Econ Macro Ia Ib Sample

Macroeconomics IA
Moon vows to expand fiscal

spending for new jobs, welfare
2017/04/12 10:53
SEOUL, April 12 (Yonhap) -- President front-runner Moon Jae-in said Wednesday

that he will double the rate of increase in the government's fiscal spending if
elected, and redirect government spending to create more jobs and support
corporate employees.
The presidential candidate of the liberal Democratic Party noted the country's fiscal
spending was designed to increase by an annual average of 3.5 percent on-year under
the current mid and long-term plans.
"I will actively expand the increase to an annual average of 7 percent," he said at a
press conference on his economic policies.
Moon did not specify how much such an increase will amount to in additional
spending, but said an additional 50 trillion won (US$43.54 billion) will come from a
natural rise in tax revenues over a five-year period.
The additional money, along with a greater part of the existing budget, will go to the
people instead of businesses, as they often did in under past administrations, he said.
Moon Jae-in (R), the presidential candidate of the liberal Democratic Party,
announces his economic policy pledges at the party headquarters in Seoul on
April 12, 2017. (Yonhap)
"Up until now, economic policies have centered on providing everything the country
had to companies. We hoped such investment in companies would trickle down as
benefits to workers and people," Moon said.
"But limits of such policies have been identified. I will change the order. I will change
the economic structure to one centered on the people, in which the government will
invest in people, who will then improve the competitiveness of companies and the
country," he added.
Such efforts will include fresh and increased investment in 10 major areas that include
the fourth industrial revolution and the social services sector.
The investment will help create more than 500,000 new jobs per year over the next
five years, he insisted.
The presidential front-runner also pledged increased spending on public education,
welfare and environment.
"Areas such as childcare, education, medical service, safety and environment have
limits when only entrusted to the market. The government will actively support such
areas to make sure all citizens will be provided with adequate services," he said.
To prevent companies, especially large conglomerates, from making excessive or
unwarranted profits based on their market dominance or vast resources, Moon said he
will work to enable class action through legal revisions while also reforming the state
watchdog, the Fair Trade Commission.
"Fairness means innovation. Innovation means integration. Fairness, innovation and
integration are keys to a people-oriented economy," he said.
[email protected]
(END)
Moon vows to expand fiscal spending for new jobs, welfare. (2017, April 12). Retrieved April 25, 2017,
from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2017/04/12/0301000000AEN20170412005200315.html
Macroeconomics Commentary
The chosen article explains Moon Jae-in’s plan to reduce unemployment and “support
corporate employees” in South Korea through an expansionary fiscal policy where he
increases expenditure by “doubling the rate of yearly increase in government’s fiscal
spending” from 3.5% to 7.0%. The expenditure is targeted to generate jobs, and improve
health-care, education and welfare in the economy, and will be facilitated using additional tax
revenues and greater allocated budget.
Aggregate demand (AD) refers to the total spending on goods and services over a period of
time and is calculated using the formula:
Diagram 1
The economy initially operates below full-employment, thereby allocating resources

inefficiently at equilibrium a, where Real GDP is Ye and average price level (APL) is Pe.
Being a component of aggregate demand, increased government spending stimulates AD,
causing a rightwards shift to AD1 and reducing the deflationary gap from YeYf to Y1Yf.
This is beneficial as the increase in Real GDP means economic growth and increased
standards of living in the economy. Furthermore, the spending targets “public education” and
creates jobs, which leads to increased quantity and quality of labor, translating to faster long-
run growth and an increase in potential output. Lastly, focusing on education and
environment suggests sustainable economic growth coupled with economic development in
South Korea.
However, the average price level increases from Pe to P1, a proportionately higher increase
than Real GDP, highlighting the opportunity cost of accelerating inflation shall this policy be
implemented. The multiplier effect makes this worse as the increase in government
expenditure leads to a greater change in income, shifting aggregate demand by more than the
change in government spending as shown below, to AD2. The resulting equilibrium c,
although closer to full employment output level, increases APL to P2, creating further
inflationary pressures in South Korea.
Diagram 2
Furthermore, since the government is forecasted to accumulate tax revenues worth “50
trillion won”, it is unlikely it finances the spending by borrowing from the non-bank private
sector. The demand for loanable funds will not increase, causing no increase in the interest
rates and thereby no crowding out effect that reduces the inflationary pressures by decreasing
aggregate demand.
Hence, although this expansionary fiscal policy has strengths, such as its direct impact on
national income compared to indirect monetary policies, accelerating economic growth and
increased employment, its inflationary consequences have detrimental effects on stakeholders
in the economy. The uncertainty caused by rapid inflation, coupled with the government’s
lessened direct spending on firms, discourages the private sector from investing in new
technologies and the economy. Although the policy creates jobs and increases disposable
income, living standards may deteriorate instead if prices rise faster than incomes, rendering
Moon Jae-in’s people-oriented approach counter-productive in the short-run. Lastly rises an
opportunity cost of allocating the government spending elsewhere, such as technological and
infrastructural improvements that can increase potential output.
Another option is pro-market supply-side policies. Targeted to increase the economy’s

aggregate supply in the long-run by liberating markets, these policies offer relief from the
inflationary pressures as there is little government spending involved, thereby not stimulating
aggregate demand and causing rapid inflation. These policies have other benefits such as,
deregulation and privatization may reduce monopoly power and increase competition in free
markets, enhancing market efficiency. Decreasing corporate and income taxes encourage
firms to invest in new technologies and increase labour productivity by motivating employees
to work harder. However, these benefits usually materialize in the long-run, leaving short-run
problems undealt with. Furthermore, decreasing taxes will increase spending on investment
and consumption in the economy, thereby shifting aggregate demand rightwards in the short-
run and increasing the average price level.
Therefore, the government must increase taxes as fiscal spending increases, in order to lower
private investment and consumption in the economy by decreasing retained profits and
disposable income, somewhat countering the increase in aggregate demand caused by
increased government spending, and maintaining mild inflation. This resolves the main
opportunity cost in Moon Jae-in’s plan and also provides additional tax revenues.
Furthermore, investments in technological development are recommended because free
markets often fail to realize that labour productivity depends on the technology available to
the workforce. A faster rate of technological progress increases labour productivity,
enhancing Moon’s “people” centred growth, and also shifts the long-run aggregate supply
rightwards. While increased taxes provide short-run disincentives to workers by reducing
their direct financial remuneration, it is the optimal solution to counteract negative outcomes
of Moon’s policy and maintain price stability in the South Korean economy.
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Macroeconomics IA

Moon vows to expand fiscal

SEOUL, April 12 (Yonhap) -- President front-runner Moon Jae-in said Wednesday

The economy initially operates below full-employment, thereby allocating resources

Another option is pro-market supply-side policies. Targeted to increase the economy’s

WORD COUNT: 739

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