Chapter One Com
Chapter One Com
Chapter One Com
1.1 Introduction
Use of learning aids on teaching has proved to be effective in the learning outcomes. Chapter one
introduces the construct of studies including problem statement, objectives of the studies, scope and
significance of the study, it also spells out the limitation and how these overcame.
1.2 Background
Education is necessary for everybody. Education is very vital, deprived of education no can lead a good
life. Teaching and learning are the important element in education. The teacher uses different approaches
and substantial to teach their students and their active learning. With the passage of time, altered methods
and techniques are entered in the field of education and teacher use different kind of aids to make
effective learning.
Visual aids arouse the interest of learners and help the teachers to explain the concepts easily. Visual aids
are those instructional aids which are used in the classroom to encourage students learning process.
According to Burton “Visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and
support learning”. Kinder, S. James; describe visual aids as “Visual aids are any devices which can be
used to make the learning experience more real, more accurate and more active”.
Visual aids are tools that help to make an issue or lesson clearer or easier to understand and know
(pictures, models, charts, maps, videos, slides, real objects etc.). There are many visual aids available
these days. We may classify these aids as follows, visual aids are which use sense of vision are called
Visual aids. For example:- models, actual objects, charts, pictures, maps, flannel board, flash cards,
bulletin board, chalkboard, slides, overhead projector etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the
commonest ones. The challenges of classroom instruction increases when prescribed a course to the class
while course books (textbooks) are constituted with too many interactive expertise activities. Most
significantly, it has convert a common phenomenon to integrate textbooks with audio visual aids as
Education is a lifelong process. It is planned deliberated and transmitted to from generation to generation.
It is termed as knowledge as a cognizant component. In a formal school system it’s imported through a
vigorous course of curriculum which is hub of an educational system. In cyclic process curriculum covers
a set of prescribed courses. Their integrated objectives, material and methods, tools of teaching and
assessment. Through the variety of courses. The teachers develop the cognitive component of learning.
Today the world is passing through rapid changes. In such a world, education cannot resist changes.
Audio visual audio visual aids are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs. It helps the process of learning. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning. Recent
technological developments have opened many new possibilities for learning. All teaching can be greatly
improved by use of visual aids because it can help make the learning experience impressive. The visual
aid audio visual aids can promote the effective kind of learning experience impressive.
Audio-visual aids make a lesson or a lecture more interesting and a memorable experience not only for
students but for teachers as well. They play a vibrant role in focusing the attention of individual student
towards the teacher or the topic. Human beings’ five senses are the doorway for effective learning,
especially seeing, hearing and touching bring maximum knowledge for the individual. Cognition means
thinking, gaining knowledge and dealing with knowledge. It may be related to the mental processes The
lower level of cognition are Knowledge and comprehension and reaming four level of cognitive domains
1: To identify the types of audio visual aids that secondary school teachers use in DMC school and its
2: To identify audio visual learning aids to overcome student’s difficulty in DMC secondary schools.
The study on the effects of audio visual aids in enhancing the learning performance in class room will be
1. The study will brings an opportunities for learner to understand the real learning situation.
2. The study will enhance the imagination power, thinking abilities, reasoning processes of the students to
3. The study will help the teacher in providing learning environment for developing interest of the
6. The study will offer a reality of experience which stimulates self-activity on the part of student.
The study was conducted in DMC schools and involved for secondary schools: 5 schools chosen
from those schools using audio visual aids. Student’s and teacher’s opinions about the impact of
visual aids were examined as well. The kinds of aids used and their effect were scrutinized and
These are the methodological features that hinder the application or interpretation of the results of a
research problem. Keya et al (1989), states that, being aware of the limitation helps the researcher to
In going this study, the researcher was expected to face the following challenges; first, limited in terms of
requisite in this study, rather than selecting a large area. A second challenge was data collection due to the
research instruments and the nature of study as secondary school teachers were thinking of being
inspected.
The study concentrated on the DMC Schools found in Lyari. This area is convenient in terms of
accessibility, reach ability and familiarity, all of these made easier to get the information from
1.8 keywords :
Effect: The way in which an event, action, or person changes someone or something
Introduction
Theoretical Concepts
The term audio visual aids used to refer to anything which is used by teachers or learners to facilitate
the learning. . Audio visual aids include those that have been either specifically designed for learning
and teaching. In fact good audio visual aids are teacher-proof; even a bad teacher cannot spoil their
effect. Audio visual aids have always played a crucial role. They have been glorified as the panacea for all
the ills of second language learning; they have also been commended as the greatest obstacles to
learning. Whatever might be the attitude to them, audio visual aids have come to be indispensable.
The purpose of teaching audio visual aids is not to usurp the role of the teacher, nor even to make his
task easier. Their main purpose is to make it possible for the teacher to teach more effectively, more
interestingly, and more economically. It is equally important that the audio visual aids should help the
For teachers:
1. Audio visual aids act as support to teachers, by providing the language input which they can use in
engage in, as practice material which will lead them to learn. They also supply the teachers with
3. They take on the responsibility of providing material for teaching which will realize the syllabus or
For learners:
Thus, without instructional materials teachers may not be able to teach and learners will not be able to
In Spicer’s view (1968), instructional materials should possess the following basic qualities: (1)
Authenticity: Whatever is presented to the pupils, whether linguistic or cultural material, should be an
authentic representation of the language or civilization of the foreign country. (2) Clarity: For the
materials to function effectively as teaching aids, they must possess clarity of exposition which leaves
the pupils in no doubt as to their meaning. (3) Intrinsic value: The materials, while retaining a
predominantly functional role, should also possess an intrinsic artistic or aesthetic quality which makes
them of value and interest in their own right as well as effective language-teaching instruments. (4)
Practicality: To provide the maximum help to the teacher , the materials must be practical in use,
economics of the cost and time, robust, easy to store, and immediately accessible. (5) Appropriateness:
Teaching materials, if they are to fulfill the role of motivating the learner and sustaining his enthusiasm,
must be appropriate to the age, interests, and abilities of the pupils and to the level of the teaching.
They must also be appropriate to the different 100 Chapter-3 functions required of them in the different
Philosophical concept
A Chinese proverbs says “If I hear I forget, if I see I remember, if I do I know” emphasizes the
sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning; these are planned educational audio
visual aids that appeal to the senses of the people and quickens learning facilities for clear
comprehension.
An audio-visual aids is an instructional device in which message can be heard as well as seen.
“Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning more effective, more
“Audio-visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning.ie,
Audio-visual is, of course, a combination of two words: audio referring to that which we can
hear, and visual referring to that which we can see. The basic frame of reference here limits our
application of the term to a instructor and his audience, although they are not necessarily in the
physical presence of one another, as in the case of a motion picture or television presentation.
The term “aids,” used in reference to the instructor, rules out his physical presence (visual) and
unrecorded voice (audio). These are the essential elements which make him a instructor, and
The term “audio-visual aids” is commonly misapplied. The aids themselves must be something
either audible or visual, or both. The common types of audible aids are the spoken word,
recognizable sound effects, and music. The most frequently used visual aids are people, pictures,
cartoons, graphics, maps, the printed word, and three-dimensional models. When we talk about
a motion picture projector or a blackboard, we are talking about the means of presenting the
First and foremost, a program should be undertaken simply and modestly. It is better to leave
the expensive technical gadgets and special effects to the future. Start with one piece of
equipment and master its use. Add the various attachments, or go on to another piece of
Further, the uncontrollable physical surroundings are not audio-visual aids in themselves,
although they can have a definite audio or visual effect and should therefore be considered, if
possible, when preparing a presentation. These include such things as distracting street noises
(a hindrance) or a soundproofed room (an aid); or a beautiful mural behind the speaker (a
distraction), purple and orange walls (a hindrance), or a paneled, modern meeting room with
The mixing of various pieces of equipment in a presentation can be extremely effective. Some
examples have been mentioned, and serious consideration should be given to the possibilities.
The problems of light and dark rooms must be considered, so that the transition can be made
Audio-visual audio visual aids can be divided into those which present the aids in their original
and sustain attention, concentration and personal involvement of the students in learning, as
they provide concreteness, realism, and life likeness in the teaching-learning situation. A.V.aids
bring the remote events of either space or time into the class room , thus bring the
meaningfulness of abstract concepts. A.V aids helps to gain practical skills and to introduce
opportunity for situational or field types of learning as contrasted with linear-order verbal and
written communications .The students acquires clear, accurate and vivid image during the
process of learning. A.V aids stimulate curiosity and concentration. Stimulate thinking and
motivation. Help to develop thinking process as they develop continuity or thought. Students
develop higher faculties among the students and it promotes memorization, thinking process
The selection of suitable teaching aids is very important for the for the success of the learning
process .Unsuitable selection can result in more harm than good, because it can cause confusion
A teacher should keep in view the following principles while selection suitable teaching aids:
1. 1. Principle of selection: The selected teaching aids should have the basic traits .It should
able to motivate students for learning. It should encourage the achievement of instructional
objectives.
2. 2. Principle of Preparation: A teacher should devote himself and make students ready to
the teaching aids psychologically. He himself should know about the nature of the selected
teaching aids. Before demonstrating the class, he himself should inspect the teaching aids in
teaching aids are properly coordinated and related. Teaching aids should be used as
4. 4. Principle of Control: The teaching aids should be under the control of the teacher
during the entire period. No such situation should be allowed in which a teacher is not able
It is always worthwhile to have a separate audio visual room in the school. The room should be
planned to facilitate the optimum use of audio visual aids. An audio visual room should be
Main factors:
Acoustics- for proper acoustics, the wall must have straw boards and window heavy curtains.
Lighting- The lights of the room should have facility of controlling these from a single switch
Wall sockets- Wall sockets should be easily accessible to plug in the audio c=visual
equipment.
Ventilation- a proper ventilation of the audio visual room should be provided with a few
exhaust fans.
Storage- for storing the audio visual material, wall cupboards and racks should be used.
Seating- the seating arrangements using movable chairs should be done so that the students
are seated in a sector of sixty degree from the center of the screen.
Other- audio visual material for display should include chalk board, display cases, display
Graphical aids:
Diagrams / Drawing:
symbols, e.g. stick figures, geometry drawings, facial expressions. Drawings can be done by hand
to convey a variety of ideas, concepts and situations. It can be better used for summery and
review.
1. Technically correct.
Map:
Graphic representation of the earth’s surface or portions of it are termed as maps. These are flat
representations of earth’s surface, which convey the information by means of lines, symbols,
Understanding and interpreting the key of index, tints, shadows and symbols.
The top every map is not north, but the direction of northern pole is north.
Flashcard
A flashcard or flash card is a set of cards bearing information, as words or numbers, on either or
both sides, used in classroom drills or in private study. One writes a question on a card and an
answer overleaf. Flashcards can bear vocabulary, historical dates, formulas or any subject
matter that can be learned via a question and answer format. Flashcards are widely used as a
learning drill to aid memorization by way of spaced repetition. Due to their small size and
effective use in rapid sequences, flash cards are difficult to adapt to a planning situation. They
are used primarily in language training, testing, or to emphasize key words or actions.
.
Flip Charts:
A series of visual aids on flexible paper, fastened together at the top and mounted on a frame in
such a manner that they can be flipped or folded back. The frame usually resembles a football
goal post, with the charts fastened to the crosspiece. Illustration made on paper that is usually
larger than 21cm*27cm; bounded together with rings or string. They flip over in sequence.
Graphs:
Graph is a visual teaching aid for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trend or
forms. Pictures are sometimes used, particularly in bar and flow charts.
Pictures are the most commonly available graphic aids. Picture includes photographs, paintings
etc.
Posters:
A message on a large sheet of paper, with an illustration and a simple written message on it.
Chalk board:
Black, green or other colored slate or composition board, or a specially painted surface which
will “take” erasable white or colored chalk. A rigid surface painted green or black, on which one
Bulletin Boards:
A bulletin board is essential when illustrations have been prepared on thin, flexible paper. It is
usually helpful to have an assistant do the mounting, or the planner will have to turn his back to
the audience and fumble with the material. A blackboard can be considered a bulletin board,
with the aids mounted with tape rather than pins or tacks. It might be noted here that small
visual aids can be enlarged by a photostatic process, at relatively small cost, for presentation on
a bulletin board.
It is a surface of at least 1.5 meters. Into which stick pins can be placed. Drawings, photos and
A piece of flannel, flannelette, terry cloth or felt cloth attached to a rigid surface on which cut
out figures will adhere if backed with flannel or felt cloth, sand paper or glued sand.
Color or black and white, 16 or 18mm cinema film, with sound projected on screen. A long,
narrow strip of cellulose nitrate, acetate or similar material containing a succession of small
transparent photographs. Common sizes are 8 and 16 millimeter, referring to the width of the
strip.
Overhead Projector:
The OHP is a versatile visual aid using a system of lens, mirror and lamp; transparencies are
projected on to screen in a way that enables teacher to face the student while teaching.
Audio-visual Phase (First Phase): Before the 1950’s, the term audiovisual education was used (and not
E.T.). There were various teaching aids like blackboard, maps, radio, films etc. These were mainly media
through which a teacher presented his messages. The materials developed were not systematically based
teacher, the messages which he considered important, to students. In a sense, this tradition started with
printing technology – books, maps, charts etc. Although a good teacher in his transactions with students,
asked them questions etc; and encouraged interaction with them, aids like books, radio or film were
Computer and Telecommunication Phase (Fourth Phase): Multimedia, E-mail, internet, intranet and
website are used extensively today. There are telecommunication modes through which instructional
materials can be given to students. There are many computer software packages developed for school
These packages also have been used and proved to be effective in terms of time and level of student’s
achievement. There are also several organizations established in different parts of the world for the
development of software packages. For example, in India we have Audio-visual Research Centre,
Educational Media Research Centre and different Departments of Education and Educational Technology
which have been developing software packages for the education of children. Many audiovisual
programmes are also telecast by Delhi Doordarshan for school children. Many of our progressive schools
Conclusion
To sum up, the role that the teaching - learning materials play varies from one type of classroom to
another. It varies according to the aim of the lesson or again, the nature of the task(s) that must receive
focused attention. Teachers’ use of or dependence on teaching materials varies greatly and may be related
to not just a teacher’s personal style or preferences but also the school’s and society’s beliefs and
expectations. Learners too often differ on how much and how (well) they use materials,
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
Introduction
The previous chapters introduced the problem of the study and reviewed the relevant literature. In this
Research Strategies
The study employs quantitative paradigms. Survey of a 5 schools of DMC South Lyari Zone. The data
Population
The population of the study comprised of all the heads and teachers working in public schools of DMC
Sampling
The population was large and heterogeneous. It was not possible to carry out a census. Stratified random
Research Instruments
The researcher has used the specially designed questionnaire comprising of questions related to the given
subject of research.
Procedure of Data Collection