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February, 2009
. January, 2010. QID.... i
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE

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January, ';'Ull·
January, 2012
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.,.cC:) PRACTICAL TRAINING - I

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© All .~ights reserved. No part of thls work may be copied, ! 1 DeveloDmento(Legal ProfessiOrl-----·------- .. '--4-
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or tran'Smitted in any form. by any means whether electtontc, . i.. _~Importance .0_i.~~I_£_r.ofe~~o_Il
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This bo'ok IS sold-subject to. the condition that it, or any part,of it,
4< : ~- ~~-~~~:c:~te~~~t-,c~-"-i' '-i-~ C-. •-', .•-

*1-'~9 Elements of Advocacy· v I 20

shall n~Sby
display~,
·wayof trade, or otherwise, .be sold, lent, re-sole,
advertised or otherwlse : Circulated, . without the
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v10 Seven Lamps of AdvGcacy ,-",' 23 I

publjsh~i-s' prior-written consent, in any form 0f binding, cover C1r
_! - kl1 How to become a slJCcessful Advocate 27 i
title bttf~r thaA'trat in which it is published and without similara ~:::-"""'-:-12. Functions of Ad_,{Q~.t~._________ I ' 30
condltlt}J; InCluding this condition being Imposed on' the'
~_/i3 Bar-Bench Relation ----7-3-4'--
'stibst'q~;ent purchaser(s). Any breach of any of these rigHts or i (..,:::::.14 .• Who is an Advocate 1._. . i ]9
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conc!itiQ,flSwiH entail civil and. criminal action without further
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~iaht~ of an Advocat,e underAdvocates~Act, 19.61
Constltution of State Bar Council
Constitution· of Bar Council of India
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! 48 .6I')
Wllilt;· aVery. effort. has . been. made. ·to avoid any mistake or .f< l"';;;;W Conteml2t of CO_l:!C~ Ac~~..z.1 __ ._" .· i 59 c;-
omiSSici'1tthis .public,ation is being' sold on the condition. and
undersu~ndi~g· that neither the, puthor nor the publishers or -
I..d'9;_ What i.~Conte.T.l?t g!,.C_i)urL. ._ .._~ ._:_~ '=I~§LI=~
. '. 20 Defenses tQ__Contemnor j 67 '
printer~.~o~cl Qe .Iiable In <lny manner to any perSOi by r~ason f-.,,--i----.:::_·__ Related Cases·
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Of.- any '.'~.:."
.1.5. Cif...•.~' om.IS510n'll)..thls publication or for. a.ny action
ta~.e...
taken 0Iff. omit;;ed~",tobe taken or. advice rendered or ilt::ceptfi!don
the bas'j of this .w6.rk; ..•' : .. ..
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i22
23
V,P. Kurnaravelu v. Bar Council ,)f India i
H;mat 'AliKhan v'-Ishwar-PrasaCi---'
Prahlad Saran v, Bar Council of Inoia..
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You 'C~~ alert'u~ to ~ny errors in the bock by EI-mailing
.us [email protected].· We wi" t'e happy
to corped.ourselves. . . ,. 26 P.D,'GuDta v. Ram Murthi ! 86

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Namita Law Series© - 4 ~... Practical Training- i .' .:';.

.'iNamitaLawSeries© -5- Practical 'l'ra i llill&- l
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PROF'~~sld·NALETHICS AND ET:'[QUETTE .:' i I I r
The Indian Bar Committee 19.23:- Since th~I d~ys of
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.Suprerne Court, the Barristers of England had come t~ occupy a ,_ .
Ql. Write in brief thy". development of legal profession in
.. India. ..•...;;,; .: i.' .':'. ' .. '
predominant position in legal pr.ofession. For e,g:. 0 n .the'
original side of the Calcutta High Court, only Barris~ers could
A. In the Chartero]' 17~6; (which. established Mayut'SCpurt aphe! '.,
practice even though other High Court had rerJioved the
three Presiden:~Y;',Towns) no specific provision was nnadeI~ylng': .. '
down any particular cualiflcatlon to be possessed by the·
persons; who: ~~QuIQ! .be entitled to Act or: plead as legal
',' distinction between Barristers and Vaklls, Tile (tom rnittee
i: recommended inter-alia that in ail High Courts, 'a sirjrgle grade
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of practtttoners entitled to plead be established whO¥should be
practitioners ir)'the f~aY6r'sC6~rt. It was left to these -courtslto calledAdvocatas. . .
regulate:·.thi~r ill?:~ter;-i py rul~~i~f. practice .·w~icll' these .c<?urts, " .;' '.
were authorized frame: The first step In the dtrectton . qf:, :. To give effect to that part of the' recomrnendatiQhs of the
organiZ!r~'ga le~a.1profession Ir Indta was taken in 1774 whe~ ',' Chamber Committe.e which related to the establishm12ntof Bar 't •• ;"
the, Suprerne: Court was estab,lished in Calcutta. 'fhe'Regulatlng " Councils, the Central legisiature enacted the Indian §ar COJncil' . "
Act, 1773 err1'pb'wefedthe Supreme Court to fram.e,rules: of. !: i ': . Act, 1926. The object of the Act (as stated in its pre~ble) was '. ~~
. procedu[€ a:s='i:'i[ ~Ilought that it was .ne:.c~ssar:¥for' the: :, ,i" ;. to provide for the constitution and incorporation of ©r Council
administratiQ,nI~:Q{ justice and 9ue execution of I~S p'~wers. "]'the", ,,, • for certain. Court andto consolidate and amend/the li\v relating.
Supreme CciG<rt was. e'mpoweredto approve, admit and enroll • .. to the Advocates of such courts. "The Act extended tci!the whole'
such and so rlliany qdvocates and Attorney at law as the Co~rt !. of British' Inoia but it applied immedi<;ltely only tOlt,he High
. , .,') " - '. I • I t i' . ,,~!

shall deem fitl ..:. ;:; I. '. i:;! j. Court, of Calcutta, Madras, Allaliabad and Patna_ '
Bengal ;j~e~ul~:ti~n :h
of 179'3 created for 't~e first· time; !..•. :~! ~.

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regular I )eg?I!" IJrol.l"sSlon fo~ the· Company s cpurts., 1H~;,,
RegwlatCO!lci'llle;d i~~elf .one for the appointment df Vaklls! orr,: i, Always Refer
nafive pjleadei:~,\~t~,e:Court of Civil Judicature In Ben~~I, Blrar .. ! •.
and Orlssa;: 1!B~~g~:11 Re:gulat!on. XII of 18,33 modified ~he i
provisions qqhl', e;;arlier Re~~latl(\ns regardln~ the ~electlpn, !
appointment ~np, r~,muneratlqn of pl.eaders" It p~'tmltted .1Inyi,
Namita I's Three Test Papers~
, with Solution' ::,
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qualified ; per~,¢fi\ of· whatever nationality rel~g,lOnsto! be: or n. •
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enrolled as c.i !RI~?d~\,ofSada,r:.Diwani Adalat.: P~rtres were Cjls.~ ;; , (Based on University Question Pipers)
given th.e frg~,gf)l ~9~settle 11th the pleader~ any ree for t~e\r i: :~
Ideal fo,r last moment FULLVIEW at afglance
profeSSional eW'{lces. i." I, .. ~~ iii. .~~
..
The Ledal ~~ah):iio~~rs Act, 1'879 by Se::tlon 4' enipow~redi a~;, Subjects- :
Advoca~e or v'hkil on t.he roll of any High Court to practice 1M a[l,' Constitutiol1al Li2lw,Environmental LB;W,.
the COt;JC4S s,y~,oIT9ina;t~ to the ;High Court concernea,a~d als9 t?l:
practic~ jn i'!,ny,,'~oLlrt~in British India (,other th~n ai H,lgh C?u!fl! i;
Muslim Law, Law of Crimes,
Contract - II, l!Jrisprudence,
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•
on·WhO.S' e rCDI.I;:!\~
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:nl)t entere:d or With tne p~rmIFs"on Of/'th:,ff Land Laws, C'l'iminology, .
High Cpu,rt 9[1;;v·1Oosl"
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\01/ he vyps pot entered):.
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.1Development after Independenc;e
", The Bar Council of India, inter-alia, prepares and maintains i)
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The All r~dia Bar Committee 195L- The Irl,di~n ~ar CoLincilAct· common roll of Advocates, lays down standards of professional
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had left ;the pleaders,' Mu'<i;1atarsetc, .practlclnq m the M()fussll conduct, lays down standards of legal - education, recognizes
Courts, :entirely out of its: scope and did, not br~ng ,about a universities whose degrees in law~will be a qualification for
enrollment, exercises general, supervision and control over
unified Imdian Bar. Further, the !;Iar-Counclls constituted u~der
t ~ta~e Bar Councils and safecuerds the rights, privileges and
the Actll were merely Advisory' bodies and were nelt~er
interests of advocates. Any Advocate may, with his consent, be
"" autononfpus nor had any, substantial authority. The Indian
'Iesignated as a Senior Advocate if the Supreme or a High Court
l
,. Legal prc.)fesslonwas not satisfied with what had been achieved
~: is of opinion that by virtue of his, ability, experience and
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by the Act of 1926. ,With the establishment ~f the Supreme
Court ofIndla in 1950 under the new constitution, c, new force , 'standing at the Bar, he deserves such distinction.

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was give'h to the demand for a unified All India Bar. Under the ,I I ····---i
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Supreme Court Advocates Act, 1951, every A~vocate, of the Always Refer
Supreme, Court was declared, entltled as havlnq a n~ht to
i
practice In any High Court, whether or not he was an Adyocate
i of that High Court. ' Namita Law Series:
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In 1961~iParliament enacted the Advocates Act to .arnend a,nd
i consolid~te the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide
'I " University Paper Solution
for the constitution of the Bar Councils and an All India Bar.The . . I'

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":,w Act establishes an All India Bar Council and a ~ommon roll of I,
(Till November 2013J
-: Advocates. An Advocate of the, common roll has a right to
i
practicesln any part of Indle and in any C~urt inc!udin9 the
Supreme. Court. The Bar has been integrated Into a slngl.eclass
& I
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of legall:practitioners known as Advocates. Advocates may be
divided .on the basis of merits between SenIOr Advocates and
Nemite/s Three Test Papers with Solution
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Advocates. Tbe AC.t creates a, State Bar Council in each State

. (Based on University Question Papers)
-: .. and BargCouncii ofIndla at the center, The Bar Councils pre to
be autdnomous bodies having power to elect their' own
Ideal for last moment FULL VIEW at ,a glance
chairmab, ' ,
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-- ·The Sta~ Bar Councils is inter-alia empowered:- Subjects - r

a) to admi~;persons as Advocates on its roll,

b) to enteitaln and determine cases of misconduct against the Constitutional Law, Environmentall Law,
'J
Advocates on its roll, Muslim Law, Law of Crimes,
c) safegua~d thertqhts, privileges and interest of Advocates on its Contract - II, Jurisprudence,
roll. ' Land Laws, Criminology,
Alternate Dispute Resofutl on,
Law of Evidence, IPR
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... Namlta.Lhw Series© • "1;'
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Q2. "The legal profession plays importance role in the' .
Administration of justice" - Discl.lss. Also discuss the necessarytfOl: the V(!ry existence of the society. Lea~ned C L .... .~
~nand ,ha~ rightly st~t~? that the advocates shar~; with th~
importance'a'Ad necessity of legal profession in .brief •. I: r .
Judges: t e responsibilltv for m~intainlng orden' in the
A. Importa:nce of. Le.-:jal:.Profession- The legal profession plays. communlt . They do not promote stripes but settle tl1em, The
importaHt' role! ir thE.' admi~i5'tration of justice. The lawyer,: stand for egal order which Is one of the noblest funcdbns i,., th Y
assists the COH1ri! in arrivinq at a correct judgme~t. Without ~he ~ soclety. Order which advocate seeks Is not order of fave. It i:
assistance o~:We'la"yyer it would~e a superh.uman.task for ~h~ . 1 order based on justice .. Justice Is the hlgh.est thing ~esired by
Judge to arrive at a satisfactory Judgment. Justice I'P.No Salllru' . man on earth ', It Is the function of advocates to plea,Sfor Ie al
has stated th9,t the justificatl?n tor the existence of counsel' is : ... ~.
that each sid~ to t!1e controiversy should be In a .pesltlom to :
I

present fits ca~e: before an irYj1partialtribunal In the best and:

justice for their clients or decision of disputes a(:cordi:ngto ;he
law. He has stated further that rights and IIbertle'j are the " _-
, .'

· creation of law and are subject to limitations byf the I

most effective"i1lanner possible. I A.dvocates are every day defending rights· and liberties a.~f •
.' :': I: l. ,,' i Citizens against all violators of the. law.' '1
Actually:.the 1a;w'is very complicated. The language Of Acts and ::~

Regulations.Is,often found ve,ry cornpucatec and confusing ~nd. The lawyers play Imporeant role In the, law reformiialSO. "By
not easy to be understood. The cit'zens of the country require- reason of the experience gained in the daily appliq}ttion and
the advice 6fth,e advocate to
understand the exact meaning of Interpr~tatlon of laws, - lawyers are' best awar~ of the
the provtslonsiof the Act and regulations. In the case of Madhav, Imperfe;ct,C'n of the legal system and constitute ithe most
Singh (AIR. ~i,9:2.3 Pat 185)' the Court has observed ~hat competent class of me~ to advice on law refori;n and to
advocates an~ [pleaders are enrolled not only' for the: p.urpos.eof promote popular enthUSiasm and support for It. ~fr'he'most
renderipg a~is~an~~' ,to thd: Cb~rts in t,he administratio~ Of: i: difficult part of the process of legislation is the drafting of its
Justice:but al~,g:;for:Qlylngprofes:slOnal.advlce for which theYIaf:e ': provisions and no one is better fitted to give guldarih on tho .
entitled ~o b'~:lpaidby ~hose members of the:public:~who requirEj than the lawyers".' .; IS
their serviC~S:;·.:
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Tlius, the legal profession Is a profeSSion of great ho~or. It has
.The laWyer~ kt~
n~~ puppets: to obey the dictate oftihelr cll~ntsi been create? not for private gain but for public good.ilt is not a
where' : matt~rs ,of ;good faith and honorable conduct i are ;, · ~oney-m~kJn~ occupatIon but a branch ~f admlni~tration of
concerhed, :They are respo"r1sibleto the Court foJ"the fair! ar\~ , '. Justice. 51,nceI~ Is not. a bUSiness, a lawyer cannot ,s~liCitwork
honest' conddot, of: a case. :They are agents, not of man ;Wh0 :, · or advertise either directly or Indirectly. An advo~te is an
pays the,'mb.~t:.·are.:
?cting in the administration Ofjll.·stice (I~ tl'l.: ~ " : .. officer 6f the Court and required to maintain toward$;the Court Co

matt~~ of Bapu Dwar'ka Pras'adMithal, AIR 1924 All 253) I ;!,.' a respectful. attitude bearing in mind thcit the digr.,ity of the
, Ii! i IJ j! i ..' • : iii .~ J_udlclal:office Is es.sentlal for the survlval of the scXlety. The
It ha:s:'righ~ly: i be:t:;n observ,ed that a sound system o~ th~ . supreme C:o~rt has r!gh~l~ ot.s.erved that the legClIp~9fesslon Is
. admin;i.strat:i~:n:; ,of.! .Wstice . ~hould possess: t~re~:! ingredi~n~~l a partnl~r With the ,JudiCiary In the administratio~1 ~pf justiCe.
nam~Ly'a
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well-iprepared
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body of laws on wise
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concepts
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of soc;lal
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(Hamra] L. ChaLilanl vs, Bar Council of Maharashtrcrtand G
justice, a JljpitiaI hiera,'chy comprised of the Bench'and the; Bpi, .'. AIR 1996 SC 1708). ; oa,
learned inth~e;:I'aw:and inspir:ed by rligh ~rincipie of profeSSiO~?11 i
condu'ct ari~·:i.~X'ist~nC~ of suita~le generation to ensure falritrlfjl,' :
. ,_ ..; ::.' ',I : :: I:

The iawy~r~:i:pl~h,:'jmportant rol; in thE: maintenance of Deac;:e::

and. prdr:r;i:J:),the :SQCiety.The peace and order: no doubt, afe
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 .', { Namita' Law Series© -10 - PracticalTrain.ng- I
I NamitaLawSeries© -11- P'r2cticaJ Training. I
'QJ, What j~ Professional Ethics? State and discuss the need I

.1
'and iri)portante of Professional Ethics.' "Role of an Rrofes5jonal work, which will. no doubt be; your means of
:1 .advocate is as an officer of Court and so importance of livelihood, th~t as ~ Citizen you owe duties tothe country and
norms ~f professional ethics"/Discuss~ Elaborate iq brief the, community, Discourage dishonest .litigation as well as
the reqpisites for successful advocacy. . :. I' 9ublous ~nd whose true interest, itwill be yqU(duty;to protect
A. The dict,ionar'y meaning of 'ethics' is the 'science of morals'; I, i '~ all proper w,a~,The profession you are preparing to enter is
'that bdmch of philosophy which is concerned with human I -no doUb,t a difficult one. It requires extensive and arduous
character and conduct'. 'Legal ethics' is thus. that branch of weparatlon~ and continued and strenuous'work, successis slow
moral s~ience v'Ihich treads of the duties which a member of a (linduncertaln. The work that you are at first likely tobe able to
legal profession owes to .; dio may appe,ar tedious and dry, but if you preserve and do
; ... a) the pubr1c, your work With full sense of lresponsrortrtv , you are sure t
, b) the Cou'rt, become a useful citizen", ' 0
I
.c.) the professional brethren and his client. i , ., 1·;,
• A lawyer in every day life is confronted With numerous
, ' E,very,profession has its code of ethlcs and! the law is no
:.: exception, If a man engaged in any kind: of business 0
problems - ethical as well as legal. Members of the Bar, like ;, P ;,ofesslOn,
' IisS oiIShonest or ungentlemanly
I I·
it ce,r;tainly;does notr
Judges-@'reofficers of the Court, and are equahy responsible to , ; enhance nts reputation, Honesty,and gentlemanliriess in law
'promot~ the administration uf justice and uphold the honor of .,' convers,e hls'~ rnanv sins. An advocate who is a gentleman to yer
many st his
the pro~essionofIaw, No doubt, it is the business and duty of : I f1rger, tlP~1IS honest in his dealings, does r.is preparation well

the ad.£ocateto make the best of his client's case,'nevertheless . ~ard gives due respect to the Court and_his ad:v~;rsaryjs sure to
it is als9 the puty ·')fthe advocate to conform to the rules;of the I c0mmand a greoatrespect.andregard or all. Justice Walsh in h'
game Which have-been letd down by the traditions Inspired by , b?ok "The I',
Advoca - t"j~ remark's,. 7he first duty ,af an aqvocate isIS
an imrr}jnent love of fair play and by a deep sense of a duty of : to be a gentlema~, It he does not possessthe natural instinct
the. prO'fessionto. assist in the adr:1inistrat:on to assist in the : 0\ a gentIEn:en; he will constantly find himself"in troUble, 0
admini~ratlon of]ustice. ' may be qUite SUf,=trat an advocate' who i~ knoWn to ~:
"1 . . , quarr~lsome, and who. constantly finds fo,.ulsof the Bench is
The following observations made by Shri Sundram Aiyar' In his consciouslyor unconsciouslystepping over-th<'!line and' h'
preface\to 'Professional. Ethics' are of a great importance and zeal for his client, is forgeWng it him~elf and his d Itn tiS
others".. uy 0 ~
deserv% a careful study. He says. "No advocate should forget,
though,,'he is representing a. particular client, that hei is .an
officer of the Court ond owes duty to it, His office and secrets
, ./ The follo,:""ngare the golden principlesof profeSSionalethics'
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uphold high character, keeping on enhanclng
#"1" 'k . >,.,.='.,_",._,•."o>,,'
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your learomg and !
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are confined to his care but also to the public. He occupiesthe
favored, position towords all people. who appear as witnesses,
,.,...",ma e hones_~y your best principle;
2) db n,ot resort, to 'self~J!!2,emgQr
----~~~~--.~-~~~~.
because your I
j
His privileges in examining them are extremely wide and his adv~rtlsement ~pme naturally with YOUr professional i
liberty 9f speech is practically unlimited. Need I s..'.\'th.a~these .. qualltles, - .. ' --- __
excepti'Onaladvantages should never be' used for lawyer's own
pers.on~1advantage, or fo~ the qratification of his client's,malice ,.43)),, 'din°as£Qtlls1.getweenint~L~.?Li)ll.9,..,.Q"v,.t~g.y.ty
not be.JQ,Q,LuJ.the
hands of the clients
m.U5:Lprevijil,
.
~
toward~ his adversary? I would solemnly ask you to lay this to 5) . avoid engagem~t in a triaTmwfijEll)7b[j~re a witness,
your heart and never yield to the telnptation of prostituting the 6) beTa'irfo.YO\,lr=Qp-Qonent
and to the Court . . "'.
privileg¢s of your high office by making yourselfthe instrument ?) : teI!point blaok b,e weakpornts ofYours' ~lient's cas~
fearless alikt;; to the h.gh and th.e low. Do not forget In your :8)i::loutmost for your cJi~D.Ll1uLUairm~Oi:i~ ,
9) last but not the least, dq not work for both sides
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Narnlta Law.Series© - 12-

. .:.: ., ;~:.:. ::: . I. '.' Practic<itTraining-[
preliminary'~ An a'dvocate ;ha!IIl.-91,all tim;s, cOl)~'ud hi~:;eif:
in a manner befittmg his status as an officer of the Court~ a'
privileged member of the community and a gentlemen, beerlnq
in mind: that !1'hat may be lawful and moral \ora p!i!rso~ who I,~
ot a member of the Bar in his. non-professional capacity \TIaf
~tIlI be improper for an advocate, Without prejudice to: the,
generafity oflt'~ef9~egoing; obliga,tion~ an advo~~te shall b~
fearlessly upQold'ttie interest~ of this cll~nts, and I~ his conpu("ri
conform' to t~:e
"rules of professional et~lcs both In letter ~~d I .
spirit, The 'rqH6wi!ig rules contain pnnclples :of ~o,nduct,anq !
.etiquette adobted 1:a'S gen..eral guides yet the ~peclflc me~lon
thereof shalljnot; b7 taken as la ?~i1lal of theiex!ste?f~ of otj er~
equally bindi'rig thciugh not specifically mentioned .. !' I •
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J Np.m(ii,. Law Series© -14- Practical Training- J I!

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11 I " Namita Law )etles© . "':'!15- ; I: ',: :" PractiCal'Training- I
'i. nephew, first-cousin, wife, mother, da'Jgh':er: sister, mother-in- i,,', ;" .[) , ,~\ Duty to the CIi(mft: 1'1:;1;
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Ia w, da L1ghter:;t,;f':':cs~r;~~~a::::"'"~~<;;:');c~'-.
An Advocate shall not appear before any ,Co~rt or Tri~unal or
any other authority for organization or an tnstltutton, society or
, ,i,:) An
'j
AdVO}iS :ound to ,,;,Pt any : br;~~(in th'e' Courts or a c :
lrrlbunal;; or before any othen rauthonrv. inl Ojf!\befor'~'which he"-
:1 ! • [profess,to practice at a fee consistent. 'ijlth,~~Iis:;sta'lding at the
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corporation, jf he is ,a n,le~ber of th~ Executive ~ommlttee of .:. Bar and' the nature: of ,the case. Special c,~cumstances may' ~
such tg~!z~~n~t~t'~} ~~ c~rporatlo:.. 'i ; .. ~ustjfY hi~ refusal to acceot a Pfrticular ~:rief;': ;;;!, ,:';
9) An 'Ad~ocate should not act or plead in any matter In .whlch he , ~~: ~n Advocate Shall not ordlnarllv ,Wi[hd~~w eri~agements, fr90 ;--.10 ,,,,,' ,-
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Is hinfself peculiarly 'Inteiested, e.q, if he is .credl::or of a bnce accepted, without sufficient cause "and ~fil:ess 7easonable
:. - . bankr~p?, ,Jr director of a company. :;'"LX ~J- h_;.;" .~ , .: I ~nd SUffi.Cien
..t notice is giVen. t P
..the ciieh.l' lJ'p'~n;hi~.JWi.thdrawal
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10) An Ad~ocate shall not stand sL!ret)' or certify the soun d'ness 0 f a from eanned,
teen a case, he' shall refund
. s~ch
.: par~.'qf
'" thj";' ..',' as: -:.~ehas not ), ,_.A I' c" •
suretw for his c:lient required for the purpose of ,any legal
procee'dings,. r Iu ~ \.AM.,J] bJ Ad v c'<. c±,._. j. -.Ie"" , ,
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n Advo~ate sbould not acce~t a brief?~

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i3Pp,~ar ih a case in rJ'vv'~~'

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'. IIIustra'tion ""'hich h~: has reason to believe: that he ;vylll /)'~!~,wlt0ess and If b ,; ,-f ,.
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1) An AJ;vocate' should not act in bankruptcy petition when he engaged':iI'l a case, it becomes,apparent:that'~'e ..,s a ';IJitness on J- .. { ,
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himse1J is, also a creditor of the bankrupt. ' a material question of fact, he should not conJ/l;lLJeto; appear as \_/'J' J, ..', L , ( " .I,
. ~n advocate if he can r£tire without jeopardlzi'ng his cJ./ent's ( ",-,,-,_ ,
2) He sh~urd not accept a brief from a company of whlC~ he Is a /Irterests; .. ;, ";;, ',''-'L. .. ..
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and durillg. the continuance thereof, makeJ:·ali'suth full and
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Fl-ankdisClosures to his client relating to his 'coMhectidn with the

parties and any intecests iii o'r about tiile 'cbfitroveh;y as are
Namita Law Series likely to affect his client's judgfnent in either: l~r,gagihg him or
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:t 'University Paper Solution ,.
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is) 'It shall be the duty of an AdVocate feci'rles'sIY~to '(\phQld the " . (

W: . (Till NOVember201.3) , ,Interest of his clients by all :tali and h,)norable' means without
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, rl3gard to:'any unpleasant consequences to, hi.rT1 ;:9~.:anY: other., He (. 0-" "
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....... \ s~all ,defend:a person accused' of a (:rifne 'r~gardie$s of his ,

& , , . p~rsonnel opinion as to the g:uilt of the accus~d bearing in mind If"

i tl:lat his loyalty is to the law which requires that no man should
Namita's Three Test Papers with, Solution '. ,be convicted without adequate evidence', " , :;1" .I
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(Ba't;ed on Univer3ity Question pap~rs) ; 161: A~ Advocate :2ppearing for the ,prosecution 1nj\:a:criminal trial
": .. shall so conduct prosecution that it does not leCid to conViction
,.:
Idearitor last momer:t ~Ul:L VIEW at a I'ance of ,the innocent. The suppression of material, capable of
estabiishin'g the innocence of the accused shall be scrupulously
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Namita Law Series©
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NamitaLawSeries© -17 -
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Practica~iraining',l
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7) An Advocate shall not directly or indirect!y, commit' 'a breach \)ff-,". "
the obligations imposed by section 125 of the Indian EVid~nsd and th~ debits made .on account of fees with respective d t
Act. ):ill 1-0'>-<.0.• ch ~ '''1 A.A" c ., "'(- ~~, . . I I· and all other necessary particulars. ~, a es
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8) An Advocate shall .not, at any time, be CJ party fomer1ti~~ to :.;. 16) Where: .moneys are received from or. on account of a elient, the
(instigating) .of.llt:gatlor,.
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L)::~~"'F-"" entries In the accounts should contain a .reference as to
'J !'\ whether. the amounts have been received for fees or"expenses
9) An Adv.~cat~~~sh_al!not acten the instructio~ o~: any p.ersqn . '. and d~rI~g the course ~f the proceedings, no Advocate shall,
other than :hi~ ~llen,t,or hls aythonzed agent ': I Hv\S ~ (...L.:.4JI:. except with the consent ~InWriting of the client concerned" be at
. ':! ..... ; !., .'. i'. IlbertY,to1dl"jr:t any ~ortlon9f_t~e, expenses towards fees.
10)An Advocat~( shall:::not stipu,late for a fee cO'ntiqQent on; tl)~ I . if '. 'Y~"-"".~ Y'\ .,(/ ~~ r.._._" .,. c.

results:of li~ig:ationS'Qr agree! to shar~~the proc~ed~ '~hereof.i .•. ' :. 17) ~here a.nt· amount Is received or given to him on bell....•.
alf Of. his
P ~.~v-c ~ '"'~ 0 V' Cil-, oJ-v-, .. uC'.YY'.-f-~ t ":""-~vv ": J ;. clieAt, the fact of such re.ceipt must be .intimated to th~'client as'
I 11) An Adyocate' ~hall not buy or, traffic or ,Stipulate f?f or agr~e ~9 early a~ possible. rp...._ (...... _;.. f t- 'j ,'",~ J.u .h..~ ':"""':1-( ,-~~ ..../
/ receive any ;;Ilare <:(r,lnterest In any actionable clall)1.Nothlmg .I~ .' '~' '. . . . X .v'-""~.~/.
this Rule shall apply to ~tock, shares and debentures or 18) After the t rmtnatlon of the. proceedings, the Advocat~ shall be
Goverrlment:secunties or to; imy instruments which' a.re, fol- the at liberty t appropriate towards thesettled fee. due t!i.;,..··.
him any.
time being !:),y :Iaw or custo(Tl, negotiable or to arw ;l1erc~ntll~ sum rema nlng !Jnexpended out of the amount paid.1,r sent to
docum'ent of tJtle to ·'goods. ; i . ';' .. ~ :. :: . hl~ fo~. ex ~nses or any amqunt that has come into :~is hands
\\ ' : ...., '. . I ': .. ' In thatproceedlngs. R,_.._.{-~ s1"';n~<f~~ ~. J
\6" 12)
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An Ad'iocate shall not; directly or indirectly, bid f<;>r. or pur~hase . '.
either 1[;) his :9W~ n.arne or in any other name fqr HI~ own ,bEin!!fi,t:
.
19) Where '~he fee has been left unsettled" the Advocat~ shall be
I . J . . ~.
. ( " '. (, ','- . tY'" or for· rhe bel~'eflt 0f any other pe~son, any property sold lill th~' .' entitled to deduct out of any moneys of the ,client ren;jaining in
V: ~ . I .,?--' exeCU~10n:ot':: a ,.decree or 9rder In any SUit" ar:!l'leal or d>ther . his hands, at the termination of the proceeding for :;whlch he
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) , r . \ proce~ding Uri which ,he was:ln any way profe~slohaliy eng~ged. had been engaged, th.e fee payable under the rulE!s of the ..

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i bidding or purchasing for his client any, prop.ert'y wh'ich hiS ~ne~t ..'
may himself',legally bid for a purchase, prOVided the Advoc4lta I~ . .
expressly authoriz€d In writing in this behalf. :
a a~~:,h. r~ny m..:;etyrned
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to the client,
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20) A copy: of the client's account shall be furnished
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13) An Ad,vQcatel shall' not adjust fees payable to him, by his pllent ' .
demand, provi~ed tU necess,ary Gopylng charge is pal~.

against his .~wn personal liability to the client, Y'hich 1i4blUty: • f.21) An Advoc~te shall n
tA>fj· ()_.; ~fs A:I (.. - ,
enter Into engagements whereby funds in
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does dot aI'Cs:e:.inthe c.)urse of his emp;oyment as an Advocate; I'. hIs hands are converted Into loans. ,;-
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-;-.r,!' 14) An Advocat~i Shall'·not do anything whereby he abuses orlakes': 22) An Advoca~e shall not lend money to his client for th~ purpose
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such client, save urgl¥nt _,Dayments to the <;:9urt for <1.' pending
15) An AJvoc~t~ 'shculd keep accounts of client'S: mo~ey ent
st~d II proceeding. P'i' iJ ~;I Vv--' j 'f"'A,A)"':.4.J-( f.-t, J..N:....,--Is . ;: . -
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\'('l/ to him and! the accounts shoulo show the amolJnts re eived. 23) An AdvQcate who has, at any time, -advised In conne<iion with
I'r r'" \h I. o~ on his b~half, the expenses inClmed
from the CI,:~~.t, the institution of d suit, appeal or other matter or drawn h;~s
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.. ~.o/.,,/,;: ". ,! :; , fJeadmg;s; Oi acted for a party, shall not ~qf appear;~or ple;3d
. / i, i li:::" .::, I lortne oppcsite party. ;J b P (..,_l7'-J ~ 1 J'1) 1>('f /r' /b

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~amita Law Series© Practical Tr-aintng- I '1'

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:~! f ~ "!t'iraC ica raInIng
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;i DufY to the Opponent ;,. ~' 1'1: i, " : 'Ij i ..
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. ;~:. Is srgn,-?oa~d,
or nam~-plate,or nam~r.p:a:te~ :should be of a
1) An Agvocate shall not in any way communicate or ,negotiate ( ,1;.- easonab/e, sl~e. The slqn-boerd 01' na(l1e-;~fltjteor 'stationery
upon~ the .' subject-matter of controversy with any party ; I' hould not Indl~atehi~oth,er designatiQn~or dfflces:held by him
represented by an Advocate except through that Advocate- "i: .xcept a,cadem!cqualifications:
1 II) <>VV>'~~rI",,~ .,-,,-,,+,41 6 ~J" ( d ~ ~<I 'f'

:~,M.tv>~ t~ ,-,"" f -vu~--' "4 OY\ °1'I".vv_...J'k "'-"L~·: '5' ~ , _,' I I !'I
2) An kdvocate shall do his best to carry out all legitimate 'I;,) n Advocate s~all not accept 'a brief withou~!fee a'nd shall not
oj
prorntses made to the opposite party even though not reduced ,!: ccept t=. less than that which is the pneis-cnbedrrururnurn
to v"~l.tingor enforceable
_j under the rules 1.the Court. .--A I
'Ii I hen hiSclient ISable to •(Jay. F-u>---> ~~.f- ", tL.: c....
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I; 3) An A;~vl~~te ~s~ not Ju~~o~ :;IiCiO~: ~r~ctic~Sagainst i

:~J lrhe beh~vior of an advoca~te~bwards:h'l; c~I;~agu~s;:ShOUldbe
his opponent. He should not misuse the process of Court to do • i : r : i f~1I
of co~:r:t~syilnd good taith :even if:· is;:.rlOt:
getting such a )2_,__6 r ._,)- 'i-,; :', , he
injustke or injury to his opponellt.. , ,I _ • . t : i I rice ~ehavlor frorr: the colleague.He shlD~uld 1\ c '-' '1 ,.
ihot:0.'pPo.'serequest '--.:.,
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0 "'? - ",,-,I D. ''''.'''''''-IVV"I ~ - . ::. ~f adJoulinmelOtIf It ISnot affec~inginterEistof ,~i~:client.
4)
~~p~deV~C~~c~~~~~ot~~su;~~rt:~I~y ~~~~~~~~~e
:3.i~';~~e.hIS :.! "Y) ~ ~IeshOllid'ftilfill all the legal a~d moral~~ro~'i~~~~~~e by hirn J
lJt.lu I/"""~~ 0\ -#c.,Ju 0'" ~V-:'..Co,_ J...n '1- D(>por4'" . ~ohis.cO~leagues,and should n~ver t;)ke;ad¥a,r;1tage- of any slip, ~ \."/ I' ": ceti' ('"
5) ,An ~dv.0cate should not ~ake unnecess~ry.attac~,s on the . i:. ~mlsslon:,bona fide mistake or technical err.o~:of the: opposing <;, v-" ,
repu~tloJ character of hISopponent or hiSwl~n~sses. , Counsel., ...'!: .
6) An 2b~ocate';~{d"_ h~
t~'i';ft~~tnd~dvantage of the I' '; Alwavs Refe,' ,r i,;. i ,;:;,
erro~ or bona fide mistakes of the opponent because'.thesame .:;' i r'., I,\ Ii.
can ibe corrected by them at a later stage by applying for : 1': I . " '
amefdments. . .! :, ~amit~ts ;Three Test paperSIA(ifh Solution:
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1) An ~dvocate shall not en~er appearance In' any case In 'which

theri;5 already an Advocate onrecord except with his consent. :; I
I' . Id ea Ifitor as moment FULL VIEW,~~t a:jglance .
" ..'. ' ,

2) An ~dvo:a~e<> s~~II~Ji~~Gtln:t_o~~~IL1h~d~c1v~ : Ii::! ," Subj~cts _. ,: :' .. ,; i

.. COrrlJ)Btence
or morals of other advocates. . I
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3) An #..:...~.l'..'.dvocateshall not solIcit ~o.rk ;; advertise~'lther dlre.CtlYor i I· .Cohstit~tiorlal Law, Environ~~AfM Latv i I.
indWectly,whether by circulars, advertisements toutSi personal '.'
COrrf,J:nunicatlons,interviews .not warrante by personal I ( , . I
relaFions, furnishing or inspiring neWspaper comments Or :
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prod'Uringhis photographs to be published in connection with . i i.• t Ii'. Alternate D,JSpU~~ResolutJor;J, l
cns1~in which he has been engaged or concerne)d. ,;. I :.: • L", of EVidence. ,,1;1;: . I:. I
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ADVOCACY 1:1!,! !_! Ii ;
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:1 ! l! I? EX~~l,lnatlen of expert witnesses and the admlsslonc;of expert

! ~: E~EMENTSl ~F ADVOCACY ,:i I, I !:I opinions are also vital part of advocacy fer which special skill is
to be achieved according to H.e expert evtdence. ,.'
..

An advocate, is, aperson who, argues in favor ot hls clie?ts' In I

Courts .of :Jl;J,5ti~e(Advecacy!is ~ading in support of hls'lcas~, I': Cross-Examination - The examinatien of a witne~ by the
Advooacv Js.jiot ,8 craft b~t a caTlTfi9, he f~ltoWI~g arr' ~~e,l : adverse party shall be called his crcss-exarntnatronj: Witness
elements Qfli~51ve~3cy, .. ~ \c'1 \yC-'" ,,~:(,,"\:_~"}.>-' ,', I·!: I: ' shall be first examined-In-chief then cross-examined'; later re-
~cc~~t bh~<in :~h~..Cour:: -. An' advecate 'Is bo'~rld to ~ccept I •
any :brief In, the Ceurts 'or 'Tribunals or before any .other l
, examined. The witness may be cross-examined to ShQ~ his bias'
or prejudice, to, shew ,In interest In the eutcome 6f'~he case. ' ,; ~
cross-examtnauon should 'be carefully done and to, t.Meextent
authority iii lor before which he professes to, practlce at fa feel", wh~n there Is a reasonable chance that It will advance" their
consfstent.wlth hi,S'standlr.q 'at.the Bar and the nature of case.' ! client's theory of the case, oi undermine some elemepts of the
'" ",·"·1,· '. I II ' ,"" ':,'
Fillin~ thEi" cas~1 ,. In diil .cases a suit is requlred ~e, bel'! o,p'p?~e~t'scase or defense. Goed cross-exernlnattorjts an art
institlJted,by: presenting a plaint to, the Ceurt, The,statem~nt Of:" and. It IS learnt frem experience and frem ebservi',ilg senier
advocates while cross-examining witness as well. .1
~ plafrit res'a.!.ding, (lis clai~ i~ taken as a piairi~.:The' p ..lalry.'tlffi: ..,
preseihts htf casei aleng with cause of actlen etc; threu h ~he~'.
plaint; The; :pi'ciint'is also, called the writt~n :st~tement. !E"re,ry:. I~ dress-$~.mihat.ieri every ques~io,n_is re.quired to ~.'
.•~ asked
pleadir!lg is ;~eqLJirr~d to. centair~ a statement in',a cbncise form o,~ With an b]ect. By cress-examinatIon drscrepancies in the
the nliaterial'facts On WhlchitliE party filing the ~p'laintreiliesifi:i~ • evidence f the oppenent may be created, ' ~~.
his cl~im or:idefEln,s~.· :: : ; :: i i'; ..cre~s-e~a~nat~en ef witneSS Is a' procedlJr~1 matter';,~It'shou Id
Pleadind, LT:her~' are four ifjndamental prln~IPI,~~'of Ple~dlrg~ be dene ae ord:ng to, the previsions ef the Indl~ Evidence Act
,. ,:,'. .', , , I" , Civil Prece ure Cede, CI-Imlnal PrecedurE:. Cede a'nd othe~
1) Every pleacrlingIT)uststate fac:ts and no,Ilil~; .; I !, : prev.lslens..f
, .
the law;, . . ,,~
~
2) It must sta;c~all material fa~ts; ". ," I .' Ii: ~
3) It ml!Jststate enly the fact~ on which the partyp,lcadln,g; r~lIes . While cress,-examlnlng, an advecate m.u,~t l1et O;fend the
and not the eviden<:e; and, , • ::: ' I ' personal fei:!lIngs ?f the oppeslte party. . '", .
4) It must state:facts cencisely but with precislen add certal~.ty>
. , ~ ~ ~. ,. . . . . ! . I . .
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Cre~~-Examlnlng must' relate te" tIle' reh;\V~nt 't~cts_ An •
The, objeft: ~rthe pleadi~g .i~to, make b~th the p~rtles a\tare of· adveeat.eh.asno. right. to, dls..gr.ar.:eand bully a wltness! ...·y pL:tting
effenslve questions. The wltne£ssmay be cress examl _ d on the
their;' casep; a[ld!! a~legatlOns mad~ against, eact\ other. Eyery·
pleading sh~11,be,signed by the party and hiS pl,e~der. Of;der V~ same point and if there Is a .contradlctio,n In relati n. to the
of t~e Ci~1~'p)·o,qed~reCO,cede~ls with pleadlng:s.. It c1ntaln~ " transadlen, the same Celn be brought to, tt)e notIce efjhe Court,

,
.sever,QI RL*S re,tat",g to,: plea~l~gs, An adveqa,~eshall, fell~.\'f: dUl'l1'),' 9 argu..ments ..cress Examination sheuld net be t... used by
those, Rule,sin his pleading, SUIt IS cemmend~d I)y preseptatlo,n an. examlnatlen which Is unnecessarily tee long, a,·blg!Jous,
ef til'e' plai6~·. ,I:' Improper, aimless and ur.certaln. .
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Exa~in~:iipp~i~lchief' _I :Ex'aminatien-in~C~ief:!\St~e in:; ~ay 'An advec,a~e sheuld ask enly 'leading' qUestion~. Cross-
Examination is an art and the advocate should use itt without
_whiph ad:'1!Dcj3te~.
pp~sent:,almest all ef the ,e~gence _tbr~ug~i -'
ioslng teml?er. Questiens, which affect the c;redib):lity of a
witnesse:~>i ~lhe,~h~r as :~OlJnSel for plalnt:fF or def~noant
witn1£Sb'f:attacking hIScharacter, sheuld not be aSked'.
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,Nami?Law Serles© - 22- Practical Training- I' h...
,' ", ..Nanijta:LaW'Se~ies© .J '23 _ .. .

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" It i~: to . be remembereo that Cross-Examination should be I '" '. ' . . ; i i .: ;i i Practifal Training- I
,. . care.~uIlY
'done and to the extent where there is a reasonable is requir~d to 'find the .point~: which ,'w'~re.~~t noticed by the
cha1Fe that It will advance their client's theory of the case, or ; ,Courtb~low: . •~ " i":
und~:rminesome elements of the opponent's case or-defense. i l" '.'
I; ';1:I'" ':.
"
Thej{ opponent advocate should not Interrupt the Cross-
~ ,.: :i~.:
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1. . SEVEN LAMPS OF A,DVbt,:.:
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; exaQllining advocate. Cross-Examination is a right of the ~dvQcac' is an hon~~ableprofessio~. Advoci,lt~sar'e part and
advdCate; but it should not be misused. I . arcel on:col?.'!;,TneTrel'rort~~~ve the, j:nITotns in ~he-socTefy,
:;>' :', dvoc~~es~~!e;n9the rights ana-liabiiitienf{ey hol'd a 'u'nique
Re-jxamination - The examination of a witness s~bSequentto rracel~ ;:rhe sO,cle~y.AaV6cacX'is 'n-of'~~crarf-:6ut.~ 6ilrin~t; '~'
the (cross-examination by the party who called re-exarntnatlon. , rOfessl,:,,~
w,herelndevotion to!,dutyCO.n~:tituter.;the ,h:allmark.

'i
:~:t~ai~u~b~~~h~ ~~~s~:~:~~~~~~~~~i~h~ ~:.p~~~~~~~tfbo~n~~ ,I :;,
~egal ptofession is regarded,:to he 'a; nObl~; 08~ A good
reqJired to, be d:recting' to the explanation' of ~he matter ~d~?CCl~ should possess some essentia;I.·c:.:.1,J.ClJ1J;i£!_? . 9,0:::0
referred to in cross-examInation. In the re-examination an \,!ql.lpment.!,udge A!:ibo(Parry ;iil1'liSDqoR';"''Tf1eSeven Lamps
attempt is to be made to restore the credit of the witness i. ~"'A'dVocacy· called these Important characteristics of advocacy
atta;Cked during' the cross-exarntnatton. In' re-examinaticn i
~s \\seve'~ I~mps of advocacy:' and Vs~'ed,'t*e"m as h,)nesty,
leadIng quest~on must not be asked. If new matter Is, by i:, Tourag~,mdw;try, Wit, eloquen'ce,judgmi:nt 'a~d fellowship.
'.perr!:jiSslOn·of.the Court, Introduced in re-examination, the ~ ~' , Il'
. adv~rse party has the right to cross-examInation upon that ). onestY,'- Honesty means th~ quality df st'r~19'htfof.wardness'
matter.' '. . .' ~reedo:nfrom deceit, cheating or stealimgian,~not telling lies:
. j. . . . '.. , _.' .. I'
~he b~st advocates of all gen~rations have l;ieen d~votees of
. Ar9.;,~ments - In arguing a case strongest points 'should be .' f, onesty. Examplefor honest character IS Abra:hamLincoln who
. em~hasized and the w,eakpoints should not be raised as far as I': punded his faryle and success on what"some':called 'per\!
1

pos$Jble.Arguments on each isslJe should be written out. The " I)onesty~.; The noblenessof leg~liprofessi~nlie~;.in,h91.1est'yerse

sho~ld be clearly noted.

;
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An ~:dvocateshould study the record of the ca

.

1
narfes of. wItnesses and,the documentS In support of the Issue /;. ~self. AI'),advocatesh~uld n~t d? illegal pr,act)6.s,He ~hould not
..

wlthithe object
. . J 0 any act which Will lead to profE\ssional:,misconduct. He
, ! I ~hould disclose the real facts ,and legal Positlqn to his clients
~frankIY: ,I' ~
.Hor,esty,integrity a~d :Character,~re'.'in~eparalble,
to cescover the weak paints and also the stl·O g points In the ; f1j, . tree vI11uestogether are essential fW t8e;: 5UCC~SS of an
opp~nant's case. An advocate should piepare t e arguments In 1 ~
s'JC~a way as to meet them and prove the Insigillflcant. If
dvocate. The great sages of law had su~ked the law. from the
reasts of know!edge,hones~y"gravity add integnty.
These

the~dvocate finds that a point of the opponent is very strong ',' .1 , :" ':.,.
an"cannot be met, then it is better to conce Ie It. The weak.: I C;ourage::- ~ourage is the q~?lity tha~;enaq(es a -person to
pOi~ts in the opponent case should be emphasi ed Il(ush so as I c~ntrol near In the face of danger, paib" mJs·~o.rtUfJ~; etc. An
to qrove that the weakness is of such a natLjre that ,In spite of ' ~(jvocate must possess courage. He S~o'u,ldface,the ,pressures
evej1ythingelse cannot be sustained. ..,' " f~om outside With courage. Sometimes n!= has' flg~t against fa
'~ . .... . '. i 'It:
IJtl e. ~tat~. He should not, fear about the" executive' and
API1,,:,eaIS
- ~rguing of appeals in a Co~rt of Law is also of" :', Proli~lclans. He fJlust perform hls'duty to spfegu~Cdthe Interests
con~lderable Importance. In the prevlous'judgments,:the Judge ",{) hiSclient. , . ! I ,

will'ihave some reasonable ground. A car'eful study of the case : I:

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Namita Law.,series© - 24 - PrCictica! Tralnin~- ,I " ! . ?

~Il' NarnitaL~wSeries© .-25- ' practicaiTraining~, I

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AdV~~aCY;\r~' f~:r~ of c~mbat, where coura~:~i in ti~es[ 1:,0:,
eloquence' and ~s a physical as wet! as psycholQ,gicalside
danger ishalf won battle. Courage is as good a .' weapon ; fin; , to a?voca'cy. " -:-0'"'--fi' ",..-.
tr
the fQrum:as;in 1e: war ca,qrtp:.According <;:harle~! Hutton's, l'itIe:1
hath in perfection the three chief qualifications oren eavocete: ':[ I
'Boldness,','Boldne?,sand Boldness".
" :: '~::' ,! ~ It. "
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f) ~Ud9m~nt
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. Judgment is an il1t~ll~E!'''y'al capacity,
,~splrat~ ";"hlcrr:~a6Tes a man to tr~'].s~ gooasense
'the
into
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3) Jndu:stry:~~I:~dv~;{Cic~is in,:~eeda ,life of Imd~st~; An ad~oc~t~.! right actlo~ .. In Judgment one has to estimate, cO'risider'and
, musftstudX:18'~ q~'~f ',n th7; same way that. an ~;~tprst.udle~,~Is; I f6l'i'fian opinion about the Issue~.with g.?od~~ns~ aJld_?Riiity. i
\ , jiart: :Sucp~ss!ln ~9'YocacyISnot arrived bY'lntultlWl but ~~rjJI.J9~;! ! An ~dvocate could be In a ~ to:.Judge tl1e merits a ' d
"-.
, ,indu:s!try.,')0d~St~'iS the ~uality of being l1ard~#JorkinQ;1 b'Tlingr 1 dem:errts of the ~n he~dng ,the bi-i'ef and ~~Jefng~'the,
. ~,
, , ,aIWa,Y)"s"
em,','"",;,P"'ij"IO,.I~ed,",!
~,~, efully. ,',,' ,,:', ' ',', :i, ,',!'"
,1,:,:,:,'':,:''."1:, ',,!:, ',,!,':' 1'"'",,,:. ':, after
<1'OtQme~., He,should
tflejudglng the !.':!!orm
~~ his ~~ judgmenTIs
Here the legal ,n6t~;;fng-'fhe
positlOnopehTy
LorerEldci'n!says,;;')Anadvocatemust live like :a hermit anp 'v'/qr~:i (, deciSion '?~ the case by the ~dg,~,l'!J5e C..2.l!r.t,'.
"!Judgriient ..
like ,a hO"~~r'
::Advo~acy is alni'ntellectual profession. Intelilgenc( ,m~ans the study o~e case In ~eep by _consideri!l9~lrth e
and ~00v.:!e:p~e~ilL be sharpened wi'ch hard work:and strEfr,1uoUl! s_bEdesQf th~ c~_scq_~~D£.~, ..Jn no~~~~,2.,9_i~!~)·he·(aVtYe~F
rnor:-~
effor;s. A~~ocaC'(':is the pr;ofession which r.equires 'stud~' an9'~ openly exhibit want of Judgment ffl'an in prolixity. - -
'stlJd:y' thr:qu'ghoutl the career. An advocate; must know' about' ',' ~----~ ----- " y
. e"ery trcid~."He!'r\,ust acqUire the knowleQge of:'every flJld: :H$! Judge Abbot Parry. has referred' to judg;"ent' as c)~e of th e '
'must lean)",qbOI,Aall prof~ssions: Industry b'rin~s 'a goO~ fprn~'! sev~(l '9mps, but he refers to it essentially, as an Intellectual
and nam8 i to an ,advccat~, Law changes day"to-day. To' acqUire capacity, '~e i~S~ir.~.li.?n~which e~,ab:es a man to/ translate
.: uPt?i date :~~bwf~d;gean' advocate must .ref~r i(1ternatioria!:anr' gOOd.":'~,n.,~;,
IQJQ:."I~!!_~
..~ r:xampTe;"se-eH'r~nhe right' oirit
natlqrJal 'J?Jm:ral~~referen~e ,books of hiS Irbral¥ ,and the i ~an
~~:%~'
~~~H~S~~ :work Ird:
of:tmi case and the like.
like a spider fpr t~~ benettif
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4) ~ i vyr~j!;ea~'s, clever a~d humorous exer~~sion ofl idk:a~'~i
live,\~ess iqf:spifit. Wit flows from 1'2!p.lligence;;understaCl/dlnI
..J:nllliL;: Wit I~ the ~orkloa~ ~ft i "l :;
a~~t~
and: quid~hes5_~_:oL
relaxes. his ;mental strain. o~en,;rtt1e Wi
, a v: cate :WIII turn a Judge from an u,nwls~!;course, wih,e"a
an: PI!
judgmenti;or rh~toric wOLJldcertainly fail. Tne, lamp '-wIt I~, 0t '"
nee~ed to lighten ~he darkness of advoca(y. 'I"" , jill
-t·~
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5) EIQc!lucn~~ i.. Ire s~~of an advocate, d~p~nds: Up,?ljli his'
I't
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eloq~_'B1 ,~Io~r:.s~ m~ans f'.Y.~QS'.alsl.!:J.gal1l~:sklllful use

lan~ua~to: pers\.lad~ orlt(j a~to the;fe:ellngs 0,'0 , er ,~'
F(u~nf'~a:king~ impress,es,the listener. AI'l adv8.~, !Js~ q~ i
fiUent, 'sklillful iri' using aRpropria~Qor:a:s to impress th .:eouct
_,_,_ _:,.:~_ •.•

EI6_9.~~.~~_g:__~,~rac:!?
,' , ,....;' •.

..}he attemloil of the ~~-~~!J~

~.......__ to;'

Eloqye,n~ !I~ J
re1~ted t~! .~he:~~,2!.:_i1~at~.~;. 'Eloquence or ,;J'T)annerIIS, r::1 ...\
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Namita Law Series© .-2.6- ,'[,1ij :"
i . 'i . Namita'Law
'1.111: " Series©
. ii- 27 - " I: ,/..I,! ·;!:Prac::..ticai
Training- I :

v. '
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'j.
i " Wl-l) Tact - K. V. Krishnaswan;y Aiyer, Iry his b~O~ i' ;i ;r: <!';~ ;:1 '.' .
"Professional Conduct and Advocacy' adds one ~ore lamp I,e:.! EQUIPMENTS OF AN ADCa-ATE" .
! tact, Tact means handling peof?lt~.9D_CL?1~l,Jj~}19~SJJiI~gTL . ;i"" ~- '. '. <I:-' ! I
I - without catiSirigorrence. li:n advocate must be In a pOSiton .q I .": ;(HOW TO BE A SUCCUSSFULADVOCA TE)
ta'CKfeand wm'fijs-~', opponent party, opronen~ aatfa~eflnl' \ I Justice, Raj Kishore Prasad !(in a patrer' re~d! at 'Rotary Club
a-~mbOther way. Many peo-pte-'uf-urrequal al5lhtyhave ale or, /q i Meetii-)g; Patna, as publispediiri 1956 ,AIRj6J:~~alS:ection)listed
w~nTOf task. An a_dvocateshould not quarrel Wlt~Court 0\: i i the eqlli(pmentsof an advocate tobecome' 'a'; successfulone as
'Io~se temper over trtfle things in the Court and o~tslde. Men of t, I follows;- " I ",'1'", : .:,1,,' "
uttquestloned ability have su~ere:d .for quarreillpg with the,
tribunal or for standing on their dignity .over trifles, forgetting )! Honesw, Integrity and 'CharactE':r_:An'::ij;!ivocateshould be
' th~ir clients, or for losing their temper.s; ~hey a~eman of parts honest .and must be a (nan of i.ntegrity ::?ntl chai-FcIer. Along
i~.·.~
.. b~t without tact. Tact involves and IS.In reality: founded .on .wm;--t-hr-se he should possess __-St:r-aJ'gn·~6·tw~~-,n-es~-to be
j~gment but more prC)perl~r~fers to the human slde of putttnq. appreci,atedby the _fol!!!_andthe client aJlkl~.,All' g~9lJ?_~9Jl_l..t.
Into aCtionthe result of one s Judgment. 'I becom~;great du!:..to their ~~g~; ,h0"l.~.;;ti;gravity _

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ways , .' 'I
I and In~egrrty7Honesty is the quality 'Of frel¥dom from _deceit, '
,cheatl:Fig'j.stealing and telling. Ilet'. I:ntegrity is the
quality of ,
I completeoess and upr:igfit ira. ~bac';l.ll:er.Cfiaract€r
cOnsTsting
" Namita Law Series j Doth ~nta[_ilnd ,11or5i qual!bes! m,a_~eO,i'rej:)!!J,£Q._di,fferent
. 1
1 'I' from others. These three vl'rtues of 'hone~ty, integrity and
," .character go a:long way towards the successof an advocate.
;~ University Paper SO/Jtion. i) 'Patleh~e and perseveran~e - p~ti~nce'I'js, tnJ ~_£f
EllQ.urjop • trouble, s~9..t... in~onvenieCl.£$':__;_ withq!dJ
t (T-II N' ber 2013) .';. ;omplaiDing. .tin aovoc~te with ~~Iwillttave ability to wait
" II ovem ;ro!~~,: to deal with problems calr;nb:,.:af;ldVfithou~Lb~t.e.
J: '& '/ :i ' ! Persev~:ranceis c9nstant effort .to achieve'Sdr.nethiQ9. Patience
< '1 !ano p!eeverang are two ha'rldsof s~sO!.~n-ad'Vocate w'6.~~~~
" .iIs, ~12able_of_.;.la,b,or:-,
with ma~imum' patienc¢(•se.lf-.confjdence
" ./ ,",!arid faith is' honored by all. 1titSFioLjfcf.ino'Fh~:ad~fea1Tst-an(f'
Namita'5 Three Test Papers ,.pesslii:ilSf.""'ExactthinETng'-aiid'
exact ex'p.resSi6Q;~ke·needed for a
• ,successfulaavocate. "Accuracy, and dlllqE..b..ce are much more
-- with Solution Inecessarytc a"iawyer than greatcomprehension 'of mind or
IbTi11lancy of truanf'Sa'ys Denial,Webster. "'," :, _'o_
... leased on University Question Pilpers)
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9 !Legal ::~rning - Th: learning of la~ ~oes:'~ot stop with the
' ECquisition of: law deg'ree7rOm a·7nTVersity.-l~to·-'aCquTre-
I),I,')ea,1
for last moment FUL.LVIEW at ~ glanc~,. ' pro-reg:sronal knc:wTe:ili'jEi'7ieliasTo contin\.Jerne~TEtaF'hlng process:-
~ : f' ro leamnaw'~=a(jvoc~_~_~houid ~t~, a:nd;normereryre~5i.
~ ., . . ". lro ,""old !lOtE-"~~ d ch ~ fRe I, w botche.iJ1ouli 'b!e,'i,"--
l'·,; ,', ,., "',".
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__',_,_-~-_r---~y,;, ~he law should be studied In a SPirit of enquiry. He must e
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N;imit~ Law Series© T,;; i: d,..:
'- 31·- ,.i ..: i, Practical Training- l'
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(~ FUNCTIONS OF.AN ADVOCATE .. ' • ~ : r ~;' ~: : : . 'I
'" 'iPRACTISE OF LAW - WHETHER A BUSINESS
ii' ;. .;,:
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ArthU' T. V'~de"'"t states.....the f~nctlons of a ,,,,at:.

'the following terms:-:
advocate
.
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Practlce .of law Is , noble
the following reasons:- ,.
professl on,!, bu\ ~.t b~~\ness due to
I. Ill, : I
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.•truly great advo~ Is a.wise counselor to all manner.of man .,: /' . P~ofe~~ion.:.. is related' to the ~~mini~tr~!!3~ of ~5.:":' ..o~
crises of their Jives when ..1i!:L_most neeq ..; 1: T~ ?I'e guardian? of,ace
i,p the v~~d and motive of dOlnel Iil~p.rtrlii'f
gjslnterested advice. Counseling calls for a ~ and dee\ ': I,
bustiiess Is profit-maY-.!!l91Thev s~d mo~'i and procu!.~the
fiiO'WJ'eage-QF human nature and of modern society and rnos .; I goods':and services 'l!].d the~~. The d~!~ se!1
g'Tfficult of all, truly. great COunseling calls for 'an ablllty"''tO ,I: between the returns and costs are the Q_roflts.The.bUSinessman
~.¢recastthe trends onne law. : f: 1s"''WorsfiippersMotMammonftheGoddesIfPf.,we~lth) whereas
. , the advocates who practice: law ar~ the 1brshippers of Dike
2)
;.
lin "1
able acvocate IS a skltled and ""ned one In the l!!!..!1f·· i (daughter of Zeus) 'the 9""'nto, of J "'tic,', , .'
~rose~'2.9 and deFendingtiieTegal _rIghtsof men both InJ!1e '1
,.
,

~~ourcsand on appeal. AdV~C~C~;; nct0taltglftl tfi~ ~~~~r~' .~f, JI Profession is occupation reqUlnlg a;dvanced ~pucation and
~sJt!!L_as
well as In its aPEe a e ~spe_.i n~o ve .', I special.:trainin~g,-A P,~_!"s-:on
eosses~,iD.9;alaw; d,~Qree.
..C~ln enter
qistlnet arts, each of whICh must be stu led and mastereq. 1~~SSI9_~ 9[ advocacy, B,us)ne~<:l~s yaae_~ltfl
. ~riless an advocatE!.has ~ experienc~, t s cu t to see '\\(>/ Duylng"and sEillling,Any pe;rso!1_c~n_~ bU_~[l~W';i1.1~_:;.~_:~~rnan
..he can be a €Fioroughly competent counse r ror lie wdl not b~ G2nnotpractiC:_!7J.~.:t.V...:.. I "., [J: ;:'. ..
Dle to ,evaluate.tlis c~s:_causs.... ,"Ii terms
~... 0J~
the realities ot,J!;e . '_.,.-;-;.~_. .;!.. ..

COurt rooms.
.... . ". .....
"
.. ' .:
. ' )!I Inthe~pract:L~L!.P_}:Y there Is 'il~ conc~Pt, 'Io?$:':.. But bUSiness,
the risk-bearing of losses:-If th= busi/')es~manraTls'Y6
,In

3) An advocate is to do his part Incividually an" as rQembeLof_tb~'/ . sell away_alnfie"l)'cnrds"" ;oGfarno ;g~t .re~!,ex-cessof
organlie:crsa;--t~n'js 1JrQ1-e~slon,the Courts' and the:.; ,expehdlture i~cur ros~'~nn \~aTprof~siqrJ~e"Fe )S ~Q2_'?.,C1.:'y
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4) in a f:-ee··so~iet:i.evety adv~~te has a rgs.E~n~!lbilltythat ~f !') I In bl)~"hes~ goOds and s~rY[{:E!sare; S0Idl;if11lth§ __~t._,~~_a
~ffi'2.g as an intelligent, unselfish leader of .E,_ubhc
oPJnlo~ :.i : price.' J,~e ,price of good is fix~d !2Y. ,!
f~r'~:~$ O~.!!1il.llg...j'LQQ t~r ~f:
f: " ..'
5) ~~!Y adVQc~ 1T.·ustbe pte~red,
. '.. . C" k': ,
suPP.IY.:Where,as, 'l person wr.Q practice ~e.t~_;J~.~_!y..:
nQ.t.!)e~ssanily to ,Je~, ,: ,I,per rule '11 of Chapter II qf ~art VI ~f:~h~iiB,ar"ICo,LJhcii
.A.s
of India .
RubJic offie;. but to answer 'tHe call for pubTIese,rvlce when](1f:.... /. Rules, :a.:.n ad.vocate is bound accePt .. r!~.r.. in. t h.' e.co..u..
rts or to ~!:.~'~.
,, : comes. : i Trlbunal:s or before any ot'he~ authorrty, I~}:~r:.l;lcfore which he '
~--.. .; t i; professes to praCl:iceat a fee consistent:with h,is, standing at the

, -
(Ii) ro~~:~~~,-
0) advocacy, '.' ,.
(iii) iJnproving his profeSSion, the COurts and laws,
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ilcifflfrilstration, of
it!na-avbc5te--s;:;~;11
arid ~.~:.~.·.r~~L
a;.~.~.~.~t~.
:~.~~:.
justice ..~~.I~ilr.~.gn~.·f.i.~~._.e
not a mere ...~~.,_.,~.=.:
..n.:b
mo/')e'y~.m.ills.l.Q.9~~LC!Q~,
·nm-~ha_Llt.e=[~s~JFi-a:n th~ .fee l'?~?..Q.L~ .•
./~.~~.:.i~:~(~
.
~~\) ~~~deu~~~~~hm~~:~:~~ P~lfli~uo~i~iO~~i~~d_ are the essentiJ11'. II; I u~_tj~-:r~~~:~~n··fhe-~n~2~_I:._;~~:e. t~f~.~~~~.same~-
functions of the gn:!at advocate. I ; ! t

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NamitaLaw Series© - 32 - Practical Training,I ,'c,

Narnita Law Series© -33- pra':tica!Training~.1

5) Busines~ inCI~~' the activities of di~~ri~ution' ,:U 900d~" a~Jr'I..~' ~1

Rul~ 47 of Chapter II of Part IV of the Bar' Council of India
- ."'"

~se~~~ef~Wi1M~~;;~~~;.~~]i;~~~,~~~~:T:~:.,·~~a~i,t11'1:1
Rul~s, an advocate shall not personally 'engage In any1(business;
but; he may be sleeping partner in. a firm dolngj business
6) . WhiL~,d3~~:bus!J2t~§,.J~acts may not Q~ sced for S6ciltj' , '. provlded that, in the opinion. of the appropriate §tate Bar
For ~xamRI:~i a ~~!ISineSSmpl!. rn~Y sell gEl~m or Ii ., ;1· Council, the nature of the business Is not l'1consistent with the
harm to the, man shealth. The person who is in lie al ro~ :1 '
digf}lty i)f the profession. ' . 'fi.
;W_~!!s.~
..;L?'E4~e7"~~e1f.~:!;,:Fthe SOCi~!};.He protects:i~hee.!L..,ace.,,11', a -,

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prosperitv Ip ,~fje;E~(:~~~Y...:
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J II AcC~rdlng•to Rule 50, an advocate who has iQh~rited, :,J[
, sucseeded by survtvorshlp to, a family buslness rna~ continue
.In ~,'lilSi,n~S,~~,I, ;t,~e~,.e,.',
W, i," be kut throat c,.ompeti~19,Ql.
" ~usln.;,\,.,. It, but may not personally psrttctpete In the ma~agemeJ1t .
tnes:to_rnq"epOIJ?~Jhe trtq.d~ For thishe Williinvove, .' , ' ther~of. He may continue to hold a share with oth~rs in any • ,i.·.
legal ~Q.:I~i\egalacts. He tnes to bribe the bureaucrats.
'

r '.
as an ilJj",~.t~~fluences:th,e Court while ra· .Cirl' .la h i 'llI busl~ess which has descended to him by surviv~rship or
InheHtance or by Will, provided, he does not gersanally
,: I~Qro(eSSto!.},:irs I purely .bas~_sL9._r:L~his.~ •...'~nd;' . , ett s. ' lfhfl! partlclpate In the management thereof. 1
_advo;ca, te.,iS,: i;r:r:¥ t~e ,gu(jrdiams:of ord_g._"
r ju~~)id illbert . I~:e;: , : . ,", ::¥
are~t.~~_,:c:~~-:-gf)lum~rightS.,~~ ., __:___. ;:i." " :1 'i: In Bar Council of Maharashtra vs. M. V. Dabholkar, (~IR 1998
SC 242) Justice Krishna Iyer held that "The Bar Is no~a private
8) - In ?IU$in:e",!~.~,;,i:
p_e!b'p"eOrg_ahiZ~in s~ver·al!~I'ms:;; For exbr~~'I~I':I~ gUild, like that of barbers, butchers and candlestick m~kers etc.
,sol~~prop:mt?rs~rt!)lersFiiP, jOTtlt stock i :[compan!', co : I but, by bold contrast, a public Institution cornmitted~to publi C
ope;~atlv7sJ.a~~!;State enterp;rise and Mult.i·-natibnsJ w th!-h ! justice and pro bono publico services. The grant of a ~onopolY
.'mO~I~,eof l~qI,lVI~y~1bene~~..Enlegal professIOn99yocat~
Indl'iIOuC/!Ii1;1.pr
11;1: partners;hlp. They work fOi t~~ publl l:aus~,
s~rvAt "I'• license to pr?ctlce law Is based on three assumptions .g-
. ~
andpubll~~:i ' ::: • I:, II )
There Is a socially useful function for the lawyers to petrorm.
9) . In ~in~~~/~h~e!
8L9-~~,Th¢,',iCQuri,sEWs
are bu~er~ and sellers aAd ~:~r~de" j[I ,t~.k~i
rela~jonship wiffifficlient.' 'j's prlr1lar v
function; and !)
The ,;Iawyer .is a professional person who will per19rm that
..
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H,is performanc~ 'as a . professional person is reg~lated by
; matter Onf.;qntr~,ct.The ~eia~ionIS in the natute .of agentl &n:ct ), hlms~1f and more formally, by the profession as a whole_ The
prinfipali: ~h;e';a9.i-~ementAetermines to what. e*~~n~the l:Ol!lQs~( Central function that the legal profession must p~rform is
I
!
t!
can Ibln~ t)1J,s'.cllentby hiS acts and statements, what shal!1b~\his f nothl,ng less then the administration of justice. <;_. "
rem,unerat.ion. I.t,i~ a relationship of trust and co'nfi:dencel I: ; f I' i ', !
The practice of Law, hov\'eve" Is a public .utility bqJ not the
10) Busines5;:;~~'r~lati?(1ShiP'Qlindi~dualUIJ.Jhe ~bc'ietYwl'et1 ~~ \ business of profit.
is
the practl~:e.,DfI~~ated
related to ;COl.:rtS, '
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by the State for publi: goe -!l!!1;d II
.
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11) Business tran~ctiQ.1+5ar~ regulated by t,,(~ Statutes If ~tat i:.

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In the words of Mr. 1"1. C. Chagla. - "The legal profeSs.ion is a
!'

great, call~ng and It IS. iI. learned and liberal· ~ofession.

Remembe , always, that It IS d profession; It,I?..not a}, trade or
it
:1

likeComp,anies Act, ~rt~erShiP Act e'". In. legal! profes ion,Ba ,. " bus!ness. The distinction between the two" Is 4;eep and -.
Co0nci{arCautonomouSlJOclY're~rurares and :--s-Gpervle' i .
fundC\ment_r1.In business your sole Object is t'? ma~f;!money. J
e1§:~~!'_S1~~~oF its meflDef:-~lt ran ats • a e. ISC!IP:I?a~.' You ow_eO'r ~~utyor obligation to anyone ~xcepno youfseif. You
actl:on ag~:lnst I~Smembers, who violate the rut~ of confuTt. i i determlile Ilne means to achi·eve your aim anci :there no
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Practical Training- I'
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.standards to lim!tor restrict your actions. In
makIng of money is purely Incidental. You have traditions
the profession!, i.
Court, :An adveeare--snourd not .¢on$iicj.er1irrrrsej-P mere
I his cli.int_Jrom resorting to unfair ~ra~t;c~~iIn reiat; nq to the
t91! ; i,
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w~lch you have to be true; Lik:- an artist, there has to b~:!. '14'fiOutHplece of the 0.r:.Qtalld' ~~oula e~ercj~e!,i~isG5~J~':!5im-ent'
i p~sionate desire.to attain perfer.t~on.Service to society and .I hi tile qSl!!-or~aJnecrlangu:ag~-;-'lrr:d:lfdtln:~lth ;tne Court. '~e
! ~" yo(br fellow men has to be a dominant motlve underlvlnq your If! should, use Inten;perate.Ianguage dU;In~:arguments In the not
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Q1. D~CUSS the importance and necessltv' of Bar
'

BAR-BENCH
"

RELATION,
;I ~ Court. He should aVOidscurrilous at:_t:~k?IJlpleadmgs.

.Benc~ I'
l
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H
; 1
Besld.sithe CQ<Lrt
acts
therefore the advocates are! u~r
on th~ statem~;he
\~bl~gJtio!rho' :e absolutely
fair tOi;,the Court, They are req~lred; m?~e accurate ~o.
;a,oca,,'Ond
I
relations. Bar and Bench play important role In the! .' statements of fai;fi.and shoutd not tw!~ Ani adV"O'Ca"[eis
i
!
ac;tininistrat!on of justice, what ca~.ea lajyer has to taklT I I r
unde. duty not to misgUld~ the Court,,~~ ,::,~6uld nQ.l:cite,

'I
in,maintainmg Bar and Bench relations?
A. T~e Bar and B~nchmay important role in the/admlnlstratlon ~;
11
, i' • ,_ •._-_ .... , " ,i:::~~-.';:-;:-
knowingly an overruled declsion or a repeale(!i,statute. '

,i 'u':tice The Judges administer the law with he assistance 0 I However,afl adVocateshould;not be'sei;vileiaf;lqin' case there is
i ~ers. -
proper.9!roundfor c'?-f!l.l?..@int -
\pga~~~,t~~C;]~fQffl~er, it is not 'I"
I ..,. "
r~:e lawyers are officers of the coui-t.:,.(L.M.bas vis Advocate,~, i
9n1y hiS,ngh~ut also .9~. to sub.mJ;t~IS!i ~rl~~~ to ~he
'L
He shoufa'aTwaysbear In !mmd that flelS all
prop~r author!,ti.e.s.
,I
,I Gkneral, Onssa,AIR 1957 SC 250; P.D. Gupta vis Ram MUlti:,: '", officer'aif tiie:c:ourt and part of the adf\iinistt3tio-n6f jus~Hc:e-:-Tr
' AiR 1998 SC 283; Advocate-General vis Amanull~h, AIR 196~! the ; ~.99~or " ~~~Il~':""1a~ .n~,t,.b~!&1!:§;"" 'itnfr"~le ' 'I
.:./ Mad 162.) '(1 ia~m,strat,pnofJu.~t!~,~.!-o\ w~lcline 1S:!a p~rt""V;'~~i!,~,~lt'~the
~1 " . ,
,
", f
Triey are e~cted to a,ssist the"Court i'2_thL~c;!_min~S!!:.a_~i.~,r;;)
jl.jstice. (AdVOcate-GeneralvIs Amanullah, AIR 1967 Mad. 16 ':,
,
'complet~Uj~ath. ?L.,~!;,e;ryle 0L12~. T~!US':lt~~:!~wyerssn.guld
uphold the dlg.nIt)'and deccrum of the Courtland should not do
anYffii~gjwhicl15iT~Qs.!O~;-coyrt Miliry at1~s r61§:ai~['e:~~lfF 'of
E, Council f'''. ('"
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Actually . lawyers collect mater:ial.~ relc:..~~ to .the ~~se and
thereby assist the Court in arri'Jlng ar~correct Judg~,~_iit."'Ihel
the lawyer~t.o tfieCourt h~~§lbee~tlea,by:the'Bdr
cf rndTa."'1'he 'breai::h~orsuch duties. is (a~e,'n as prcfesS'iona,
miscor,i(jucLanC:L:rt"is"p'GnTShe'a;-'raccc;~darce,!V\deh the' 'pro'vT~Toiis I 1
l
Ii; pr~.~e gain out fO!j i :"1 :o(The, Advoc:ates ,t,CC"AiJuarry"seTf:r~str~iA.t"and'-resp'ectf~1
~:
"
legal proteSsicinhas been createO..!f2I:.:_.or
public good. It is a branc~of the aQ,cnioist@tio_Q. ~fJ.~>~t!.~~.:
~Isl ,att.ituaet~2~ards-Tii~~:¢",9.y"r.t,
a,:partner With the )'U'ai':lary in th.e adm'l1lstratlon of JUStIC~.,i ,. 1~1t~
presentatio.Q..o(;cOirrect'filC'fs"a'na
i-and"
a b_c:'3l,.~E~q_">,,~rund:
L"
~:'s't~,E~'r:;,22t, V;:~~?~jLie!~r:
,r
I

(Haniraj L. Chulani vis Bar Council of Maharashtra and Go .'1'1 ~ ~.t.Pr~~~'1;dl~.t()",r:t.~9D~Qr a~~ir~9~.',~,!,~!:~.2,E..,9g.Qg
e'l!be"'ls.hn;,~L!.,~
'- AIR 1996 SC 1708.) !' 'I,' auvoca.~y:In Vinay Chandra,Mi~hra, AIR}9~:5;",s.c13~B, it is the r
. d tl
Since the lawy~rs are officers of the Court, they ar~,reqUire. 0
Iduty or lawyer to upnold th,e dignity ant?deCQfU,m
,and mu~~not do anything which bring:.the ,Court:,itself' in to
'Of the Court
ni~intain dignity
tffi'atthe towardsof the
the Court respectful ~entlal
judTClalofflc~is attitude bearing m~d
tor fh Inurvl~QI LiM. Das v. AdvDcat.eGene"r
~iSrePiJt~,;,;
~50
:ti~.5,''ti, Ar.,.:R 1957 SC
a,I:,0,.
oJ tbe soclf!fy=:::oUringthe wseptation o~ca.$e and whll !,'., , ' ::: ' :, ',,;: :
aliting ()therwise before the Co!.lct, an ~dvo~a.!:...!.9
Ci'nduct hims with d~and
required:
self-re'" " tile s~oula 11~,
~!~t ~icns
rmmiOns'
ne,::':.s~ry,~
F.Q.,~the m~j,,~te.
na~,qe.,
of ,t,he. c,or.d.@1
,tween ~,~ ..~~~nch:and t:0~.:!Bj!,; !Th/~ jt1dges play
til uence the deCision 0 the Court DY..J!li ~;'~~dm~~~~~d important' r2m.~J£i~'tfi~_'!!.~~iffi:~9!.......QjI~,,~Q.LJ
..\!.'Cf whic;,h,Js
ni eans. He should usc his best effort to
;I ~
__
,
P-Itl
i; ':!; <r :rssenfl~! ~~':;~~lst8nceof the ?njerly society.,n,has rightly been
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I jidiclary not only to be RoJ1t~ towards the m ers of the Bgr:t, I . I

'.J - bEt to aoeverything possible to a vance Its high traalEIOhs. ~, al~gatiQQS.~st a Judge, or suppres~ds to OQtillO
.1 ~-- " . ..--"'_' - I.. If~voroi?l~ orders, ,e~..:"amOUiitsto contempt of Co·urt. H~ may
·1 . I~.:'a c.ase:.(HUkurnat Rai vIs The Crown, AIR~1943.. t.ah 14.) th~ j?e. p~n.!SFiedror such contempt of COUr1;, The eontem t
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. q-9urt nas observed that a lawyer shoul always condlJtt
htinself properly In a Court of law and ex rt ,hIs least at all.'
IJUrlSdlctlon~~en
cnanlt'i..or
:4gbQWillg=f~
con!erred £!Uhf: £;,o.b!.Ct!'for
Ijtk'J a5_d_or::tE'e, admiD~Q1j':: 'Qf j~", The
:I - times to maintain the 'dignity of the Court ut the Court h~s' conte(T1l?tof Court IS punished so as to' pres~rVe-t~e authority
j. a:iso a reciprocal duty to perform and Sh~Uld be not only
c:!'?urteou5to a lawyer but also should try to maintain the
of .thA :<1l~urt,and to ensure an ordered' life jil the isocietv. Its
obJect.IS, ~hus,.to e.c2tect the: public's'c0nfide'!nce in' the sistem
I~wyer's respect in the ey~s of his clients arid the ~eneral public ~..ot rHlLnlrra!,~ o[.E.aTce: T~C~~~;:, thus;' been
II wlth whom he has to deal In his professional apadtv,
I~ the case of P.O. Gupta, (P.O. Gupta v, Ram M~rti, AIR 19~8
! . erred to e wlue_c.2ill~JlliLtp~wer.s6 as to, prevent any' undue
:~~!"_l%itFiCfie",,~2~~!§.t~~.S.ti~F·" 'T'c"""",,,~,,,~<,~,
"I $:C 283) the Supreme Court has observed that administration of ,Who. .is. ,an Advo~ate?: What' '!are' :.'!his Inecessary
I j§stice Is stream which has to be kept pure and dean. It has IqUahfiC:!ltlc,ns? Explain the' procedure :t6~' enrolment of to
tt~,kept unpolluted.Acjministration of justice Is not somethiqp ,Advoca~e? ! • ,! :i.lt, ::, : 'I ) e r

:/ ~Y:J:!j.cb...cQncerns
the' Bench only. It cOncerns the Sir well. Bar:·. (1) Admission and EnrOlment: Sectiory 1'16 to 128 of the iii.
.!
i~.the.principal round fo~recruifuJ.9 Judgei., No one should ~e i , ~vocates Act deal with admission and ~.nrolrri;ehtof:advocates,
. ,~ e q. ral~ the flnge~ cibout tt!e cgnduc.t:..ofa lawye . ~dualrY :1:: .... ;':; . .' .':: ' . ~rF~" ,~~
. ~udges anq lawyer? are complementary to eacn oil:teI", lite f seniOr:~jndiQthet MYQ~: SectiQn;;16::pr~Vid~hhat,there
Rdmary duty of the lawyer is tci inform couii,as to the r;t:ii": Ene
shall beli~wo c1as.f~~of advoCates, ri~ihely; !is~,ni6;: apvocates
.fncrTaCts of t!:!..«;case and tQ...~id the C~ ..J?i:'. d
tq d9..J.l,!?tlce and otliler aavocat~s, An advpcate maW, witf'll bis: ro";sentbe~
C!FnvlngatEne c~rrect so~Clusi9llS' Good and str~.Q_~~advDca,i::y! d~.!~t!l,CJ.~9 ...as,senI9..r.:.,,~X£S~~~ if tile Sl;i:p~¢i'9~:tourt or ?ii h a
by. tne d'JCl.!lset IS nec~ss.9.~ for the 9obd_adm.L'l!~~tl(m ••Pt:l C,P.U.rt~~:~f"",~<I?,1D.!Q.Q.l)laJJ&.....~f_h[S~aO..il1!yr:sta'~ att~'e-
j±l.~ Conseque~ th!__~}g,1 must haVe: freedom to.L ~r.2!l-~~cl~L~.2X!J.~,99~9U~R.eti,e!;H:~l~La0~: deS"'~iiJ;;g n"e},:
p_resent his case fully anJ .erop~and should not' '.' :,. 0 sUC~';c:llstlnctlon,~dlvoc~t,';E :~ha'lI>iJr1.the.;matter of
Ipterrupt~d by 'f1'1e"1i:i'ClQes, u~.Dbe 'n~ue.tlor'i: In necess '. I ., elr pr ~ IC~~,. e suoject to' such restriCtliori~':£t''fFie'Ba?COLjr1cil
<;1'naccount of nature orduties to b~ discharged !;)y.t e law)l~r. i ,orrnc I •.ay, In.,!·:hei.!2terest~~iOhli-pjeSc'i3jje.'
.' ~.~ndJ~.d9.es,they may get into dia.lo.9u. e sometimei humorotr:.&'1' n a VOfate of -.:heSupreme Cou.rt v/hQ!.was8 :Serior a"dV'O'Cate
f that ~'!!;j.~m~s!.@_~Jy ~e!.9re tJ:l.UP'~iJ
Sbmet,lme~harsh anp sometimes heatc.Q..The h~i~'.:!.ili9r
s.:.om.etlmes results in cont_empt.of C..Durt. Ift,he lawye.rs h.ave','·.Ih
- -
!iJlind.·~ there is contemgt.law and h.tmaybEirMI~nealFmre.1
;
'I' Ithe purpos~., ,of thiS section', be deemed Il:to be a senior'-
dvo ~,-
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~naer and the Judges also have in m.i.!1o tliat they ar:e'iiQ~:1 '
Cl'bov~law; the heated diSGll~O may n~d to an U !lt:1•
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iftj'at!on_
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uncourt~pus conduct .2,1;. rTJ.iscoriauctof a, lawyer m
~mount te.. cO[ltempt. of C0..\i.rt
I ' 0 ~herE!'tfilt;! da.e o(.s:n.!onty of t.wo..or 11l0repe.~~6i1.

.. For example, u:;ing n~u I ,': ~~nl~r~tt

: ~e one senior l~snaribe
,f'u~je~t .as afor~
s.15.·.·
r,ecKorie<! as selntor;to'the-Other.:I
If a~y ~!~p'ure_;":rlses'w1th-r~.'[eCr"t9-E'he
ailU£!:,~.~,Q!4 It sh:a" be rei'erred lo' the, :State l3iir
'the same

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rnguage cigainst a JUag~ or threatening him with' transfer ISr f.' I -,~"~"'~'". .' .. , .' i' ~~~!..se,~':~~~:!L~c;!,~:!.:~:
tmpea:chTe,n£_or [email protected],~~sJ\1~the ~~95!~,.~~1J.?,.OSi29_lemper ,or i iii: i:
qaes€lonlngtlls authOrity. to ask question or making scanaa.'; , ,;, .••:',:\i :. ,: ..
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j; S~~tion' 22- Cutificate Jf enrolment - •.,; . I ' ; I,!: ' India, duly Qualified, are permitted to practice law in ~~batother I
~,:,,~ (1) There shall ae ,issued, a certific;~ I o~ enrolm:~~nl~h~: '" c~ , , ~. '-,-
;;~ , prescribed form by the State Bar Counci 0, ~v~!;Yp ,~ i ' '" ) He has completed the age of twenty-one years; ~}
::\ 'name is ~tere.dJn the roil of advocats:s r:namta;ned b~ 'ti~n, ~~ ) He lias, obtained a degree I~. ;~
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(2) EV~ry person WhO,S.£.Jlame is,..2...ente(~~
0, In the State,Go,
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24A - Qlsaualification for Enrolment- s h~
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notify any change _in the pla.ce_of hl.$?9rn:a~eAt resl~enl=e..0
tlie'-s,~~~,~.~~~9!}.n..c.i1.concerned Within
chan,g.e,..;.'::
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) No person shall be admitted as an advocate on a Stat~ ro.I _
i) If h~ Is convicted of an offence 1!1volvlngmoral tyrplt_I.Ltie;
,) If he Is' convicted of an offe~der the provislGhs of the
•

,'~~ ~.:- ': il! ' • !: ' ,': i l." ~Untduchabl~ (Offences) "Act, 1955.: Provided fhat the
'. Section 12.3- Right of ore-audience. " , J', disqualification for enroLment as afore2_ald shall ':E:asp to have
'~ (1) Th'e Attorney G_gneralof India shall have ~~-.~udlenc r OVjr!:~II
i;'
effect after a period ortwo 'Le~s elapsed since hi~release.
;;~ other aM,0cates.... i , () th I~~
IIciJ~r ) N.p.tHlng-'"..Qftt-g-.i:l:L~in
sub~section (1) sball apply to:.{a person
;
':;
(2) SubJect.i,t"O'"the I provisions of sub_:illJ;i9.P. ~"
..?fl_~!;l.9.LLshall have pre-audlenC~j: over
G~0.~,rC!:b:
.e
i'~'fhotiilfr
: i i: - . \~ho'havio.gj;)een,f.o'!!_r:l.2.
..2~~il'!y"
' onh~ Probation of Offenders Ac'CT958.
Is de~t~'th lJnder tl1if'proy]fc>n
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;~ (3) ~~~j'~~b
t~e: provisi~ni of sUb-sectiOD.Gl) and, ~th: lAUthorlty cH,
whom apDlicfltions for (;nrolmen~" may ~ to 11
:~
,.~
AE.~!.t'9.!i~J
,".~91iflw~~e~.aL
over alliother advocates,
..J:ila:[a s,hall ~'f,ve preia~~lel1\C-
I I ' ( ~ th
.lIl.itd& - Section_25_of the Advocates Act provides that an
a.Qplication-reradmission as an ,:tdvocate shall'be made in the I
,;
"
(4) SubJect!"to,the prOVisions of sub-sections (1)~ (2) anq 3~,!_e_
. second' AddltionC!L Solicitor-General' of IOdli1!:shall ~lav~li rr-
prescribed form to the ",State' Bar Cou:,lcii 'withIn whose
junsdlctlon~he appllc,ant proposes.to practice. :.
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~udl~~ver:

('l Sec;" I~'d"ot~ge

advocates; ,and
aU.other ;advocates.
(5) S'(Jblect"asafore:;aid - " ,

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(Ii) The rightl of 'ere-cludience over senior ac1vocgtesInter P,
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O"~':llo~e, ' (p,oi:edu,e), ~of
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Disc,Qsa! of and applicC!tion for admission as an AdVocate

'l.~ ~I,d State Bar Council shall refer

the Advoc'tes Act provld" th" a
eVE:ryapplication for adr:nissionas
an advocate to Its enrolment committee'";"and subject to-1tie
,I
1

;1 othe ..r,ao,lv~catesTriter s~ s~aiibe CJI!ermin,ed;~y their tes","dt~v Qlrection tl;1atmay be given in wrftin9 b't.~ ?tate_.B:a~_<::OLj"iict
I
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,-~ .t'" " In this behalf, such CCii'T1mlftee
shall dispose oftheapplicat:ldN1n
s~Jf.'~~;', :,:: ~:: ' ': 'f! I 'i, ;. '; tnep;:eScrlbed manrler. H6wever;tli'E!-sar Council O~y, •
C, ,.,,',m,ay b, :I'~, ~,:,dmitted ,as,ad"
2) ,PRo""eO:,r'ls.oi"'+'~"i>',~,:",
!,',:,w,"
h!~,:P." VO,;"'f!,,,;a,~,e °,:9, j, !,~,:, ~,I~,'teI
If ::iat;S'tle'd, either ona ~ference"fTlade to It 10 thls~"behaifor
I
otFer.wlse, that any personlias got his name entered \~~"~r I I
S:e~ti0r64; nf;ti;leAdvqcates Act mukes pro,~isionsin cesp'ec~of of advocates by misrepresentation as ~ci!fu'l fact or bV
tne' , petso:ns
' I, d' w.ho may he "
admitte d aSq dv ocate, "on a'~iState
it !:loll
\\. .. fraud
- or undue,' influence, remove , the 1l1llD.ILQf' sU:CiL.Qerson
'h ~ i
S:u'b-$eHti~;ln_ll) of Section 24 provides th:f,t subJe,ct. I.he °t
from,the rOiiCifa_s1vocatesa1i:er givinghim an op~'ort~_9t= j
, "5' 'o'ns'of."he Advoltates Act and the rules made there:£rlcJ_g_r, being heard. '
pravi I ,l , " d: ate 0(1 a
a: person shqll be gualified to_be a_g_Q1_1__t~~~.E :an9 ~~~ : II' ,
,'( ) H:----",is'' a ci~izen
, , of India:~"JProvi e d tha"
I u,
name YI -hi: :~'h'
St-ate R~IL 'iflle ful~ils ~hefgUQ'(:IjD;l.9QQ,QJ-tLQ.O:;;:,
I. sU'-Ject to'! t I:
a P:O\liSicms'cohtal'nedin 'th!s Act, a qati9D:1 of any Q~he:co~ryt~
e, UI.
" er
Where the 'enrolment c')mmittee QLS,Jate Ba; Council:'prop :Jses
:,
to reluse any_sueh ap~-I'"' ---:-t
IcadC~ I ,5 ha II ref"t
e.C I' "'7'"-:-r"
..~,le apa~~
opinion to the B.ar Coui1dJOf India and ~rYSUCli'refere!2£e
,or .~
?
fllay'bel admitted as a, advocate on a .:>tate,~oll, If Itl~ery~0 shall b,eaccompanied ~ statemai,nt of the grounasip SliP Qort i
: :: : 1 ii t: ,:" .I _ofth~ applications. T:)c enrolment co~.mittee of
o~the _r_e_fu_s_o_1
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Trainirigt,:' "I
. I:: 1 , NainitiLaW Series© , I' it' Prac'ttical Traininci- r
I '
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State Bar Council shall dispose of ~_9P'pli ,9,~i_q~ferred ,t~ I • Discuss the rights of an Advocate;~nd~~ .Ildvbcates Act
tf.ie Bar CouriCiI of India "Ui'iOer~~ctlon 2) In conformlW ,196L i " , • r-, ',.

witn the JlpinTon of ':he Bac Council of !:ldla, Where e i Rights btMlli~: t0
Section 2cJ ofth~ AdVo~ate$Act, 1961.
Iment committee of a State Bar Counei has refused I a~x
makes :ifclear that advocates are the 6n[Y re\-:~l?ed claSSOf
:~~~Icabon for adrniSsion~Jfvoc:ate on it,SrO\~he ~~~, perso!1si,entitledto praetice:law, Aceordihg .to i$ecti6h, subject to
Bar -councTiS-haII, as soon as may be, send 1'1~lmaIon +! the prdv,i§lo'1s,Of this Act arid an~le?;~l~dei.tW~illide.rJb£:'[e
o~her State Bar Councils about such refusal stating the name~ r sha~tTolT!.~~,tJe ~_e£.~Cl~dday, be only ,~:CLil~~Q_t;;r:s.ons I.
a'daress and qualifications of the person whose apellcatloll....w~f i. 'eriflfled i~o practic~_~_2r?fe~fio~--;-qLl~~ :n~:nlely,J.,il_,dvQ.Eat~,
I,·

refused and the gro\Jnds for the_!:.e.f_l:'~q1 i! ;, Tnls section; thus, provldes >fora unified' Bqr,,'for the, whole of
,~, ..____;_~- ;'i I India, Ih iorder to understahd the true 'effecdBftiliS section, it
~ ~~ction 26A- Pow~r to remove names from roll - AJQ~!:..Ba; I shoul(f~e read along with the/relevant prQyisJ,6-4s.~Q(: Section 55
r:,ouncil ,may: remove from' thg_ State roll the OEme of a8Y 'I' of the Advocates Act. SectiOi1 55 saves tme!';I\ghts' of certain
"r - -, d f hom 'a request has be.en, -, ' .. 1 '.,
apvocate who IS dea or rom w. Iii 'r existing ::I~gal practitioners, n~mely~ va~il~'li ~I~ade~s; attorney
l1eceivedto that effect. "I ,I in "the 'High: Courts at Bor;nb~y and i S::a,lcNit~F>: m~u!khtars and
S
' t" n 27- of the Advocates ;':\ct Qr0vides that,_where a Stal
' I law as:.I':SuCh,'Section .55; t~us
'
revenuel,age:nts,They can continue to practlce,;the proresston of~eI
the.,I,,:~hding, vakils, :iave,s
_ec_lo I' t' f any nerson hTr I '
Bar Council has refused__!he 2P'P'}C_? Ion 0 -~-.----. I I' pleadersi;iattorneys, tnukhtars; ;and revenue ,ager;ts; ;.
acImission_E. an advocate on ill roll, n? ~ther Sta~_~2u~CL i : /. , ) 1 : ' : : [ : "~i ,i :1; ill:: : r '
shall entertgjj) an aj:>plication for admiSSIon of SI:lr.hperso~a? I Sectjool:3o :of the AJYocates'Act provic!:esth:H, Subject to the
a;:;-a(jVo:?ate on its roil, except with th_e prev~£l.!Jse'lLJ!P! provISiOf}~oLthis Ilct3':'0:!Y adyocate ~?:Ose;,n~-:r:ri~~i~~ntere[[m
e, r!ttng of _!Ii€' State ,Bar,CQuncii which refused ~he appllcatl :fl :.1
ana ofthe Sa, Coune,'olInd". .. I.
he~lf s;halloe E!Dt1fffCDto,J;lLaCtIC,1j'
0 whleo!,(hls.~ extends.! ,,;;
th~ pr,9~~;;;;lon of law
F . 'ocr
""""~":",:"
..,,,, , Alway.s Refer I ' . ,Ii:,," ',',I n all c6L~s :inclUdingthe S~p;~me cou~ii ;;)i ,';
I;.
~ ~ efore ,~~y, tribullal or p~rson le.9.illl:ii a:ul~o,rizeo, to take
vldenc~':and . :!'! 'iJ "i:r;::"~ ,
if Namita Law Series I", ') ~I'ly: ot'her authoritY :pr per5C-~~ berltlfe ~:hom such
i"-
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.F' :Unl·ver.'So' -.,_:t' 'y Pa,p',el' SolutiQn I', avocate Is by or under an]' law for the ti:nj\'e,being in force
- .. entitled t::Jp~actice:------ : -----7-,,-" ;Ii' __"--f=,~' ",--",",,_
! (Till November 2013). I,' I-~-;-'-'--' ': i: :,<' j
1 ,.:' This seeti'ono'is' one of the most important'i,sections, which
,& ! " tonferL9u. the advocates the right to praCfiCe-GL:it"Tt'has not
!I been brought in t6-effe-cr6Y,CentraT~0y~rnrDe"'?rcoicl;seqUeritIY
" ii the advocates contiJiUe'1'O'5edebarredfr-oma"ppearinQi'rlrrrany
Namita's Three Test Papers ,: ? trfDunalst-.,:!,g-;:-Indus~Lal__rr:i_~,LJDJl.l,_F_a.Q1),~y_;:c:ourts,
,etc.:'
with Solution" Ii j'i ----' • ..-- • ,----~:.._ ,"
Section 33 of the Advocates th!s Act or in any
provides io'~! ,, Ah
•• ·"t Q est·on Papers ~i I other law for the-tTme--helngin force, no person shall, on or
(Based on Unlversl Y' u I,' " arteTthe";3ppointgQ_day,bl2 entitled to practTCe-'-Tn'a~n:YcourtOr 1'1 ':
: , 'FULL VIEW at a lanc'e· ,before any authority or person unless 'he is 'enrolled as an
lOcal for last moment, .,. .' a'dVOcate-underthis A~t, Ho'weVer-;--Section32;Fthe Advo'C'ates
----.-.~------

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Namita Law Series© - 44 - Practtcal Tral ing-l
. ' :Namita .awseries~ ..t::J'vVs - Srj Practi~alTraining-I
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::~ct ~~~es :!~
'Clear t~~t notwithstandin~ a'rNthlr.g :don~~i d In U
Sections 29 to 34 aiw Court authority or person ma
anyp:ers;;;:_not
!, e ,It "
enrolled ~...£.i.L advocate:. under ,,," ' .,
Piscuss 'the constitution of' State Bar 'Coun¢i1 and its
-,un • .. .. J I
appear before !!.~_fiTm i~~~E.§!_r:t..!..0~~u~£S~r ' ' /:1 '
{ ',State Bar Council shall consist of the followingf members,
'namely: - . .~, . i; . •. !
i
I
'ISe~34!.of the Ai:lvocates Act empowE!r!ithe Hi h. Codrt to .' in'the case of the State Bar Council of Delhi, the~ Additional
':make:~:riJles'laying down the condition~Qject W:htctl an' , - dllcltor-General of India, ex officio; the case If
of.th~ State
• '~ouncll of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya,· Manipur a,pd Trlp ura,
Bar - I
i :
:.a.OvCl.c.ate.: shilfj ~pe.rmitted. to gr~tice, i"d.the Hlg.l;a~,U"',2.~d ,!
',the 'c®rc~rqinate
:, -:-t")" .. ,.:J
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~~e Advocate-General of each of the States of Assaril'l,Mani pur,
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Meghalaya, Nagaland and Trtpura, ex officio; in the (case of the -;
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i. :pi: ::- ' Ai/ways Refer).:" I 1:1: ,

· state council Bar of Punjab.and Haryana, the Advocate-Gen eral I
.' J, '': I., i i
of 'each of the States of Punjab and Haryana, ex offttio; and in
' ', ..:
, he. case of any' other State Bar Council, the Acjvoc~tr.-General ' • II;
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'- J(,',: Nemite Law Series , ·.:ofthe State, !?-X offlcloi . ;. I'/'1
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-, ":, ·",,'1' 'U,;'!,-\fer~it,YPaper SOi,utiORI' .,':,. ";in the case of a State Bar ,Council with an etectorata not
. 3): "exceedlng five thousand, fifteen members, in the': case of a 1-
,,:,; ,'. :,!"i . :(,Till, N, ovember 20'1, ',I' "",I:,i",: -State Bar Council, wj.th all electorate exceeding, fi'(e thousand !.\ ~
I,'
J:)U~ not exceeding ten thousand, twenty membe~,.&and in the
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11 : : l' & ':; :: \ i'i '~asl'l of a State Bar Council with an electorate ex~eeding ten
1
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,j, .,;:: ,:'- ,;1 " : i *': . thousand; 'twenty five members, elected in accordan~e with the, t'!·
~~,::o."~~
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;ka nitta'~ Thre~ Test Pape;s ":'ith 1'W?m .f;;.~~~,~JI:~~t~~';ri'

:::ro':;:t"~~t~~~a~~
~~at~~ ,I
,,:(~bE!~ ~n u~rV!ersitYQu7s ff ps1r I J n ffth. Stat. Sa, CouoclL ,
I
i ; ,,1de~,i.•:tor:: :Iast !:. moment FULL VIlE"W.at, t, g,'1!I.,.j?: ce ;~~g~~ ~h::II,a~U~~:;~Ytoa~:yO~il~~e
t~~r~!~' ~~ ~~~e ~~~~ •
I
' , ' .behalf by the Bar ':ouncil of Ind'la, be persons who •.have for at
" ,~,"'II'" ..,~l:~I;"."
::··.·,· ".:...~. ','f, S,Ubjects-.; "/""1".11":,/,:, .least ten years been. advocates on a;Sta.te roJ.l, and'in •
: -- '~omputlng the said period of ten years II": relatiorr t9 any such •
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Environmental
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person, thp.re shall be included any period during;$whiCh the
persons has been an advocate' enrolled under. the f~ndian Sa r •
CoumcllsAct, 1926. . . .:~. I
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!' :1' I '~'. lilaw of Crimes, ':, ',: i, . here shilll bt! a Chairman and a Vice-Chairman of!¢ach State
1 • :jl I. ; " Contract - II, Jurisprudence,' ;I :.1', Bar Council elected by the Council in such manner~s may be.
'i- i,/'" "j L d Laws i prescribed. . ,~
Iu
!,:; <' ',iii;:' ~ ,i.,; A'Itern~t;~~pinu~I:,~~so ~ioni
u,':, ,~I::·"· ) Every peesoo holdiog office as Chalnnan 0' as Vic:-Cha"man ~

i' ~ ..iiii'
, i',~I " ii, . f any· State Bar Council. immediatEly before the
(Amendment) Act. 1977r

r
':.: , 'La;,," of Evidence' . (commencement of the Advocates

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i: '~'---'-i , i '.1 I/r,. 1I. hau; on such commencement, cease to now Office a~Cnalrman
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the T:;~n:~:::.;:
be:

.'the Chairman or the Vice-Chairman as the case :may be, o(,each', to promote and support law reform; .:
of SUb.se~:~-(2) of t~s
person shall continue to carry on the duties of his office ,l;lntil :,', (a) of/sub-section (2) of section 7; t \ ':: ::;::
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:;:State Bar Counc.l, elected after the commehCf~ment of;;,the.',"." .,.. to ~onduct: seminars and."org d,~i.'!~~al,:.:,~~PiCS
.•a,l)iZe,ta.:1::.k.'S bv
j.~ Advocates (Arnendrnent) ,Act, 1977, charge of the office. :,';:! . ;., .emlne~t JUrists .and publish, Journ-als <and: t:rapers 'of leoal
<, . ,,' " . :1,[-:;, Interest: ,'. ,'. ',,;:' ',:: .r . -
(4)'" An advocate shall be disqualified from voting atdb'all elect,lo,'.,"00'
.. .:
t.o orqanlze Ieqal
' '
aid to the.poor '. i;',
..,;,res."CI'lbed
in.the;p·. ..:n:,'anner'
~' under sub-section (2), or of being chosen as, an for eiog,. ' I
J:' member of a State Bar. Courcil, unless he possess sllc .to mariage:arid investthe ~urndsof th~fBar't~~ncil,'j
, -~ i:' qualifications or satisfies such conditions as rri~y be prescl1i~e' to pro-J,lde~or the election iOf!lts memb:~:rs;( i' ,'", C
J. in this behalf by the Bar Council of India, and subject tOI:ilri ' to vislit and inspect universities in acco~~?hce with the
t.! such rutes that may be made, an electoral roll shall be..prep~.I~e.' dlrect~~?s)iven under clause (i) :bf: sl.ib+;~e'ctiom: (1) of
f~
and revised from time totime by each State Bar council. I' -:1 sectibHi7;, .. ~ '; '.'ii 'i: id ;,; ! ~
Not,hing in the proviso to subsection (2) shall a,.ffectt.h,eter~:~.,1
(5.',:.),: J to periorm
this Att; . all other functions
. :: confehYed¢r::;iti
,": I, I!:ji by: Ipr. under
.: office of any memb,~r elected before the comm,encement 0 tt;:" : 1.\ . ,:, , 1'::' ,:,
i~Advocates (Amendment) Act, 1904 but every election ~:e ,~o d~Jill, ot~er, things n~:cessary,}or ; ~).~C:hal·~ingthe
" such, commencement shall he held In accordance Wlthl'lth' aforesaid functions, ,: ,r: i,' .
" provisions of the rules made by the Bar Council ofIndla to :gl-), , IIi i " ! ii, ~): '; I;; ;:i t
:.::'effect to the said pr::Jviso. ",: '1',,· it 6at~:B~r 'duncil may 'CQQstitute:ohe: bH~lrT;or~;
funds in
:[ the p~escribedmanne.r for:th~ purpose ;bf j:.' I.~::; ';
(6.:.~,') Nothing in, clause (b) of sub-sec,tlon '(2) 'S,h.al.1a.ffec.t~t~. 'giving,:.financialassistance
" :
tq.:organize"I., "i schbmes
:welf9:""Me' !,
for
, ~epresentatlOn 0f e(ecte d members In any Stat,e Bar Coun, ~
cO'1stitut;ed immediately before the comme.)lCement o~: til I' the In~.!gerit,diSabled or other: advocC1t~:s; :<' ,:]' i
: Advocates (Amendment) Act, 1973 (60 of 1973), untill'}t-.: giving legal aid or advice in atcordan'ce"witil'the rules made 1

"': State Bar Council is reconstituted in. accordance with!:/ttl In this p:.ehalf;. ~ . •. !.,: t
provisions of this Act. '. ;, -I I' ,. establl?hing law libraries, ' ; '::. ~
~~~ ...-cction 6 - FunCtions of State Bar CQuncils- • .l~:"I 'II,',;'
A Stat_e:Bar Council may receive II any .
':', g~c9hts,donations
:"" .
ef)
, a
The functions of Stcte Bar Council shall b¢. - :1' i I ,/'
'~s Cl~.··bern.efactionsfor all o.t.: any of.,:the p·u' .j)p··o'
ses .5' pec',f',e'd ' ., ,
Ca) to a~ns as
-=..advocates..Qnits
. h '11 roll; , I I/!
in sub.'-!sect,ion
(2) w,hich shall.,ibecredo ..~.d tb.·' ie apP.·
it.· ,:ropriate ·...l.t
(b ) to prepare and maintain suc ro; ., ' 't I :,: "I f und o~.;f unds constituted und.e. r that sub~se.cti6.1),.,'1','
(c) to entertain and determine cases of misconduct again; <i ;,
advocates on its ron; .' ' :; "i: ' :' . . ; :!:
(d) to safeguard the rights, p"~(~ileg~s ahd Interest~ ! '.i; i !:; ~ Wi:.1
advocates on its roll; . , , ;' .~i . "
(dd) to promote the growth of Bar AssociationsJor the purpos!: '~i
of effective ir1}plementation of the welfare .schemes refelrr~' : j
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. ,; Nami..tp L;;w,S:elies© - 48 - ':" . Practida\,
~, practicalTraini~g_ I
.I!
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~ar ~ounci'I' of India (Constitution);
"I,
S~ction ~(1),
Acvccates Act :p,·()vid~s that there shall be ~i Bar 'II;
i•

territories to' which this Act extends to be known

Council of India which shall consist of thei tollowi standards of proresstonat conduct and e~iquette
I,

2)
[lameIY·:- ," '
the Atipi-ney~General of [ndta, ex officio; . t
~."",'1V"""II~",~
"
I
!
.' the procedure to be followed by Its diSCiplinary I,
b) the sJi'icitosi.General brIndia, ex officio; ",.".....
ittee.and the disciplinary committee of each Sti!te Bar'
· ~. . l!i" : i :. . ::' .
i
'"

c) one nlir~inbe(elected by each State Bar; Connell s~feguard the rights, pr:'IvIlegesand Interests of '3dv~cates' I·
I,
. ;its rri~mber~,; i !, ,'promote and support law reform;. '"' S ' I
i: ···;;1,·;·. " '. .' !.
'd~al with .and dispose of any matter arising under ~biSAct,
~ectiQry4 (~f.)of the, Act makes lt'clear tha~ no j
.' may be referred to It by a State Bar Council; i: I:
:eligibl~for peing elected as a member or,the
•fndia';11(inles~:he possesses the ouallfi:atiors c:n,.. ,.ffii:llr1! !i!XerClse,general sLipervlslon and control over St~te Bar
. ~Clls; : ':' .. '. ." 'I ~.
i
p,r0viM, t~ ~~b-sectioh (~) of Section 3 of!!~h~
•pectidh 4':(2) of the .A\ct.provides that tht:r~ ?,hall ,p~mote: legal education and to lay down stcindardsihf such !
and aJjice-Ch'airman of the Bar CounciloUndia plpttl'!d: .' . 'n In consultation with the universities i(i~
India i·
!
~Counci,1i·nsuc::hmanner as may be presctlb¢pi... nnn,,:.,""· .I"g such education and the State Bar Councils; :.: . i
.• ~. ;;~:'; !... . i ~;: . .:: '( •
recognize universities whose degree in. law shari be a
,Section 4(3:)' of the ,tI,ct'provides that the::;~~'rmof
Iflcatlorl;. For enrolment as-an advocate and f6r that
· fTlembk on he Bar qouncil ofIndia electE7~'by th
:Couilcrl shan~.1: I,. .' : i;: ' : . to visit and inspect universities; y~

(ii . :in rhe ,rase ora member of a State Bar Cour;;cilwho c~nduct: $emlnars and org~lDize talks on legal tqpics by
:ex'bffi'c:iO,be 'two yea1rsfrorr the date ·of lii~ele¢ti , mlnent jUr:-lsts and publish journals and papers oJ legal /j I
! [Cease(bo bF: a memb;er:of the State Bar ?~Uncil, •. nter~st; . I.tI,~ t I
,!earl'lelT~,and.... .'" , ..; : ••. organiZe legal aie' to the poor in the pr:escribed manner; r
(ii) :in any,other case, be for the penod for which he ho o re~ognize on a reciprocal basis foreign qualifications in law
Ij
11 rI
.la rrie~~er sf the State ~ar Council: PROVlP,ED , d outside Indian for the purpose' of admis$ion as .~
:membbr shall continue to hold as a membelTof the
' under this Act; , .?
~6f Ihd'/a':unt'il c,;;; sucdesspr is elected. . i i! j
.!;! -';T ,': -} ',1 I::. ,:1;" manage and invest the funds of the Bar Council; i; I
.,
To provide for the election bf its members' j
. Section 10,~B of the 'Advocates Act provides
i r'nertlb;erofia Bar Council shall be deemed;~o have . pe~orm :all other functions conferred o~ it by 01" un,derthis ~
; ':offiCft: jf he! iis declar~d, by the Bar CounCil of . . ; ;~. '
!
I

,!Jnemdet to; ~h we betfn .absent without sufficient do.all other things necessarY for .discharging the a(bresaid i
, i three' !consecutive meetings of such Council, or if : .j
"~ . ,.
'!:for ~p'ycause, removed from the roll of advocate~ :'
; :other.vise di,squalified,under any . rule made:by the ~c!". it i
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Namita LawSeries© - 50-

(a)

(J)
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·~ NtI \\~~~/:~ La,w~~ries© ! i-52- Practicall)~ining_ 1

: ~f'~&"'o. \ ~\h'/ co~t~xt :~~erein the i~erm occurs, regard being ,,' to invite . the
, \J~I' \ 'scope of-the-statute and the public purpose ;it seeks to; I'
,~ ',;_: ,;!, - "iI, ; , ' .1 ;i
:t: ,: term, 'm,isconduct' has been defined in Black's di' " , 'professional o~ other misconduct' 'in Se~':':)n 3S
:a vioiatior'\ QLs.oro.e.. established and defir)i:t,ejiJ) " , tes Act means misconduct in a crofessronai or the - ij
f;?rbYcr~~hTa"2ti-a dereliction-:lf'(i'lXy:-u'nra;"'f~1 beha , F~rlthe ~urpose of this section the, meaning::.'Of the H
:sharac;tef, i:mproper or, wrong benavior.: Its ",,,.,;,,;,~:;;;i7i";";.: /;:JrofessJona!or other misconduct' Is not Iim.ited to ; 'J
2IDm£~agmr!2 don,eln a professional Capacity by_an advocate. :
misdemeanour, impropriety, mismanagement,
~eglig~inI;:.:o~ carelessness.
i·...._··
: ;.
'~.,...- ....,.............
-, ... ' :
j'

, other misconduct - An advocate creatir',g a

:1
'\Miscondui:6is, thus, a wide expression. 1·0 treat a
,miscoHtJlJct': it is, necessary that it shoUld ",'\1"""'"
In pub I,cplace~<;lrunken
,
state _
'
.- i I·

'. ~urpiNoei. Ap:yconduct which In any way r~li'ders a il,lslng vulgar or indecent language in publ' and
I,'. ~
,for th~: e'xerctse of hiis 'profession or ts ill~ely to rly In.the presence of I"ales: ' ( I,
embadass the administration of justice b'/the Hig -~. /1
~ny "oth,er :;P:lUrt subordinate thereto) .mav : be adv,ocate:caught red-handed from a prostitute's @en or jl
(1-
{niscohi;Ju:ctii A. Karim:,AIR 1941 Bom '22~~:.
:irhet~iri; m;is~onductr;nay be taken to me~h:irlfa 'I,o',usice,riduct
' guilty of eve-teas ins. ,
. 1 j:, .
- "
.

pies of:professional mis,~onduct- !

Ii
,The, dipressioh 'infamou,s conduct, in ";,
:. ~ i
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':beer,::deffned by Lopes,; L.J" in respect " I
: but Tt:~alsbeen applied ilit respect of the legal p~"f'~"':"I"'''' ,/0I
!has b,~en'appl:iE~d
in determining the professi,onal
, II
.:a 'a~~!Fr,;::" i, , :' "
'I;
',A Iaw,ye;r,is ;6bund to toriduct himself In a ir;nanner
'i'tligh ancihonorable, legal profession and If! hie DE![)t!If(S,11 i
thigh 'stat,d~rd (which the profe5siun ,has ;set II
, :demands, of
him in professional matter),! :he will'
:/disciol!na'ryJ.3ctiJn. ' ." ,":! ., /i
. : ~ ~ .:'j~: -:'; j. ~ :~ ;!; ',:: ! '
j;If th,eJCOlildi;ldof an advocate is slJch as tq: ake h
• I,to r~titI:a,in{'niemb,el" of ~he ronor~~le legal! : I
I~
",:;,,",:',

': to ;:,eJe'ntrlJ$tedwith the responslb.e dutles.v..hl

~ ',', Jis cail'~d upon to perrorm, he will be guilty; of m
: may ;be'punished for that. ' , ': :' , ,
, "::"[,,,, .;,: ,'" ' professlqnal conduc.t to knowingly make a false sta:~e'l1en~
In th~~r,n:at~esoff, (AIRl963 SC 1313) ttie:Court P~ by a lawyer.
prafte.9_. ' ' ,
an advoca~e,may be pUnished not only :when h
prdfd~5i:cin~r.mi,sconduc;t but also if he lis 'r
I,
miscO:nouct"which may not be directly I con j, ~',
profe~sion~i: activity' such, may nevertheless as ,!' :F
~.;i~;
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'Narnita Law Series© ..
:I ..' . i " I';' . '.
- 54~' Practical Training- I ill NamiiJ Law Serie~© ~ ~~ - •. ! j' ...•...
:.'....•,iii }rac~,\~al I raJCIII:g-I
I ' , ,
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when! his client has a swoll~hddlle to which he cannot 'slgn

'1-
£") To aflow another person to sign in the name of his client, even ../'/
'/'
I

(14)The State Bar Coun:il may,:I either: <

its ~W[l motion or on
/application made to It by: any person: Interested, '.withdraw' a
him~lf, amounts to professional misconduct ','ii/ proCeedl~g,pending before its,.dlsCiPfin.r~.:fiY
~01:ri:litt~!T'may direct

6)
t '. " .·
A pl~der who gives his client false tnfcrrnatlcn- that a certain,
'I' . the l~q~liry ,to be m~de by. a~y other, dISC!~I.i8aryCO,. rnmrttes of
that state Bar Council: ~~. 'A.·f VY,-)~-J ~....,...,.. "" .
orden has been passed t,y a~rt, when no ,such'order-llas I, ':. I' . " . ' :.
beel~passed at all, is guilty of fraudulent and"'9rossly Improper /',.,./~2) The dlscibfinary oornrrutteeorja State .c,6,unQid~hall fix a date for
, conap-a: In the discharge of his professional rnisconduct. i
t~e heat\ng of the case and fhall ca~s~ a n?t;ce thereof to be
.,./ glve!1 to the advocate concerned and tp th:e;:~dvocate General
7) Where' a pleader gives a false fee certificate that he has of the State, r:: ':_.'i 'Vy> ~t.lc-! de c;JfI:L "I
received a certain sum of money from his ciliiiit as fees, wh~n . i j I. II)

I ..
in --tacTlle- has-nor-received'" -s-uch-f~es," he-;srg-uilty- of' !; ~3)The di~~i'Pli;dr:/ committe Of,a Stat~ ,E'-a 1
C, ~1l,1nCil ,;after giving
misconduct, '.11 : the a~~ocate .concerned and the' i: Adv('Jcate~General an
:J I j.. opportunity of belr.q heard .may make a8f'i of the following
8) A.n ~~vo~ate atte.mpti~g to bribe a ju~ge to obtain jltd.9.~ent in /'/' : orders,' hamely: . " i': f

hl~~ ..•.
l_;.lent
5 favor IS gUilty of gravest misconduct.: '/:,../ <;a) Dlsmiss,;the.s;,QJJ1Qlaint •.p.r, whf:!re the pr;?Cee,dl..I1,9S w.¥r2 initiated
: at the ;Instance of the ~State Bar Coun¢q;l. direft that the
9) If mpney is pai'd for pcyment of stamp fees it Is not open to the II'.; proceedings be filed; .. \,..., .: J. ": •. ,/ .
advqcate to appl~ the same or any part of It towards his' /..
' ,I (ib) ReprirmiTidtheacJvOCa.te·;-)~· I:'V-\ .• P17(J~ ".
fees~ i' (t) susP=~l~~:_~~~3.S~te fro!D..I4-~"s!iEe.!.pr such period as it m3Y
(if : I :' deem ,!t;, ',: , ..... .
10) Adv9cate faUing ·to appear in a murder cas~ but: e~9aglog ','/' Cd) Remov~ Ithe name of the ~ovocate 'fro~ tlJe Sbte roll of
anot1;ler advocat~ or. a srna~r fee is guilty of griiNe irlnprcpr'iety a(lvocates. .------r-r--.. ,.. ,'!' --!-_. 1,
f
in tT discharge of his duty. --;---.- I: i ) Wh,,,, ~~ .,."ooot, " !u,p,ndkd f"'m <1i"ti~ .und~' d,u" ('J ~
Q. Hovit is complaint to be lodged against 'an advocate?' .,. . ofsuusectlOn (3) hi.!shall, OLJringthe p@op ;oCsusp'ension, be
,
I

Write 'tt'the .Pfrohcedure· followed by the Disciplinary /.,',.1 I! .. debarred:from f2!~.c:.t.!E~~.J.::.:

an,L~9j!rt or;:befo~~Clnyauthority or i
Cornml ee 0 :: ,':,',Bar Council of India and State the ,'."/
pun·.ishrnentit c:an inflict.
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person .I,n n la,
.
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P.. Section 35: Punishment of advocates for. misconduct /,',1' I' :;. '; I~i'" "1 "

(Distipiinaty attion)- (15) Where . a~y . notice iS issued to the' A'dv()i:~:t~cGeneralunder

J

(1) Wh~fe' on ~eipt of a complain!; or otherWlse__!!.~tate ..Bar I"~ I !:. subseC~lrn'(2), th~ Advocate-;General,maYIappear- befor~ the
Cou~cil has' reaso" to, ~elieve that any advpcate it? roll has . I ': djsciplin~ry committee of the State B'Ei'FtOlJ·n2il.either'inperson
beerWguilt! of pr~.si.c.naJ_ or other miscon uct it shall re er 'j' ,. o~,thro~9h any advocate appearing on' his ~~~:alf.' _._ ..,-
the rase for disposal to its discipiinary committee~ (. ;'
,
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" Namita L~w Seri~s© -57- Practical Trai ning- I
Namita Law yeries© - S6,;.. Practical T~aining- I

Every such appeal shall be heard by the disciplinary committee

Discu~s th~ p~v.-,~~softhe Dis~lplinary cornrnitteeof Bar
of the Bar Counfl1 of India which may, pass such order incl~in9
Council of India" ;' :: '
an order varylnlg the punishment awarded by the discipll'pary
A. Section 36: Di5ci~linary po~ers od3a~ Council of Inc'ia -"
committee, of t~e State Bar Council trereon as It deems fit.
',j: i :t·{:; ,i ': :\ ; 4 : ~ i: :' I: ' Provided that rjo order of the dlsclpllnarv committee 0(J. the
(1) V,fherE'en recelpt bf:~' cornptalnt or
otherwise the Bar Colincil of State Bar;Coundil shall be varied by the disciplinary committee
India has reasorrto beueve that any, advocate whose 8?n:ie is of the Bar C04nc" of India so as to prejudicially affect! the
not entered on anYl:Sta~eroll has-been guilty of professtonal or , person ag~riev~d without giving him reasonable opportunity of
, other rnisconductj, it: st;iaU refer' the case for disposal, to its" being heard. " ' ;,r
; disciPlinarY~Om~l~t~E-:' i' :' ---
- --'"
;;
" '/: t~ ..

~ctlon ?8-,~ppeai to the' 'Supreme Cou~Any p4rson

(2) Notwithstail~jj;ng i !anything contain~d in this. cQapidi the'" aggrieved by « 111 order made by' the disciplinary CQmmitt~,e of
disciplinary ~ommi~tee of the Bar Council of India may, je'ither of the Bar Counc I' Of India under Section 36 or: Section 37 of the
its own motion or: 0in a-report by an', State Bar CounCillor an
Attorne'l-'Genel31 of Inr'la or the .Advocate-General of (he State
application made ito; it by any person interested, withdraw for concerned as tile case may be; within sixty days of the date on
inquiry bef~Te its~I;: a~yj proceedinqs for d!sCiplinary! action
which the orde~".iS ccmmunlccted to him, .prefer an eppee: '(0
against anv 'advocate p~ndlng before.the. disciplinary committee the Supreme ~ourt and the Supreme, Court may pass ,0Such
of any state;'Bar Cc;nJncilarid disp6~e:of the same. ' I ,
order including: at! order varying the punishment award~~ by
the disciplinary I committee of the Bar .Council of India thereon
(3) The di~CiPli~~ryC~~~it~~~ of the Bar Council oft--rndladl~POslng as It dee'ms fit. Provided that no order of the di~ciP«nary
,,: of 2ny case !under,~his $eCtion, s~ali 'observe, so far as:t;nay be, ,committee ,of the Bar Council of India shall be varied bY,,the
, : the proced~re lalQ QOW[l In Sectloh: 35, the references, to the
,Supreme "Court. so as to prejudicially affect the pf$rsori
, Advocate-G~llerali iii' tha.~~ection ,being-construed as re~r.ences
~,
,
,
to the Atto,c\eY-iG~r)eral:ipfrndia. i! ",
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wlth~utglving him a reasonable opportunity of ieing
,
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(4) 1'1 disposing or'l any :proceedings', under this sectl,on the
disciplinary ;comnhittee 'bf~ the B<;IrCouncil of India
any orde(: iwhich!i;the di~ciplinar;y cpmmittee of a S~flte Bar
make m~:" ~Iscuss the c.onstitution and powers of the discip1trary
com!l'lttee of.~tate.Bar Council. ' ,')1
SectIon 2 - Disciplinarv Cpmmjttee-- fl,
Council can; mak;e' Lind~r; sub-sE1~tiG:n (3) of Section i 13;5, and
",/ller2 any~P,r0cee:\'lingsii\13ve
been W,ithdrawnfor InquirY: before
''f. Bar Council '~.hall" constitute . one or more dlsclPi,nary
committees,' e~ch of which Shall consist of three' pers"s of
th(; disciplinary ,c6iTlmittee of the ~ar.
Council of India Stat~ t~e whom two shi311be persons elected by the Council bfrom •
Bar Council[conCef:nedshall give ~ffe~t to any such ord~r~ amongst Its members and the other shall be a person' cO-9Pted
, ;
Q. What'remedies,'eire
,Ii::' I; !: I ,I;
provided :unaer, Advocates A'ct to an
: Ii by the Council from amongst advocates who posses~ the
qualifications ~pecified in the proviso to sub-seclion &2) of
advQcate:V;tho isjp,unished by ~isCiplinary Committee?, ' Section 3; and ;who are not members of the Council, an~ the
P.. Section 3Z~ AciG-ea'l,toi
the Bar Council of India ~ , i I:' , senlor-mo,st advocate amongst the members of a, dlscipllmry
:;,; . :~:
: : :',:; ,: ii . :: i
committee shallj be the Chairman thereof..
i
" ,:5:
(1) Any person! aggri:@;ie;tlby :in ord~r of the disciplinary cq~mltte'E! , ; I

of a State f?ar CO?,rl'Cilqn~de~_I"l_d~C i

,$eftiun_:iS or the Advoc,9.te-', l:,' ) ~otwithstandin~ anything contained, in sub~section (l)t any
General of Ithe ,Skate may, within sixty days of the da~e of the, , disclpilnary corrmittee constituted prior to the commei1c~tnent
communic~;tion Dflthe crder to him,; prefer an appeal t~ ithe B,al
I ~" of the Ad\l6CB~eS(Amendment) Act, 1~o4 mgy' r.Ji:;;pose ~f the
Council of I'ndia. ):: :' " " , ' I ,
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, Namita Law Series© - 58- Practical Training- I I
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proceedingr pending, before it as if this section had not bee';

amended by the said Act. /' "!:'
'·;1

Pow'~rs of flisciplinary cQmmitt~f a State, Bar, 1,.,1

~lnci'J: According to Section 42 of the AdvocatesAct, 1961,
the disciplinary committee of the Bar Councili shall have the' II
sar.ie powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the Codeof :/'
Civil?1Procedure;1908 (5 of 1908), in respect of the following ",
matt;*rs, namely: - ' i', '
(a) Sump", oning and enforcing the attendance of any person and I
exarmininghim on oath; ': '" ' :',',
/"
(b) RequJringdiscovery and production of any documents;
(c) Rece.lvingevidence on affidavit; : .11 I'

(d) Requlsitionlnq any public, record or copies thereof ifrorn any

(e) ~~~ur;t~ro:~~e~iSsions for the examination of Witness or,}

docujnents: ,
(f) Any pther matter, which may be prescribed,
l
Provided that' no such disciplinary cornmittee' shall·'have' the .1,
right-'to require the attendance of - , " ,
(a) Any;:presiding officer of a court except wlt~ the previous I!
sanction of the High Court to which court is subordinate; I
(b) Any officer of a revenue court except with the pr.evlou'is
sanction :
of thk State Government., ' ':' ,i
;, ,',' j:
(2)' All ptoceedings before a disciplinary committee of a Bar Council /:
shallrbe deemed to be judicial proceedingswithin thJ meaning ,
of S~ctlons 193 and ,228 ofthe Indian Penal Code, :1860 and ,!
every such disciplinary COmmitteeshall be deemed to' be a civil
cour¥-for the purpose of Sections 34S(1), 346 and 349 of Code
of.Ct!i:minalProcedure, 1898., "
(3) For f,he purpose of exercising any of the powers conferred by
subsection (1), a disciplinary committee may ~nd to any civil
court in the territories to which this Act e~~~ndI any summons
or other process, for the attendance of a ltness or the
oroducnon of a document required by the committee or any
commission which it desires to issue, and civil cilJrt sha': cause
such-process to be served or such commission 0 be Issuedas
the case may be, and may enforce any such brocess as If it.
were a processfor attendance or production before its~lf. i

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flYbli_c....Surendra (,,!ohantyv. Nabakrishna Chawdhary AIR 1 functlons, neeessary.for. the administration' of justlc€. The
Ori 168.: -, ,. i: , '; : contempt law ,does not Intend to confer'"o-n-tbeCOllrt tb~i:JQwer
to:-~ntemp1: only when there is actual Interterence
The conte~p~powers the judy,es to punish contempt w'lth th1' due ~dm~strabbn of justice. It can punish the qlndlJct
keep t~e a:oursuf jListis~_ir~!LIt has righ been' . or· act~ whlcf). tends" to Cause--interference wifFith~aoe'"
that a Cour:t of: justice without power to adn;II'!lstratIO'1-oT'jl;Stlc.e. tiowever, the contempt &pcivv"'er'
dignit~,nfor~e ooedlencetbits ! conlerr~d on ithe Court 15-:'3 special power and, theretPre, it
o'ffiCersor ,to shieldtFi'Ose-w-':,l' are e .':':':·::~~7:~·~i:'~·_':';i:~-'::~":';:"I,I should ~ot bE.exercised unless there Is substantial Intert~rence
oe an anbmafy'tV:;nTch-cannot -;'_', :::-;";;'1'""""::~,---,~",.>-",,,",..,,, iii' I with th~ admmlstratton of justice. lord Morris has rlght-T¥ said .,;, !
civilized con:.r:!luriity..· protection, ,! ;,
-;.:.:.:.:....;:,:.;_.;:: that a contempt power Is " weapon to be sparingly used and -, J
wo_~.I.g_
__~C?_C!n lose_~!2.ejrh61(fLipon~fl;le~'I~bll' i I' 'I ..
always with reference to the Interests .of the admlnlstrJtlon of
maintenance of Taw and grder w§lfl Ife...r:.ende '':';;~4~~;Ji i. . justice., Such :jurlsdlctlon .has been' conferred on the s~perior i
ii
Hence It IS that tre summary power of pu;;.n.:;;ls::.:h':':':":'2-.?~'" Courts 'so as' to enable them to take immediate action' for
has been g_ivento the Cg_Y.r.:LfQr keeping a preventing th~ Interference with the.adrntnlstratton ofJu:~~!~e ..
them and for deterring people from attempting to ren the,
c'~n!~~"~~S~~ in Tfe
e~qn~~",Qgpj.iC. -------' •>~'_._. I • '~'. ~~~~us~the Constitutional ~a.lid~'y;of contempt of ~ourts,

The o~ject'gL.g.unishing:.~~tempt is.not to safeguardtor protE~~r A. The Corstit~tiQnafity of the Contertipt of- (ourts Act'~is an
the dl~j_O"!!Y_
..9LJ:.b.e-J.ud'ge
or the Maqistrate. Its object is to I.mportahtIs~:e to, be conSidered. Entry 77 of list ~ (Uni9)1"
. List)
p~serve !;jle au~hority~f-C~rt to ensure a~lJ_ordered. life I~ and Entry 1 lof LlSt III (Concurrent List) of Seventh Sch~dule
s<::,CI~,~lTheobject or conlempt_,~.J!.t._ ..~~.Jfius, to l1rQ"t~t .Sb$ .:;: of the C6nstl~tlon Include the subject, contem.otof Court: '.
p'uITIlcconfl5!~n the sy~tem of administration .Qf..l!:L~ IIjl i'
Brahm Prakash v. State of U.P; Cr. L. J 238 at p: 241, the I Ent~Y 77:- .nstitution~ Organization, Jurisdicticn and 'p.'.'owers
of the SU[lre e Court (lncludrng contempt of such Court) and
Supreme .court has observed ;that the sumillary Ju~isdictio'n :.
exercised by the :superior cOt.:rt~: in punishing contempt of thei'r i! the. fees take therein; persons.entitled to practice befoJe the
authority exists for the purpose'of preventing interference with - Suprem~ Court.' ,
the course' of justice and for mairtaining the authority:of law
is administeied in the Courts. ,., ; I.
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as •.Entry 1'4:- Contempt ,of Court (but not including :onte!l1pt of
the SupremeCourt). ~.~
Iil short, the__ c:.I~L~~~!_~52E~.!empt.lawL~~,o ..~_I1,1P_S~~Llh~C;OL},dJoj!.'
p~~~h S'?llJs: Cr.tpt: so,as to preven~nterference wltn the du!'! I " On .the basis 'of these p%!vlslons, the Sanyal committee has .. - . ,
admiQL!ili:.~lpn 'Of,. JJstlSe.. The interference wIth . thl'!; I! derived ~ conduslofl that the Legislature is fully competent to
.. legislate'wlthl the respect of contempt of Court subje~ct;pnly to J
ad~.!!\l~tra~jgnof Jus1icemay be!In the form of disobedienceCif I I.'
C~.?", osE!er of, Tri~ne formi; of scandalizing t1iei ,rC;buff'" drj. .. the quallflca~lon that the legislature cannot take aw~y the I
power or thej Supreme Court or the High Court to pu,(i;shthe'
fI
lowennSLli!2ea~~~y
In~!L,II2~L With t,.hecO~~,~0.!...WyJU_9!galprOCeeOin]~
, contempt p£wer has been giv:n to the Court for preventing an ;
""~i"
o.f th,e co~rt.4L tfi,e ey~s~.ofpubli'C'""qr'i"
..,..efc,'
contempt or y!=stthat powering some other Court. ..'~ .'

Besides, thei Sanyal Committee has observed that ~ArtiC'e

ki~u~h _i,0¥H"erence with t~e adminTst~Qf j.ustlci.'lh . 142(2) makes every power of the Supreme Courtto m.f~e any
2x,presSIOn"Adrilinistratlon onustic~" has b~en,·usp.d. In wfdp order for thl punishment of its contempt subject to afhy law
....J.ts;.gamb,ltiS r) 0t confln!,!dt 0 t;h~..J.b1.Q,I.Qil_U;U,Dctwns 0f E
5';;'0~?J=
Judge,'. w:~ether~adminrstratrv~T-adjLjdicatoiy'o~ ary-olh~f' . made .In.this behalf by parliament and therefot~ Parliam~nt has

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, ,therefore,' an important issue is whether;it is vkilative of Article

(uli Dd~~r to legislate in relation to contempt of: the Supreme " i9(1) (a)'.' , ,., ': "" ;
Court.. !, lnothe~ I~portilnt issue 'Is whe,t'he'rthe la:wo;·,b~,nternptviolates
Howevkr~ an important Iirnltatton on the legisla:tlve power is , Article 21 ofthe Constitution Of India.' ~rticle i;f;l pr~Yides that
that it:should not be so exercised as to.make useless the status u~dpersor\:sh~" be deprived;ofliis life ord?erSojnalliberty except
and dfgnity ofthe superior Courts. Articles 129 ahd 2,15 ofthe dccordin~itothelprocedure established~by,ICJ\~;j,~ometimes,it is
Constitution of India are based 00 the assurnptlen that there pleaded tl;lat. tile -::ontempt;oFi,law is V'iola~iV~:6fArticle 21 a:
should';be an effective power In the Supreme Court and each of ~here IS no procedure prescrtbed by ,law f~r the; contempt
the Hi~h Court for dealing with cases of contempt; The:power of ii' inh.erent in all
~ro.ceeding.s. .It Is said that the conternpt'P.o~v,er.'
Partiarnent to legislate in, relation of the law Of co~tempt of qourts or record and no procedure has ~'jeen prescribed for ItS
these ttourts would therefore, have to be exerci'sed ,,1 such a 'il"lforcem~n~ except wh~~ Cb~rtS. t,~em~el:ves,!follow as
way, that the purp~se of the Constitutional provlslons is not ~eces~ary In the, tnterest of Justlce~:,The':' procedures for
defeated. , onternpt proceedings, thus, rave no ~tatut?ry sa~,ctlOn, On
' i ,t iese grounds it is pleaded that the contempt, !,ar' IS~ylOiatlveof
ThE! Contempt of Courts Act is considered valid (Noordeen rticle 21 and, therefore, void. ~owever~:~hes~}rg urpents have
Moha~rnEd v . A.K. Gopalan, AIR 1968 Ker 301). It is not ': cit been accepted by the Court (State of:Bomp:~y vs) ;Mr, PAIR
considered inconSistent within the law of contenJpt e)!:lstlng at· I (I! 959 Bcim: 182). It has been m;ade clea~!byt~ecou,rt that the
the'tirfle
that of Its enactment. Sec.tion 22 of the. Act makes Its clear
t ~,·;;"'.', 1'1' ,I,' 'xlsting' procedure fro contem'pt proce~din:g~:,have, statutory
pro,vlsion of this Act shall be In addition to and not to t' '" "
Ill,," ,; anc 10n\,;iii I
~~~~~i~~nOf~O~~~. piqvislons of any other 'aT re,atlng to, I.: I,' ;1he proc~idure established ~y;;IClW,.in.~~irl~:~,l includes the
'~Xlstlng ';:procedure recognlzetJ by. the ,C;,<;>urts" and the
An im&ortant Issue is whether t~e contempt la\v satisfies the 1:- OristltUtion. The summary iprocedure' in c()nternPt ;!cases had

;~~~ ~~,~s~~a~~~~~~s a~n~~~,~~~~~:s;~~~ft~ten~~lltyi~~~~M:~r~:k~" i,

~e!r;~~:Vjih~: ~~~O;e~~r~eh~~~:;C~?c6G~i~d~t~~yCfhn:t~~~~~
an arbitrary action will involve negation ° equa . ~ ane a .. I; eSides" i Article 225 of the' Constitutiql ~,F: Insia makes
Gandh)~v. Union ofIndia, AIR 1978 SC 597) When a statue Is \1':
.!! :p,r6vislon',forIts contilruity. : : "I ' ,;
challe~ged on the ground of violation, of guaran~:e of equality "' II, ~ .., 'I , , ", " , .

under !.A.';.
rtlcle, 14, first ,the pO~icyunderlying 'the s tute. and the ..'.'1'.".
objpct} intended to be achIeved by, the statu e should be' '.
'I'.
eSldes,:ArtiCle 372( 1) of th,e tonstitutiO:~ 0UIl¢ia q;ISOmakes
r
rovision or ,keeping Intact the' .IawsW~ic:hwer~ invaJid prior to ,
ascerta:ined" by the Court and thereafter it is to e asc,ertalned , '~e enforcement of the Constitution. It,' prov1des that
wheth~r thp. claSSification Is rational. The pu Ishment . for ":1, otwithst,anding the repe9' :by ,he 'COIjlS~!~utiOn,. or the
conte~;pt is awarded summarily by not only for~the prot,~ctlon :I: 'I e actmeC");ts referred to in Artic\e 395 bt:J~subje,ct to, the other
of the :9.' udges personally b~t for the protection otJ ubIlS'justlce, /:':,': .. rovlslof'!~ of this Constitution, all the;;lClws,in for,ce in the
necessary for the eXistence c-; the ord rly ,society.
COllse~uently, it cannot be said that the pror,:edureprov!dlng for .
I
territory :of India immediately before the Commencement of thiS
a' tit t' h " t' 'f· th' ·n"u t I alt red 0
.', ,/.' . ons u'l,on sa COlllnue In"orce .erel .,,·n I 'e . r
thE! summary. l'rial is violative, of Article 14. , '. ; ,repealed '9r amended by q I!?mpetenu LegiSI<lture to other
. The co.i:l.:,." tempt
speech'and
, ".,
law to,uches the Fundamenta~ Right ,0
freedom of
expression g,uaranteed by Article 19 (1) Ca) and,
J·1' i;., c~mpeterit authority, The expression
.", 'Ia,w in i' force'
, ' I, in

.' /: 3 2(1) iih.ciudesnot .only statlltory lawrb~t a!sAicust~mary iaw

Article ;
J
I

, : .. 0 any matter of procedure which was prevalent In 'India and

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duly recognized by the Court, although it was not enacted bY' be quite a number of cases wherein the contempt alleged would
the legislature., The expression' 'law in force', thus, includeE se or ~ teaiiiT'c.!'i natUre (Sambhu Nath Jhavs, Kedar7rasad
summary ;proceqlure ir;l cont~m~t preval~nt in India: before itr SInha" (197~) 1
.
sec
573, 577; 1972 SCC (Crl) 337) .~'
. '.
commencementof the Constitution of India. .' . ~
- It means willful disobedience to any
On the basis df the provislons . stated above, It may b • .judgni!!nt. decree direction, Qrder, writ or other prOc~sof a
concluded that the contempt law Is not violative of any of th COurt or wlllfuFi;'reach- oUr!
undertaking gIVen f<L'IC.?Drr.-
Constitutional Pr:bvisions and It is, thus, constttutronaltv vall Failure, to hqnor undertakln2 g~en-:ro-ctun:on. th~m';"'~,1sof
(C.K.Dapthary vi'!. O.P!,Gupta, (1971) 1 sec 626). wnlch the ma~ter wa~..£.OmprolTllSed and ~ounts
to clVII,contempt on showIng of disobedience of the orderOf' the
S~I~-,;era;:
. ~
,
Vlfhat is' contempt ,of Court? State and elaberate th :
;
. t::®JllOOc (pushp,aben vs. Nar~lnda5 vr.raaiam, (l979) If:Cs~
cateqortes of donte'mpt of C.ourt? Discuss the 1 rneanin~ 39"4; 1979 S<:C(Crl) 511). .'. 0{.
I

and scope of cqntempt of Court. ~ 1

An Act to defin~ and, limit the powers of certain. courts I
. , I.
ConteFDpt of Court - It is disobedienc~to the court...E.i~c~!!:.~
punishing contempt of courts and to reoulate their p.!:ocedureI. ',I inopposltldnl to the authoo~;' iustJce and dignity ~leor. It
signifies's Willful dlsre~ard or dJsobedlence~f the court'~order;
relation thereto .. 1
It also slgnl1ie5 sucnconduct as tena~ to bring clOtMoI lei of the
,j . • /1 ,

Section 2: Defini~ions T. Court ~nd £f!ministratlon of la¥ll Into" disrepute (Baraljl.akanta

Misra vs. Bhimsen Dixit, (1973) 1 SCC '446; !973 SC;C(CriY
a) Contempt
I
of ~(;Lirt:j, - it means ~civil contempt ~r criminal. 360). r' ,
'.
contempt, ~ I c .
Natyre of contempt pro~edings - The proceedings'in the
contempt ar~'quasi-c:-iminal in nature. The law of conter;ppt has
to be st..r.,ct'~:'nterpreted anel the requirements of that Iq.•
;w~
... must
be strictly c( rnplied with before any person c.,anbe col\\}mitted
for contemp i (Rosnan Sam Boyce vs. B R Cot':on Mills I~. 1990
(2) SC'7 636l, ' . , .' . ,. . '.. . W .. . ...
. . Before .a subordinate C~rt can
'1.'
be fourlci g~1 tV dlsobeylna. the 6faer Of Ehe superl~rana.
t'hus tei:hav cOinmltted contempt of Court, It Is neces.,Saryto
show that th'e disobedience was Ibtentlonal. There is riP room
fo;[iDfe'&!ng an !nM,rJLQnto disobey an..£lrder unless thg}p~rson
chargeg, had! knowledge of the ord~r. If what a _subtrd'na!!_
Court haSCl'Or1eis in utter iaD.orance of an order of a ~Urerjor'
Court, it .would clearly not amount to a contempt of eou~ ~
..
mere may ~erhaps!2!t a~wm:r~ an order disobey6PJould .
b-e"'~I~ cc:nstrued In t~~a~d the s~o~mna§.e COU!!
construed It In on 0 lose ways but Ion a way'clWferent From
tha'rtrifeilded by he superior Court. Surely, it cannotf;pE said
. that
_____ disobedience of the
"n, . _ oraer lJy tne 1DDorOh~~6'ff~Difr)Yo~
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, COn['sfnot of rhUJ.lperior Coure. There may pos~jbly be 'a case If
-;
.wner'....·.:..dlsOGedienc;~ i5aCcidenta!.
If that is so, "here wOUld. q.e
no c '·tempt.. hat is, therefore, ne~sary to iestabJishIn a:
" case _f thi ·kl is !;hat the sul;lor~e
o . Hi h
Court knl1wof the order
rt and that knowing the order It disobeyed. The .•.
know'" must, however, be obtalned from a sourcelw..!:l!£t!js.
.'eit~datliqnzea or oPifrwlse aUthentic. (6 K 'Kar vs. Chief
• J~'S'ticldlia JUsticeof Orissa High Court, AI~ 19:61SC If67).
• . ..-.r-..,!;;dmjj!JaI contempt - It means the publlcatlon (whether b~
~ -, ~ord~ spoken or written, or by signs" or by visible
.'. reprcfentatio;,s, or otherwise) of any matter or the 90lng of .
.·:1 • . any °lher ect whatsoever which - . '. .. .' Rei)sonableandF.a.ircriticism of tQejUdiCidL'sys~e_m_~~_d_J~~es
.. (nof 1nterrenng wltfr admlnistlfation of Just:i'Ce'ahifto Bringing
(i) scand~JiZesor tends to scandalize, or lowers or tends to lower. the administration of justice into disrepute), does not constitute
the ':H#horityof any' Court; or Frimlna!; contemPt. Speech ~~Iivereq_ ;;by ;:b~~o/·.~-M]1't~ift--a-"
..... ,1. . . . . '. ..','. ~ . ii seminar!grga!l!.zedby Bar eouncn, expr.'essll1gbls..cntlcal vie::::!!
(iI) prejud;ices or lnterferesor tends to Interfere with the due
cours~ofariy Ndjcjal prn?edltlQs; or '. .
In;;e~ect or S~pr.:.~-e.court,':hel~,;;:hough a,t places'
In ernperete, burreaarngtheiispeech as a Wihvle..,.,ano, haVing
regaro; hithe select aud)e~k:e, it c#a ',not .£W*itul~,_ a'2Y.
(iii) in~erfles or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or·tends to ¢ontembt'of the.?Upreme eou;r;t (P N 'Dupa vs. P Shiv Shankar,
ob5':rU:c:t,
•
the aaministration of 'ustlce In an 0
'.1,:..
:[. ••
(1.988) 3 SCC167: !-g1fa~ri) 589).' .
~ ... .'. .... /
Q. What are the defenses available' ito contemnor in a
.An in'lention to Interfere with the pro~._;:.;e;:.r..ll:~iloIoI.II~~.:.I,I,I,"'"
justic~j'~ not anessentlaf inQredient of the offi_e"",n--t"-:-:~-.-...,.;.
.... proceeping of civil contempt_?. . _ .
of cdjjjrt ~tld it Is enough If the action co . lalne 0 S. iN
~ectio~i !~: Innocent pubhcatlon [.i3nd, d,stn~ut~or of
innerenfly likely so_t'l Intert~!..~J~rltam'PaIvs. g 1 OU ·ofMP I. i. matter ~pt contempt -: . . U" .:. ;I;!
(19-93~Supp. 1 S:-:C 529: :1.993SCC (~ri) 356) Deliberately. ~H;.f'. persor ~I;lallnot be guilty of contempt of c:ourton .the:gr,ound
and w)IIfullx:...rnakmg a false. or a misleading or a' weong; ; that he !~aspublished (whether by words, spoken oruwritten, or
state~by a party to the 'proce~dingsto obtali; a tav~U1:aole.' ' h·
Visible representations, or otherwi~:e) 'anY ma'fter which
order i/oyl.c;l amount to criminal com:empn~l"zaTvs. ~tate of . i:riterferes.or tends to interfer.e with, or;'obstructs o:r tends to
Haryaia, (1996) 7 scC39'7j-:-tna case"OT'crimlnalcOJ;ltempt,; ?bstrLlCt,'the course of j~stiC~ in con~dcti9n;with q,[1Y ,civil or
intentiPn Clrmotive is not the criterib.!l: Of course; they may be . criminal:iproceeding pending at that time of publication, If at
conS"idfred for ,a mitigation of aggravation of se~tence.as the' that time ,he had no reasonablegrounds'for believing that the
case.,nay 5e (Deihl .DevelopmenrAutIiOi-'i'ty' vIs, SKlpper ~roceed,ngwas pending.
Con~ft\iJiction(1995) 3 sec 507" 1995 Crl U,,?107). i j;. ; .. ,;, ;
~ . . . .~~, . I i ~ . , . I Notwithstanding anything to t~e contrary contained in this Act

The bJtpadtest to be applied in cases of criminal contempt Is

whether the act complained of was calculated to. Qbstruct or
Ii' 4
r any 9~~eria.wfor the tirrie ~e.in9in f_Prc~i' ~he publication of
J i "ny sU~h' macten as is mentioned· In ~ub-sectlon (1) In
h3d ar<tintrlf]SiCtendency to interferE;!with the c04rse ofi;ustlce . connection with ~'ny civil or criminal proceeding which. is not
anI:! due
admlilistrC1tlonor law. The standard of proof required
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:: ;1:: :,:" li~L':i', .:;:, subordlhate court to:(a) Any other subordlnate court, ~
pendi89i ad
~he)i:rn'f 9[ publication shall not be deemed to , j' The Hlg)hcourt!to which it is subordinate. qr. (b)
constitute Ci?~tef!ip~I:Rfcfurt. ' 'I : r" :: ". ',~.
.,'
, , ;11 i ' " Sectfoq 7 ..,i, Pui)ficatfon 'of iriformation refatin~ to
(3) A person sh'all nb~~'Rf.!gwilty of contempt of court on the, ground I,'
' " 1
proceej:lln9 Irchambers or in camera not cont;mpt
that he has~lSistrpl~~_d~1 pU~licat(on.contalnin.g any su.c~,r;natter ,I' -e:)(cept;11'1
certain cases, _' ,' }:
as IS mentio~ed,jH sub s,ect(l,n (1), If. at the time OfdIS~~butlon, : ' Notwithstanding anything' contained In this Act, a persorjshall
he had no ~e_aso~~, r~:-g~o~ndsfor bellevinq that it cqn~~!nedor : I not be, 'guilty pf contempt of court for publishing a fa~ and
was likely t9IC0"1~f~A::9n~ such matter: as aforesaid. :' : : I, I:, accurat~ repor;t of a judicial proceeding before any court Ittlng
I:, ) d r.:: J) -' , : ill
Provided, (~~t_ thl~~~:~'~fr,c;tion shflll not apply in resp~~~,of th.e !'
I ,I' i In chambers or In camera except In the following cases, t at is
to say: r :i ,. ...
d,strtbu~lOn'IOJ- :j.llli'~:'('1 ,: : II I ;, 'I" ~ c

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Anv public~bon vvHidh is
I' : ,,
a
book ,or paper printed or pwblfshed I
I ) enactment
Where the pu IIcatlon Is contrary to
for he time being in force.
the provisions oj any
~
otherwise t~cjln 18. ;~:qIDfo~ity w,itt1'.th~ rules contalnert iiil ~ectionl I,!. :' I' j
~8~;):ht p;f,,~. ~s':;'Dlj, tratlo: ;0: Books Act,: \86~!
R~.;~~f. 1(25 tfl, :::1 ' i' :') :n~e~~!~ ~~~~d
~nnir~~~~:s~~ ~~~~~bPt~'~~':u~~iC~~:t~ a~r
Information rel,ating to the proceeding of Information gf the
(i) Any publidbon w'riich i5inkwspaper
' , 'I· "
published otherwise: t,ha;l i(1 Ii,
I .
description which is published. '
01"
" t:,i·l:·
conformity f:',ith,11fetll:i~:~ontain~f i~ section 5 o~t~e ~'id Act. "il Where 'the' co~rt sits. in ,chambers or in, camera for ~~ason
,
"
:1.'

Section 4! - Fair:' 'and accurate report qf ;~udld~:1 'd ' connected with public order or the security of th~ Stat~iJthe
procee?in~ J n8~~j~9'1~~mpt -,! Subject to t,he, :p:r;~vislon,s
contained IitJ sect~on!!7,la person shall not be gUilty of contempt .I
i .' ,I ,:publlcatlo,,'n of Ir'format.io.n rela.t.lng
.. to thoase proceedi,ngs, ,~,
,;

of co~rt: fOI~Pu~li~~lng:~ fair and! a~curate report ?f a! !UdiClal ," ) Where the Information relates to secret process, dlscov/h Or
proce~ditngIPi a\l:~ir.t~,teii~~l'!reof." ' .',;: ii' " ..:'. i ' Inventlotil WhIC~ Is an Issue In the proceedings. ~~
~
sectib~ ij; 5 iFal;~~'~?~~i4s~
of: jJdl~:ial act not Fo~t~~~t - A·I ,j;i ., Without prejUd)c~ t~ the provisions contained in s~bsecti~ (1)
perso~, ~.ha!i',riot.:R~;!.9Ujl;tt~ ,lIshirig .: '.1.; ,
of ~o7.fe~Pt of court ;f?r p~.,~ a person Shal~'not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing
.ft
any fair, ccltn'ment"'an the i merits' :of, any case which ~~s been ,.. !. i
i· ,I' :' 'I' ,'. the'text:or: a ,'air ar;ld accurate summary of the whole, 9; any
." -
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heard:a;d 4 allY;; ,I: ': .,' ~:~~r~f ;a~nfrr:r t~:dec:Jrt B h~~rt e~~;~;sl~' ~~~~g~~,ort~~ .

m 5~:,f.f.Lj.~.!., ;dwhen t~anrgresses thE[ Ilrnl~~,~f, fBlrr:. l.!

Note:; Crit,iFiS. publicatl(;)Oth ii-eof on grounds of pupliC policy; or for r~~sons
and bOI7;;fl?E;cntIRIWTiTl!I:~,held,
Contemht df ;COU~\t~
af11lpu~tsto conte;mpt o~; Cou~. : I:i,
l~ctd1926, S~fti~n 1. A~hwlnl,Kymar Ghose I ' !; I:
. connected Wit public order or the security of the .State,~...
the ground t at it contains information relating to ~ecret
~
•:.,
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VS,Arbinda!!Rose HOJ91SiJSCR 2151217: AIR 1953 S,C 75,76. " I I, J '"
': Ii! i':W:irit:If'l !i;:, ,:; i J .: r process, disco' ery or invention, or in exercise of any :gower
.ve$ted on it. i /' ' ' ,. ' .~
i
~~~~~din:~~-Cb~#~fJ!~~~ n~;aJ~~;e~~et~dln~ers6f~~~~~~~~~ l' Section 8 - Other defenses net affected - Nothing con~lned ' r
be gui:ltr, Of.i!cpntT.p.
~)i1Pr~. : Of
...
ij~.Ourt Jr, r:.7. sqect ~f an,Ysta.t~rne~r made I I In this Acts~a" be construed, as Implying that an~ ~ther "j
by hlrp! In
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~nfern'ng; th~ Pi esldlng :Of~cer,!:or any f
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defense which would have been a valid defense /~
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any 'I
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N_amit<lLaw Series© ~ 70- Practical Training. I
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I Nami~ iaw Series© Ii; ,Practical ir~jnjlJg- I
~ 71 - I,' I:!

Icontel~~fw~;-;ommitted wilh~ut ~iS:'kJ.l#iedge i'b' it~,t "

, - , I

r proC~,",ding~for contempt o~~ourt has. ceased to be ~vailable , !

I~ 'exercisedall due diligence to .prevent # cqm¢!iSsion. ;
mere, by ;eason of the provtsrons of this Act. , ' !

'\ ,I :";,.-

sect~ln 12 - Punishment for contempt of co~rt - ,~1)Save lic~);NotwitJ~taindlng:anything :co~~aihed:i~(i~su~i ~~ctid~i;(:4~ Lhere
, !
I
as ot1frwise expressly provided.ifi1him ?r m any other law, ; ! ; ; !the cc~r-~mptof court. ref:rr~~ to thertin oeen] corrrritted M!~
a con~mpt of court may be punished with simple' Imprisonment " , ;by a cOrJIpanyand It IS p.ovl~ed th.at~he:,q?ptemP,thps been
. for a ~,~,
rm which may extend to six m.£_nths,or with fine which I .' :comml4tedwith the consent alf connl~a?cEj!i?r:I~ ~r IS, :rttr:butable
may ~tend to two thousand rOpees, orWlth' both. provlcred 1 . 'to any;lheglect on the part of,; Jny dlrec:tor,~
iP,1ange~l .secretarv
I
tha ,: ~5ed may EecHstharged or the punlshrnent ·' lor othW' officehr Offf~he chomjl,pa,ny, J s~d~hl::;9!rdectto~~
~arnl'l~ge~f
:L ",- award d may be remitted on apology being made: to the i i Isecret3'p,ior ot or 0 rcer s a' a so ye':; ee,rn:E7,0, T,e~u y
satisf .ction of the court.
),
! , I 1 Ithe i, be contempt and the punishment m~y ,~~:~r;lfor;:~d, WI~hthhe
leave' of the court, by the detention .,'in::ci,vll prison IJfi suc
I - .....
,~

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' Explclation - An apology shall not be rejected merely on the : i director) manager, secretary ~r other 'of!Ilcerj;
,\
,I
grourie that it is qualified or conditional if t~e accusedmakes It, : t . , .' .; ,Ii i': 'i: "
! : bona fide. " , . .; i Explan;ation - For the purpose of !'ub s~ctio~S,(4):a:hdi(S), (a)
~~
i"Company" m~Jns anybody corporate ,and>includes,a :firm or
(2) Notwli,stanCing anything' con~alned In any lawl for the tlm~ other association'of individuals, and (b)'''Dj'r~~~or''i~!:rel~t!onto
, , being~n force,' no court shall Impose,a sentenc, In e~cesso. I ,,' h ' ", "', '
.; a firm, rr~ans a partner in t, e firm. .. :. : :'. : ;:
that specifieid In sub sectl6~ for any contempt el ' er In;respect
J of itself or of a cour.:subordinate to It.
~' ,'I
iI ~ectio~i
·i ! .. the SuWeme
~4 - Pro:edure Wh~re cont~mpt
Court or a High Court-! .. "
in t'he fa~e' of
'
ib
(3) Notwi~stanaing ar:ything contained in this section, where a ! a)' When l~I~ afleged,or appeqrs'~othe SUwcrl1e';Courtor th~ High
'/
I perso~ is found guilty of a civil contempt, the court, If It 'I" I Court upon Its own view, that a perspn I'h\l~ bee'il gUilty of
consicf~rsthci'ta fine will not meet the ends of justice anl:lthat a

l
! ".' tontempt' commltteGin Its 'pr~sen~eor ,:I;!e?ri~~,the:/ court mily
senteriiCe of Imprisonment Is necp.ssary shall, Ins~ead of' !,' Fauses.uchperson to he detained In ~us.}O~,Y'i ,and, ~t any time
senterfing him to simple imprisonment,. direct t~at the. he be ' before the riSing of the court, on the samei'day, or as early as
detairtd in a civil prison for such p.enod not exceeding six
' montli$' as it may think fit.
i possiblethereafter, shall: . . :'; i; I < j

,r ' '£

• (4) Wh~r~the person fQund guilty of contempt of court Inrespect

•.,I,~~)l' ause
I' I,.,

hl~to be informed in wr.itingof th.:~~:Jntemptwith which

elscharged. :. ,,' '".'f' .
,
f
i
of any~\Jndertakinggiven to a court is a company,'every person '. t
~tl), (ford him an opportunity to m;akehis !defe~se!totheocharge, 1
who at
the time the contempt was committed, was in. charge It.
"d,) AI
f ter takin~ such evidence.asmay be nece.
,
ssa,
.
..ry or :as may be
of, .~no was responsible to, the company for tHe corypuctof
b;Jsiness of the company, as
well as the company, shall be j' .~. i Offered,by such person and after hearing himj proceed, either
deemed to be guilty of the contempt and ti;)~"P~ri,i~hmentmay 'I:!
j'i I frori:hwithor after adjournment, to determin'e_the matter of the
be enforced, with the leave of the court, by the detention In 1i :!i charge,and
civil prison of each such person. . .' (id)"Make such. order for the pU,nishment:;or:;di~charge of such
I, '
~ 1 , .• ; 1.11 ,;~ersona~:maybe just.
Provided that no~hingcontained in this sub section shall1render
any such person liab:e to such pLlnishmentif he proves t~at the ': ,I ;"1'II 'I 1·1"'"

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(2) NctWith;sta~di
person charg
whethe' O~~lly
- 72. r- Practical, Training, I; :

contained in sub secti~r. ~l)i i~her~- a

mpt under the sub section ;applies, II:
, to: have the charge agalrnst him -':
r
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Namita Law Series©
;'
-73.- Practical Train trig- I

are se~eral instances of the misconduct which have beenta ken

as contempt' of Court, example, usIng Insulting lan9uage
. against' a Judg;emaking scandalous allegations against a ~udge,
~7
"Ct
..

tried by some .. an~:\h~ Judge or Judg~s .i_~: whose . ! M B Scinghl, Advocate vs. High Court of Punjab arid Hafyana, - ;
presence oW ~. .. I. iSI alleged . to have been I AIR 1995 SC ;1.834;In l--eVljay. Chandra Mishra, AIR 19~5 SC i'

committed,:I,'fIn ! 115 of opil1!on that it is p~actib3ble to '. 'l,i:

2348, r:naklng;scandalous' allegations against a Jl:'dge, ~ritam
do so and} tha . ,I : o:f proper adrTIinis~r~tlon of '
Pal vs. !Hlgh Court of M.P., AIR 1992 SC 904, suppressl«g the
facts to obtal1 favourable orders, hurting shoes at the JUdge.
I.!; . :ould ~~. ~lIowed, it shal.1.cause thel i l.,i,
justice the!:?p .
matter be pip . '''''''''''',\0 with a,statement of the facts of the j. The Municipal iCorporation of Greater Bombay vs. Smt. A~natte ..'"-
case, bido~~: the; , as
. fbi- such directions' 'he may i i,.". Remand Uttanwala, 1987 CrLJ 1.038, Imputatlcn of pa_~iality
think fit to issue: ' , the t:rlall'thereof. . , i (Court ~n Its ~'wn.Mctlon VS•. M..lllkhi Ram, 1992 CrU 213Q.' ,(HP)
; · ::, r ." I; II i)!' I"; ), and iJnfclh'n ss against the Judge Shamsher SIngh B~I VS.
High Court of Punjab and Haryana, AIR 1995 SC 1.974~tc. A.
... _,

(3) Notwith~taqdin ' 'icontai,~edi in any other :laJlln an~: 'ii

trial of a . P.e. ,With contempt under sub seqtlon (1)! .... counsel who af-Vlses his client to disobey the order of th~Court
which is· h\'dd, hce of 'I a ,pirection given· unper s~bl ' " Is also b!!. Id lIa Ie for contempt of Court. Attacking thejU~ ..iclarY
section : (~)i., by:
whose pres$hcel .
'other ,than the Judge or Judges
' 'I 'the dfferlce Is alleged to hafJe been '
Inl' In a Bar Coo cll Election Manifesto Is taken as conte~Pt of
Court. If a cO~'nselrefuses to answer the questions-of th~Court
committed,il:
whose pres' ,
i; ! eces~arY:for the Judge or j~8ges Inl 'I' J!',
. mg the oife'lce is alleged to ha.li;ebeen il 1 .. AIR 1995 SC 348.
Is also liable f r contempt'of Court. In re Vlnay Chandra ~iShra,
. "
committed: . '~ witness lian~ the staterilep~1pl~ced I!
,. In the ~ase (ill' r'e Ajay Kumar Pandey, Advocate A1R1~8' SC
before the i' ; under SUI.'Ib.?Ectlon (2) shall bl.~,11 ;,t.reated: ;llt 3299), : Supr~me Court has' : hc.ld . that advocate Jusi n9
as evlde. '. II' lntemperate language and casting unwarranted aspersl~s on
. i' n of the chprge, ~he court ~~.~;direct "Il: various !judICI~1officers and attributing motives to. them.!.' .•.
Whil!!
eh corlteri,p~ un'der this sectioni!shall be :I! discharging theIr judicial functions would be held. guilty o~gross
<t.U~<I-'-l~~'" ~s it m# 5?eCify. ,: I.': ii I . . .·1 contempt of Court.· In this. case such advocate was sente9fed .to
four months ~Imple imprisonment and fine of one th~sand
'!I.
I
!. : releas~~ ~n bail, of a' b6nd' }br such , I rupees. ~The cjourt has observed that it is most unbefittihg for
an advocate ,to make ImpL!tations ,against the Judg~ only I,
thinks s~ffjcier.t is executed Iwith orl I
. because he dfes not get the expected res.ulti whi-ch.'ac$prding
r
without: s ed .t~a!t I,the person; Chqrg~~ .ShCilij' ;1 t 4. t
attend at mehti6ned in th~_bond a!nd sh<;>tI. , to him Is the fjCllrand reasonable result available to tllm. ~udges t
ca.nnot ~¢ intimidated to seek favorable orders. Only beq,yusea I
continue t' i other.vviS~.dl,rect~(i ?yl t.n~:COLJrt.,:Ill;. .~
Provided lawyer appearfsas a party in perspn, he .doe~ not get a *cense
'cour:t rpay, If It thrn,ks ,fit.' In. ~tead of i I:. to commit cdntempt of Court by intimidating' the Jud@€s or J
taking bail i'~r,n-.··",\ . di5_a:hqrge hir.l on his. ex~p!:Jtlnga
!
i
scandalizing the courts.' An advocate cannot ~se I.anluage,·
bond wijtn his attendance as aforesaid. ,II'" i'
., f
:;r
! .
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either In pl~ading or during arguments which IS):felther
Q. iconterhp~iliability of lawvers and .'Intempe~. ate~r unparllamentarily and'. W~iC.h_ has th.e te.IJ
..·.dency
. j

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On ;account of the nature 6fdutles .
. to Interfere I the administration of justice and undermfne the
dignity 'of .urt and the hlW. In re Ajay Kumar ~andey ii
~
A. (1) Cont:e:, :
to be .di . rnp,nil·n\Y.~.Irrwyersanq judges they mayji~etinto! Advocat~1 AI]. 1998 SC 3299. j J
'J
heated' result in contempt of Courtt~There j
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N,amita Law Serie.s© ~ 74- Practical Training- I Nami~:LawSeries© - 75 - J
/'
., . ~ . . I .
I ;COMMf;NTS ; ;'.: :;1(:.; ;;
To re~et'tt the question. asked by a Judge, to be respectful to
.; i ~: ;' . j . (1 : ii; ; :, it: :i
him, t$
question his autnoritv to ask his questici~s, to shout at (I) 'only a Judge of a subordinate cotllrti' cap:rb~ sato \0 have
him, tp threaten him with transfer and impeachment, to use
:: iconimltJteq contempt of his ~~n courti!li.e:'!iitn~"CQUirt I~ ~hlc~
i.
insultr g language and abuse him to dictate. the 'order that he,

I
II such jud,ge Is presiding; Harlsh chan~r'~,:v!;~RP~II:Ahjmeo,.1981
shoulqEpass, to create scenes In the Court and to address him
by .Io$lng temper are ali acts calculated to Interfere with the. :1 trU320'(JPat). I 'i 'i't J~!!:'~: ;':
obstnl'i;t the course of justice. In re Vlja"l Chandra Mlshra, AIR
1995 Ie
2348. Such acts tend to over owe the Court and to. ..t.·lr}~j~dg~!dan .fOUIjudicial
1 ,ad.mi~iS~ratl~·~;f,~y;.8.,t~dem,ei~. nor~ Wh.il:
.~ Iengaged. In the exer~lse 9f ~hej f~n~~!9ns of LI a ; Judqe ;
.prever it from performing its duty t~ administer~'; stiC~, . . :. :Baradaka:ntav. The Reglstrar,iOnssaIH!~gh:!iC:Ql'lrtf A~R ~974 SC
Wher~ an advocate shouted slogans in the 0 ,n Court and :1 InD. ii'I,. ;! I',il 1;I!jfU :ji i
hurlecfhis shoe towards the Court and t~ereby i: errupted the,
1
l!: :1 [ "', i Yi '1]!
(~Ii):The ~~~i5trates should . b~ COn~ci?U~i;'
it I
i:pf! t~ieir!. heavy
Pi
Court {proceedings, .his actions both. by hls words! rnd deeds In
sence of the C~urt taken as gross crimin.~1con~empt of
the. p~e.' ,:! l;esPolI$I~llIties and should, riot act I~ af. mcmre,r pr;,~. JU9,lclal to
Court ~nd he was punished for contempt of Court His :apolcgy r I ~he IItlg~rts; B.N, Chaudhary V,S,M.:;~ilng:M',: :1.967 Cr IL.J 1141
ir' (Pat) '11 i ' 'i , " ;. :,.
was nbt accepted as it was .genuine and bona ~de a~d made
only t'o escape punishm.art. (Iri re J\\andlal Balwanl, AIR 1999 .
SC 13'00). '. l' 1~!v)lwhe~ ~~~ President Officer of, a SUb~~~;n~i~~;hourtiiiSguilty ~f
,;. I
An irrlt,ortant issue is whether boy~ott of Coun; or strike. by
lawyet!s amounts to contempt of Court. In case (An.mava Gh~sh
vs. Baf Council of West B'engal and .others) the court has
, I'i i 1~~16
I.I! Icontemipt of Court, procedure of maki!llg:'!ai refere:nce: cannot
U;~~"5"tlO" 15 ofthe ~"; ·";'Y t}"ie,), :988 C,

! d 'What remedies are available to the cbntemn6r. against

obse~d that in boycotting a Co.urt.• the advocate v!o{ates his
duties~not only towards the client but also towa:rds the Court n' l~ul1ishn1e'r1t? " Ii;' :.'; "
'; I I,iA!, IThe retnedies available to: the cont~mnor agairist
.
the
(Tarin~Mohan vs. Pleaders, AIR 1923 Cal 212). i' '.
. j
• (2) Secti6'n 16 - Contempt by judge, magistrate 01' o,ther
, .:I III I Ipunlsh'riint
heading", .
/ 'j!
may be aiSCUSS.
•
ed ur~~r i~t1~ foJlFwin g two
;1\ :; 1(' ';;" .• '

; .J perso" a(:ting judicially - (1) Subjt!ct to the pr~vlsion~ of any

~rt
\!.. law fqr the time being in force, a Judge, magistrate or other ;,.J' :~~): . • ; The contemnor m~y: tende~abOI~gJ;to.t~~ and
••·..·1.·'.1. 1/1' . if the CQurt Is,satisfiedJha~ It :hIDeen:m;~~el Witt! :r~iill f~g
persorf~ act In judicially shall, also be liable for cqntempt of his
own cgurt or of any other court in the same manner as any !o' f repenta_!lce,It ma~'lt the pU~lsh.!II!Tll~:f~,i3r~~Lor the
other !IbdlvldlJal Is liable and the provisions of thiS/Act, sp far (IS
may b~, apply accordingly. , • .
,~IJp~teMR~' . __ I " ;,1 ;1 ,! :':ii'
~'i . . .. . I
:i I ' Se'ctlon,ii2 of the
Contempt of Cou~s f~cWtja.kes i~ cI7ar that "
(2) Notwithstanding i'n this section shall apply.tq,anY.ob!iervatlons
.or rerrfarks made by a judge, magistrate or- other:
pe'rSo~act .In
judicially, regarding a subordinate court in an appeal or revision
pendid~ before such judge, magistrate or other person a,9alnst
:~
'/
the aCCl!Jsedof contempt of ffourt may! b~!i~lscharged; 0., r the
punishment awarded may be iremitted pn 'applogy ~elng :made
;j ,to the satisfaction of the Court; It is not'i§ m;atter of ;course that
'. a judge,can be ex,)ected tq accept aQy::apoWgy,In !the case of
I: ;"
;j;.

:.
• . the order or judgment of the subordinate court, / 'I: t i • ~.K.Paridey (In re A,K. Panday; AIR 1997 5d [260 at 'p, 2'72) the .
I' iI 'I
!';upreme ,Cou't had made it clear that tn.e.co,~,·..r..:
t is n()t bbL!ndto I'):,i
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accept the apology~1unless there i~real feellng·otrgp~~a.tsilbe In.;. ! I ",
(.
I .' 11Ja) : Where ;~heorder or decision Is th~ of a single judge, t~a,..~.~lt
of not less ~h<l" two Ju~s of tHe Court:----
111
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tne contemhgr, ' .,·i;
a I~I-'I~..,,---:"""""
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In case (I'r"~Orr\~~~IX~ppellate Tribunal vis. A.K. Agarwal and:
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Csw;t.-: . ,
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Where the ordE;;:-o;:-aecisionis that 01'11 Bench, to tile S4preme
- --'~1""""'"
1) another's, AIR 19~~~,1 c'452) the.Lc~ Secretary wrote letters to/"I I' • ~~
qeJ;"~ !:
i:
H
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the Presld~llt
of contempt o'~·I~<C~tJrH·
:-tntome Tax:' Tribunal q~estlcn,if1g the.
judicial declsior, l:a.·rr. ~ecjUat by the Tr,ibunal. He was h~I'd guilty
~n thd' clrcurnstances' the' apology , I
a) I! ' Pendlr19 any,appeal _The appellate court may order th~t-
The ex~cutioQ:;;Qfthe punlshmeot_or order fP.pealed a£5l$p.s.~e.L
s~ ~ " ~

'iiil tendered by him: aJ{lnot accepted, !i

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r' If thei,' app-_eHant is In cQQfin~(;1Q~ he be cele.ased
on~a::' " ~
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Thus, .it ad~~ar~ttd~;[bif~eil s~t~l.edi;that an apOI?9Y!I~"not a .
lJ
weapon of:: ?eer)s:1Ito p~r~e (t? C.18an)the gUII.t,ufil.d.erall 'I'
li : c).. me-:p~eal b.ilt~9.t:C.LM.t.wlthstqnd.lng~ha~t~~~'3ppellant ~ps not
purged :hl~.£2..~rllE.t. .i
circufljlstancefs. ;H'1;SI) -?ln~hl vis;. ~Igh Court qf Pu~J,!band .i. -:- : ;" . '. '.~ .
Haryara, A.HI. 19;~lil!'lsa;1]834 at! Pi! 1839; M.Y. Share,ef vis. II: Where' any; person aggrieved by any. order ~gaJnst
. Hon' able J~dlges:'fi~~;;Hi:gh CoLjrt <;if Nagpur, AIR 195~iSC 19 i . which an app~'al may be flied satisfied the High Court t!;1athe I
at p. 23). I~.'·:.is &f. ~ 9p
i1htqlill: de. d to erflte as a lIniv.ersal. ~T.medY, I"'. Intends, to pr~fer an appeal, the High Court ~ay also, e~ercise :
but. ·It.is, in.t.;~.
be sincere '.n
..de.d. :O.,H.i.P ~:.",ev.
i...•.
,.
~~gret1~~hth~d,sre~pept idence:..
,of,real
lhownconst!tutlon: I~..:should
to the :Jud!lEr~nd the . . . all
. '. or a ; Y' 1.
of t~e powers conferred by. sub section (2). • J
~ .
Court.; (In r;~,!Vin~M:~~aRdraMishra, ~I~ 1995 SC ~348,~C at ~. . An appeal un er sub section (1) sha.1be flied _ ,~"
2367) It. s'hould; riqt ,b;e Itender,Eld;;wlth the object to aVOid a) In the case 0 an appeal to a Bench of the High Court,~lthln
,','
punisnmentL! (Jyd,tI: ;.~tdU\l.. Kawaljit, Kaur Bhasii:l, :.08(. ..Cr U I •.. thirty days. . .!
~ 1281). It sh'ould be' ~iindereand made in good fcllth wltt:ht,he real b) Tn the case ,of an appeal to the Supreme Court, Wlthl9 sixty .;..
feeling of r~pentaijqe~ ~In 're A.K: :Pandey, AIR 1997 SC :260 at·
P 2 72) I'
•'.,days, from th~ date.of the order appealed against.
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liKe a~!$.Y.Q.~;of ,tit(~$lcq@temnor,J.gr~v,t'L~9.Ll!:L(;t,_q~n.t~IOiJS , '" I '. 8
cOfiouct; hi~!pa~'tJ¢~b.riiS:tEtc, ThIJslu5ually, the...:.~p,~l:~t~nqt .' 'I D ". Ott S I .'''''_
accepted frOmr'<Ms,e:lw!J~e fo~to.::oe inaUEJ~9."J.n1~~~~.ted :'Namitl;J's Three T.estrapers WI 1· 0 u,.fon
disobedre~~i ..Qr nq
I tlfi!)se Who pe'7lst in justlfY~!J.Q"lb:t~~~.!§Ii .': i ., .. . . '.' '.~ , I.

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1999SCi'1B6or,JHdtllb~arnes the:ici~tumstancJ;s whlch~e
i :/!I 'f;'! ri; .-~--'"'"7'!: . "I . Ideal for.lcitst momentFULL VIEW at a gl~nce r
contempt, ii"
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aslihfi right from any order -to;de¢lsloh of :1' ! ...
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N~lil(t3 LawSeries© -78- Practical Training, I
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.~~.
" CASE LAWS
'" . .
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p•
.' .NEGLIGENCE ';

tcumerevetu v. The Sa, Council of

AIR 1997 SC 1014:
' "1'
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•
The "l~pellant W2.S a City GO'.Jern,ment
Pleader II . all .~he Civil
Court~in Madras other then the High Court. He w s required to
condu~t all. the. civil matters pending in the Civil Courts of
Madra~on behalf of the Government. I .

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The first complaint filed by the Commission and Secretary of
I
1.
~
:

Tamil ~Nadl! against the appellant before th~ Disciplinary

Comn1{rteeof the Bar C~uncil of the Tamil Nadu was that the .
Suit r-{p. 400 of 1978 was decreed ex parte agaInst a~ he did
not fifu.a fresh memo of his appearance. Another complaint
pertai~ing the appellant, a suit is related to it was filed by the
Trava9;~oreTextiles Ltd. agi'llnst the State.of Tamil Nadu, The
complaint alleged that a result of th-::--
gross neglIgence on the
part of the appellant the Government of Tarhil Nadu had
suffered substantial loss. . I
i .
The appeltant," in another suit filed by an emPloyee' of the
Directorate of Education of State of Tamil Nadu challenged his
date Of birth, did not file memorandum for appearance on
behalf~of the State Government and an ex pane decree was
passed::in that suit. . j':
In all ~hesecases the appellant contended that ~ ~ce tAe office
.. staff ~.;adnot put up the papers before him, Itj' was fhrough
inadv~rtence that the SLIItswere decreed ex parte ,
r . :
~.... The B~r.Councilof India held him 011 the charge elf constructive
. negligence and reprimanded him for time lapse.' ' i' ,
. i' . I.'
.... :} .. . .!
In aPReal,the SI :preme Court held that there was no finding of
any 1r1~lafldes on the part of the appellant or any dei'lberate
Inaction on his part in not attending to the cases. There was
"
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.WITHHOLDING OF AMOUNT
,
, ; 'iii'
. :iMORAL TURPITUDE
+I;:j:", ::~:..i . .: ' : r . r
,
I
Hikrner A!jKlia~ii;'~. Pshwar P~askdArya end dtheWs ; i ! p,rahlad:Saran Gupta v~Bar Council of India,
". '.':1::;'UR1.997
"II' !
SC864: ,. " I' !
i AIR .t997 SC1338:
. i W; t;E!I!~:i ILL I " i: . ,', ii
Ishwar Prasad "I1jY,~'!wasaf1 advocate practicing' af Badaun in:' ., '. The' appellant.:Prahlad Saran Gupta was a practicing advotate at
U,P, He as~ault~9Ii~;!~bpp'on~nt, Ra'clheyShyam In the court-I
room of Mu:nslf"a~'B'adf!;unwith a knife. After investigation he,
Ghazlabad In U.P. He wa-sappearing for the decree-hold~r in a
, ,c~se In the Court of Civil Judge, Ghazlabad. A complClidt was
,
was ,ptosec9.t!ed!;rfrJ~Tff:~~'~~5 uhd~r ~ection 307 ~f the JPC and ., . received by t~e U.P. State Bar Council from Rajendra frasad
Section 2S IOf the:,j~'~r;n9'\A€t and he was sentenced 'for '3 years: '. i' . all.eglng him withholding of Rs, 1500/- without paying Ito the
B.~~i~~ I:
-..
;
jmprisonm~ht. r~~:ained ~re~ion a fraUdulenHe~e.r said I' decree-holderand with other allegations. . , '~' .
to ha,!e; corrte fr.~,rn,1fthl~ Govern~r suspendlnq the,' cql)v,ictlon. ".:/:1 J
The rn ;Add)tio~p~!IJ~!istH!cti and SeS!li0n Judge, Bada,uriisent a .1 J' The St~te Bar Council referred the case to Its Dlsc~linary
,i,' ;.

cor:nplaint qp,~ta,;Hi)i~ltrl:~sefa~s:to :the'Chairmah, lBar!Councll Cornrnlttee but It could not complete ~he proce~dlng5 wlt~n one
~f ~,Pf[The:iPISCtl,pI;d,~r);I'(Y~';f?,mm'lttdee 0ffl,U.P. Bar counhcli,d;ebarred " 1:.':/ ' . year.an"dth.e,s.:iame W<l5 transferredtq the Bar Council of ~,~.'~ dia .
. _:,0f:1. p.:~ac~:erqP~ i~:I~erlo : ~ !two years. iT ,e ~pvocate <
2ppea"ep 'lq,t;~,he.',::..•,8'.'I~',W.lKe,: 0, ,n.ellof In.:,9Ial,;WhICh set aSide,.th~",'!ord.ers lL 1 Th.e Disciplinary Committee of Bar Council of Ifldia did ribt find
of the, Bpc dbunc'~:~hlu.~•. 1 . ,,~, 'I" ' i ' merit In the allegation In the. cqmplaint that tile appeHa~t was
,1, ..,

, , ' Ii I ': rl: Il;; :! '" , '! I : I grossly; careless in handling the ex~cution case. H.owev.~r, the
The APpellaih~ f-'j'l0~~~ A '~:~han :COrhpi~inedagainst t;e a:dvocate ',I,' ,'I Committee found the appellant guilty of gross professional
and praye~::F0r ,1:1!ffFes/)! mq~lry.,;In!: the said proceedirgs the/ II misconduct regarding withholding Rs.1500/- ;md impos~d the
~dvocate appearre,q:/!ahd[ flied.::hl~ written stat~mer;'lt but 'j j' • punishment qf suspension from practice for a period ''fir one
,hereafter re di~;,!A9r ~?pre~r. Hence the Bar Couhcil'lof U.P. ..If : ,year. . . ; ;;
proceed~d fX p'm~I~p~!.r?~
of the: State' Bar;:Q.o~~n(t'I'
him a~d iFhe;Dlscip"n~ry:C<;>!jTilmittee' : ,:
of U.P.: debarred him for ~a pe.iod of '. " The appellan~ appealed the case
.'
the Supreme couf,t. The to
three y~arSi!h~1 ~;~~O~~~~i G9
a]ain app'~aled to the :Ba;r undl of '; Supre~e Co~rt found' one charge against the. ap;pellant
India and It!had r~~:~ISIIjj~ ,the punishment. Then Hikma'~lf'l flied ' established and that was wlthboldlng of Rs.1500/- whie'h was
appeal ~o t~~ sup,~,~~el:~?~rt.Th~ S,opreme Court hel1'ithat his handed' over: to him. The Court imposed the pen~lty of
conduFti wal;;' suq~'.1 it~!3ti'~ISname;i!;hpuld be removed r~?mthe :. reprimand o'h the appellant for the said mlscondIt'ict of
State Iroll ofr,advp:q?t~si~SIhe was' fo,~nd guilty of am:~fjence df i . wrongf~lly re~i3lnlngthG amount. .' ~;
attempti ng lite C~(i'lirl:1j.t myrder ar!d convicted for it alh~i as he
~ [(:
was uh00rt~y fOr!~~~ai!Qin'gin th~ pJofession. , : I! ": I!' Always refe.r ,g,: .. ~ •• r.·.{
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 N.,m'", LawSeries© - 82 - p1~caJ~raining. J

r ACTINGWITHourrrvsTRucrI()NS i) ...
.., iGian Chand Gael v. Bar Council of Ind)J,
" '
~~ 1997 (II)SCC 108. II'
An ad~cate (appella~t) wit~drawing suit filed by IcomPlalnant's

r '. daughter for declarat;on that she was not the la~fully; wedded
wife of the defendant and thereafter filing applica;tlon for
maint~hance under Section 125 C,PC,without instructions from
her by obtaining her signature on blank sh~ets 6n false
I,', : ,JI~
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promise. The' State. Bar Council and Bar Council,of India held
that t~~ advocatewas guilty of professionalmisCorduct'and the
1~i" ssrne ~as
',' ,
held by the Supteme Court In the appealfiled.
, I

The a&pellant is an advocate enrolled with the ~ar Council of

Punjat!'i and Haryana. A complaint was made/ against the
appell~t before the State Bar Council by RespondentNo.2,
Abdul f;atar, relating to a civil suit filed by the ~ompl;alnant's
daughwr, Satara Begum, seeking a declaration thtt the plaintiff
was l1yt the lawfully wedded wife of the derendant. The
appelJ~,',
t, wa,s the counsel engaged to representjthe ct:aughter
(Plalntf) while It was pendir.C]In the Court. . , ' " .
Accorctfng to. the complainant the appellant ha I advised the
plainti' that as there were defects in the plal~t sq! It was
-, ., necessjry to amend tne sarne and he' obralned ~neslg;natures
",i.@.
of Plarbtiff on a blank sheet. But, Instead of the advocate
seekin~ amendment In the plaint, the appell~nt ~Ied an
. applic9;tic;nfor the withdrawal of suit and the satd S~lt was
,\.
. dismis$;edas withdrawn. It was further stated In the complaint
that tli~ appellant obtained more ;signatures of ~atara Begum
on ancither black sheet for the purpose of filing ~n applicatIon.
for th~ transfer of the case, but he' subsequently ~Ied an
appliCqtlon for maintenance under Section 125 CrP~. .'
i
I
f ,I.

The cornplarnt also stated that she had paid to him R$.300/-
towards the fees of the advocate and Rs.1S0/- as expenses,
fl
I
The da~ghter (Plaintiff) was also not informed of the wlthdrawal
iO" of the suit and about the maintenance appucenon, :
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ractical T~fining· [- .
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',J ..,.r:..:,·tOI·~.',':,d,." heri v, H.'.• I.Kalyani

i'," D·i:'i·;.~ ',' returned theamount of TA/DA, as soon as he came to know , r-;

. that h~,.cann{)tbe the member of the SenatE.. "

".J. I..
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The Bar C()unc!':~f:~n~ia have taken a view that the appellar;tt .... !.:'
The Di,sclplinary Committee of the Maharashtra Bar ;~ouneil "I
nas no~ ~qmm't~\d~la~X'act of professional miscondufl: but I'
dlsrnlssed the complaint on the view that no act of profi!ssional
gUilty ~f ether rrIS~pnic:lUl:t'under Section 25 r;J the AdiV,)(ate
Act, 1961.; ;, il: r' ' ,. . rnlsconduct or other misconduct had been made out against the
j ,: ; :: :~U :; . .0,::' appellant, The complainant filed an appeal before tfue Bar
The appellant:, ~a'~1~: ~ractich,g advocate at Jalgbpn. 0
Counclli of India. '. . 'ikif
i{
17/12/(4, the appe~I~~twas elected as Councilor of tHe :Jalgao
In the ;Impugned order the Bar Council ofIndla has h~d that
Munlclpa~ councill" ,tis :~ Councilor of the Jalgaon Murilci,al h
was elected as 'a'rnember:of the Senate of the Poona Unlverslt
.the apJ;!eltantwas not quiltv.of professional misconduct 'ut was ..,
. for a priO~ of Sit, Y;t,ar from 30/10/75 to 29/10/81. ':' r: .~.'. 'I'
guilty of "other misconduct". The Disciplinary Committee did
not accept the explanation of the appellant that he Was not - .....
. On 2/2(77;1 the appe:lla:ritwas appointed as District Governmen aware of the said provision of Pune University Act whic);};istated
Pleader] an~ PUbllt·l~ro~ecutor. In: his letter dated 7/2/77 to th that or; ceasing to be a M.unicipal Councilor; ..a persQn a lso
Preslderit of the MLlm:iciipal:
Council, Jalgaon, the appell2lnt,state ceases ito be a Senate. member. The Bar Council 91india
that th!= .office ofiGqv¢rnment Pleader and Public Prosecutor IS reprimanded. toe appellant for the said misconduct. )'
not an i omlte of protit ,and that he could continue .asi CounclloJ
The appellant filed an appeal I~ tl,e Supreme Court co~iendi ng
but if this contentiqlf1 was not acceptable then the matter rT)a~
that: The Bar Council of India has erred In holding the

t
'be tre\=lted as his' ,letter of resignation froln the Municipal
Council:. .' .. , appellant, gt1lty of "other misconduct" for the above conduct.
': ",' ,I '.
I .' He raised th 5 contention on the ground that he was n0t aware
The said !~tter '1.as!H~ated as a letter of reslgnatlori ,~nd wa~ of the amen ment that was made in the Poona Universit~ Act in
accepted ~nd t~~' ,appell'ant ceilsec' to be a Councillor. Th~ 1974 ~nd soon as he came to be aware of ttie said
appellaint, :howeyer~I cp,ntinued to attend the meetings of the amendment, he stopped attending the meeting aod al So
Senate! and also: \'e~~ived TA/DA' from the Poona University fo~ . refunded the TA/DA received. .~
;?r
attending the meetihg~; :' . I . :
In regar9s the contention, the Court found force ijln the
Sh.. H' 'L Kill
. .;ayaJil!jl:9n .~ ::i:'jl
i'divocat e practicing
. .
at Ja'I'gaon ,,'.wrote a ',Ii
i i submiSSion of the appellant. !he Court also obs-erv~ that
letter to th:e viq1j~~!3rkeHor of the University and a. co~y of the since the appellant was receiving agenda and :ommu~catio n;
'1
Jor attending meetlng.s of the Senate, his belief that icau Id
~~~et~a:~~~~;~t:~~l~tf:;:e~a;~ c~~~c~~~~~,~a::~~~r~us;~~~iI·. "1 '1 continue to be a member of the Senate was strengthertd. The
to
,A/DAiror;~atte~~/n~i
sou.,n.'.CI.I.,._
'an'!".i
•• trw~
d.'. b.Hle.'.•.in.~.~.i"',b.,
re. •..•.i meetings
:•'.• of the
h.eat~d•...•.
the
<t.:

th€ compl:aint w~;s':!treated as a r.omp!aint by the State Ba 1'/

Senate. b\1:•.
University :ri. e
Thu;letter 0 ,I i
..'ceIVIrll f::! .~"'.r•.'; .,.:I
Court finally held that, appellant cannot be said

was setaslde.
,
he ~uilty of
"other misconduct" and so the order of the Ba- CouncilfDf Ind ia
fb»
coun:Ciilan:b)prb'9~~~iln~~pnder Se~,ion 35 of the A9vo~~tes .Ac i li
1961, vyerE1:'5tat~~ll~'~aiP;~st the appell'ant by the Bar Cou~FiI. .....1
.,' ! 1\,11 ;1 il'. ". . j I
The appel.I~llt. 5..p. '~Mi.tt~.~·· that the bora fide ~eliev., ecj th~.f.hecart I"

continue. .•tIQ beJil~:ertlilb~r of, the ~enate till ,the ~xpir¥ of hiJ . I.,
ter~ and ~e wci$: i~~~eIYJngthe age.nda and coriimunic~tions td I,;'
atLnd. th~1 me~tiTi~~lol~rt~e Senate. He also staten: th:~;~he ha~ I'
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'~"n; LOWS,nes© BREACH:;6;RUST l''71~ralning. I

Namita.Law Senes(.Q
. iii

P.O. i:iupta v. Ram Murihi, and Others, AIR 1998 SC 283:

'ii. .' '. I .
In th~~instant case. one Shri Ram Murthi, vicy~vatl and two
others'l;daimedfor the property of late Krishna Das. P.O. Gupta
was t~e advocate throughout in all the proceedingsof the case
en be~alf of Vldyawati. Though knowingly, P.O. ~uPta and his'
son-in~law Kumar Gupta purchased some pqrtlon: of the
, . propeiv. The advocate further sold the properties purchased
i~""
.-, from ~idyawati to a third p,arty and made profl~. A cernplajnt
was "fade against P.O. Gupta, Advocate to the tar Council of

-
•• - Delhi.~ut the Disciplinary Committee of the Dell Ba~Council

t,... .
could tnot dispose the case withi_9-one year and: it was
transferred to the Bar Council of India.
. The D.~ciPllnaryCommittee of the Bar Councilof I dla observed
that R~D.Gupta knew Vidyawati and he also new that .the
. prope~ purchased by him was the subject-mattrr of litigation
and h~ purchased the property at a' throw-away prlce of Rs.
1,80,000/-. . . I ,
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The DtciPli~a~ Committee of the Bar Councilof ~ndlaheld the

. Advoc?te P. D. Gupta guilty of professional mIsconduct and
. suspeadedfrom oracttce for a period of one year.!It als.ostated
that t~'ere was no bar for an advocate to purchaseproperty and
he wilWneverprefer to purchase the property, th¢ title ~f which.
• is und~r doubt ashe being a law knowing man.:
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P.O. Gupta appealed to the Supreme Court on the declston .of

the BS'rCouncil of India. The Supreme Court found tne order
genuir:!~and valid and did not interfere with the punishment
awarded to P.O. Gupta.
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