SUBSEA REVIEWER:

Pointers:
-Identification
-Enumeration
-Synthesis
-Analysis
~No functions and brief discussion (wooh!)

CHAPTER 1: SUBSEA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

1.2 Definitions and Abbreviations
ADS: Atmospheric Diving Suit PLEM: Pipeline End Manifold.
CDU: Chemical (or Central) Distribution Unit PVT: Pressure, Volume and Temperature
COPS: Communication On Power System ROV: Remotely Operated Vehicle
CRA: Corrosion Resistant Alloys SCM : Subsea Control Module
DCS: Distributed Control System SCMMB: SCM Mounting Base
DSV: Downhole Safety Valve (See SCSSV) SCMRT: Subsea Control Module Running Tool
EDU: Electrical Distribution Unit SCSSV: Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valve
EFAT: Extended Factory Acceptance Test SEM: Subsea Electronics Module
EFL: Electrical Flying Lead SFL: Steel Flying Lead
EPU: Electrical Power Unit
ESD: Emergency Shut Down SIT: System Integration Test
ESP: Electric Submersible Pump
FAT: Factory Acceptance Test TCU: Topside Control Unit
HCR: High Collapse Resistance
HDM: Hydraulic Distribution Module TEPU: Test Electrical Power Unit
HPU: Hydraulic Power Unit TUTA: Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly
ISU: Integrated Service Umbilical TUTB: Topside Umbilical Termination Box
IWOC: Installation and Workover Controls. UJB: Umbilical Junction Box
JDT: Jumper Deployment Tool UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply
LIM: Line Insulation Monitor USV: Upper Swab Valve
LMRP: Lower Marine Riser Package. UTA: Umbilical Termination Assembly
MASCOT:Module and Surface Computer UTH: Umbilical T ermination Head
Operations Tester VSE: Valve Signature Emulator
MCS: Master Control Station
MMI: Man Machine Interface
OS: Operator Station

2. Subsea Production Equipment

2.2 Subsea Wellheads
2.2.2 Types of Subsea Production Wellheads
-13-5/8 inch
-16-3/4 inch
-18-3/4 inch
-21-1/4 inch

2.2.3 Wellhead Connector Profiles

2.2.4 Tubing Spool Adapters
2.2.5 Casing and Tubing Hanger Interface
2.2.5.1 Typical Well Casing Programs
2.2.5.2 Casing Hanger
2.2.6 Wellhead Guide Structures
2.2.6.1 Guideline Drilling and Completions
2.2.6.2 Guidelineless Drilling and Completions
2.2.7 Loads on Wellheads
2.2.8 Subsea Wellhead Materials
 2.2.9 Description of Typical Subsea Wellhead System
-30 inch conductor housing joint,
-18 3⁄4 inch wellhead housing joint,
-20 inch casing
-13 3/8 inch and 9-5/8 inch centralized casing hangers
-Associated packoffs
2.2.9.1 Subsea Wellhead Features
•The ability to test all the seals and locking arrangements.
•Protection for all permanent seals during running and the seals
are remotely energized after landing.
•The ability to clean component seal surfaces after cementing
operations and prior to setting the pack off seals.
•The casing hangers have ability to be locked in place.
•The flow path for cuttings and cement returns without excessive
build up of pressure, blockage or reduction in velocity through the
flow-by holes and slots.
•The use of a minimum number of seals and components
installed subsea.
•The primary metal-to-metal seals with elastomeric secondary
system for all permanently installed seals.
•Weld overlay surfaces with a nickel-based alloy (Inconel 625) at
the wellhead's gasket seal surface.
•Reliable and robust suite of versatile running tools.
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2.2.9.2 30 inch Conductor Housing Joint.

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2.2.9.3 18- /4 inch Wellhead Housing Joint.
2.2.9.4 The Casing Hangers
2.2.9.5 Pack-Off (Seal) Assembly.
2.2.10 Wellhead Running Tools
2.2.10.1 Bore Protector
2.2.10.2 Wear Bushing.
2.2.10.3 30-Inch Conductor Housing Running Tool.
2.2.10.4 18 3/4 inch Housing Running Tool.
2.2.10.5 Bore Protector Running and Retrieval Tool.
2.2.10.6 Single-Trip Tool
2.2.10.7 Pack-Off Assembly Running Tool
2.2.10.8 Drill Pipe Casing Hanger Running Tool.
2.2.10.9 Full Bore Casing Hanger Running Tool.
2.2.10.10 BOP Test Tool.
2.2.10.11 Emergency Drill Pipe Hang-Off Tool.
2.2.10.12 Mill and Flush Tool.
2.2.10.13 Emergency Seal Assembly.
2.2.11 Typical Subsea Wellhead Installation Procedures
2.3 Subsea Christmas Trees
2.3.1 Functions of Subsea Trees

2.3.2 Types of Subsea Trees

2.3.2.1 Dual Bore Tree or Conventional Tree
 2.3.2.2 Mono Bore Tree
2.3.2.3 Horizontal Tree
2.3.2.4 ADVANTAGES of Horizontal Trees
-the ability to perform tubing work-over and some drill- through operations
without the need to recover the subsea tree
-The spool tree is suitable for tubing up to 7” OD
-The ability to use standard, drilling BOP stacks for installation and work-over.
-Horizontal trees are compact, have a low profile and an excellent strength-to-
weight ratio.
-All completion work is carried out through or within the protection of a BOP
stack.
2.3.2.5 DISADVANTAGES of Horizontal Trees
-The tubing must be pulled first before retrieving the tree.
-The horizontal tree has no production or annulus swab valves.
-A drill-and-complete scenario for Horizontal Trees currently requires two BOP
trips.
-ROV’s must be used to connect/disconnect work-over controls between the
BOP and Subsea Tree.
-The side outlet penetrations for control and electrical functions are additional
leak paths in the primary tree bore during drilling and completion operations
2.3.2.6 ADVANTAGES of Conventional Dual And Mono Bore Trees
-Only one BOP trip is required in a drill-and-complete scenario.
-The subsea tree can be recovered without having to recover the tubing hanger
and down-hole completion
-The subsea tree is not required to withstand high loads associated with a
Drilling BOP stack.
-No ROV is required.
2.3.2.7 DISADVANTAGES of Conventional Dual And Mono Bore Trees
-The wellhead bore sets the tubing hanger outside diameter, leaving only a
limited area for downhole access
-The subsea tree must be recovered in order to perform a tubing work-over.
-The integrity of the wellhead interface is an issue.
-The tubing hanger’s orientation system is very complex with very significant
orientation tolerances in the system.
-A leak or failure of the riser system during well test or clean up will produce
hydrocarbons to the environment.
2.3.2.8 Other Types of Trees
-TFL trees
2.3.3 Components of a Typical Subsea Tree
-A tree connector to attach the tree to the subsea wellhead.
-The tree body
- Annulus flow paths
-Tree valves for the production bore, the annulus, and ancillary functions
-Valve actuators
-Control junction plates for umbilical control hook up.
-Control system.
-The valve actuator command system
-Choke (optional) for regulating the production flow rate.
-Tree piping
-Tree guide frame
 -External tree cap
2.3.4 Pressure and Structural Design Considerations of Subsea Trees
2.3.4.1 Pressure Design (sources)
-Production fluids
-Hydraulic fluid
-Chemical injection fluids
-Thermal expansion of fluids in closed cavities.
-Annulus pressure.
-External hydrostatic pressure.
-Test pressure.
-Hydraulic lock.
 2.3.4.2 Quality Control and Testing
2.3.4.3 Structural Design (tree and tree component load considerations)
-Riser and BOP loads.
-Flowline connection loads.
-Snagged tree frame, umbilicals or flowlines.
-Thermal stresses – trapped fluids, component expansion, pipeline growth.
-Lifting loads.
-Dropped objects.
-Pressure induced loads – external and internal.
2.3.5 Subsea Tree Installation and Well Intervention Considerations
2.3.5.1 Running Sequence
2.3.5.2 Tree Running Tools
2.3.6 Subsea Tree Materials, Corrosion and Erosion Design
2.3.6.1 Corrosive Agents
-Hydrogen Sulfide
-Carbon dioxide in the presence of water (carbonic acid)
-Chloride Ions
2.3.6.2 Erosion
-The worst erosion agent is sand in the produced fluids.
2.3.6.3 Crevice Attack and Pitting
2.3.6.4 Low Alloy Steels
2.3.6.5 Martensitic Stainless Steels
2.3.6.6 Austenitic Stainless Steels
2.3.6.7 Duplex Stainless Steels
2.3.6.8 High Nickel Alloys
2.3.6.9 Coatings and Cathodic Protection
-sacrificial aluminum anodes
-epoxy coating system
2.3.7 Tree Mounted Controls and Instrumentation
2.3.8 Flow Assurance Considerations
-Hydrate formation. -Asphaltenes.
-Wax deposition. -Sand production.
-High viscosity, high pour point. -Scale formation.

2.3.9 Deep Water Design Considerations

2.3.9.1 High Hydrostatic Pressures
2.3.9.2 Equipment Guidance
 2.3.9.3 Low Temperatures.
2.3.9.4 Diverless Installation
2.3.9.5 Long Trip Times
2.3.9.6 Riser Considerations
3 SUBSEA PRODUCTION MANIFOLDS AND TEMPLATES
3.3 Design Considerations
3.3.1 Number of Wells
3.3.1 Number of Wells
3.3.2 Production Piping
3.3.3 Bottom Conditions
3.3.4 Installation Method
3.3.5 Tie-In Requirements
3.3.6 Flow Assurance
3.3.7 Deep Water
3.4 Ancillary Equipment
3.4.1 Valves
3.4.2 Chokes
3.4.3 Flowline Connectors
3.4.4 Flow Meters
3.4.5 Sand Monitoring
4 SUBSEA SYSTEM INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Types of Control Systems
4.1.1.1 Direct Hydraulic Control System
-simple and inexpensive, easy to maintain and diagnose problems, and
having range of 0-3 miles.
4.1.1.2 Piloted Hydraulic Control System
-improved response time for the critical valve, higher cost than direct
hydraulic system, and having having range of 2-5 miles.
4.1.1.3 Electro-Hydraulic Piloted Control System
- improved response time for critical valves, higher controls
equipment cost than hydraulic piloted system, and having range of 2-15
miles.
4.1.1.4 Electro-Hydraulic Multiplexed Control System
-use of a multiplexed electrical control signal over a single pair of
conductors, resulting in a smaller control umbilical and having a range of
5 miles +

4.1.2 Production Control System Components and Functions

4.1.2.1 Topsides Control Unit (TCU)
-Control of the subsea production system
-Three main components:
1.)the Master Control Station (MCS)
-provides power, control logic and communications for the
subsea control system.
2.)the Electrical Power Unit (EPU)
-provides electrical power for the subsea control modules
SCMs).

3.)the Hydraulic Power Unit (HPU)

 -supplies low pressure (LP) and high pressure (HP)
hydraulic control fluid to the system.
4.)Valve Signature Emulator (VSE)
-records and monitors the pressure versus displacement
characteristics of the hydraulic actuation of the subsea
valves.
4.1.2.2 Subsea Control Module (SCM)
-a self-contained, pressure compensated “pod” consisting of a r
rectangular cylindrical housing containing control valves, sensors and
subsea electronics modules.
4.1.3 INSTALLATION AND WORKOVER CONTROL SYSTEM (IWOCS)
4.1.4 Umbilicals And Flying Leads
4.1.4.1 Topsides Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
-gathers the hydraulic supplies hoses from the HPU and the electrical
and signal cables from the MCS and provides a connection interface with
the umbilical
4.1.4.2 Umbilicals (functions)
-To deliver hydraulic or electrical control signals to subsea control
devices such as pilot valves, solenoid valves or relays.
-To provide power for subsea actuators or motors, either hydraulic or
electric.
-To convey injection chemicals to subsea trees or manifolds.
-To monitor well annulus pressure
~Umbilical Tube Materials
-THERMOPLASTIC HOSE
-High Collapse Resistance (HCR) Hose
-Super Duplex Stainless Steel
-Carbon Steel
4.1.4.3 Electrical Distribution Unit (EDU)
-provides electrical distribution to a number of end devices, such as
individual subsea trees on a template.
4.1.4.4 Electrical Flying Leads
-provide the electrical interface between the umbilical termination
assembly and the subsea tree (or other end component)
4.1.4.5 Hydraulic Flying Leads
-provide the hydraulic (and chemical injection) interface between the
umbilical termination assembly (or hydraulic distribution module) and the
subsea tree (or other end component).
4.1.4.6 Hydraulic Junction Plates
-connects at either end by means of hydraulic junction plates
4.1.5 ROV Interface
4.1.5.2 Types of Interface
-Torque tools
   -Manipulator
-Hot stab
-Tool Deployment Unit (TDU)
4.2 Flowline Tie-Ins
4.2.2 Flowline Tie-In Methods
4.2.2.1 Jumper Tie-In Connection
4.2.2.2 ROV Pull-In System
 4.2.2.3 Stab and Hinge-Over Tie-In
4.2.2.4 Tag Line Pull-In System
4.3 Installation and Workover Riser Systems
4.3.2 Riser System Design
-Pressure rating – the riser must be able to contain well shut in pressure
-Bore size – wireline or coiled tubing equipment that will be used in the well
must be able to pass through the riser, additionally the well fluid flow regime will
be dictated by the bore
-Structural strength – the riser shouldn’t fail when being handled, or with applied
tensions and bending moments
-Fatigue life – the riser must have a reasonable fatigue life – particularly if being
utilized for a number of wells and for the life of a field.
-Practical operating limitations for the riser – driven by factors including
allowable operating envelopes to prevent over stressing the riser, handling and
make up time on the drilling rig, and physical size and weight limitations.
-Water Depth – affects loading on the riser Sea States - affects loading on the
riser
-Current - affects loading on the riser
-Vessel Characteristics - affects loading on the riser
-Vessel Offset - affects loading on the riser
-Rig Handling and Deployment
4.3.3 Interface Considerations
-Vessel Response Amplitude (RAO)
-Met-ocean Design Criteria
-Rotary T able
-Vee Door Size
-Rig Floor Facilities / Geometry
-The BOP and component elevations
-Effective Derrick Height
-Coil Tubing Equipment
-Drilling Riser System
-Pipe Handling Facilities
-Wire line Equipment
-Riser T ensioning System
-Maximum Hook Load
-Riser Storage Capability
-Subsea Production Tree
-Control System Requirements
-Subsea Intervention System
-Tubing Hanger Running Tool
-Coil Tubing Lubricator
-Coil Tubing Lift Frame
 4.3.4 Types of Installation and Workover Riser Systems

4.3.4.1 Dual Bore Conventional Riser System

-Riser Spider
-to provide a means to support the weight of the entire Riser or
Landing String at the rotary table and thus relieve the hang-off
weight from the travelling block.
-Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP)
 -plays a major role in emergency shutdown (ESD) operations as
dictated by the rig well test or other control logic system.
-Emergency Disconnect Package (EDP)
-provides the means for rapidly disconnecting
from the lower riser package (LMRP) during
completion or workover operations.
-Stress Joint
-included in almost all installation and workover riser designs.
-Standard Riser Joints
-used to run the EDP/LMRP and tubing hanger running/
orientation joint.
-Tension Joint
-used to attach motion compensated tensioning cables.
-Surface Tree or Surface Flow Head
-the primary control for the well during normal well testing or
clean up operations.
4.3.4.2 Horizontal Tree Riser System
-Test Tree
-The subsea test tree (SSTT) is deployed at the bottom of the
installation and workover riser for a horizontal tree system.
-Retainer Valve
-to prevent high pressure and/or hydrocarbons in the riser from
being released into the marine drilling riser in the event of an
emergency disconnect.
-Lubricator Valve
-an optional valve usually installed in the installation and workover
riser just below the rotary table.

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CHAPTER 2: SEALINES
2.2 Material selection
-optimum corrosion resistance
-required mechanical properties
-fabricability
-availability
-cost
2.3 Pipeline design method
2.3.1. General consideration
1.Pipe material selection (based on produced fluid chemistry)
2.Pipe inside diameter
3.Pipe wall thickness
3.1 Internal pressure containment
3.2 Hydrostatic collapse
3.3 Local buckling
3.4 Buckling propagation
4.Stability check
5.Span calculations
6.Pipe expansion calculations
7.Upheaval buckling
2.3.2. Pipeline diameter determination
2.3.3. Pipeline wall thickness
2.3.4. Dynamic calculations
2.3.5. Stability check
2.3.6. Span calculations
2.3.7. Pipe expansion calculations
2.3.8. Upheaval buckling
3 INTERFACE REQUIREMENT
3.2 Pipeline end terminations
3.3 Subsea production system
-Subsea hardware used for the diverless connection of pipelines and permanently
mounted on subsea structure or landed on seabed are as follows :
•pull-in sheave and rigging
•landing base for running tools 
•ROV platform 
•alignment modules 
•pipeline end termination 
•subsea winch
 -The following are examples of subsea hardware temporarily mounted on subsea structures in
order to perform the desired tie-in :
•buoyancy modules
•winch and cables
•protection caps
•blind and test caps
•pull-in/connection tool and pull-in head
•positioning and measuring equipment
•pig launcher / pig receiver
3.4 Installation vessels
-Steep S-Lay
-J-Lay
 -Reel-Lay

4. SEALINE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

4.1 Introduction
-Material :
-Carbon-Manganese steel pipe
-Duplex and Super Duplex stainless pipe
-Stainless steel
-Technology :
-Wet insulated rigid pipe
-Flexible pipe
-Pipe-in-pipe system
-Pipeline bundle system
-Clad pipe system
4.2 C-Mn steel pipe – Rigid pipe
4.2.1 Steelmaking process
-ERW
4.2.2 Seamless or seam welded pipe
-ERW
-SAW
-GMAW
1.) Seamless pipe
2.)Electric resistance welded pipe
3.)Submerged arc welded pipe
4.2.3 Main steel pipe manufacturers:
-Europipe (Mannesman of Germany and Usinor Sacilor of France) 
-US Steel (USA)
-Sumitomo (Japan)
-Nippon Steel (Japan)
-Kawasaki (Japan)
-NKK (Japan)
-CONFAB (Brazil)
4.3 Flexible pipe (manufacturers)
-Coflexip Stena Offshore (World Leader) 
-Wellstream (Halliburton – Dresser Group) 
-NKT (Danemark)
 ~From the inside, it is composed of the following:
-thermoplastic inner tube provides water tightness
-double zeta pressure carcass resists internal pressure and external radial forces
-intermediate thermoplastic sheath ensures the pipe is internally leakproof
-double crosswound tensile armours resist axial and torsional forces
-thermoplastic outer jacket protects the pipe from external corrosion and fluids
-stainless steel outerwrap (carcass) protects the thermoplastic outer sheath
against mechanical damage (impacts, wear, handling, etc.)
4.4 Stainless steel
-When the use of carbon steel is not possible because:
 -high corrosion rates are expected ; consequently high corrosion allowances
are necessary
-corrosion inhibition is not feasible
-a coating cannot be used
4.5 Clad pipe system
4.5.1 Manufacturing procedures:
4.5.2 Hot rolling process
4.5.3 Thermo-hydraulic fit method
4.6 Wet insulated rigid pipe
4.7 Pipe in pipe system
4.8 Pipeline bundle system

5. INSULATION TECHNIQUES & SUPPLIERS

5.1 Pipe in pipe system
5.2 Integrated towed flowline bundle system
5.3 Wet insulation pipe system
5.4 Flexible pipe

6. HEATING TECHNIQUES
6.2 Electrical heating system
- Electric heating cables
- Electromagnetic induction heating
- Direct electric heating

6.2.1 SECT Heat tracing

6.2.2 Combipipe Induction Heating
6.2.3 Combibundle induction heating
6.2.4 Direct heating
6.3 Hot fluid circulation heating system
6.3.1 Hot water heated wet insulated pipe
6.3.2 Hot water heated bundle / pipe-in-pipe system
6.3.3 Hot water heated flexible

7. BURIAL TECHNIQUES
7.2 Plough technique
7.3 Jetting technique
7.4 Mechanical cutter technique
7.5 Backfilling / Rock dumping

8. INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
8.2 S- lay method
8.3 J-lay method
8.4 Reel-lay method
8.5 Tow method
The recognised specialists for the tow method are:
-Rockwater (Brown & Root) for controlled depth tow
-Smit Costain for controlled depth tow
-Kvaener/RJ Brown/Doris for bottom tow
8.6 Flexible Laying Method
4. RISER SYSTEMS
1.3 Definitions & abbreviations
Flowline - The conduct system e.g. steel pipeline, flexible line, bundle, etc., divided in
two parts: static “sealine” section resting on seabed and dynamic “riser” section from
seabed to surface
Sealine - “Static” section resting on seabed of a conduct for the flow of liquid or gas
Riser - “Dynamic” part of flowline connecting sealine to the termination point of
platform
FPS - Floating production system
FPSO- Floating Production Storage and Offloading
MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PLEM - Pipeline End Module or Manifold
PVDF - (Poly-Vinylidene-di-Flouride) innerliner material
RAO-Response Amplitude Operators
ROV- Remotely Operated Vehicle
SCR - Steel Catenary Riser
S-N - Stress range – Number of cycles to failure
TLP - Tension Leg Platform
TDP - Touch Down Point
VIV - Vortex Induced Vibration

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