Salvador vs. Chua

11/3/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 763
G.R. No. 212865. July 15, 2015.*

HORACIO SALVADOR, petitioner, vs. LISA CHUA, respondent.
Attorneys; Office of the Solicitor General; The Office of the Solicitor

General (OSG) is the appellate counsel of the State in criminal proceedings
pending in the Supreme Court (SC) and in the Court of Appeals (CA).—The
OSG is the appellate counsel of the State in criminal proceedings pending in
this Court and in the CA. This is explicitly provided in Section 35(1),
Chapter 12, Title III, Book IV of the 1987 Administrative Code, viz.: Section
35. Powers and Functions.—The Office of the Solicitor General shall
represent the Government of the Philippines, its agencies and
instrumentalities and its officials and agents in any litigation, proceeding,
investigation or matter requiring the services of lawyers x x x. It shall have
the following specific powers and functions: (1) Represent the
Government in the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals in all
criminal proceedings; represent the Government and its officers in the
Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, and all other courts or tribunals in all
civil actions and special proceedings in which the Government or any
officer thereof in his official capacity is a party.
Remedial Law; Criminal Procedure; Judgments; Promulgation of
Judgment; The accused who fails to appear at the promulgation of the
judgment of conviction loses the remedies available under the Rules of
Court against the judgment, specifically: (a) the filing of a motion for new
trial or for reconsideration (Rule 121), and (b) an appeal from the judgment
of conviction (Rule 122). However, the Rules of Court permits him to regain
his standing in court in order to avail himself of these remedies within
fifteen (15) days from the date of promulgation of the judgment conditioned
upon: (a) his surrender; and (b) his filing of a motion for leave of court to
avail himself of the remedies, stating therein the reason for his absence.—
As the rule expressly indicates, the promulgation of the judgment of
conviction may be done in absentia. The accused in such case is allowed a
period of 15 days from notice of the judgment to him or his counsel
_______________
* FIRST DIVISION.
174
www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/0000016e31062f5a4904582e003600fb002c009e/t/?o=False 1/13
174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Salvador vs. Chua
within which to appeal; otherwise, the decision becomes final. The

accused who fails to appear at the promulgation of the judgment of
conviction loses the remedies available under the Rules of Court against the
judgment, specifically: (a) the filing of a motion for new trial or for
reconsideration (Rule 121), and (b) an appeal from the judgment of
conviction (Rule 122). However, the Rules of Court permits him to regain
his standing in court in order to avail himself of these remedies within 15
days from the date of promulgation of the judgment conditioned upon: (a)
his surrender; and (b) his filing of a motion for leave of court to avail
himself of the remedies, stating therein the reason for his absence. Should
the trial court find that his absence was for a justifiable cause, he should be
allowed to avail himself of the remedies within 15 days from notice of the
order finding his absence justified and allowing him the available remedies
from the judgment of conviction.
PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and resolution of

the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Real, Brotarlo & Real Law Firm for petitioner.
Padilla, Asuncion, Bote-Veguillas, Matta, Cariño Law Office for
respondent.
BERSAMIN, J.:

This appeal proposes to undo the decision promulgated on
December 12, 2013 in C.A.-G.R. S.P. No. 131486,1 whereby the
Court of Appeals (CA) granted the respondent’s petition for
certiorari and nullified the orders dated October 26, 2011 and
August 8, 2013 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) in Pasay City
respectively giving due course to the petitioner’s notice of appeal,
and allowing him to post bail for his provi-
_______________
1 Rollo, pp. 37-57; penned by Associate Justice Zenaida T. Galapate-Laguilles,

with Associate Justices Francisco P. Acosta and Amy C. Lazaro-Javier, concurring.
175
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 175

Salvador vs. Chua
sional liberty; and the resolution the CA promulgated on June 4,

2014 denying his Motion for Reconsideration.2

Antecedents

The petitioner and his wife Marinel Salvador were charged in the
RTC with estafa penalized under Article 315(a) of the Revised Penal
Code docketed as Criminal Case No. R-PSY-08-04689-CR.3 On
March 30, 2011, the date scheduled for the promulgation of the
judgment, their counsel moved for the deferment of the
promulgation inasmuch as the petitioner was then suffering from
hypertension.4 Unconvinced of the reason, the RTC proceeded to
promulgate its decision,5 and disposed as follows:
IN LIGHT OF THE FOREGOING, accused spouses Horacio Salvador

and Marinel Salvador are found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the
crime of Estafa and sentenced to suffer an indeterminate prison term of four
(4) years and two (2) months of prisión correccional, as minimum, to
twenty (20) years of reclusion temporal, as maximum. Both spouses are
further ordered to indemnify the victim Lisa Chua the sum of
P17,371,780.00 with interest of eight percent (8%) per annum until fully
paid, plus the amount of P50,000.00, as and by way of moral damages, and
P50,000 as attorney’s fees.
x x x x
Costs against accused spouses Horacio Salvador and Marinel Salvador.
SO ORDERED.6
_______________
2 Id., at pp. 58-59.

3 Id., at p. 60.
4 Id., at p. 85.
5 Id., at pp. 60-84.
6 Id., at pp. 83-84.

176

Salvador vs. Chua
The RTC then issued a warrant for the petitioner’s arrest. He was
apprehended on April 7, 2011, or eight days from the promulgation
of the judgment finding him guilty.7
The petitioner filed his Motion for Leave to file Notice of Appeal
dated April 13, 2011,8 and attached thereto the medical certificate
dated March 30, 2011 purportedly issued by Dr. Paulo Miguel A.
David,9 certifying that the petitioner had submitted himself to a
medical consultation at the Rizal Medical Center on March 30, 2011

and had been found to be suffering from hypertension.10
In his order dated July 1, 2011,11 RTC Judge Eugenio G. Dela
Cruz initially denied the petitioner’s Motion for Leave to file Notice
of Appeal on the ground of noncompliance with Section 6, Rule 120
of the Rules on Criminal Procedure.
Thereafter, the respondent, who was the complainant in Criminal
Case No. R-PSY-08-04689-CR, filed her Motion for Execution dated
July 29, 2011 praying for the issuance of the writ of execution on the
civil aspect.12
The petitioner moved for the reconsideration of the July 1, 2011
order.13 Judge Dela Cruz granted the petitioner’s motion for
reconsideration on October 26, 2011, thereby giving due course to
his notice of appeal.14
On October 27, 2011, the RTC, acting on the respondent’s
Motion for Execution, issued another order,15 to wit:
_______________
7 Id., at pp. 86, 90.

8 Id., at pp. 85-88.
9 Id., at p. 89.
10 Id.
11 Id., at pp. 106-110.
12 Id., at pp. 121-123.
13 Id., at pp. 111-116.
14 Id., at pp. 125-127.
15 Id., at pp. 128-129.
177
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 177

Salvador vs. Chua
IN LIGHT OF THE FOREGOING, the subject Motion for Execution

and Motion to Commit the Person of Accused Horacio Salvador to the
National Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa City, to Serve his Sentence are both
granted and hereby orders as follows:
1) Let Writ of Execution issue to implement the following, to wit:
a) Indemnify the victim Lisa Chua the sum of P17,371,780.00 with
interest of 8% per annum until fully paid;
b) Pay the victim Lisa Chua P50,000.00 as moral damages and P50,000
as attorney’s fees.
2) The Motion to Commit the Person of Accused Horacio Salvador to the
National Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa City, to Serve his Sentence is hereby
granted without prejudice to the appropriate action of the Executive Judge
where the accused is detained pursuant to Administrative Circular No. 68-

2005.16

On its part, the Prosecution, represented by the private
prosecutor, filed its Motion for Reconsideration against the order
issued on October 26, 2011,17 attaching to the motion the affidavit
executed by Dr. Paolo Miguel A. David18 affirming that he had not
examined the petitioner on March 30, 2011; that he had not issued
any medical certificate in favor of the petitioner; that his name of
Paolo had been misspelled Paulo in the medical certificate submitted
by the petitioner; that the signature appearing in the medical
certificate was not his; and that the Rizal Medical Center did not
officially issue the medical certificate in question.
The petitioner opposed the Prosecution’s Motion for
Reconsideration,19 and prayed that he be allowed to post bail pend-
_______________
16 Id., at p. 129.
17 Id., at pp. 130-153.
18 Id., at p. 156.
19 Id., at pp. 157-171.
178

Salvador vs. Chua
ing appeal. He submitted another medical certificate issued by Dr.

Ma. Concepcion Santos-Enriquez, an OB-Gynecologist,20 to the
effect that she had seen the petitioner on March 28, 2011 for
headache and dizziness; and that she had advised him to see a
cardiologist because of his elevated blood pressure.
Meanwhile, Criminal Case No. R-PSY-08-04689-CR was re-
raffled to Judge Francisco G. Mendiola, Presiding Judge of Branch
115, due to Judge Dela Cruz’s inhibition.21 In his order dated August
8, 2013,22 Judge Mendiola denied the Prosecution’s Motion for
Reconsideration, and fixed bail of P80,000.00 for the provisional
liberty of the petitioner.
Consequently, the respondent commenced a special civil action
for certiorari in the CA to nullify the October 26, 2011 order (giving
due course to the petitioner’s notice of appeal), and the August 8,
2013 order (allowing him to post bail for his provisional liberty).23
In the decision promulgated on December 12, 2013, the CA
granted the respondent’s certiorari petition, viz.:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant Petition is

GRANTED. The assailed Orders dated October 26, 2011 and August 8,
2013 giving due course to respondent’s Notice of Appeal and allowing him
to post bail, respectively, are NULLIFIED and SET ASIDE for having
been issued with grave abuse of discretion. The Order dated July 1, 2011 is
REINSTATED.
SO ORDERED.24

The CA denied the petitioner’s motion for reconsideration in its
resolution promulgated on June 4, 2014.25
_______________
20 Id., at p. 172.
21 Id., at pp. 233, 272.
22 Id., at pp. 272-274.
23 Id., at pp. 275-337.
24 Id., at pp. 56-57.

179
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 179

Salvador vs. Chua
Issues

Hence, this appeal, whereby the petitioner contends that the CA
erred in rendering its December 12, 2013 decision because: (1) the
respondent had no legal personality to challenge the assailed orders
of the RTC because only the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG)
could appeal in a criminal case in behalf of the State; (2) she had no
legal personality to file the petition for certiorari in the CA because
her Motion for Execution in respect of the civil aspect of the
criminal case had already been granted by the RTC; and (3) his
hypertension on the date of the promulgation of the decision by the
RTC constituted a justifiable cause for him to regain the right to
avail himself of the remedies under the Rules of Court against the
judgment of conviction.
The issues are, therefore: (1) whether the respondent as the
complainant in the criminal case had the legal personality to file the
petition for certiorari in the CA to assail the orders of the RTC
despite the lack of consent of the OSG; and (2) whether the
petitioner had lost his standing in court for his failure to appear at
the promulgation of his conviction.

Ruling of the Court

We DENY the petition for its lack of merit.

1.
The respondent had legal standing to assail
the questioned orders through certiorari

The OSG is the appellate counsel of the State in criminal
proceedings pending in this Court and in the CA. This is explicitly
provided in Section 35(1), Chapter 12, Title III, Book IV of the 1987
Administrative Code, viz.:
_______________
25 Id., at pp. 58-59.

180

Salvador vs. Chua
Section 35. Powers and Functions.—The Office of the Solicitor

General shall represent the Government of the Philippines, its agencies and
instrumentalities and its officials and agents in any litigation, proceeding,
investigation or matter requiring the services of lawyers x x x. It shall have
the following specific powers and functions:
(1) Represent the Government in the Supreme Court and the
Court of Appeals in all criminal proceedings; represent the Government
and its officers in the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, and all other
courts or tribunals in all civil actions and special proceedings in which the
Government or any officer thereof in his official capacity is a party.
x x x x

The Court has stressed that the People of the Philippines, being
the real party-in-interest in every criminal proceedings, can be
represented only by the OSG in criminal proceedings in the CA or in
this Court.26 Yet, this rule admits of exceptions, for as pronounced in
Rodriguez v. Gadiane:27
A special civil action for certiorari may be filed by an aggrieved party

alleging grave abuse of discretion amounting to excess or lack of
jurisdiction on the part of the trial court. In a long line of cases, this Court
construed the term aggrieved parties to include the State and the private
offended party or complainant.
As early as in the case of Paredes v. Gopengco, it was held that the

offended parties in criminal cases have sufficient interest and personality as
“person(s) aggrieved” to file the special civil action of prohibition and
certiorari under Sections 1 and 2 of Rule 65. Apropos thereto is the case
cited by petitioner, De la Rosa v. Court of Appeals, wherein it was
categorically stated that the
_______________
26 Jimenez v. Sorongon, G.R. No. 178607, December 5, 2012, 687 SCRA 151,
160.
27 G.R. No. 152903, July 17, 2006, 495 SCRA 368, 372.
181
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 181

Salvador vs. Chua
aggrieved parties are the State and the private offended party or
complainant.
It was further held in De la Rosa that the complainant has such an
interest in the civil aspect of the case that he may file a special civil action
questioning the decision or action of the respondent court on jurisdictional
grounds. In so doing, complainant should not bring the action in the name of
the People of the Philippines. He should do so and prosecute it in his name
as such complainant. In the same vein, the cases of Martinez v. Court of
Appeals, Santos v. Court of Appeals, and Chua v. Court of Appeals adhere to
the doctrines mentioned above.

Yet, although the respondent’s Motion for Execution had already
been granted by the RTC, the CA still held that she continued to
have an interest in the litigation, observing as follows:
x x x [W]ith the public respondents’ questioned Orders both granting

him leave to appeal the Decision dated March 30, 2011, the whole case is
rendered open for review by Us, including the civil aspect of the case. An
appeal throws the case open for review. Under Section 11, Rule 124 of the
Rules of Court, the Court of Appeals may reverse, affirm or modify the
judgment. An appeal in a criminal case opens the entire case for review on
any question, including one not raised by the parties.
A mere cursory reading of the herein Petition will readily reveal that
petitioner desires to question the propriety of public respondents’ ruling
giving due course to private respondent’s appeal and subsequently allowing
him to post bail. We do not, however, perceive the same as a procedural
misstep thus divesting the petitioner the personality to file the instant
Petition. We still lean towards giving due course to the instant Petition in the
interest of substantial justice and considering what to Us are abuse of

discretion committed by public respondents resulting to denial of due
process. As ordained by the Supreme Court in Carmencita G. Cariño v.
Merlin De
182

Salvador vs. Chua
Castro, there can be cases where a private offended party is allowed to

prosecute as an aggrieved party in the interest of substantial justice for a
party cannot be left without recourse to address a substantive issue in law.
As to whether or not there was a clear disregard of basic precepts
pertaining to an accused who did not appear for promulgation of judgment
despite notice is a query of substance both factual and legal.28

We affirm the CA’s holding on the respondent’s legal standing to
institute the special civil action for certiorari in order to annul the
questioned orders of the RTC. For sure, her interest in the criminal
case did not end upon the granting of her Motion for Execution
because the questioned orders opened the possibility of defeating the
judgment in her favor should the CA reverse or modify his
conviction. She remained an aggrieved party like the State in every
sense, and, consequently, she had as much right as anyone else in the
criminal proceedings to adopt and to take the necessary procedural
steps within the bounds of the Rules of Court to serve and protect
her substantial interest. Although it is true that she could be
represented by the OSG if it wanted to, she would be reckless at that
point to be disinterested in the appellate proceedings. Moreover, we
would violate her fundamental right to due process of law if we were
to deny her the opportunity to assail and set aside the improperly
resurrected appeal of the petitioner.

2.
Petitioner has lost his right to appeal his conviction

Section 6, Rule 120 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure
pertinently states:
_______________
28 Rollo, pp. 49-50.
183
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 183

Salvador vs. Chua
Section 6. Promulgation of judgment.—The judgment is promulgated

by reading it in the presence of the accused and any judge of the court in
which it was rendered. However, if the conviction is for a light offense, the
judgment may be pronounced in the presence of his counsel or
representative. When the judge is absent or outside the province or city, the
judgment may be promulgated by the clerk of court.
x x x x
In case the accused fails to appear at the scheduled date of promulgation
of judgment despite notice, the promulgation shall be made by recording the
judgment in the criminal docket and serving him a copy thereof at his last
known address or thru his counsel.
If the judgment is for conviction and the failure of the accused to
appear was without justifiable cause, he shall lose the remedies
available in these rules against the judgment and the court shall order
his arrest. Within fifteen (15) days from promulgation of judgment,
however, the accused may surrender and file a motion for leave of court
to avail of these remedies. He shall state the reasons for his absence at
the scheduled promulgation and if he proves that his absence was for a
justifiable cause, he shall be allowed to avail of said remedies within
fifteen (15) days from notice.

As the rule expressly indicates, the promulgation of the judgment
of conviction may be done in absentia. The accused in such case is
allowed a period of 15 days from notice of the judgment to him or
his counsel within which to appeal; otherwise, the decision becomes
final.29 The accused who fails to appear at the promulgation of the
judgment of conviction loses the remedies available under the Rules
of Court against the judgment, specifically: (a) the filing of a motion
for new
_______________
29 Almuete v. People, G.R. No. 179611, March 12, 2013, 693 SCRA 167, 169-
170.
184

Salvador vs. Chua
trial or for reconsideration (Rule 121), and (b) an appeal from the
judgment of conviction (Rule 122). However, the Rules of Court
permits him to regain his standing in court in order to avail himself
of these remedies within 15 days from the date of promulgation of
the judgment conditioned upon: (a) his surrender; and (b) his filing
of a motion for leave of court to avail himself of the remedies,
stating therein the reason for his absence. Should the trial court find
that his absence was for a justifiable cause, he should be allowed to
avail himself of the remedies within 15 days from notice of the order
finding his absence justified and allowing him the available remedies
from the judgment of conviction.30
Under Section 6, supra, the personal presence of the petitioner at
the promulgation of the judgment in Criminal Case No. R-PSY-08-
04689-CR was mandatory because the offense of which he was
found guilty was not a light felony or offense.31 He was charged
with and actually found guilty of estafa, and meted the
indeterminate sentence of four years and two months of prisión
correccional, as minimum, to 20 years of reclusion temporal, as
maximum.
Based on the records, the promulgation of the judgment was on
March 30, 2011; hence, the petitioner had only until April 14, 2011
within which to meet the mandatory requirements under Section 6,
supra.
In the attempt to regain his right to avail himself of the remedies
under the Rules of Court, the petitioner filed a Motion for Leave to
File a Notice of Appeal, and attached thereto the medical certificate
issued by Dr. Paulo Miguel David. Yet, he did not thereby establish
that his absence had been for a
_______________
30 Villena v. People, G.R. No. 184091, January 31, 2011, 641 SCRA 127, 134-
135.
31 Under Article 9 of the Revised Penal Code, light felonies are those infractions
of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor (one to 30 days of
imprisonment), or a fine not exceeding P200.00, or both is imposable.
185
VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 185

Salvador vs. Chua
justifiable cause because the purported issuer himself, Dr. Paolo

Miguel A. David, directly impugned the credibility of this certificate
by denying to have issued the certificate, and to have examined the
petitioner on March 30, 2011, or to have signed the certificate, or
that the Rizal Medical Center issued the certificate. The petitioner
later submitted another medicate certificate, which, aside from being
belatedly issued, went unsupported and unauthenticated by the
testimony of the alleged issuing physician, who turned out to be an
OB-Gynecologist. The CA justly discredited the certificates.32
Even assuming that he had suffered hypertension, which could
have validly excused his absence from the promulgation, the
petitioner did not fulfill the other requirement of Section 6, supra, to
surrender himself to the trial court. The term surrender used in the
rule visibly necessitated his physical and voluntary submission to
the jurisdiction of the court to suffer any consequences of the verdict
against him.33
In its assailed decision, therefore, the CA unavoidably declared
the petitioner to have lost his standing in court because of his
noncompliance with Section 6, supra. His failure to fulfill the
requirements rendered the conviction final and immutable.34 He
ought to be reminded that the right to appeal, being neither a natural
right nor a part of due process, is a merely statutory privilege that
should be exercised in the manner and in accordance with the
provisions of the law establishing the right; otherwise, it is lost.35
WHEREFORE, the Court AFFIRMS the decision promulgated
on December 12, 2013; and ORDERS the petitioner to pay the costs
of suit.
SO ORDERED.
_______________
32 Rollo, pp. 52-54.

33 Supra note 30 at p. 135.
34 Id., at pp. 136-137.
35 Id.
186

Salvador vs. Chua
Sereno (CJ., Chairperson), Leonardo-De Castro, Perez and

Perlas-Bernabe, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes.—The accused who failed to appear at the promulgation of

the judgment of conviction shall lose the remedies available under
the Rules of Court against the judgment. (Villena vs. People, 641
SCRA 127 [2011])
There is nothing in the rules that requires the presence of counsel

for the promulgation of the judgment of conviction to be valid.
While notice must be served on both accused and his counsel, the
latter’s absence during the promulgation of judgment would not
affect the validity of the promulgation. (Icdang vs. Sandiganbayan
[Second Division], 664 SCRA 253 [2012])

——o0o——
© Copyright 2019 Central Book Supply, Inc. All rights reserved.

Salvador vs. Chua

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Salvador vs. Chua

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Salvador vs. Chua

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11/3/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 763

G.R. No. 212865. July 15, 2015.*

Attorneys; Ofﬁce of the Solicitor General; The Ofﬁce of the Solicitor

174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

within which to appeal; otherwise, the decision becomes ﬁnal. The

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and resolution of

1 Rollo, pp. 37-57; penned by Associate Justice Zenaida T. Galapate-Laguilles,

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 175

sional liberty; and the resolution the CA promulgated on June 4,

IN LIGHT OF THE FOREGOING, accused spouses Horacio Salvador

2 Id., at pp. 58-59.

176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

medical consultation at the Rizal Medical Center on March 30, 2011

7 Id., at pp. 86, 90.

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 177

IN LIGHT OF THE FOREGOING, the subject Motion for Execution

where the accused is detained pursuant to Administrative Circular No. 68-

178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

ing appeal. He submitted another medical certiﬁcate issued by Dr.

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant Petition is

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 179

Ruling of the Court

25 Id., at pp. 58-59.

180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Section 35. Powers and Functions.—The Ofﬁce of the Solicitor

A special civil action for certiorari may be ﬁled by an aggrieved party

As early as in the case of Paredes v. Gopengco, it was held that the

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 181

x x x [W]ith the public respondents’ questioned Orders both granting

interest of substantial justice and considering what to Us are abuse of

182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Castro, there can be cases where a private offended party is allowed to

28 Rollo, pp. 49-50.

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 183

Section 6. Promulgation of judgment.—The judgment is promulgated

184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

VOL. 763, JULY 15, 2015 185

justiﬁable cause because the purported issuer himself, Dr. Paolo

32 Rollo, pp. 52-54.

186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Sereno (CJ., Chairperson), Leonardo-De Castro, Perez and

Notes.—The accused who failed to appear at the promulgation of

There is nothing in the rules that requires the presence of counsel

© Copyright 2019 Central Book Supply, Inc. All rights reserved.

You might also like