Analysis of Solar Thermal Redox Reactions of Salt Hydrates For Thermochemical Storage

ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL REDOX REACTIONS OF SALT HYDRATES FOR THERMOCHEMICAL
STORAGE
INTRODUCTION :
Improving renewable energy systems and in particular energy storage systems to tackle the
mismatch between most renewable energy supplies and demand is arguably as important
as developing new energy resources . Solar energy is currently seen as one of the most
promising alternatives to conventional energy resources. The use of solar thermal energy
has been widely researched, publicly accepted and implemented for heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning in both domestic and industrial settings. Despite the common acceptance of
solar thermal systems, the main obstacle in its application is the mismatch between the
supply and demand. Development of reliable and economically feasible thermal storage
systems is of vital importance for the efficient and sustainable use of solar energy into the
future.
TYPES OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE :
The main types of thermal storage are:
1. Sensible heat storage (SHS).
2. Latent heat storage (LHS).
3. Thermochemical heat storage (THS)
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEFINITION
The thermal energy stored by sensible heat can be expressed as Q = mCpΔT Where m is
the mass of the material(kg), Cp is the specific heat operation(Kj/kgk) and ΔT is the
temperature difference(K).
For latent heat storage thermal energy stored is given by
Q = mL , L = latent heat.
The reactions involved in the thermochemical heat storage system are reversible ones:
A + ΔHr = B + C
Heat is stored during the endothermic reaction step and released during the exothermic
one. The thermochemical heat stored is linked to the reaction enthalpy. During the charging
step, thermal energy is used to dissociate a chemical reactant (A), into products (B) and (C).
This reaction is endothermic. During the releasing step, the products of the endothermic
reaction (B and C) are mixed together and react to form the initial reactant (A). This reaction
is exothermic and releases heat. The products of both reactions can be stored either at
ambient temperature o r at working temperature.Thethermal energys tored in thermoche-
mical material canbe expressed as: Q = nAΔHr. Where nA is the mol number of the reactant
A (mol) and ΔHr is the reaction enthalpy(kWhmolA_1).
Fig : table 1
THERMOCHEMICAL HEAT STORAGE :
THS materials has almost 8 to 10 times higher storage density over shs and 2 times than LHS.
Hence THS is a promising alternative to be used as a storage system. Another attractive
property of THS is its capability of the systems to conserve the heat energy at ambient
temperature as long as desired without heat losses due to their reversible chemical
reactions.
THS systems can be further classified as either solely chemical or thermochemical reaction
storage. Chemical storage systems are based on a reversible reaction of two separate
chemical substances where a high amount of energy is generated as a result of an
exothermic synthesis reaction. Thermochemical reaction storage systems on the other hand
are related to sorption mechanisms. Within a sorption system a relatively small amount of
energy with a lower temperature is generated, however there is a lower activation energy
required to start the reaction. This provides sorption storage systems with an advantage
over solely chemical systems for low temperature applications.
LITERATURE REVIEW :
1.Aran Sole et al analysed several materials and tested at lab scale and
provided a pathway that should be considered when choosing a
thermochemical material for solar energy storage.
2. Holger U. Rammelberg et al conducted experiment to find the suitability of various salts

such as mgcl2,mgso4,cacl2 for low temperature heat storage and concluded that the cycle
stability of continues charging and discharging of these materials is low and can be improved
by controlling the water uptake time.
3. P.A.J. Donkers et al made experimental study for the cyclability of salt hydrates for
thermochemical heat storage. These hydration/dehydration reactions are studied in
this paper for CuCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4. During a hydration/dehydration
reaction, the salt shrinks and expands as a result of thedifferences in densities of the
phases. As a result, after the first dehydration cycle, the crystal is fracturedinto a
pseudomorphic state that releases the water molecules more easily. The effect of
fracturing islarger in case of hydrates with larger volumetric changes. In this study
the performance of hydratesduring cyclic loading is related to the pore water
production and volume variations.
4. K. Posern et al studied the Thermochemical investigation of the water uptake

behavior of MgSO4hydrates in host materials with different pore size.in this magnesium
sulfate was embedded in various porous host materials with average pore diameters (dm)
ranging from 1.7mmto 7 nm. The dehydration and water uptake behavior of
these composites was investigated by thermogravimetry and isothermal calorimetry. The heat
of reactionof the composites at 85% RH and 30 C varies from 103 MJ/m3 in glass frits
(dm=1.7mm) to 556 MJ/m3 inporous glass (dm= 7 nm) and increases with decreasing pore
size. Apart frompore size, the salt content of the porous substrate, i.e., the degree of pore
filling, is another criticalparameter affecting the overall heat of reaction. Pore size and pore
filling as well as porosity are the mostimportant parameters that need to be optimized in order
to achieve high storage densities withcomposite materials of a porous host materials and
embedded salt hydrates.
5. Kokouvi Edem N’Tsoukpoe et al made a systematic multi-step screening of numerous

salt hydratesfor low temperature thermochemical energy storage.In this paper 125
salts were selected and initial screening was done to reduce the number to 45 based
on material safety data sheet and past experience.After conducting TGA
measurements srBr2.6H2O,LaCl2.7H2O,MgSO4.6H2O are selected as the most
promising materials.

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ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL REDOX REACTIONS OF SALT HYDRATES FOR THERMOCHEMICAL

TYPES OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE :

The main types of thermal storage are:

1. Sensible heat storage (SHS).

2. Latent heat storage (LHS).

3. Thermochemical heat storage (THS)

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEFINITION

For latent heat storage thermal energy stored is given by

THERMOCHEMICAL HEAT STORAGE :

2. Holger U. Rammelberg et al conducted experiment to find the suitability of various salts

4. K. Posern et al studied the Thermochemical investigation of the water uptake

5. Kokouvi Edem N’Tsoukpoe et al made a systematic multi-step screening of numerous

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