Differential Equitangina Tlga

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ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
MATHEMATICS II(MA6251)
UNIT 2
-P.VEERAIAH
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED
MATHEMATICS

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR
1 12/23/2014
UNIT 2 SYLLABUS
 Higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients
 Method of variation of parameters
 Cauchy’s and Legendre’s linear equations
 Simultaneous first order linear equations with
constant coefficients

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2 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Second-order linear differential
equations
d2y dy
Differential equations of the form a 2  b  cy  Q( x)
dx dx
are called second order linear differential equations.
When Q( x)  0 then the equations are referred to as homogeneous,
When Q( x)  0 then the equations are non-homogeneous.

Note that the general solution to such an equation


must include two arbitrary constants to be
completely general.

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3 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Second-order linear differential
equations
Theorem
If y  f ( x) and y  g ( x) are two solutions then so is y  f ( x)  g ( x)
d2 f df 2
we have a 2  b  cf  0 and a g  b dg  cg  0
d
dx dx dx 2 dx
Adding d2 f df d 2g dg
a 2  b  cf  a 2  b  cg  0
dx dx dx dx
 d 2 f d 2 g   df dg 
a 2  2   b    c f  g   0
 dx dx   dx dx 

And so y  f ( x)  g ( x) is a solution to the differential equation.


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4 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Second-order linear differential
equations
dy
y  Ae , for A and m, is a solution to the equation b  cy  0
mx

dx
It is reasonable to consider it as a possible solution for
d2y dy
a 2  b  cy  0
dx dx
2
y  Ae mx dy d y
  Ame mx
 2
 Am 2 mx
e
dx dx
If y  Ae mx is a solution it must satisfy aAm 2 e mx  bAme mx  cAemx  0
assuming Aemx  0, then by division we get am 2  bm  c  0

The solutions to this quadratic will provide two values of


m which will make y = Aemx a solution.
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5 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Second-order linear differential
equations
 When the roots of the auxiliary equation are both
real and equal to m, then the solution would
appear to be
 y = Aemx + Bemx = (A+B)emx
 A + B however is equivalent to a single constant
and second order equations need two
 With a little further searching we find that y =
Bxemx is a solution.mx So a mxgeneral solution is
y  Ae  Bxe

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Roots are complex conjugates
When the roots of the auxiliary equation are complex,
they will be of the form m1 = p + iq and m2 = p – iq.
Hence the general equation will be y  Ae( piq ) x  Be( piq ) x
 Ae px eiqx  Be px e  iqx
 e px  Aeiqx  Be  iqx  We know that ei  cos  i sin 
 e px  A  cos qx  i sin qx   B  cos( qx)  i sin(  qx)  
 e px  A  cos qx  i sin qx   B  cos qx  i sin qx  
 e px   A  B  cos qx   A  B  i sin qx 
 e px  C cos qx  D sin qx 

Where C  A  B and D  ( A  B )i
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7 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Non-homogeneous
Second-order linear
differential equations
d2y dy
a 2  b  cy  Q( x) d 2g dg
dx dx a 2  b  cg  Q( x)
dx dx
 Non homogeneous equations take the form

Suppose g(x) is a particular solution to this


equation. Then
Now suppose that g(x) + k(x) is another
solution. Then
d 2 (g  k) d (g  k)
a 2
b  c( g  k )  Q( x)
dxDEPARTMENT OF
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8 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Non homogeneous
second order differential equations
d 2g d 2k dg dk
a 2  a 2  b  b  cg  ck  Q ( x)
Giving
dx dx dx dx
 d 2k dk 
 Q ( x)   a 2 2  b  ck   Q( x2)
 ddxg dx
dg   d k dk 
  a 2  b  cg    a 2  b  ck   Q ( x)
 dx dx   dx dx 

d 2k dk
 a 2  b  ck  0
dx dx
From the work in previous exercises we know how to find k(x).

This function is referred to as the Complementary Function. (CF)

The function g(x) is referred to as the Particular Integral. (PI)

General
SVCE,Solution = CF +
DEPARTMENT OFPI
APPLIED
9 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
2nd Order DE – Homogeneous LE with
Constant Coefficients
(2) If 1 and 2 are distinct real numbers (if b2 - 4ac > 0), then the general solution is:

1x 2 x
y  c1e  c 2e
(3) If 1 = 2 (if b2 - 4ac = 0), then the general solution is:

y  c1e 1x  c 2 xe 1x


(4) If 1 and 2 are complex numbers (if b2 - 4ac < 0), then the general solution is:

y  c1ex cos x   c 2ex sin x 


Where:
b 4ac  b 2
 and  
2a 2a
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2nd Order DE – Homogeneous LE with
Constant Coefficients
Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients

A second order homogeneous equation with constant coefficients is written as:


ay   by   cy  0 a  0
where a, b and c are constant

The steps to follow in order to find the general solution is as follows:

(1) Write down the characteristic equation

a2  b  c  0 a  0
This is a quadratic. Let 1 and 2 be its roots we have

 b  b 2  4ac
1,2 
2a
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TYPE-1 PARTICULAR INTEGRALS f(x) = eax+b

 Solve the equation


2
(D - 2D+1)y = coshx
The given differential equation is ( =Cosh
x

The auxiliary equation is


m2-2m + 1=0
i.e. (m-1)2 =0
i.e. m = 1,1 . The roots are real and equal.
The complementary function is
CF =(A+Bx)ex

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12 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
TYPE-1 PARTICULAR INTEGRALS f(x) = eax+b

Now we have to find the particular integral


cosh x e x +e -x
PI = 2
= 2
= PI 1 + PI 2
(D - 2 D+ 1 ) 2 (D - 2 D+ 1 )

ex (x 2 e x )
Now PI1 = = ( Since D = 1 makes the denominator 0 twice)
2(D 2 - 2D + 1) 4
-x
e e -x
Similarly PI 2 = 2
=
2 (D - 2 D+ 1 ) 8
( Substitu ting D = -1 )

Now the general solution of the DE is


GS = CF + PI1 + PI2 =
(A+Bx)ex +
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13 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 is the solution of the given DE.
 2. Solve (D2-2D+2) y = ex + 5 + e-2x
 Solution: The given differential equation is
(D2-2D+2) y = ex + 5 + e-2x
 The auxiliary equation is
 m2-2m + 2= 0
 Solving for m , we get m =
 i.e. m=1±i . 2 ± (4 - 4.2)
2
 The roots are complex conjugates.
 The complementary function is
 CF = (Acos x + B sin x)ex
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14 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
ex ex
PI1  2  ( Since D  1)
(D - 2D + 2) 1
5e0x 5
SimilarlyPI2 = 2 = (Substituting D =0 )
( D -2D+2 ) 2

e 2x e 2x
PI 3 = 2
= / (Substitut ing D = 2)
(D - 2D + 2) 2

Now the general solution


GS = CF + PI 1 + PI 2 + PI 3 =
x 2x
e 5 e
(Acos x + B sin x)e x + + +
1 2 2
SVCE,isDEPARTMENT
the solution of the given DE.
OF APPLIED
15 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 Solve (D2-3D+2) y = 2cos(2x+3)
 Solution :
 The given differential equation is
2
(D - 3D + 2) y = 2cos(2x+3)
 The auxiliary equation is
 m2- 3m + 2= 0
 Solving for m , we get (m -1) (m-2) = 0
 i.e. m = 1 ,2
 The roots are real and distinct
 The complementary function is
 CF = (A ex + B e2x )

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16 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 Now we have to find the particular integral
 PI = = (2 cos(2x + 3) = (2 cos(2x + 3) =
(D 2 - 3D + 2) (-4 - 3D + 2)
(since D 2 = - 4)
2 cos( 2x+3) (-2+3D)2 cos( 2x+3) (-2+3D)2 cos( 2x+3)
= 
(-2-3D) (-2-3D)(-2+3D) (4-9D2 ) )
(-2 + 3D)(2 cos(2x + 3) (-4 cos(2x + 3) - 12 sin(2x + 3)
= ((4 - 9.(-4) )
40
[-cos(2x+ 3) - 3 sin(2x+ 3) ]
10 [-cos(2x + 3) - 3 sin(2x + 3) ]
GS = CF + PI = (A e x + B e 2x ) +
10
is the solution of the given DE.
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17 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 Solve (D2+1)2y = 2sinx cos3x
 Solution: The given differential equation is
2 2 y = 2sinx cos3x
 (D +1)
 The auxiliary equation is
 (m2+1)2 =0 Solving for m , we get
 (m2+1) (m2+1) = 0
 i.e. m2 = -1 = i2 twice
 Therefore m = ±i, ±i
 The roots are pair of complex conjugates

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18 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 The complementary function is
 CF = (A+Bx)cos x +(C+Dx) sin x
 Now we have to find the particular integral
( 2 sin x cos 3 x ) sin 4 x- sin 2 x
PI = = =
(D 2+1 ) 2 2
(D +1 ) 2

PI 1 + PI 2 sin4x sin4x sin4x


PI1 = = =
(D2 + 1)2 (-16 + 1)2 225
(since D2 = - 16 )

PI 2
sin4x sin4x 2
= 2
= (since D = -4 )
(-4 + 1) 9

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19 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
sin4x sin2x
GS = CF + PI1 + PI 2 = (A + Bx)cos x + (C + Dx) sin x + +
225 9

is the solution of the given DE.

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20 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
2
Solve (D  4) y  x4
the DE
( D2  4) y  x4

1 D D 
 1 
2 4

 x 4

C . F .  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x 4 4 16 
1 12 x 24 
  x 
1 1
2

x 4
x 4 4
 
D
4 (1  )
2
4 4 16 
4D 2

4 1 3
1 D 2
  x  3x  
4 2

(1  ) x 1 4
4 2
4 4

1 3
GSCF PI  Acos2x Bsin2x   x 3x  
4 2

4 2

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21 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
The auxiliary equation is
 2.Solve the DE (D 2 + 3D + 2) y = x 2
m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0
Solving for m , we get (m + 1) (m + 2) = 0
Solution : The given differential equation is
i.e. m = - 1 ,-2 .
(D 2 + 3D + 2)y = x 2
. The roots are real and distinct.
The complementary function is
CF = (A e-x + B e-2x ) 1 (D 2 + 3D) (D 2 + 3D) 2
= ([1 - +( )  ....]x 2 )
2 2 2
1 1 1
x2 PI = [x 2 - (2 + 6x) + (9.2)]
PI = 2 2 4
(2 + D 2 + 3D) 1 1
1 (D 2 + 3D) -1 PI = [x 2 - (1 + 3x) + (9)]
= (1 + ) 2 2
2 2 2
1 (x - 6x - 7)
1 (D 2 + 3D) (-1) PI = [ ]
= [1 + ] 2 2
2 2

GS = CF + PI
1 (x 2 - 6x - 7)
-x
= (A e + B e - 2x
) +
2 2

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22 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
TYPE-4 PARTICULAR INTEGRALS
 1.Solve (D2-2D+2) y = ex x2
The complementary function is
The given differential equation is (D 2 - 2D + 2)y = e x x 2
CF = (Acos x + B sin x)e x

The auxiliary equation is Now we have to find the particular integral


m - 2m + 2 = 0
2
(e x x 2 ) ex x2
PI = =
(2 ± (4 - 4.2) (D 2 - 2D + 2) (D 2 + 2D + 1 - 2D - 2 + 1)
Solving for m , we get m =
2 (Since D = D + 1)
i.e. m = 1 ± i .
The roots are complex conjugates. x2 1 2 1 x3 x3 x x
4

e x
=e x
 x dx = e
x x
= e  dx = e
D2 D D 3 3 12

x4
x
GS = CF + PI = (Acos x + B sin x)e + e x
is the required solution of the differential equation.
12

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23 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Solution : The given differential equation is
 2. (D2 + 4D+ 3) y = e-x sinx (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = e-x sinx
The auxiliary equation is
Solving for m , we get (m + 1) (m + 3) = 0 m 2 + 4m + 3 = 0
i.e. m = - 1 ,-3 . Now we have to find the particular integral
The roots are real and distinct.
(e (-x) sinx)
The complementary function is PI =
(D 2 + 4D + 3)
CF = (A e-x + B e-3x ) e(-x) sinx)
= (since D = D - 1)
((D - 1) 2 + 4(D - 1) + 3)
(e (-x) sinx) (e (-x) sinx)
= = ( Since D 2 = -1) (e (-x) sinx)
(D 2 + 2D) (-1 + 2D) =
(D 2 - 2D + 1 + 4D - 4 + 3)
(-x)
(e )(-1 - 2D)sinx e (-x)

= = (-1 - 2D)sinx
((-1 + 2D)(-1 - 2D)) (1 - 4D 2 )
e(-x) (-sinx - 2cosx))
= ( Since D2 = -1)
5
GS = CF + PI =
(e (-x) (-sinx - 2cosx))
-x
(A e + B e -3x
)+ is the required solution of the differential equation.
5

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24 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 Solve (D3-1)y=x sinx
 Solution: The given differential equation is (D3-
1)y = x sinx
 The auxiliary equation is
 m3-1= 0
 i.e (m-1)(m2 +m+1)=0 (-1 ± (1 - 4.1) )
2
 Solving for m ,(-1we get
± (1 - 4.1) ) m=
2
 i.e. ma pair
The roots are = of1,complex conjugates and a real root
The complementary function is
 CF = (Acos( (3/2 )x + B sin( (3/2 )x )e -x/2

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25 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
x sin x
( 3 D 2 )
(-D- 1 )-
(-D- 1 )2
(-x(D- 1 ) sin x) ( 3 D 2
( 1 -D) 2 )
= - sin x
(D+ 1 )(D- 1 )) ( 1 -D) 2
(D+ 1 )2
(-x(D- 1 ) sin x) ( 3 D 2 ( 1 -D) 2
)
= 2
 sin x
((D - 1 )) ( 1 -D 2 ) 2
-x(D- 1 ) sin x) ( 3 D 2 ( 1 -D) 2 )
=  sin x
(- 2 ) 4
(x( cos x- sin x)) ( 3 (- sin x+ sin x- 2 (- cos x))
= -
2 4
(x( cos x- sin x)) ( 3 ( 2 ( cos x)))
= -
2 4
GS = CF + PI =
(x(cosx - sinx) - 3cosx)
(Acos( 3/2 x + B sin 3/2 x )e -x/2 + is the required solution of the differential equation.
2

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26 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Solve (D 2 - 2 D+1 )y = x e x
sin x
Solution: The given differential equation is (D 2 -2 D+1 )y = x e x
sin x
The auxiliary equation is
m 2 -2m + 1=0
i.e. (m-1 )2 =0
i.e. m = 1,1 . The roots are real and equal.
The complementary function is
CF =(A+Bx)e x

Now we have to find the particular int egral


xe x sin x 1 x
PI = = (e (-x cos x+ sin x))
( D-1 )2 D
e x [x sin x] =  e (-x cos x+ sin x )dx
x

=
( D+1-1 )2 = e x [-x sin x   ( sin x+ sin x)]dx
ex = e x (-x sin x+2 cos x)
= ([x sin x])
D2 GS = CF +PI =
ex (A+Bx)e x +e x (-x sin x+2 cos x) is the required solution of the differential equation
= (  x sin xdx )
D

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27 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
1
X = eax  Xe( -ax ) dx
D-a
1. (D 2 - 2D + 1)y = e x log x
Solution : The given differential equation is (D 2 - 2D + 1)y = e x log x
The auxiliary equation is PI =
(e x logx)
(D - 1) 2
m 2 - 2m + 1 = 0 e x logx
x  e logx e
x (-x)
dx)
i.e. (m - 1) 2 = 0 = D - 1 =e
D -1 (D - 1)
i.e. m = 1,1 . The roots are real and equal. (e x (xlogx - x))
=
(D - 1)
The complementary function is
= e x  [e x (xlogx - x) e(-x) ]dx
CF = (A + Bx)e x
= e x  [(xlogx - x)]dx
x 2 1 x 2 x 2
= e x
[ logx   dx - ]
2 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 x 2
= e x
[ logx - - ]
2 4 2
x 2 3x 2
= e x
[ logx - ]
2 4
e x
= [2x 2
logx - 3x 2
]
4
x 2 e x
= [2logx - 3]
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28 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
x
2.(D 2
+ 3D + 2)y = e (e )

Solution
2
: The given
x
differenti al equation is Now we have to find the particular int egral
(D + 3D + 2)y = e (e )
x

The auxiliary equation is ee


m 2
+ 3m + 2 = 0
PI =
Solving for m , we get (m + 2)(m + 1) = 0
D 2 +3D+2
i.e. m = - 2,-1 1 e 1 e
e 
x x

e
The roots are real and distinct.
D+1 D+2
The complement ary function is
CF = (A e - 2x
+ B e - x
) =PI1-PI 2

1 e x x

PI1 = e = e-x  ee e x dx 1
D 1 PI 2 =
x x

e(e ) = e-2x  ee .e x .e x dx
= e  e t dt where t = e x
(-x) D+2
x = e  te t dt where t = e x
(-2x)

= e(-x) e t = e(-x) e(e )


x x

= e(-2x) (te t - e t ) = e(-2x) (e (e ) .(e x - e(e ) ))


x

= e-2x .e(e ) .(e x - 1)


GS = CF + PI =
x x

(A e -2x + B e - x ) + e (-x) e (e ) - e (-2x) .e (e ) .(e x - 1)


x

= (A e -2x + B e - x ) + e (-2x) .e (e ) (after simplifica tion) is the required solution of the differenti al equation.

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29 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
)
Solve the equation (D 2 + 4)y = x 2cos2x Now we have to find the particular integral
Solution : The given differential equation is x 2 cos2x x 2ei2x
PI = 2 = Real part of 2
(D 2 + 4)y = x 2 cos2x (D + 4) (D + 4)
The auxiliary equation is e2ix x 2
= Real part of
m 2 + 4 = 0, m 2 = - 4 = 4i 2 ((D + 2i)2 + 4)
Solving for m , we get (m + 2i)(m - 2i) = 0 e 2ix x 2
= Real part of
i.e. m = ± 2i (D 2 + 4iD + 4i 2 + 4)
The roots are complex conjugates e 2ix x 2
= Real part of
(D 2 + 4iD)
The complementary function is
CF = (A cos2x + Bsin2x) e 2ix 1 (-1) 2
= Real part of ( ) x
4iD 1 + D
4i

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30 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 Contd.,
e2ix D D2 (-1) 2
= Real part of (1 - + 2 ) x
4iD 4i 16i
2ix
e 2x 2
= Real part of (x 2 - + 2)
4iD 4i 16i
e 2ix
x 1
= Real part of (x 2 - - )
4iD 2i 8
e2ix x 1
= Real part of (  (x 2 - - )dx
4i 2i 8
e2ix x 3 x 2
= Real part of ( - - x/8)
4i 3 4i
3
sin2x) x x x2
= ( ( - ) - cos2x
4 3 8 4
GS = CF + PI = (A cos2x + Bsin2x)
3
sin2x) x x x2
+ ( ( - ) - cos2x is the required solution of the differential equation.
4 3 8 4

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


31 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 1. Solve (D2-2D+2) y = ex cosx
 Solution: The given differential equation is
(D2-2D+2) y = ex cos x
 The auxiliary equation is
 m2-2m + 2= 0
 Solving for m , i.e. m=1±i .
 The roots are complex conjugates.
 The complementary function is
 CF = (Acos x + B sin x)ex

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


32 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS
e x cos x ex
PI1   ( Since D  D  1)
(D 2 - 2D + 2) ( D  1) 2  2( D  1)  2

e x cos x e x cos x
PI1  2 PI1  2 e x ( x sin x )
( D  2 D  1  2 D  2  2) ( D  1) PI 
2

e x ( x sin x )
The general solution isCF  PI  (Acos x  B sin x)e x 
2

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


33 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 2. Solve (D2-3D+2) y = 2cos(2x+3) + 2 ex
 Solution :
 The given differential equation is
 (D2-3D+2 ) y = 2cos(2x+3) + 2ex
 The auxiliary equation is
 m2- 3m + 2= 0
 Solving for m , we get (m -1) (m-2) = 0
 i.e. m = 1 ,2
 The roots are real and distinct
 The complementary function is
 CF = (A ex + B e2x )

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


34 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Now we have to find the particular integral
 PI1 = = (2 cos(2x + 3) = (2 cos(2x + 3) =
(D 2 - 3D + 2) (-4 - 3D + 2)

 (since D2 = - 4)

 2 cos( 2x+3) =
(-2+3D)2 cos( 2x+3)

(-2+3D)2 cos( 2x+3)
(-2-3D) (-2-3D)(-2+3D) (4-9D2 ) )

(-2 + 3D)(2 cos(2x + 3) (-4 cos(2x + 3) - 12 sin(2x + 3)


((4 - 9.(-4) )
40
2e x 2 xe x
[-cos(2x+ 3) - 3 sin(2x+ 3) ] PI 2  
( D  1)( D  2) (1  2)
( exception case)

10
[-cos(2x + 3) - 3 sin(2x + 3) ]
GS = CF + PI1  PI 2 = (A e + B e ) + x 2x

10
is the solution of the given DE.
SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED
35 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 3. Solve the differential equation
 (D2 +4D+3)y= 6e-2x sinx sin 2x
 Solution The given DE is (D2 +4D+3)y= 6e-2x
sinx sin 2x
 The AE is m2 +4m +3 =0 i.e. m=-1, -3
 The
PI 
6e complementary
sin x sin 2 x  3e ( 2 sin x sin 2 x ) function
2 x


2 x


 3e ( 2 sin x sinis
2 x
2 x ) CF

 3e =
(cos 3xAe
 cos x ) +Be
2 x
-x -3x
( D 2  4 D  3) ( D  2)2  4( D  2)  3 D2  4D  4  4D  8  3 D2  1

 3e 2 x (cos 3x  cos x )  3e 2 x cos 3x 3e 2 x cos x


PI   
D2  1  9 1 11

3e 2 x cos 3x 3e 2 x cos x
GS  CF  PI  Ae  Be -x -3x
 
10 2

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


36 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 4.Solve the equation (D2 +5D+4)y = e-x sin2x
 Solution: The differential equation is
 (D2 +5D+4)y = e-x sin2x
 The auxiliary equation is m2 + 5m +4 =0
 Solving for m, we get m = -1, -4.
 The complementary function is
 CF = Ae-x+Be-4x
e  x sin 2 x e  x sin 2 x e  x sin 2 x e  x sin 2 x e  x sin 2 x
PI  2    
D  5D  4 ( D  1) 2  5( D  1)  4 D 2  2 D  5D  5  4  1 D 2  5D  4  5D

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


37 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
e x (4  5D) sin 2 x e x (4  5D) sin 2 x
PI  
(4  5D)(4  5D) 16  25D2
e x (4 sin 2 x  10cos2 x) e x (4 sin 2 x  10cos2 x)
 
16  25(4) 116

e x
(4 sin 2 x  10cos2 x)
GS  CF  PI  Ae  Be 
x 4 x

116

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


38 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS
5.Solve (D 2 - 2 D+1 )y = 8 x e x
sin x Now we have to find the particular int egral
Solution: The given differential equation is (D 2 -2 D+1 )y = 8 x e x
sin x 8 xe x sin x
PI =
The auxiliary equation is ( D-1 )2
m 2 -2m + 1=0 8e x [x sin x]
=
i.e. (m-1 )2 =0 ( D+1-1 )2
i.e. m = 1,1 . The roots are real and equal. 8e x
= ([x sin x])
The complementary function is D2
8e x
CF =(A+Bx)e x = (  x sin xdx )
D

1
= ( 8e x (-x cos x+ sin x))
D
x
=  8e (-x cos x+ sin x )dx

= 8e x [-x sin x   ( sin x+ sin x)]dx


= 8e x (-x sin x+2 cos x)
GS = CF +PI =
(A+Bx)e x +8e x (-x sin x+2 cos x) is the required solution of the differential equation

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


39 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
6. Solve the differential equation
(D2 -4D+3)y= ex cos 2x
Solution The given DE is (D2 -4D+3)y= ex cos 2x
The AE is m2 +4m +3 =0 i.e. m=1, 3
The complementary function is CF = Aex +Be3x

e x (cos 2 x ) e x cos 2 x e x cos 2 x e x cos 2 x


PI  2   
D  4 D  3 ( D  1) 2  4( D  1)  3 D 2  2 D  1  4 D  4  3 D 2  2 D

e x (cos 2 x ) e x (cos 2 x ) e x (  4  2 D )(cos 2 x )


PI   
D2  2D  4  2D (16  4 D 2 )
e x (  4  2 D )(cos 2 x ) e x (  4 cos 2 x  4 sin 2 x )
 
16  4 (  4 ) 32  e x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
GS  CF  PI  Ae  Be
x 3x

 e x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x ) 8

8

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


40 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 7. Solve the differential equation
 (D2 +3D+2)y= sin x + x2
 Solution The given DE is (D2 +3D+2)y= sin x + x2
 The AE is m2 +3m +2=0 i.e. m=-1, -2
 The complementary function is CF = Ae-x +Be-2x

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


41 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS
sin x sin x sin x (3D  1) sin x (3D  1) sin x
PI1     
D 2  3D  2  1  3D  2 3D  1 (3D  1)(3D  1) 9D2  1

(3D  1) sin x 3 cos x  sin x


PI1  
9( 1)  1  10 1 (D 2 + 3D) (D 2 + 3D) 2
x 2 = ([1 - +( )  ....]x 2 )
PI 2 = 2 2 2
(2 + D 2 + 3D) 1 1 1
PI 2 = [x 2 - (2 + 6x) + (9.2)]
1 (D 2 + 3D) -1 2 2 4
= (1 + )
2 2 1 1
PI 2 = [x 2 - (1 + 3x) + (9)]
1 (D 2 + 3D) (-1) 2 2
= [1 + ]
2 2 2
1 (x - 6x - 7)
PI 2 = [ ]
2 2

GS = CF + PI1  PI 2
3 cos x  sin x 1 (x 2 - 6x - 7)
-x
= (A e + B e - 2x
) + 
 10 2 2

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


42 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
 8. Solve the differential equation
 (D2 +16)y = cos x 3

 Solution The given DE is (D2 +16)y= cos 3 x


 The AE is m2 +16=0 i.e. m = ±4i
 The complementary function is CF = Acos4x
+Bsin4x

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


43 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
cos3 x 3 cos x  cos 3x
PI  2 
( D  16) 4( D 2  16)
3 cos x 3 cos x 3 cos x cos x
PI1    
4( D 2  16) 4( 1  16) 4(15) 20
cos 3x cos 3x cos 3x
PI 2  2  
D  16  9  16 7

cos x cos 3x
GS  CF  PI1  PI 2  A cos 4 x  B sin 4 x  
20 7

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


44 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
The auxiliary equation is
m3  1 = 0
1± (1 - 4)
Solving for m , we get m =
2
, m  -1
1.Solve the DE
i.e.
1±i 3
m = - 1, . (D3+1)y =0
2
The roots are complex conjugates and a real root.
3 3
CF  Ae - x  (Bcos x  C sin x )e x /2

2 2

x 2e2 x e2 x x 2 e2 x x 2 e 2 x 2
PI   2    x dx
( D  2 ) 2 D  2  2  D2 D 2.Find the particular

2x
e x

3
e 2x

3
x dx e x

2x


4
e x 2x 4
integral of (D2-4D+4)y
D 3 3 1 3 4 12
=x2e2x

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


45 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS-PARTA
sin 2 x  x cos 2 x
PI   ( Exception case)
3.Find the particular integral of ( D  4)
2
4
(D2+4)y =sin2x

sin x e x e x sin x e x sin x e x sin x


4.Find the particular integral of PI 
( D  1) 2

D  1  1 2 
D 2

1
(sin ce D 2  1)

(D-1)2y = exsinx

e x  e x
cosh x 2 ex e x x 2e x e x
PI      
5.Find the particular integral of ( D  1) 2 D  1
2
2( D  1) 2 2( D  1) 2 4 8
(D-1)2y = coshx

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


46 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS-PARTA
6.Find the particular integral of
(D2-4)y = cosh2x

8. Find the
7.Find the particular particular
integral of integral of
(D2-4)y =1 (D-2)2y = 2x

9.Find the particular


integral of
(D+1)2y =e-xcosx

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


47 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS-PARTA
e 2 x  e 2 x
cosh 2 x 2 e2x e 2 x xe 2 x xe  2 x x sinh 2 x
6 . PI       
(D 2  4) D  4  2 ( D  2 )( D  2 ) 2 ( D  2 )( D  2 ) 8
2
8 4

1 e0 x e0 x  1
7. PI    
( D 2  4) D 2  4  4 4
The AE is m 2  4  0, solving for m, we get m  2,2
CF  Ae 2 x  Be 2 x
1
GS  CF  PI  Ae 2 x  Be 2 x 
4

2x e x log 2 e x log 2
8. PI   2  ( Since a x  e x log a )
( D  2) 2
D  2  (log 2  2) 2

e  x cos x e  x cos x e  x cos x e  x cos x


9. PI     (sin ceD 2  1)
( D  1) 2
( D  1  1) 2
D 2
1

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


48 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
EXTRA PROBLEMS
Solve the equation (D2+2D+5)y = ex cos3 x

Solve the equation (D2+2D-1)y = (x+ex )2


Find the particular integral of (D2+a2 )y = b cos ax + c sin ax

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


49 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
SOLUTIONS(PART-A & B)

SVCE, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED


50 MATHEMATICS, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014

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