 1;
B = Z1;
C = 0;
D
=1;
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS= real(SS);
QS= imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1 Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);

fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);
OUTPUT:
Resistance : 1.5
Inductive Reactance :4
Capacitive Reactance :0
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 11
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :4
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.8
Z1 =
1.5000 + 4.0000i
Y1 =
0
TM =
1.0000 1.5000 + 4.0000i

0 1.0000
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 12.6795 at 4.72953 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 262.432 at -36.8699 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.747805
SENDING END REAL POWER 4.30992

SENDING END REACTIVE POWER 3.82645
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION 15.2685
REAL POWER LOSS 0.309917

REACTIVE POWER LOSS 0.826446
EFFICIENCY 92.8092
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','NOMINAL T', 'NOMINAL

PI'); switch m
case {1}
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
C=Y1;
D=A;
otherwise
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1;
C=Y1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
D=A;
end
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);

fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);
NOMINAL T
OUTPUT:
Resistance : 20
Inductive Reactance : 52
Capacitive Reactance : 315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW : 30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.85

Z1 =
20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 =
1 +3.1500e-004i
TM =
0.9918 + 0.0031i 19.8362 +51.8186i
1 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.035 at 3.76761 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.007 at -23.3284
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.890244
SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3199 SENDING

END REACTIVE POWER 16.0245 PERCENTAGE
VOLTAGE REGULATION 9.25407 REAL POWER
LOSS 1.31989
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.56785

EFFICIENCY 95.7858
FORMATION OF Y-BUS BY THE METHOD OF INSPECTION
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter number of buses');
l=input('Number of lines');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of
line:'); lca=input('Line charging
admittance:'); if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
ybus
OUTPUT:
Enter number of buses4
Number of lines5
1. Impedance or
2:Admittance1 Starting bus: 1
Ending bus: 2
Admittance or Impedance of line: 0.1+0.4i
Line charging admittance: 0.015i
Starting bus: 2
Ending bus: 3
Starting bus: 3
Ending bus: 4
Starting bus: 4
Ending bus: 1
Starting bus: 4
Ending bus: 2
ybus
1.3430 - 4.9810i -0.5882 + 2.3529i 0 -0.7547 + 2.6415i
-0.5882 + 2.3529i 3.4194 - 5.8403i -0.3922 + 1.5686i -2.4390 + 1.9512i
0 -0.3922 + 1.5686i 0.9296 - 3.1919i -0.5375 + 1.6423i
-0.7547 + 2.6415i -2.4390 + 1.9512i -0.5375 + 1.6423i 3.7312 - 6.2050i
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS –SEIDAL METHOD
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
n=input ('no of buses');
l=input ('no of lines');

s=input ('impedance 1 or admittance 2');
for i=1:l
a=input ('starting bus');
b=input ('ending bus');
t=input ('admittance or impedance value');
if s==1
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k);
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
ybus
p=zeros(1,n);
q=zeros(1,n);
v=zeros(1,n);
pv=input ('no of pv buses');
pq=input('no of pq buses');
s=input ('slack bus number');
v(s)=input ('slack bus voltage');
acc=input ('accleration factor');
for i=1:pv
b(i)=input('pv bus number');
p(b(i))=input('real power');
v(b(i))=input ('voltage value');
qmin(b(i))=input ('min value of q');
qmax(b(i))=input ('max value of q');
end
for i=1:pq
c(i)=input('pq bus number');
p(c(i))=input('real power');
p(c(i))=-p(c(i));
q(c(i))=input ('reactive power');
q(c(i))=-q(c(i));
v(c(i))=1+0i;
end
e=v;
e
enew(s)=v(s);
it=0;
yy=zeros(1,n);
for ii=1:n
ypq(ii)=0;
if ii~=s
flag=0;
gen=0;
for j=1:pv
if ii==b(j)
flag=1;
end
end
if flag==1
for k=1:n
yy(ii)=yy(ii)+ybus(ii,k)*v(k);
end
qcal(ii)=-imag(conj(v(ii))*yy(ii));
if qcal(ii)<qmin(ii)
qcal(ii)=qmin(ii);
elseif qcal(ii)>qmax(ii)
qcal(ii)=qmax(ii);
else
qcal(ii)=qcal(ii);
gen=1;
end
else
qcal(ii)=q(ii);
end
qcal(ii)=qcal(ii)*sqrt(-1);
for k=1:n
if k~=ii
ypq(ii)=ypq(ii)+ybus(ii,k)*e(k);
end
end
enew(ii)=(((p(ii)-qcal(ii))/conj(e(ii)))-ypq(ii))/ybus(ii,ii);
dele(ii)=enew(ii)-e(ii);
enew(ii)=e(ii)+acc*dele(ii);
if gen==1 ang=angle(enew(ii));
enew(ii)=v(ii)*cos(ang)+v(ii)*sin(ang)*sqrt(-1);
end
e(ii)=enew(ii);
end
end
disp('voltages');
enew
OUTPUT:
no of buses4
no of lines5
impedance 1 or admittance 22
starting bus1
ending bus2
admittance or impedance value2-8i
starting bus1
ending bus3
starting bus2
ending bus3
admittance or impedance value0.666-2.664i
starting bus2
ending bus4
starting bus3
ending bus4
ybus =
3.0000 -12.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i 0

-2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.6660 -14.6640i -0.6660 + 2.6640i-1.0000 + 4.0000i
-1.0000 + 4.0000i -0.6660 + 2.6640i 3.6660 -14.6640i-2.0000 + 8.0000i
0 -1.0000 + 4.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.0000 -12.0000i
no of pv buses0 no
of pq buses3 slack
bus number1
slack bus voltage1.06
accleration factor1
pq bus number2
real power0.5
reactive power0.2
pq bus number3
real power0.4
reactive power0.3
pq bus number4
real power0.3
reactive power0.1
e=
1.0600 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
voltages
enew =
1.0600 1.0119 - 0.0289i 0.9929 - 0.0261i 0.9855 - 0.0486i
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON - RAPHSON METHOD

PROGRAM:
clc;
basemva=100;
accuracy=0.001;
accel=1.8;
maxiter=100;
busdata=[1 1 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 2 1.04 0 0 0 1.5 0.6 0 0 0 ];
linedata=[ 1 2 0.02 0.080.01 1
1 3 0.02 0.08 0.01 1
2 3 0.02 0.08 0.01 1];
lfybus
lfnewton
busout
lineflow
lfybus
j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1);
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R =
linedata(:,3); X = linedata(:,4); Bc =
j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl),
max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
for n = 1:nbr
if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero

% formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr;
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
% formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) +
Bc(k); elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k);
else, end
end
end
clear Pgg
lfnewton
ns=0; ng=0; Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0;

deltad=0; nbus =
length(busdata(:,1));
for k=1:nbus
n=busdata(k,1);
kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4);

Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Qg(n)
= busdata(k,8); Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11);
if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 +

j*0; else delta(n) =
pi/180*delta(n);
V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) +
j*sin(delta(n)));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva;
S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
end
end
for k=1:nbus
if kb(k) == 1, ns = ns+1; else, end
if kb(k) == 2 ng = ng+1; else, end

ngs(k) = ng;
nss(k) = ns;
end
Ym=abs(Ybus); t = angle(Ybus);
m=2*nbus-ng-2*ns;
maxerror = 1; converge=1;
iter = 0;
% Start of
iterations clear
A DC J DX
axerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter % Test for max.
while m
power mismatch for i=1:m
for k=1:m
A(i,k)=0; %Initializing Jacobian matrix
end, end
iter = iter+1;
for n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
J11=0; J22=0; J33=0; J44=0;
for i=1:nbr
if nl(i) == n | nr(i) == n
if nl(i) == n, l = nr(i); end
if nr(i) == n, l = nl(i); end
J11=J11+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) +

delta(l)); J33=J33+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)-
delta(n) + delta(l)); if kb(n)~=1
J22=J22+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) +

delta(l)); J44=J44+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)-
delta(n) + delta(l)); else, end
if kb(n) ~= 1 & kb(l) ~=1
lk = nbus+l-ngs(l)-nss(l)-ns;
ll = l -nss(l);
% off diagonalelements of J1
A(nn, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n)

+ delta(l)); if kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal
elements of J2
A(nn, lk) =Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
if kb(n) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J3
A(lm, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n)+delta(l));

end
if kb(n) == 0 & kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal elements of
J4
A(lm, lk) =-Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
else end
else , end

end
Pk = Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
Qk = -Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if kb(n) == 1 P(n)=Pk; Q(n) = Qk; end % Swing bus P
b(n) == 2
if k Q(n)=Qk;
if Q max(n) ~= 0
Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);

if iter <= 7 % Between the 2th & 6th
iterations
ter > 2 % the Mvar of generator buses are

if i
if Q gc < Qmin(n), % tested. If not within limits
Vm(n)
Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.01; % is changed in steps of 0.01 pu
to
elseif Qgc > Qmax(n), % bring the generator Mvar within
Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.01;end % the specified limits.
else, end
else,end
else,end
end
if kb(n) ~= 1
A(nn,nn) = J11; % diagonal elements of

J1 DC(nn) = P(n)-Pk;
end
if kb(n) == 0
A(nn,lm) = 2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J22; %diagonal elements of
J2
A(lm,nn)= J33; %diagonal elements of J3
A(lm,lm) =-2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J44; %diagonal of

elements of J4 DC(lm) = Q(n)-Qk;
end
end
DX=A\DC';
for n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
if kb(n) ~= 1
delta(n) = delta(n)+DX(nn); end

if kb(n) == 0
Vm(n)=Vm(n)+DX(lm); end
end
maxerror=max(abs(DC));
if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy
fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')

fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n')
fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the

results \n') converge = 0; pause, else, end
end
if c onverge ~= 1 tech= (' tech=('ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT

CONVERGE'); else, Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson
Method');
end
V =
Vm.*cos(delta)+j*Vm.*sin(delt
a); deltad=180/pi*delta;
i=sqrt(-
1); k=0;
for n = 1:nbus
if kb(n) == 1
k=k+1;
S(n)= P(n)+j*Q(n);
Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) -

Qsh(n); Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n);
elseif kb(n)
==2 k=k+1;
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q
(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) -

Qsh(n); Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n);
end
yload(n) = (Pd(n)- j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2);
end
busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad';
Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht

= sum(Qsh);
busout
disp(tech)
fprintf('Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror)
fprintf('No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)

head =['Bus Voltage Angle ------Load---------Generation---
Injected''No. Mag. Degree MW Mva MW Mvar Mvar'''];
disp(head)
for n=1:nbus
fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f',

Pd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf('
%9.3f', Pg(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n))
end
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ')
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf('
%9.3f\n\n', Qsht)
lineflow
SLT = 0;
fprintf('\n')
fprintf('Line Flow and Losses \n\n')
fprintf(' --Line--Power at bus & line flow --Line
loss-- Transformer\n')
fprintf(' from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap\n')
for n = 1:nbus
busprt = 0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if busprt == 0
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf(' %9.3f',
P(n)*basemva)
fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n',

abs(S(n)*basemva))
busprt = 1;
else, end
if nl(L)==n k = nr(L);
In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);

Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);

In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k);

Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
else, end
if nl(L)==n | nr(L)==n
fprintf('%12g', k),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))

fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)),
if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1
fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))
else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))

end
else, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/2;
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss ')
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))

clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk
ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else, Power Flow

Solution by Newton-Raphson Method');
OUTPUT:
Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 6.82452e-005

No. of Iterations = 3
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load---------Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW MvarMW Mvar Mvar
1 1.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.002 -2.436 0.000

2 1.040 0.002 0.500 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1.040 0.038 0.000 0.000 1.500 -3.061 0.000
Total 0.500 1.000 0.498 -5.497 0.000
Line Flow and Losses
--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer

from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap
1 -1.002 -2.436 2.634

2 -0.167 -1.560 1.568 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.833 -0.873 1.207 0.000 -2.163
2 -0.500 -1.000 1.118

1 0.167 -0.604 0.627 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.667 -0.396 0.775 0.000 -2.163
3 1.500 -3.061 3.409

1 0.833 -1.290 1.535 0.000 -2.163
2 0.667 -1.768 1.889 0.000 -2.163
Total loss 0.000 -6.490

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
OUTPUT:
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = j*0.1
Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 3
Total fault current = 3.1250 per unit
Bus Voltages during fault in per unit
Bus Voltage Angle
No. Magnitude degrees
1 0.5938 0.0000
2 0.6250 0.0000
3 0.3125 0.0000
Line currents for fault at bus No. 3
From To Current Angle
Bus Bus Magnitude degrees
G 1 1.6250 -90.0000
1 3 1.8750 -90.0000
G 2 1.5000 -90.0000
2 1 0.2500 -90.0000
2 3 1.2500 -90.0000
3 F 3.1250 -90.0000
Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'
Line-to-ground fault analysis

Single line to-ground fault at bus No. 3
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit
Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------
No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 0.6330 1.0046 1.0046
2 0.7202 0.9757 0.9757
3 0.2752 1.0647 1.0647
From To -----Line Current Magnitude----
Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 3 1.6514 0.0000 0.0000
2 1 0.3761 0.1560 0.1560
2 3 1.1009 0.0000 0.0000
3 F 2.7523 0.0000 0.0000
Line-to-line fault analysis
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf =
j*0.1 Line-to-line fault at bus No. 3

1 1.0000 0.6720 0.6720
2 1.0000 0.6939 0.6939
3 1.0000 0.5251 0.5251
1 3 0.0000 1.9245 1.9245
2 1 0.0000 0.2566 0.2566
2 3 0.0000 1.2830 1.2830
3 F 0.0000 3.2075 3.2075
Double line-to-ground fault analysis

Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. 3
1 1.0066 0.5088 0.5088
2 0.9638 0.5740 0.5740
3 1.0855 0.1974 0.1974

1 3 0.0000 2.4350 2.4350
2 1 0.1118 0.3682 0.3682
2 3 0.0000 1.6233 1.6233
3 F 0.0000 4.0583 4.0583
TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS – SINGLE
MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
PROGRAM :
a)Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 =
0.65; eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1,
X2, X3)
b) Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V =
1.0; X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3
= 0.8; eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1,
X2, X3)
eacfault
function eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
if exist('Pm')~=1
Pm = input('Generator output power in p.u. Pm =

'); else, end if exist('E')~=1
E = input('Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E

= '); else, end if exist('V')~=1
V = input('Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V =

'); else, e
nd if exist('X1')~=1
X1 = input('Reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 =

'); else, end if exist('X2')~=1
lse, e
X2 = input('Reactance during Fault in p.u. X2 = '); e nd
if exist('X3')~=1
X3 = input('Reactance aftere Fault in p.u. X3 = '); e lse, e nd
Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2;
Pe3max=E*V/X3; delta = 0:.01:pi;
Pe1 = Pe1max*sin(delta); Pe2 = Pe2max*sin(delta); Pe3 =

Pe3max*sin(delta);
d0 =asin(Pm/Pe1max); dmax = pi-asin(Pm/Pe3max);

cosdc =
(Pm*(dmax-d0)+Pe3max*cos(dmax)-Pe2max*cos(d0))/(Pe3max-Pe2max);
if abs(cosdc) > 1
fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('system can remain stable during this

disturbance.\n\n') return
else,
end
dc=acos(co
sdc);
if dc > dmax

fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('System can remain stable during this

disturbance.\n\n') return
else, end
Pmx=[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[Pm Pm];
x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0

Pe3max*sin(dc)]; xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0
Pe3max*sin(dmax)];
d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi;
dc=dc*180/pi; x=(d0:.1:dc);
y=Pe2max*sin(x*pi/180);
y1=Pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180);
y2=Pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180);
x=[d0 x dc];
y=[Pm y Pm];
xx=dc:.1:dmax;
h=Pe3max*sin(xx*pi/180);
xx=[dc xx dmax];
hh=[Pm hPm];
delta=delta*180/pi;
if X2 == inf
fprintf('\nFor this case tc can be found from

analytical formula. \n') H=input('To find tc enter
Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = ');
if H ~= 0
d0r=d0*pi/180; dcr=dc*pi/180;
tc = sqrt(2*H*(dcr-d0r)/(pi*60*Pm));
else, end
else, end
%clc
fprintf('\nInitial power angle = %7.3f \n', d0)
fprintf('Maximum angle swing = %7.3f \n', dmax)

fprintf('Critical clearing angle = %7.3f \n\n', dc)
if X2==inf & H~=0
fprintf('Critical clearing time = %7.3f sec. \n\n', tc)
else, end
h = figure; figure(h);
fill(x,y,'m')
hold;
fill(xx,hh,'c')
plot(delta, Pe1,'-', delta, Pe2,'r-', delta, Pe3,'g-', Pmx,

Pmy,'b-', x0,y0, xc,yc, xm,ym), grid
Title('Application of equal area criterion to a critically

cleared system')
xlabel('Power angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit')
text(5, 1.07*Pm, 'Pm')

text(50, 1.05*Pe1max,['Critical clearing angle = ',num2str(dc)])
axis([0 180 0 1.1*Pe1max])
hold off;
OUTPUT:
a) To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = 5
Initial power angle = 26.388
Maximum angle swing = 153.612

Critical clearing time = 0.260 sec.
b) Initial power angle = 26.388

Maximum angle swing = 146.838
Critical clearing angle = 98.834

Small signal stability of SMIB system
PROGRAM:
E=1.35; V=1.0; H=9.94; X=0.65; Pm=0.6; D=0.138;
f0=60; Pmax=E*V/X, d0=asin(Pm/Pmax)
Ps=Pmax*cos(d0)
wn=sqrt(pi*60/H*Ps)
z=D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps))
wd=wn*sqrt(1-z^2),fd=wd/(2*pi)
tau=1/(z*wn)
th=acos(z)
Dd0=10*pi/180;
t=0:.01:3;
Dd=Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t+th);
d=(d0+Dd)*180/pi;
Dw=-wn*Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f=f0+Dw/(2*pi);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,d),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('Delta degree')
subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,f),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('frquency hertz')
subplot(111)
OUTPUT:
Pmax = 2.0769
d0 = 0.2931
Ps = 1.9884
wn = 6.1405
z = 0.2131
wd = 5.9995
fd = 0.9549
tau = 0.7643
th = 1.3561
LOAD –FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE- AREA AND TWO-
AREA POWER SYSTEMS

FOR SINGLE AREA SYSTEMS
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
rac=input('Enter the value of Related

Area capcity:'); nol=input('Enter the
value of nominal operating load:');
f=input('Enter the value of frequency:');
cil=input('Enter the value of change in
load:');
dpd=input('Enter the value of deviation in load in
percentage:'); df=input('Enter the value of deviation in
frequency in percentage:');
r=input('Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW:');
H=input('Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:');
D=((dpd*(nol))/(df*f));
Dpu=(D/rac);
Kp=(1/Dpu);
Tp=((2*H)/(f*Dpu));
delpd=cil/rac;
if r~= inf
B=(Dpu+(1/r));
else
B=(Dpu);
end
Fs=-(delpd/B);
disp('The static gain of the power system in

Hz/pu MW' ); Kp
disp('The Time constant of the power system in

seconds'); Tp
disp('Steady state frequency deviation
in Hz'); Fs
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of Related Area capcity:2000
Enter the value of nominal operating load:1000

Enter the value of frequency:50
Enter the value of change in load:20

Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:1
Enter the value of deviation in frequency in percentage:1
Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW:2
Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:5
The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW
Kp = 100
The Time constant of teh power system in seconds
Tp = 20
Steady state frequency deviation in Hz
Fs = -0.0196
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of Related Area capcity:2000
Enter the value of nominal operating load:1000

Enter the value of change in load:20

Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:1
Enter the value of deviation in frequency in percentage:1
Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW: inf
Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:5
The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW

Kp = 100
The Time constant of teh power system in seconds

Tp = 20
Steady state frequency deviation in Hz
Fs = -1
WITH GAIN
WITHOUT GAIN
FOR TWO AREA SYSTEMS
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
rac1=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:');
cil1=input('Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:');

D1=input('Enter the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:');
r1=input('Enter teh value of regulation-1 in pu:');
rac2=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-2 in MW:');
cil2=input('Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:');
D2=input('Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:');
r2=input('Enter teh value of regulation-2 in pu:');
f0=input('Enter the value of frequency:');

B1=(D1+(1/r1));
B1=B1/f0;
B2=(D1+(1/r2));
B2=B2/f0;
delpd1=cil1/rac1;
delpd2=cil2/rac2;
a12=-(rac1/rac2);
delf=((a12*delpd1)-delpd2)/(B2-(a12*B1));
f=f0+delf;
delptie=((B1*delpd2)-(B2*delpd1))/(B2-(a12*B1));
delptie=delptie*rac1;
fprintf('Steady state frequency deviation is : %g Hz\n',delf);
fprintf('System frequency :%g Hz\n',f);
fprintf('Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 :%g
MW\n',
delptie);
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:1000
Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:200

Enter the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:0.6
Enter the value of regulation-1 in pu:0.05

Enter the value of Related area capacity-2 in MW:1000
Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:0
Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:0.9
Enter teh value of regulation-2 in pu:0.0625
Steady state frequency deviation is : -0.268817 Hz
System frequency :49.7312 Hz
Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 :-89.2473 MW
ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS
WITHOUT LOSS AND GENERATING LIMITS
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter the number of units:');

a=zeros(n);
b=zeros(n);
c=zeros(n);
for i=1:n
fprintf('Enter the unit %g Data \n',i);
a(i)=input('Enter the value of a:');
b(i)=input('Enter the value of b:');
c(i)=input('Enter the value of c:');
end
pd=input('Enter the value of load demand:');

P=zeros(n);
sum=0; den=0;
for i=1:n
sum=sum+(b(i)/(2*a(i)));
end
for i=1:n
den=den+(1/(2*a(i)));
end
num=pd+sum;
lamda=num/den;
for i=1:n
P(i)=(lamda-b(i))/(2*a(i));
end
for i=1:n
fprintf('Optimal Generation of unit %g: %g MW\n',i,P(i));
end
fprintf('Lamda: %g \n',lamda);
for i=1:n
unitcost=a(i)*P(i)^2+b(i)*P(i)+c(i);
fprintf('Generation cost of unit %g : %g\n',i,unitcost);
end
totalcost=0;
for i=1:n
totalcost=totalcost+a(i)*P(i)^2+b(i)*P(i)+c(i);
end
fprintf('Total generation cost : %g\n', totalcost);
OUTPUT:
Enter the number of units:3
Enter the unit 1 Data

Enter the value of a:0.004
Enter the value of b:5.3

Enter the value of c:500


Enter the value of load demand:975
Optimal Generation of unit 1: 482.895 MW
Lamda: 9.16316
Generation cost of unit 1 : 3992.09
Total generation cost : 8228.03

WITH LOSS AND GENERATING LIMITS
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n = input('Enter the no. of

Units : '); a = zeros(n);
b =
zeros(n);
c =
zeros(n);
pmin=zeros
(n);
pmax=zeros
(n); p =
zeros(n);
sum
= 0;
den
= 0;
bm = zeros(n,n);
for i = 1:n
fprintf('Enter the unit %g data

\n',i); a(i) = input('Enter the
value of a : '); b(i) =
input('Enter the value of b : ');
c(i) = input('Enter the value of
c : ');
pmin(i)=input('Enter the MIN value of Generation : ');
pmax(i)=input('Enter the MAX value of Generation : ');
end
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
bm(i,j) = input('Enter B Coefficient : ');
end
end
pd = input('Enter the value of load

demand : '); for i = 1:n
sum = sum +
(b(i)/(2*a(i))); den =
den + (1/(2*a(i)));
end
lambda = (pd +
sum)/den; t = 1;
while t >0
fprintf('\nLambda is %g\n',lambda);
=
for i
1:n
p(i)
= 0;
end
pg = 0; pl
= 0; deldde
= 0; nb =
0;
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
if i~=j
nb = nb + bm(i,j)*p(j);
end
end
end
for i = 1:n
p(i) = (1 - b(i)/lambda - nb)/(2*(a(i)/lambda +
bm(i,i))); fprintf('Optimal generation of unit %g
is %g MW\n',i,p(i));
end
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
pl = pl + p(i)*bm(i,j)*p(j);
end
end
fprintf('Power Loss is %g\n', pl);
for i=1:n
if (p(i)>pmax(i))
p(i) = pmax(i);
elseif (p(i)<pmin(i))
p(i) = pmin(i);
else
p(i) = p(i);
end
end
for i = 1:n
pg = pg + p(i);
end
delp = pd + pl - pg;
fprintf('Change in load is %g\n', delp);
for i = 1:n
deldde = deldde + (a(i) + b(i)*bm(i,i))/(2*((a(i) +
lambda*bm(i,i))^2));
end
dellambda = delp/deldde;
fprintf('Change in Lambda is
%g\n',dellambda); lambda = lambda +
dellambda;
if delp<1
t = 0;
end
end
OUTPUT:
Enter the no. of Units : 3
Enter the unit 1 data

Enter the value of a : 0.008
Enter the value of b : 7

Enter the value of c : 200
Enter the MIN value of Generation : 10
Enter the MAX value of Generation : 85
Enter the value of b : 6.3
Enter the value of b : 6.8
Enter B Coefficient : 0.000218
Enter B Coefficient : 0
Enter the value of load demand : 150
Lambda is 7.51099
Optimal generation of unit 1 is 26.511 MW
Power Loss is 1.20651
Change in load is 25.5702
Change in Lambda is 0.164165
Lambda is 7.67516
Power Loss is 1.68705
Change in load is 0.571665

Change in Lambda is 0.00369649
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW
METHOD
OUTPUT:
Power Flow Solution by Fast Decoupled Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000278522
No. of Iterations = 7
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
11.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.996 -2.447 0.000
21.040 0.002 0.500 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
31.040 0.038 0.000 0.000 1.500 -3.071 0.000
Total 0.500 1.000 0.504 -5.518 0.000
Line Flow and Losses
--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap
1 -0.996 -2.447 2.642
2 -0.163 -1.559 1.567 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.833 -0.873 1.207 0.000 -2.163
2 -0.500 -1.000 1.118

1 0.163 -0.605 0.627 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.670 -0.397 0.779 0.000 -2.163
3 1.500 -3.071 3.418
1 0.833 -1.290 1.535 0.000 -2.163
2 0.670 -1.767 1.890 0.000 -2.163
Total loss 0.000 -6.490

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
PSCAD MODEL

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(a) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE PHASE LINE

disp(​'CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE'​);

D=input(​'Enter distance between conductors in​ ​m:'​);

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.5

Enter distance between conductors in m: 3.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 2.5582e-006

CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 4.5261e-012

disp(​'CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE

d=input(​'Enter diameter in cm:'​);

D=input(​'Enter distance between conductors in

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.2

Enter distance between conductors in m: 1.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 1.1543e-006

CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 1.0075e-011

Dca=input(​'Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:'​);

disp(​'INDUCTIVER REACTANCE(in ohm/m):'​);

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC

Enter diameter in cm: 2.5

Enter distance between conductors A & B in m: 5

Enter distance between conductors B & C in m: 4

Enter distance between conductors C & A in m: 3

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

CAPACITANCE (in F/m):

INDUCTIVER REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

D=input(​'Enter the diameter'​);

disp(​'CAPACITANCE VALUE IN FARAD'​);

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE

INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY 1.1568

CAPACITANCE VALUE IN FARAD 0.0096

SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

fprintf(​'SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n'​,IS,ISA);

1.0000 1.5000 + 4.0000i

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 12.6795 at 4.72953 degrees

SENDING END REAL POWER 4.30992

REAL POWER LOSS 0.309917

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

m=menu(​'ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK'​,​'NOMINAL T'​, ​'NOMINAL

fprintf(​'SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n'​,VS,VSA);

fprintf(​'EFFICIENCY %G'​, eff);

ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.85

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.035 at 3.76761 degrees

SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3199 SENDING

REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.56785

Enter number of buses4

2:Admittance1 Starting bus: 1

Admittance or Impedance of line: 0.1+0.4i

Line charging admittance: 0.015i

Admittance or Impedance of line: 0.15+0.6i

Line charging admittance: 0.02i

Line charging admittance: 0.018i

Admittance or Impedance of line: 0.1+0.35i

Line charging admittance: 0.012i

Admittance or Impedance of line: 0.25+0.2i

Line charging admittance: 0.03i

-0.5882 + 2.3529i 3.4194 - 5.8403i -0.3922 + 1.5686i -2.4390 + 1.9512i

0 -0.3922 + 1.5686i 0.9296 - 3.1919i -0.5375 + 1.6423i

disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE');

D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');

disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE

d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');

D=input('Enter distance between conductors in

Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');

disp('INDUCTIVER REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');

D=input('Enter the diameter');

disp('CAPACITANCE VALUE IN FARAD');

fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);

m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','NOMINAL T', 'NOMINAL

fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);

fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS –SEIDAL METHOD

if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 +

if kb(k) == 1, ns = ns+1; else, end

if kb(k) == 2 ng = ng+1; else, end

if nl(i) == n, l = nr(i); end

if nr(i) == n, l = nl(i); end

J11=J11+ Vm(n)Vm(l)Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) +

J22=J22+ Vm(l)Ym(n,l)cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) +

A(nn, ll) =-Vm(n)Vm(l)Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n)

A(lm, ll) =-Vm(n)Vm(l)Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n)+delta(l));

else , end

if kb(n) == 1 P(n)=Pk; Q(n) = Qk; end % Swing bus P

ter > 2 % the Mvar of generator buses are

A(nn,nn) = J11; % diagonal elements of

A(lm,lm) =-2Vm(n)Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J44; %diagonal of

delta(n) = delta(n)+DX(nn); end

if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy

fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')

fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the

if c onverge ~= 1 tech= (' tech=('ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT

fprintf('No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)

fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),

fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f',

fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n',

In = (V(n) - a(L)V(k))y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);

elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);

Ik = (V(k) - a(L)V(n))y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k);

fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))

if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1

fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))

else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))

fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss ')

fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))

ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else, Power Flow