New Polytechnic, Kolhapur [ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT]

Chapter-01

BASIC TRANSMISSION

[ Marks: 08 ]

CONTENT

 Single Line Diagram of Transmission & Distribution of Electric supply system.

 Meaning of Primary & Secondary Transmission and its Standard Voltage level used in India.
 Classification of Transmission Lines according to voltage level, Length of Transmission line, Type of
Supply Voltage & Method of Construction.
 Advantage of High Voltage for power transmission.

State the necessity of transmission of electricity. ( 02 Marks)

Due to following reasons transmission of electrical energy is required-

a) Electrical load on power system is not concentrated at one place but it is widely spread.
b) Load points are located away from generating station.
c) Generating plants are located far away from load centers due to limitation of site selection criteria.
i.e. Hydro-electric power plant is located at the places where abundant water available at high head,
thermal power plant located near to the coal centers…etc
d) As generating Station are located far away from load centers and hence the electricity need to
transmit from generating stations to the point of actual utilization of it (consumers) for this purpose
transmission & distribution network is necessary.

What is single line diagram or One line diagram? ( 02 Marks)

In electrical power system, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified

notation for representing a three-phase power system.

 It is used for Power flow studies of power supply system.

 Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and
conductors are shown by standard symbols in the single line diagram.
 It is basically graphical representation of paths of power flow between generating plant and
load center or between substations.

Single line diagram or One line diagram of AC transmission & distribution system-

Or Single line diagram of Typical AC Supply system- (04 Marks)

Or Block diagram of electrical supply system (02 mark)

Defination : Supply System:

The conveyance of electrical power from the generating station to the consumer’s premises
in known as electric supply system.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM

STEP-UP STEP-DOWN UTILIZATION

GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION SUBSTATION (Consumer)

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL AC SUPPLY SYSTEM

Fig.1

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(i) Generating station: In Fig 1, G.S. represents the generating station where electric power is
produced by 3-phase alternators operating in parallel. The usual generation voltage is 11 kV. For
economy in the transmission of electric power, the generation voltage (i.e., 11 kV) is stepped upto
132 kV (or more) at the generating station with the help of 3-phase transformers. The transmission
of electric power at high voltages has several advantages including the saving of conductor material
and high transmission efficiency. It may appear advisable to use the highest possible voltage for
transmission of electric power to save conductor material and have other advantages. But there is a
limit to which this voltage can be increased. It is because increase in transmission voltage causes
insulation problems as well as the cost of switchgear and transformer equipment is increased.
Therefore, the choice of proper transmission voltage is made. Generally the primary transmission is
carried at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV or 400 kV.

(ii) Primary transmission: The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system to the outskirts of the city. This forms the primary transmission.

(iii) Secondary transmission: The primary transmission line ends at the receiving station (RS)
which usually lies at the outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV
by step-down transformers. From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase,
3-wire overhead system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the strategic points in the city.
This forms the secondary transmission.

(iv) Primary distribution: The secondary transmission line ends at the sub-station (SS) where
voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire. The 11 kV lines run along the important road
sides of the city. This forms the primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having
demand more than 50 kW) are generally supplied power at 11 kV.

(v) Secondary distribution: The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is delivered
distribution sub-stations (DS). These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step
down the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution. The voltage between any two
phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V. The single-phase residential lighting
load is connected between any one phase and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor loads is
connected across 3-phase lines directly.

The secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains. Fig. 2
shows the elements of low voltage distribution system. Feeders (SC or SA) radiating from the
distribution sub-station (DS) supply power to the distributors (AB, BC, CD and AD). No consumer is
given direct connection from the feeders. The consumers are connected to the distributors through
their service mains.

Fig.2

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Draw a diagram showing primary distribution system and secondary distribution

system. (04 Marks)

Classification of transmission lines. ( 02 Marks / 04 Marks)

A) According to Voltage level:

a) High voltage Transmission Line (HV) up to 33 KV
b) Extra High Voltage Transmission Line (EHV) up to 400 KV
c) Ultra High voltage Transmission Line (UHV) above 400 KV

B) According to Length of Transmission line:

a) Short Distance Transmission Line - (up to 50 KM)
b) Medium Distance Transmission Line - (up to 50 to 150 KM)
c) Long Distance Transmission Line - (above 150 KM)
OR
1) Short Transmission Line: - The length of Short transmission Line is up to 50KM and its
line voltage is less than 20 KV
2) Medium Transmission Line: - The length of Medium transmission Line is up to 50KM-
150KM and its line voltage is between 20KV to 100 KV
3) Long Transmission Line: - The length of Long transmission Line is above 150KM and its
line voltage is above 100KV

C) According to type of supply:

a) A.C. Supply Transmission Line system
b) D.C. Supply Transmission Line system

D) According to Method of Construction:

a) Overhead transmission line system
b) Underground transmission line system

State different voltage levels used in transmission of power in India. ( 02 Marks)

 Standard Transmission voltages in India are 765 KV (750KV), 400KV, 220KV, 132KV, 110KV,
66KV, 33KV, 22KV, 11KV

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State voltage at different levels from generation to distribution. ( 02 Marks)

 Generation Voltage : 3.3KV, 6.6KV,11KV and 17.5 KV

 Primary Transmission voltage :- 220 KV, 400KV, 765 KV (750 KV)
 Secondary Transmission voltage :- 220 KV, 132 KV, 110 KV
 Primary Distribution voltage :- 33 KV, 22KV, 11 KV for long distance line it may be 66 KV
 Secondary Distribution voltage :- 3-phase, 400 Volt, for single phase 230 Volt

Note :
 From 1st Dec.2009 standard distribution voltage is 3-ph, 400V (formerly it was 3-phase
440V) and for 1-phase 230V is implemented formerly it was 3-phase 440V

 Maximum Transmission voltage in the word is 1200 KV/AC and in India it is 765 (750)
KV

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