Liquid LiquidMixinginStirredVessels

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Liquid-liquid mixing in stirred vessels: A review
Article in Chemical Engineering Communications · January 2013

DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2012.717313
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Reza Afshar Ghotli Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman

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LIQUID-LIQUID MIXING IN STIRRED VESSELS: A REVIEW
Reza Afshar Ghotli , Abdul A. A. Raman , Shaliza Ibrahim &

Saeid Baroutian
a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
b Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
c SCION, Rotorua, New Zealand
Mixing is a key and common process to improve homogeneity and uniformity of systems.
Mixing occurs when materials are moved from one area to another in a vessel
(Chen et al., 2005; Rushton, 1956). Nonuniformity of systems can be explained as a
gradient of properties such as concentration, viscosity, temperature, color, concentration,
phase, and temperature (Paul et al., 2004). Mixing operations can be divided
into three main categories, gas-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid mixing, the latter
of which is the main focus of the present review. Liquid-liquid mixing plays an important
role in producing and increasing essential interfacial area to improve mass and
heat transfer between phases (O’Rourke and MacLoughlin, 2005; Paul et al., 2004).
Liquid-liquid mixing is divided into miscible and immiscible liquid-liquid mixing
(van de Vusse, 1955). The term ‘‘blending’’ is used to describe miscible liquid mixing,
while the term ‘‘mixing’’ is used for dispersions of immiscible liquids or the formation
of emulsions (Jakobsen, 2008; Rushton, 1956). The dispersion of immiscible
liquids is used to mix water and hydrocarbons and acidic or alkaline solutions
combined with organic liquids (Coker, 2001) and produce various types of emulsion products (Jakobsen,
2008). Liquid-liquid mixing is applicable for special process
objectives such as solvent extraction and removal or addition of heat (Paul et al.,
2004). The fluid dynamic characteristics of liquid-liquid mixing produces several
phenomena such as drop breakup and coalescence (Wichterle, 1995; Wang and
Calabrese, 1986; Sathyagal et al., 1996), mean flow pattern and turbulence (Ibrahim
and Nienow, 1995; Norwood and Metzner, 1960), drop suspension, interfacial area,
and drop size distribution (DSD) (Podgorska and Baldyga, 2001; Fernandes and
Sharma, 1967), possible phase inversion (Norato et al., 1998), and the influence of
system composition as well as of small amounts of impurities (Laurenzi et al.,
2009). These phenomena are complicated and cause liquid-liquid dispersion to be
one of the most difficult processes in a number of industries. On the other hand,
blending of miscible liquid is a very simple operation that is achieved by two mutually
soluble liquids in the absence of resistivity to dissolution at the fluid interface
(Paul et al., 2004). Generally, blending of miscible liquids happens slowly by molecular
diffusion and natural convection. Thus, agitation systems can apply forced
convection to obtain homogeneity more rapidly (Rushton, 1956).
Tanks and vessels are the most accessible and universal equipment used in a wide
range of process industries such as esterification and hydrolysis (Paul et al., 2004).
Because natural diffusion in liquids is slow, agitators that provide high shear and
good pumping capacity are common choices for liquid-liquid dispersion and emulsification
because they improve diffusivity. Nevertheless, it is possible to waste large
amounts of input energy through inappropriate system selection (Holland and Bragg,
1995). Furthermore, inadequate understanding of mixing could result in undesirable
product quality and increased production costs. Mixing operations are often complex.
They not only require understanding the fluid flow aspects, but also consideration
of the mechanical equipment and power requirements (Chen et al., 2005).

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Liquid-liquid mixing in stirred vessels: A review

Article in Chemical Engineering Communications · January 2013

Reza Afshar Ghotli Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Surface analysis of deactivated TiO2 View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Reza Afshar Ghotli , Abdul A. A. Raman , Shaliza Ibrahim &

(Chen et al., 2005; Rushton, 1956). Nonuniformity of systems can be explained as a

gradient of properties such as concentration, viscosity, temperature, color, concentration,

Liquid-liquid mixing is divided into miscible and immiscible liquid-liquid mixing

of emulsions (Jakobsen, 2008; Rushton, 1956). The dispersion of immiscible

2008). Liquid-liquid mixing is applicable for special process

system composition as well as of small amounts of impurities (Laurenzi et al.,

2009). These phenomena are complicated and cause liquid-liquid dispersion to be

soluble liquids in the absence of resistivity to dissolution at the fluid interface

convection to obtain homogeneity more rapidly (Rushton, 1956).

because they improve diffusivity. Nevertheless, it is possible to waste large

1995). Furthermore, inadequate understanding of mixing could result in undesirable

of the mechanical equipment and power requirements (Chen et al., 2005).

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