ART MANIA [ONLINE PHOTO GALLERY]

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Submitted by
M.ANVITHA (16491A05J4)
D.SIREESHA (16491A05I8)
M.MANI CHANDANA (16491A05J6)
B SAI KAILASH (16491A05K8)

Under the Guidance of

B.RAMADEVI
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001-2008 Certified & NBA Accredited Institution)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada)
VENGAMUKKAPALEM, ONGOLE - 523272, A.P.
2016- 2020
 QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An ISO 9001-2008 Certified & NBA Accredited Institution)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada)
VENGAMUKKAPALEM, ONGOLE-523272, A.P

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project entitled “ART MANIA [ONLINE
PHOTO GALLERY]” is a bonafide work of
M.ANVITHA (16491A05J4)
D.SIREESHA (16491A05I8)
M.MANI CHANDANA (16491A05J6)
B SAI KAILASH (16491A05K8)

in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING and for the academic year 2019-
2020. This work is done under my supervision and guidance.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Head of the Department

B.RAMADEVI Dr.Y.NARASIMHARAO M.Tech Ph.D

Assistant Professor Professor and HOD

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

2 LITERATRE SURVEY

2.1 Feasibility study

2.1.1 Economical Feasibility
2.1.2 Technical Feasibility
2.1.3 Operational Feasibility

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Analysis Model

3.2 Existing System
3.3 Proposed System
3.4 System Requirements
3.4.1 Hardware Requirements
3.4.2 Software Requirements

4 SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Module Description
4.3 UML Diagrams
4.3.1 Class Diagram
4.3.2 Use case Diagram
4.3.3 Sequence Diagram
4.3.4 Collaboration Diagram

5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Software description
5.2.1 Introduction to PHP
5.2.2 Common uses of PHP
5.2.3 Characteristics of PHP
 5.3 PHP-Variable Types
5.4 PHP-Operator Types
5.5 PHP-Environment Setup
5.6 Installing PHP
5.7 PHP & MYSQL
6 SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Testing
6.1.1 Objectives
6.2 Levels of Testing
6.2.1 Code Testing
6.2.2 Unit Testing
6.2.3 Integration Testing
6.2.4 System Testing
6.2.5 Acceptance Testing
7 OUTPUT SCREENS
8 CONCLUSION
9 REFERENCES

ABSTRACT
 Art Mania is an online application, which is used to display and sell art works of
artist irrespective of their nationality, gender and other narrow consideration, through auction.
Artist can register online for being a member in the art gallery and each artist can upload the
digital copy of their art work under the respective categories. They can host their art work
either for auction or for fixed price. The artist is liable to pay a fraction of the price of each art
work to the web site to find the running fund for site. Art lovers have to go to the art exhibition
to collect their favorite arts or painting. But now-a-days they are not getting enough time to go
to the galleries and collect the arts and paintings.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The “Online Photo gallery” system is a application software and it is very helpful
for the art lovers and others who wants to know the addresses where this kind of arts will we
sold.

This application helps the end-users to search their arts and paintings and they can
place order for the selected pieces. The end-user can also get the information about the art
exhibition and the respective address, so, that they can visit to those exhibitions.

Art Gallery brings you an opportunity to view online art exhibitions at our Online Art
Gallery we bring you details of all art exhibitions held in the past and the forthcoming show.
The Online Art Gallery is updated daily, so the user can view and buy the latest collection of
contemporary art online from any where in the world. You can view and buy the latest Indian
contemporary art collection available at their exhibitions and also at their online gallery.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY
 Literature survey is the most important step in software development process. Before
developing the tool, it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy and company strength.
Once these things are satisfied, then next steps are to determine which operating system and
language can be used for developing the tool. Once the programmers start building the tool the
programmers need lot of external support. This support can be obtained from senior
programmers, from book or from websites. Before building the system the above consideration is
taken into account for developing the proposed system.

2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY

After doing the project Online photo gallery,study and analyzing all the existing or
required functionalities of the system,the next task is to do the feasibility study for the project.All
projects are feasible-given untitled resources and infinite time.

Feasibility study includes consideration of all the possible ways to provide a solution
to the given problem.The proposed solution should satisfy all the user requirements and should
be flexible enough so that future changes can be easily done based on the future upcoming
requirements.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are:

2.1.1. Economical feasibility

2.1.2. Technical feasibility

2.1.3. Operational feasibility

2.1.1. Economical feasibility

This is a very important aspect to be considered while developing a project.We

decided the technology based on minimum cost factor.

 All hardware and software cost has to be done by the organization.

 Overall we have estimated that the benefits the organization is going to receive from the
proposed system will surely overcome the initial costs and later on the running cost for
system.

2.1.2. Technical feasibility

 This included the study of function,performance and constraints that may affect
the ability to achieve an acceptable system.For this feasibility study,we studied complete
functionality to be provided in the system,as described in the System Requirement
Specification(SRS) and checked if everything was possible using different type of frontend and
backend platformat.

2.1.3. Operational feasibility

No doubt the proposed system is fully GUI based that is very user friendly and all
inputs to be taken all self-explanatory even to a layman.Besides a proper training has been
conducted to let know the essence of the system to the users so that they feel comfortable with
new system.As far our study is concerned the clients are comfortable and happy as the system
has cut down their loads and doing.
 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the
problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and
other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally
important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then
successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new
system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is
also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution.

3.1 Analysis Model

The model that is basically being followed is the WATER FALL MODEL, which states that the
phases are organized in a linear order. First of all the feasibility study is done. Once that part is over the
requirement analysis and project planning begins. If system exists one and modification and addition of
new module is needed, analysis of present system can be used as basic model.

The design starts after the requirement analysis is complete and the coding begins after the
design is complete. Once the programming is completed, the testing is done. In this model the sequence
of activities performed in a software development project are :-

 Requirement
 Analysis
 System design
 Implementation
 Testing
 Maintenance
 Fig:3.1 Analysis model

3.2 Existing System:

Customer can also register online and they can browse art works that are arranged in
different categories scientifically. Each Customer can create their own gallery to see his favorite
art works without much difficult. And each user has the right to purchase an art work using the
integrated payment gateway .It has the drawbacks like time consuming process and it is not
easy to search particular information.

3.3 Proposed System:

Online art gallery is application software and it is very helpful for the art lovers
and others who want to know the addresses where this kind of arts will we sold.This application
helps the end-users to search their arts and paintings and they can place order for the selected
pieces. The end user can also get the information about the art exhibition and the respective
address, so, that they can visit to those exhibitions.Some of the solved problems present in
existing system

- Time consuming

- Any one can easily understand

- Work done automatically

- Less paper work

3.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Processor : Intel core I3
 RAM : 2GB or Higher
 HDD : 320GB
 C.D.ROM drive : 2-4

3.4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Front End : PHP,HTML5,CSS3

 Back End : My SQL Server
 Connectivity : XAMPP
 4 SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Design is multi-step process that focuses on data structure software architecture,
procedural details, (algorithms etc.) and interface between modules. The design process also
translates the requirements into the presentation of software that can be accessed for quality
before coding begins.
Computer software design changes continuously as new methods; better analysis and
broader understanding evolved. Software Design is at relatively early stage in its revolution.
Therefore, Software Design methodology lacks the depth, flexibility and quantitative
nature that are normally associated with more classical engineering disciplines. However,
techniques for software designs do exist, criteria for design qualities are available and design
notation can be applied.

4.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION

Software design sits at the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is
applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of application. Design is the first step
in the development phase for any engineered product or system. The designer’s goal is to
produce a model or representation of an entity that will later be built. Beginning, once system
requirement have been specified and analyzed, system design is the first of the three technical
activities -design, code and test that is required to build and verify software.
The importance can be stated with a single word “Quality”. Design is the place where
quality is fostered in software development. Design provides us with representations of software
that can assess for quality. Design is the only way that we can accurately translate a customer’s
view into a finished software product or system. Software design serves as a foundation for all
the software engineering steps that follow. Without a strong design, we risk building an unstable
system – one that will be difficult to test, one whose quality cannot be assessed until the last
stage.

During design, progressive refinement of data structure, program structure, and procedural
details are developed reviewed and documented. System design can be viewed from either
technical or project management perspective. From the technical point of view, design is
comprised of four activities – architectural design, data structure design, interface design and
procedural design.
4.3 UML DIAGRAMS

Unified Modeling Language

The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is probably the most widely known
and used notation for object-oriented analysis and design. It is the result of the merger of several
early contributions to object-oriented methods. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a
standard language for writing software blueprints? The UML may be used to visualize, specify,
construct, and document the artefacts. A Modelling language is a language whose vocabulary
and rules focus on the conceptual and physical representation of a system. Modelling is the
designing of software applications before coding. Modelling is an Essential Part of large
software projects, and helpful to medium and even small projects as well. A model plays the
analogous role in software development that blueprints and other plans (site maps, elevations,
physical models) play in the building of a skyscraper. Using a model, those responsible for a
software development project's success can assure themselves that business functionality is
complete and correct, end-user needs are met, and program design supports requirements for
scalability, robustness, security, extendibility, and other characteristics, before implementation in
code renders changes difficult and expensive to make.

The underlying premise of UML is that no one diagram can capture the different
elements of a system in its entirety. Hence, UML is made up of nine diagrams that can be used to
model a system at different points of time in the software life cycle of a system. The nine UML
diagrams are:

 Use case diagram: The use case diagram is used to identify the primary elements and
processes that form the system. The primary elements are termed as "actors" and the
processes are called "use cases." The use case diagram shows which actors interact with
each use case.
 Class diagram: The class diagram is used to refine the use case diagram and define a
detailed design of the system. The class diagram classifies the actors defined in the use
case diagram into a set of interrelated classes. The relationship or association between the
classes can be either an "is-a" or "has-a" relationship. Each class in the class diagram may
be capable of providing certain functionalities. These functionalities provided by the class
 are termed "methods" of the class. Apart from this, each class may have certain
"attributes" that uniquely identify the class.
 Object diagram: The object diagram is a special kind of class diagram. An object is an
instance of a class. This essentially means that an object represents the state of a class at a
given point of time while the system is running. The object diagram captures the state of
different classes in the system and their relationships or associations at a given point of
time.
 State diagram: A state diagram, as the name suggests, represents the different states that
objects in the system undergo during their life cycle. Objects in the system change states
in response to events. In addition to this, a state diagram also captures the transition of the
object's state from an initial state to a final state in response to events affecting the
system.
 Activity diagram: The process flows in the system are captured in the activity diagram.
Similar to a state diagram, an activity diagram also consists of activities, actions,
transitions, initial and final states, and guard conditions.
 Sequence diagram: A sequence diagram represents the interaction between different
objects in the system. The important aspect of a sequence diagram is that it is time-
ordered. This means that the exact sequence of the interactions between the objects is
represented step by step. Different objects in the sequence diagram interact with each
other by passing "messages".
 Collaboration diagram: A collaboration diagram groups together the interactions
between different objects. The interactions are listed as numbered interactions that help to
trace the sequence of the interactions. The collaboration diagram helps to identify all the
possible interactions that each object has with other objects.
 Component diagram: The component diagram represents the high-level parts that make
up the system. This diagram depicts, at a high level, what components form part of the
system and how they are interrelated. A component diagram depicts the components
culled after the system has undergone the development or construction phase.
 Deployment diagram: The deployment diagram captures the configuration of the
runtime elements of the application. This diagram is by far most useful when a system is
built and ready to be deployed.
The UML diagrams that fall under each of these categories are:

 Static

o Use case diagram

o Class diagram

 Dynamic
o Object diagram
o State diagram
o Activity diagram
o Sequence diagram
o Collaboration diagram
 Implementation

o Component diagram
o Deployment diagram

4.3.1. CLASS DIAGRAM

A Class diagram gives an overview of a system by showing its classes and the
relationships among them. Class diagrams are static -- they display what interacts but not what
happens when they do interact. In general a class diagram consists of some set of attributes and
operations. Operations will be performed on the data values of attributes
Our class diagram has three kinds of relationships.
 Association -- a relationship between instances of the two classes. There is an association
between two classes if an instance of one class must know about the other in order to
perform its work. In a diagram, an association is a link connecting two classes.

 Aggregation -- an association in which one class belongs to a collection. An aggregation

has a diamond end pointing to the part containing the whole.

 Generalization -- an inheritance link indicating one class is a super class of the other. A
generalization has a triangle pointing to the super class.
Fig:4.3.1. Class diagram for member

Fig:4.3.1.1 Class diagram for artist

4.3.2 USECASE DIAGRAM
Use Case Diagram shows set of use cases and actors and their relationships. Use case
diagram address the static design view of a system.

Fig:4.3.2 Usecase diagram for member

4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that details how operations are carried
out -- what messages are sent and when. The time progresses as you go down the page.
Sequence diagram in general shows the sequence of operations that are carried out
during the project development. The above sequence diagram shows the classes and the sequence
of message communication during the project.
 Fig:4.3.3 Sequence diagram for member

Fig:4.3.3.1 Sequence diagram for artist

4.3.4 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
A collaboration diagram, also called a communication diagram or interaction
diagram, is an illustration of the relationships and interactions among software objects in the
Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Fig:4.3.4 Collaboration diagram for member

Fig:4.3.4.1 Collaboration diagram for artist

 5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Implementation is the most crucial stage in achieving a successful system and giving
the user’s confidence that the new system is workable and effective. Implementation of a
modified application to replace an existing one. This type of conversation is relatively easy to
handle, provide there are no major changes in the system.
Each program is tested individually at the time of development using the data and has
verified that this program linked together in the way specified in the programs specification, the
computer system and its environment is tested to the satisfaction of the user. The system that has
been developed is accepted and proved to be satisfactory for the user. And so the system is going
to be implemented very soon. A simple operating procedure is included so that the user can
understand the different functions clearly and quickly.
Initially as a first step the executable form of the application is to be created and
loaded in the common server machine which is accessible to the entire users and the server is to
be connected to a network. The final stage is to document the entire system which provides
components and the operating procedures of the system.

5.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

5.2.1 Introduction to PHP:

PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more
people found out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP way
back in 1994.

 PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

 PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage
dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites.

 It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL,

Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.

 PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache module
on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started, executes even very complex queries
with huge result sets in record-setting time.
  PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP. PHP4
added support for Java and distributed object architectures (COM and CORBA), making
n-tier development a possibility for the first time.

 PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.

 PHP Syntax is C-Like.

5.2.2 Common uses of PHP

 PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read,
write, and close them.

 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, through email you
can send data, return data to the user.

 You add, delete, modify elements within your database through PHP.

 Access cookies variables and set cookies.

 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.

 It can encrypt data.

5.2.3 Characteristics Of PHP

There are many features given by PHP. All Features discussed below one by one.

 Familiarity

 Simplicity

 Efficiency

 Security

 Flexibility

 Open source

 Object Oriented

Familiarity: -
If you are in programming background then you can easily understand the PHP syntax. And
you can write PHP script because of most of PHP syntax inherited from other languages like
C or Pascal.

Simplicity: -

PHP provides a lot of pre-define functions to secure your data. It is also compatible with
many third-party applications, and PHP can easily integrate with other.

In PHP script there is no need to include libraries like c, special compilation directives like
Java, PHP engine starts execution from (<?) escape sequence and end with a closing escape
sequence (<?). In PHP script, there is no need to write main function. And also you can work
with PHP without creating a class.

Efficiency: -

PHP 4.0 introduced resource allocation mechanisms and more pronounced support for object-
oriented programming, in addition to session management features. Eliminating unnecessary
memory allocation.

Security: -

Several trusted data encryption options are supported in PHP’s predefined function set. You
can use a lot of third-party applications to secure our data, allowing for securing our
application.

Flexibility: -

You can say that PHP is a very flexible language because of PHP is an embedded language
you can embed PHP scripts with HTML, JAVA SCRIPT, WML, XML, and many others.
You can run your PHP script any device like mobile Phone, tabs, laptops, PC and other
because of PHP script execute on the server then after sending to the browser of your device.

Free: -

PHP is an open source programming language so you can download freely there is no need to
buy a licence or anything.
 Object Oriented: -

PHP has added some object-oriented programming features, and Object Oriented
programming became possible with PHP 4. With the introduction of PHP 5, the PHP
developers have really beefed up the object-oriented features of PHP, resulting in both more
speed and added features.

5.3 PHP-VARIABLE TYPES

The main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a variable.

Here are the most important things to know about variables in PHP.

 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).

 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.

 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand side and the
expression to be evaluated on the right.

 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.

 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in advance
whether it will be used to store a number or a string of characters.

 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.

 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another when
necessary.

 PHP variables are Perl-like.

PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables −

 Integers − are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.

 Doubles − are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.

 Booleans − have only two possible values either true or false.

 NULL − is a special type that only has one value: NULL.

 Strings − are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'

  Arrays − are named and indexed collections of other values.

 Objects − are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both

other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.

 Resources − are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such
as database connections).

The first five are simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are compound - the
compound types can package up other arbitrary values of arbitrary type, whereas the simple
types cannot.

We will explain only simple data type in this chapters. Array and Objects will be explained
separately.

Integers
They are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. They are the simplest type .they
correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and negative. Integers can be assigned to
variables, or they can be used in expressions, like so −

$int_var = 12345;
$another_int = -12345 + 12345;
Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16) format. Decimal
format is the default, octal integers are specified with a leading 0, and hexadecimals have a
leading 0x.

For most common platforms, the largest integer is (2**31 . 1) (or 2,147,483,647), and the
smallest (most negative) integer is . (2**31 . 1) (or .2,147,483,647).

Doubles
They like 3.14159 or 49.1. By default, doubles print with the minimum number of decimal
places needed. For example, the code −

<?php

$many = 2.2888800;

$many_2 = 2.2111200;

$few = $many + $many_2;

 print("$many + $many_2 = $few <br>");

?>

It produces the following browser output −

2.28888 + 2.21112 = 4.5

Boolean
They have only two possible values either true or false. PHP provides a couple of constants
especially for use as Booleans: TRUE and FALSE, which can be used like so −

if (TRUE)

print("This will always print<br>");

else

print("This will never print<br>");

Interpreting other types as Booleans

Here are the rules for determine the "truth" of any value not already of the Boolean type −

 If the value is a number, it is false if exactly equal to zero and true otherwise.

 If the value is a string, it is false if the string is empty (has zero characters) or is the
string "0", and is true otherwise.

 Values of type NULL are always false.

 If the value is an array, it is false if it contains no other values, and it is true otherwise.
For an object, containing a value means having a member variable that has been
assigned a value.

 Valid resources are true (although some functions that return resources when they are
successful will return FALSE when unsuccessful).

 Don't use double as Booleans.

Each of the following variables has the truth value embedded in its name when it is used in a
Boolean context.

$true_num = 3 + 0.14159;
$true_str = "Tried and true"

$true_array[49] = "An array element";

$false_array = array();

$false_null = NULL;

$false_num = 999 - 999;

$false_str = "";

NULL
NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL. To give a variable the NULL value,
simply assign it like this −

$my_var = NULL;

The special constant NULL is capitalized by convention, but actually it is case insensitive; you
could just as well have typed −

$my_var = null;

A variable that has been assigned NULL has the following properties −

 It evaluates to FALSE in a Boolean context.

 It returns FALSE when tested with IsSet() function.

Strings
They are sequences of characters, like "PHP supports string operations". Following are valid
examples of string

$string_1 = "This is a string in double quotes";

$string_2 = 'This is a somewhat longer, singly quoted string';

$string_39 = "This string has thirty-nine characters";

$string_0 = ""; // a string with zero characters

Singly quoted strings are treated almost literally, whereas doubly quoted strings replace
variables with their values as well as specially interpreting certain character sequences.
<?php

$variable = "name";

$literally = 'My $variable will not print!';

print($literally);

print "<br>";

$literally = "My $variable will print!";

print($literally);

?>

This will produce following result −

My $variable will not print!

My name will print
There are no artificial limits on string length - within the bounds of available memory, you
ought to be able to make arbitrarily long strings.

Strings that are delimited by double quotes (as in "this") are preprocessed in both the following
two ways by PHP −

 Certain character sequences beginning with backslash (\) are replaced with special
characters

 Variable names (starting with $) are replaced with string representations of their values.

The escape-sequence replacements are −

 \n is replaced by the newline character

 \r is replaced by the carriage-return character
 \t is replaced by the tab character
 \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($)
 \" is replaced by a single double-quote (")
 \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)
Variable Scope
Scope can be defined as the range of availability a variable has to the program in which it is
declared. PHP variables can be one of four scope types −

 Local variables

 Function parameters

 Global variables

 Static variables

Variable Naming
Rules for naming a variable is −

 Variable names must begin with a letter or underscore character.

 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores but you cannot use
characters like + , - , % , ( , ) . & , etc

There is no size limit for variables.

5.4 PHP-OPERATOR TYPES

PHP language supports following type of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Logical (or Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators
There are following arithmetic operators supported by PHP language −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Show Examples
Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiply both operands A * B will give

200

/ Divide numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2

% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer B % A will give 0

division

++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11

-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9

Comparison Operators
There are following comparison operators supported by PHP language

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Show Examples

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes (A == B) is

then condition becomes true. not true.

!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values (A != B) is

are not equal then condition becomes true. true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of (A > B) is not
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of (A < B) is
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to (A >= B) is
the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. not true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the (A <= B) is
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. true.

Logical Operators
There are following logical operators supported by PHP language

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Show Examples

Operator Description Example

And Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are true (A and B) is
then condition becomes true. true.

Or Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are (A or B) is

non zero then condition becomes true. true.

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non (A && B) is
zero then condition becomes true. true.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are (A || B) is

non zero then condition becomes true. true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state !(A && B)
of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator is false.
 will make false.

Assignment Operators
There are following assignment operators supported by PHP language −

Show Examples

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from C = A + B will assign

right side operands to left side operand value of A + B into C

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand C += A is equivalent

to the left operand and assign the result to left to C = C + A
operand

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right C -= A is equivalent to

operand from the left operand and assign the result to C=C-A
left operand

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies C *= A is equivalent

right operand with the left operand and assign the to C = C * A
result to left operand

/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left C /= A is equivalent to

operand with the right operand and assign the result C=C/A
to left operand

%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus C %= A is equivalent

using two operands and assign the result to left to C = C % A
operand

Conditional Operator
There is one more operator called conditional operator. This first evaluates an expression for a
true or false value and then execute one of the two given statements depending upon the result
of the evaluation. The conditional operator has this syntax −
Show Examples

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value

Expression Y

Operators Categories
All the operators we have discussed above can be categorised into following categories −

 Unary prefix operators, which precede a single operand.

 Binary operators, which take two operands and perform a variety of arithmetic and
logical operations.

 The conditional operator (a ternary operator), which takes three operands and evaluates
either the second or third expression, depending on the evaluation of the first expression.

 Assignment operators, which assign a value to a variable.

Precedence of PHP Operators

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an
expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the
multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator −

For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; Here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than + so it first get multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest
appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Unary ! ++ -- Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

 Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %= Right to left

5.5 PHP-Environment Setup:

In order to develop and run PHP Web pages three vital components need to be installed
on your computer system.

 Web Server − PHP will work with virtually all Web Server software, including
Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) but then most often used is freely available
Apache Server. Download Apache for free here − https://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi

 Database − PHP will work with virtually all database software, including Oracle and
Sybase but most commonly used is freely available MySQL database. Download
MySQL for free here − https://www.mysql.com/downloads/

 PHP Parser − In order to process PHP script instructions a parser must be installed to
generate HTML output that can be sent to the Web Browser. This tutorial will guide you
how to install PHP parser on your computer.

PHP Parser Installation

Before you proceed it is important to make sure that you have proper environment setup on
your machine to develop your web programs using PHP.

Type the following address into your browser's address box.

http://127.0.0.1/info.php
If this displays a page showing your PHP installation related information then it means you
have PHP and Webserver installed properly. Otherwise you have to follow given procedure to
install PHP on your computer.

This section will guide you to install and configure PHP over the following four platforms −

 PHP Installation on Linux or Unix with Apache

 PHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache

 PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with IIS

 PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with Apache

Apache Configuration
If you are using Apache as a Web Server then this section will guide you to edit Apache
Configuration Files.

Just Check it here − PHP Configuration in Apache Server

PHP.INI File Configuration

The PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and most immediate way to affect PHP's
functionality.

Just Check it here − PHP.INI File Configuration

Windows IIS Configuration

To configure IIS on your Windows machine you can refer your IIS Reference Manual shipped
along with IIS.
5.6 Installing PHP:

Before Start Learning PHP, You Should Have Some Software

Notepad

Notepad is ASCII (you can that say a text editor) editor that is used for writing the PHP script,
many other editors are also available for writing a PHP script like Dreamweaver.

WAMP server or XAMP server

Both servers are used to create run time environment on the client machine.

Web browser

The web browsers are used for display the output by giving PHP script, for example Google
Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer etc.

How To Install XAMPP Server?

Before installing XAMPP server first I will tell you the need of XAMPP server. PHP is a
server side scripting language so it does not run on the local machine, It runs only on server
so that we need a software that provide the server environment on the local machine so that
XAMPP server is used.

Installation Of XAMPP On Windows

1. Download Latest version of XAMPP from XAMPP Server

2. Click on XAMPP .exe file that you downloaded, and follow the instructions to install the
application.

3. Click on the next button

4. Select all the component that is shown in the component window.

5. Choose destination Folder, where you want to install XAMPP server.

6. Click on the next button.

7. Click next button again.

8. Now setup is ready be install.

9. Status of the installation, it can take one or two minutes, it's totally depend upon the
configuration of the machine.
10. Select check box and click close button.

11. After completion of installation control panel appeared.

 12. TO start APACHE module click start button that appeared in front of APACHE and
MySQL also.

13. Type localhost on your browser address bar to launch XAMPP and welcome page is
opened.

Start Working With XAMPP

1. Type simple Php script on the text editor like notepad.

<?php echo "Welcome to pTutorial group"; ?>

2. Create new folder on xamp/htdocs/php and save that script inside the folder with .php
extension.

Save It: Demo.Php

3. Start XAMPP server and type address in any browser

Localhost/Php/Demo.Php

Congratulation you have run demo script on XAMPP server properly!!

 Output

Welcome to pTutorial group

5.7 PHP & MYSQL:

PHP will work with virtually all database software, including Oracle and Sybase but most
commonly used is freely available MySQL database.

What you should already have ?

 You have gone through MySQL tutorial to understand MySQL Basics.

 Downloaded and installed a latest version of MySQL.

 Created database user guest with password guest123.

 If you have not created a database then you would need root user and its password to
create a database.

We have divided this chapter in the following sections −

 Connecting to MySQL database − Learn how to use PHP to open and close a MySQL
database connection.

 Create MySQL Database Using PHP − This part explains how to create MySQL
database and tables using PHP.

 Delete MySQL Database Using PHP − This part explains how to delete MySQL
database and tables using PHP.

 Insert Data To MySQL Database − Once you have created your database and tables
then you would like to insert your data into created tables. This session will take you
through real example on data insert.

 Retrieve Data From MySQL Database − Learn how to fetch records from MySQL
database using PHP.

 Using Paging through PHP − This one explains how to show your query result into
multiple pages and how to create the navigation link.

 Updating Data Into MySQL Database − This part explains how to update existing
records into MySQL database using PHP.
 Deleting Data From MySQL Database − This part explains how to delete or purge
existing records from MySQL database using PHP.

 Using PHP To Backup MySQL Database − Learn different ways to take backup of
your MySQL database for safety purpose.
 6 SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Testing

Testing is the process of detecting errors. Testing performs a very critical role for quality
assurance and for ensuring the reliability of software. The results of testing are used later on
during maintenance also.

6.1.1 Objectives:

 To identify Testing Requirements (Scope):

- to identify the software to be tested
- to identify the testing objectives
- to identify the test phases (testing coverage) within the testing life cycle that is required

 To identify Testing Approach:

- to identify the methods and testing tools required
- to identify any client assumptions/dependencies/limitations

 To identify Testing Tasks and Deliverables:

- to identify the activities to perform within each testing phase.
- to identify the external (client) deliverable document.
- to identify the table of contents for each deliverable
- to identify the internal deliverable documents
- to identify document deliverable reviewer

 To compile Testing Estimates:

- to identify the budgetary estimate for each identified phase of software testing.

 To determine Testing Schedules:

- to identify the start and end date for each phase of software testing
- to identify all testing phase overlaps in the schedule
 - to identify delivery dates for all document deliverables

 To determine Test Environments:

- to identify the software/hardware requirements for each test phase
- to identify the number of test environments

 To identify Test Team Roles and Responsibilities:

- to identify the overall testing management responsibility and for each test phase
- to identify client roles and responsibilities

6.2 Levels of Testing

In order to uncover the errors present in different phases we have the concept of levels of
testing. The basic levels of testing are as shown below…

Acceptance
Client Needs Testing

System Testing

Requirements
Integration Testing

Design
Unit Testing

Fig: 6.2.1 Levels of Testing

6.2.1 Code Testing:

This strategy examines the logic of the program. To follow this method we developed
some test data that resulted in executing every instruction in the program and module i.e. every
path is tested. Systems are not designed as entire nor are they tested as single systems. To ensure
that the coding is perfect two types of testing is performed or for that matter is performed or that
matter is performed or for that matter is performed on all systems.

Here the Aptitude Quest source code is developed in java and servlets which is tested by
JDK.

6.2.2 Unit Testing:

The goal of unit testing is to assure that all functions and features of a single
compilable unit of code perform as specified in the Design Specification.

A unit test covers the testing of a software unit, or a group of closely related units,
as a single entity. Unit testing is performed in isolation, using test drivers to simulate
higher level units, and/or stubs to simulate lower level units.

Unit Testing Procedures consist of:

o Creating a Unit Test Plan

o Creating test data
o Conducting tests according to the Unit Test Plan
o Reporting and reviewing the results of the test

These procedures are performed by the team member responsible for

programming and testing of the unit.
A Unit Test Plan is a set of test cases arranged in the sequence of chronological
execution. The Unit Test Plan is created before the programming of the unit is started,
and the test cases should cover the functional, input, output, and function interaction of
the unit.
 The modules of Aptitude Quest i.e. User and Administration modules are tested
whether it can interact with database and server.

6.2.3 Integration Testing:

The goal of integration testing is to ensure that all interacting subsystems in a
system interface correctly with one another to produce the desired results. Furthermore,
in trying to attain this goal, integration tests will ensure that the introduction of one or
more subsystems into the system does not have an adverse affect on existing
functionality.

An integration test covers the testing of interface points between subsystems.

Integration testing is performed once unit testing has been completed for all units
contained in the subsystems being tested.

Integration Testing Procedures consist of:

o Creating and integration test plan

o Creating test data
o Conducting tests according to the integration test plan
o Reporting and reviewing the results of the test

During this phase, the interaction between subsystems is tested. This includes
interfaces through Inter Process Communications (IPC) and files. This phase is
performed by an independent test team. This team prepares and executes integration
tests, generates problem reports and is responsible for passing the integrated system on to
the System Test Team for system testing. The Integration Test team then enters a support
mode in which it will test problem reports generated by the System Test team before
forwarding code fixes to the System Testing environment.
This phase is sometimes combined with the system test phase as per the client's
request.

Each and every modules of Aptitude Quest are integrated and checked whether
they interact with each other or not.
6.2.4 System Testing:
The goal of System Testing is to ensure that the system performs as per the
functional requirements specified by client.

A system test covers the testing of functions within the system. System testing is
performed once integration testing has been completed. System Testing procedures
consist of:

o Creating Test Plans

o Creating test data
o Conducting tests according to the System Test Plan
o Reporting and reviewing the results of the test

Features to be tested during System Testing are:

o Functional Requirements
o Depending on the project, any regression tests deemed necessary

The developed Aptitude Quest is entirely tested by means of system testing.

6.2.5 Acceptance Testing:

Acceptance Test is performed with realistic data of the client to demonstrate that the
software is working satisfactorily. Testing here is focused on external behavior of the system; the
internal logic of program is not emphasized. In this project ‘VOIP’ I have collected some data
and tested whether project is working correctly or not.

Test cases should be selected so that the largest number of attributes of an equivalence
class is exercised at once. The testing phase is an important part of software development. It is
the process of finding errors and missing operations and also a complete verification to
determine whether the objectives are met and the user requirements are satisfied.
7 OUTPUT SCREENS
 8 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
We conclude that, in this project to buy paintings online people prefer the services of
reliable and trusted web galleries that sell authentic art.A lot of such websites are floating
around from where you can purchase paintings of all genres, made by the famous artists.It is
more convenient and practical way of spending money on art works.
 9 REFERENCES

WEBSITES
 www.w3schools.in/php-tutorial/
 www.freeprojectz.com/php-projects/
 www.scribd.com/php-projects/

BOOKS

 PHP with My SQL

 Java script , CSS
 Website development using PHP