FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM)Cawangan Terengganu

Kampus Bukit Besi

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1 - CHE 144
Lab No. :
THERMODYNAMICS

Topic : MARCET BOILER Mark :

100
Date :
Participant Course : DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL Semester :
Group:
ENGINEERING
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1
2
3
4
Instructor

Objective :
Todemonstrate the relationship between pressure and temperature of asaturated steam in equilibrium with
water.

To study the relationship between the pressure and the temperature steam in equilibriumwith water.2.

To understand the concept of relationship of pressure and temperature steam inequilibrium with water.3.

Abstract :
This experiment will test to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of
saturation stream in equilibrium. Also this experiment was also done to demonstrate the vapor pressure
curve. In this experiment, we used the Marcet Boiler with the constant volume tank to test the relation
between the pressure and the temperature. We can conclude that when the pressure increased, the
temperature also increased. So, the relationship between the pressure and temperature is directly
proportional. We used the formula and the data to calculate the slope of the graph using certain points.
Theoretically, the values measured should be almost the same with the predicted values. However, at
certain points, the values are not the same. This maybe because of the errors made in the experiment.
Introduction:
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a systemandthesurroundings
which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics alsoconcerned about the changes
in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such asgases and vapours are often referred
as P-V-T substances.An ideal gas obey the equation of states that relates the pressure, the specific
volume ordensity, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However,
realgas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas equationof
state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When energy is added within water, theincreasing
of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of moleculesescape from a surface
until the equilibrium sate is reached. The state of equilibrium dependsonthe pressure between the water
surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the easier themolecules leaving the water surface and thus
less energy is required to achieve the state ofequilibrium (boiling point). The temperature
where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure levelis called saturated temperature. The pressure where
equilibrium occurs at a given temperature iscalled saturated pressure.Marcet boiler is used to investigate
the relationship between the pressure and thetemperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at
all temperature levels between theatmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of slope of the
graph (dT/dP) obtainedfrom the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined
through thecalculation from the steam table
Apparatus:

6
1

2 7
8
3

9
10
5

Figure 1: Unit Construction for Marcet Boiler (Model: HE169)

 1. Pressure Transducer 6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
2. Pressure Indicator 7. Temperature Sensor
3. Temperature Controller/Indicator 8. Pressure Relief Valve
4. Control Panel 9. Heater
5. Bench 10. Water Inlet Port & Valve

Procedures :
General Start-up Procedures
1.Make sure that all valves are fully close
2.The water in the boiler is checked whether it was filled or not. If not, fill up the boiler with distilled
water through the water inlet port and make sure water level is at about half of the boiler’s height
indicated by level sight tube.
3. To check the water level open the valves V2 and V3.
4. At closed position, open the valve V4 and the valves V1,V2 and V3.
5 . The main switch is turned on.
6.The unit is ready for the experiment

General Shut-down Procedures

1.Close all valves.
2.The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was left drop until room temperature was
reached.
NOTE : Do not open the valve at the water inlet port as it is highly pressurized at high
temperature.
3.The main switch and the main power supply was switched off when it has dropped to room
temperature.
4.The water for next used was retained.
5.The main switch and the main power supply is off.

Experimental Procedure
1.The general start-up procedures was performed.
2.Set the temperature controller to 100°c to boil the water and turn ON the heater.
Important : Always make sure that the valves at the level sight tube are closed before turning on the
heater as the sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature.
3. The steam temperature rise observed as the water boils.
4.The steam was allowed to come out from the valves (V4) for about 30 seconds, and then the valve was
closed when pressure at 1.0 bar.
5.The temperature controller was set at 185°C to boil the water.
6.The steam temperature and pressure was recorded when the boiler is heated until the steam pressure
reaches 0.5 bar (abs). (The intervals of pressure data for 5.0 initially was made).
Warning ! Never open the valve when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe
injury.
7.Then, the heater was turn off and the steam temperature and pressure began to drop. The steam
temperature was recorded at every 0.5 bar pressure interval until the steam pressure reached the
atmospheric pressure.
8.The boiler was allowed cooled down to room temperature.
Result:

Pressure, P Temperature, T (⁰C) Measures Calculated

(bar) Slope, Slope,
Absolute Increase Decrease Average Average dt/dp Tvg/hfg
Tavc (⁰C) Tavc (K)
1.0 100 99.4 99.7 372.7 - 0.27969
1.5 119.2 110.9 115.1 388.1 0.308 0.20214
2.0 118.0 119.7 118.9 391.9 0.076 0.15767
2.5 126.0 127.1 126.6 399.6 0.154 0.13167
3.0 133.9 133.2 133.6 406.6 0.140 0.11386
3.5 137.3 138.6 138.0 411.0 0.088 0.10032
4.0 142.5 143.5 143.0 416.0 0.100 0.09017
4.5 146.7 147.8 147.3 420.3 0.086 0.08205
5.0 150.6 150.6 150.6 423.6 0.066 0.07532
Calculations :

Sample Calculation for Average Temperature, T avg:-

Average Temperature, T avg:- = T increase + T decrease

2
= 100⁰C + 99.4⁰C
2
= 99.7⁰C
= 99.7 + 273K
= 372.7K

Sample Calculation for dP:-

dP 1.0bar:- = Pabs @1.5bar – Pabs @1.0bar

= 1.5bar - 1.0
= 0.5bar
= 0.5bar x 100kPa
1bar
= 50kPa
Sample Calculation for dT:-

dT 1.0bar:- = Tavg @1.5 – Tavg @1.0

= 388.1K – 372.7K
= 15.4K

Sample Calculation for (dT/dP):-

(dT/dP) @1.0bar:- = dT @1.0bar

dP @ 1.0bar
= 15.4K
50K
= 0.308 k/kPa

Calculations for Measured Slope, dT/dP

Pressure, P dP (kPa) Average T dT(K) (dT/dP)(k/kPa)

abs avc ,
(bar) (K)

1.0 - 372.7 - -
1.5 50 388.1 15.4 0.308
2.0 50 391.9 3.8 0.076
2.5 50 399.6 7.7 0.154
3.0 50 406.6 7.0 0.140
3.5 50 411.0 4.4 0.088
4.0 50 416.0 5.0 0.100
4.5 50 420.3 4.3 0.086
5.0 50 423.6 3.3 0.066

Sample Calculation for Calculated Slope, Tvg ;-

Hfg

(Tvg/hfg) @1.0bar = (372.7K)(1.6941m³/kg)

2257.5 kJ/kg
= 0.27969 m³K/kJ x 1kJ
1kPa m³
= 0.27969 K/kPa
Calculation for Calculated Slope,

Pressure, Temperature, Specific volume, v Enthalpy, h (kJ/kg) Calculated

P (bar) T (K) (m3/kg) Slope, (Tvg/hfg)
Absolute Average Vg Hfg (K/kPa)
Tavc
1.0 372.7 1.6941 2257.5 0.27969
1.5 388.1 1.1594 2226.0 0.20214
2.0 391.9 0.88578 2201.6 0.15767
2.5 399.6 0.71873 2181.2 0.13167
3.0 406.6 0.60582 2163.5 0.11386
3.5 411.0 0.52422 2147.7 0.10032
4.0 416.0 0.46242 2133.4 0.09017
4.5 420.3 0.41392 2120.3 0.08205
5.0 423.6 0.37483 2108.0 0.07532

Sample Calculation of Percentage Error, %:-

Percentage error %;- = Measured slope – Calculated slope x 100%

Measured slope

Calculated slope, (Tvg/hfg) Measured slope, (dT/dP) Percentage error

(K/kPa) (K/kPa) (%)
0.27969 - -
0.20214 0.308 34.37
0.15767 0.076 -107.46
0.13167 0.154 14.50
0.11386 0.140 18.67
0.10032 0.088 -14.00
0.09017 0.100 9.83
0.08205 0.086 4.59
0.07532 0.066 -14.12
Discussion: Before the experiment is conducted, it is important to remove the air from the
boiler. This is because , air might affects the accuracy of the experimental results. If
the air is not removed, the accurate equilibrium measurements between the steam
and the boiling water will not be obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air , a lower
water temperature will be needed to raise the pressure. Besides, the air is trapped in
the boiler could lead to boiler failure.
Before the experiment is conducted, it is vital to remove the air from the boiler. This
is because , air might affects the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not
removed, the correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling
water will not be obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air , a lower water
temperature will be required to raise the pressure. Besides, the air trapped in the
boiler could lead to boiler failure. Based on the graph, the relationship between the
average temperature, Tavg against the absolute pressure ,Pabsis directly proportional
while there is small deviation between the measured slope and the calculated slope.

The error percentage should not cross or exceed 10% as the experiment was done in
enclosed surface and no volume of experimenting samples are allowed to escape
from the system. However, based on the data obtained from experiment, the
percentage of errors is within the range of -0.46% until 15.92%. The percentage
error for the experiment shows that the experimental yield was too much difference
when the percentage error is negative. Differ when the percentage of error is
positive, it shows that the experimental yield less than the theoretical yield. This
might happen due to the present of air in the boiler and the measurements reading
errors that happen during the experiment.

There are several sources of error of the experiment:-

1) Measurement reading accuracy.
2) Room temperature and pressure.
3) The stability of the material.
4) The calculations of the data obtained.

In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the
measurements reading errors.
When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat
andmove faster. As they move around so fast that they can not even hold on to each
other anymore, all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid
absorbed enough heat energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as
the steam is not allowed to exit, the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the
temperature rise. The liquid (water) undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam).
The application of boilers in industries includes :-

1) Power Plant Boiler

The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in
various heat transfer sections. Volume of one unit mass of steam is thousand times
that of water. When water is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure
will increase. Heating the water from cold condition to boiling point or saturation
temperature. Water boils at saturation temperature to produce steam. Heating steam
from saturation temperature to higher temperature called superheating to increase
the power plant output and efficiency.

2) Food Steamer used by Food Industries

There are two types of food steamers used by the food industry to heat food in large
quantities. The traditional design uses steam trays connected to a central boiler.
Newer technology uses individual heating systems to create the steam on each set of
steam trays. The newer technology offers significant advantages in both energy and
water efficiency. The boiler-based steamers utilize a boiler to inject (through pipes)
steam into the heating compartment containing the food trays. Steam that does not
condense on the food product escapes as a mixture of steam and hot condensate
through a drain at the bottom of the set of steam trays. Not only is water wasted in
the rejected steam, but also a substantial amount of additional water is required to
condense this steam and cool the condensate water to an acceptable temperature
before it enters the sewer system.

3) Steam Engines
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate
from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power,
nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle
used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated
and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When
expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-
pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.
 4) Fluidized Bed Reactor
The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as heavy
agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash
gasifiers, so the fuel must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly
suitable. The agglomerating gasifiers have slightly higher temperatures, and are
suitable for higher rank coals. Fuel throughput is higher than for the fixed bed, but
not as high as for the entrained flow gasifier. The conversion efficiency can be
rather low due to elutriation of carbonaceous material. Recycle or subsequent
combustion of solids can be used to increase conversion. Fluidized bed gasifiers are
most useful for fuels that form highly corrosive ash that would damage the walls of
slagging gasifiers. Biomass fuels generally contain high levels of corrosive ash.

Conclusion: Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relation in between pressure
and temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. As we did in the laboratory,
we started heating water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then,
closing the valve which created a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to
increase as the temperature rises. And thus studying the direct relation between
pressure and temperature for water at that point.
We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make
sure we are now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never
increased. causing the experiment to be useless.
We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we reached boiling
temperature (95 c at 0.9 bar pressure) and thus keeping water at saturated liquid
phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in
between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The difference between
the theoretical values and the actual values is caused by errors with certain
calculated acceptable percentages. In this experiment, the relationship between
pressure and temperature is found to be directly proportional. When compared to the
theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small deviation between them
 because of certain errors.

References:
1) Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics- An Engineering
Approach”, Eighth Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2015.

2) Lab Manual

3) https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111012064442AAfAPTF

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine#Boilers

5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_steamer

6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized_bed_reactor

7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)

8)

Authorize Person Initial Date Stamp

Approvalof the Technician
results.
Instructor

Allocated Marks for Technical/Executive report

Criteria Full Marks

Abstract 20
Objective 10
Data/Results/Calculation 20
Discussion 20
Conclusion 10
References 10
Overall structure/organization and Quality 10
TOTAL 100

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