PORTFOLIO

IN

21st CENTURY PHILIPPINE

LITERATURE

Submitted by: Mary Cate M. Malitoc

Submitted to: Ms. Niña Mae G. Acido

 Table of Contents

 Jose Maria Panganiban 1

 American 2

 Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period 3

 Del Pilar Plaridel 4

 Spanish Period 5

 Japanese Period 6

 Doctrina Cristiana 7

 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda 8

 Syllabic and Alibata 9

 Life of Francisco Baltazar 10

 AMERICAN PERIOD

The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington
defined its colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines for
eventual independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the
popularly elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed
Philippine Commission (upper house) served as a bicameral legislature. The
ilustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited
appeal. In 1905 the party was renamed the National Progressive Party and took
up a platform of independence. The Nacionalista Party was formed in 1907 and
dominated Filipino politics until after World War II. Its leaders were not ilustrados.
Despite their “immediate independence” platform, the party leaders participated
in a collaborative leadership with the United States. A major development
emerging in the post-World War I period was resistance to elite control of the
land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist Party and the
Communist Party of the Philippines. Tenant strikes and occasional violence
occurred as the Great Depression wore on and cash-crop prices collapsed.

Newspaper that was published during American Period

El Neuvo Dia (The New Day) by Sergio Osmeña

El Grito (The Call of Nation) by Pascual Poblete
El Rencimiento (The Rebirth) by Raphael Palma

Plays during American Period

Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas

Tanikalang Ginto
Malaya
Walang Sugat
 SYLLABIC and ALIBATA

Alibata is a pre-Hispanic writing system that is organized from the Japanese script
old Kawi. Alibata is believed to be in use as early as 14th century. It continued to be
used during the Spanish Colonization of the Philippines up until the 19th century.

Syllabic A syllable is one or more letters representing a unit of

spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound. A syllable is made up of
either a single vowel sound (as in the pronunciation of oh) or a combination of vowel
and consonant(s).A syllable that stands alone is called a monosyllable. A word
containing two or more syllables is called a polysyllable. The word syllable comes from
the Greek, “combine”. “English speakers have little trouble counting the number of
syllables in a word,” say R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton, “but linguists have a harder
time defining what a syllable is.” Their definition of a syllable is “a way of organizing
sounds around a peak of sonority”
 Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period

Spanish Colonization of the Philippines started on 1565 during the time of Miguel
Lopez de Legaspi the first governor-general in the Philippines. Literature flourished
during this time.

Influenced:
Alibata, Cristian Doctrin, European Legends and Traditions, etc…

First Book:

Doctrina Cristiana, Nuestra Señorita Del Rosario, etc…

Recreational Play:

Carillo, Sainek and Karagatan

 Del Pilar Plaridel

Marcelo H. Del Pilar, better known by his pen name Plaridel, was a Filipino writer,
lawyer, journalist, and freemason. Del Pilar, along with José Rizal and Graciano López
Jaena, became known as the leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain. Del Pilar was
born and brought up in Bulakan, Bulacan. He was born on 30 August 1850, Bulacan. He
was died on 4 July 1896, Old Hospital de la Santa Creu, Barcelona, Spain. His full
name was Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán.

The Five Gallery of Del Pilar:

Gallery 1: Remembering Plaridel

Gallery 2: Marcelo’s Bulacan

Gallery 3: The Making of Plaridel

Gallery 4: Seven Years Away from Home

Gallery 5: Back in the Motherland

 JAPANESE PERIOD

Japanese period is our first topic for the final period. Japanese period has been
called one of the darkest days in the history and literary tradition of the Philippines. The
wartime experiences and events of the troubled times left indelible imprints to the lives
of the Filipino nation. However, there are still few and remaining bright spots in this
generally dark and gloomy days. The stride and growth of the Philippine literature in
English language and the development of Philippine literature in general was interrupted
during the Japanese period. The Japanese censured all publications
except Tribune and Philippine Review. During the Japanese period, Philippine
Literature in English was stopped and writers turned to writing in Filipino. The Japanese
authorities, with extreme hate to the Americans, did their best to turn the Filipinos’
sympathy away from them. They rewarded handsomely the Filipinos who are faithful to
them.

Philippine literature poems during Japanese period

Haiku is a poem of free verse of Japanese origin. It has 17 syllables divided into 3 lines.
The first has 5 syllables, second has 7, and the third has 5 syllables. The famous haikus
that were penned by the early Japanese haiku masters such as Bashō, Issa, Buson and
Shiki.

Tanka poem is very similar to haiku but Tanka poems have more syllables and it uses
simile, metaphor and personification. Tanks poems are written about nature, seasons,
love, sadness and other strong emotions. This form of poetry dates back almost 1200
years ago. The 31 syllables are divided into 5 lines with: first line with 5, second line with
7, third line with 5, fourth line with 7, and the fifth line with 7.
 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda

Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines
as Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda. He was a writer, known for El
filibusterismo (1962), Sisa (1951) and Noli me tangere (1930). He died on December
30, 1896 in Bagumbayan, Manila, Philippines. There were at least nine women linked
with Rizal; namely Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, Consuelo
Ortiga, O-Sei San, Gertrude Beckette, Nelly Boustead, Suzanne Jacoby and Josephine
Bracken. These women might have been beguiled by his intelligence, charm and wit.
Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado
II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. FRANCISCO
MERCADO (1818-1898).Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offsprings of
Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; studied in San Jose
College, Manila; and died in Manila. TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913)
Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de
Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded
woman, courteous, religious, hard-working and well-read. She was born in Santa Cruz,
Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in Manila. SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-
1913 Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of
Tanauan, Batangas. PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)
Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila;
became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution. NARCISA
RIZAL (1852-1939). The third child. Married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher
and musician. OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887).The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo;
died in 1887 from childbirth. LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919). The fifth child. Married Matriano
Herbosa. MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945). The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna. JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896). The second son and the seventh child. He
was executed by the Spaniards on December 30, 1896. CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-
1865). The eight child. Died at the age of three. JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945). The ninth
child. An epileptic, died a spinster. TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)
The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die. SOLEDAD
RIZAL (1870-1929). The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero.
 Life of Francisco Baltazar

Francisco Balagtas, also known as Francisco Baltazar, was a prominent Filipino

poet, and is widely considered one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his
impact on Filipino literature. The famous epic Florante at Laura is regarded as his
defining work. He was born on 2 April 1788, Balagtas and died on 20 February
1862, Orion. His full name was Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz. Baltazar was a very
influential poet and orator and many consider him to be the Filipino William
Shakespeare. He is widely known by his pen name Francisco Balagtas. While there are
a number of Filipino poets and writers who have gained success, Baltazar is considered
to be one of the premier poets of his culture. His many pieces of literature and poetry
have had a tremendous influence on Filipino culture and he is still highly regarded within
the culture as very instrumental literary figure. Francisco Baltazar became a very well-
known and highly regarded poet not only because he had a gift for words but also
because he associated with individuals who helped him hone his craft.
 Doctrina Cristiana

Doctrina Christiana was written by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one
of the earliest books printed in the Philippines, in the year 1593. The Doctrina
Christiana is remarkable not only for having been printed at such an early age in a
elaborated Gothic font of the Spanish language, but also for having copies made
in Tagalog versions, both in Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the
natives at the time, plus another translation made in traditional Chinese language.

There is some controversy about which of the versions is the first book of the Spanish
Philippines, with some scholars believing that the Chinese language version
titled Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China (Wuchi t’ien-chu cheng-chiao chen-
chuan shih-lu) was printed in 1590 to 1592 by the Chinese printer Keng Yong in Manila
before the Spanish and Tagalog versions.

One of the earliest references to both versions come from Gómez Pérez
Dasmariñas, the seventh governor-general of the Philippines, who wrote a letter to
Philip II of Spain on June 20, 1593.
 Jose Maria Panganiban

Jose Ma. Panganiban y Enverga (February 1, 1863 – August 19, 1890) was a
Filipino propagandist, linguist, and essayist. He is one of the main writers and
contributors for La Solidaridad, writing under the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P.". He
was died on August 19, 1890 (aged 27) Barcelona, Spain. Panganiban developed his
interest in reading at an early age from reading the cartilla, caton and catecismo taught
by his mother. Once, his mother found him under a tree, sleeping obviously from
reading Don Quixote, the book of Baao, found beside him.

Since his mother died when he was a little boy, Panganiban grew up in the care of his
father, the clerk of court in Daet, the capital town of the province. His father sent him to
the Holy Rosary Seminary (El Seminario del Santissimo Rosario) of Nueva Caceres
(now Naga City, Camarines Sur) and became the protégé of the seminary rector Fr.
Santoja. He earned the praises of his teachers because of his aptitude to easily absorb
his lessons. At 12, he mastered Latin and Spanish and at 15, the Classics and Natural
Sciences.

He was good at writing and was articulate in expressing his ideas. Because of this, the
Spanish Governor-General Domingo Moriones who happened to be visiting the
province and heard him speak during a school program commended him. In April 1878,
he wrote A Nuestro Obispo in honor of Bishop Francisco Gainza who was on a visit to
Mambulao. Unknown too many of his fellow Bicolanos was Panganiban’s superior
academic credentials as a student at the seminary with grades of sobresaliente
(excellent) in all subjects. Panganiban contracted tuberculosis and apologized to Rizal
that he could not help further in the movement. He confided in Rizal that, "If I only have
the strength I had before, I will work with you unto the bitter end". It is a measure of
Panganiban’s patriotism and his dedication to the cause that despite the rigors of
poverty and the ravages of tuberculosis, he persisted till the end in the struggle of
reforms.
 Spanish Period

Spanish period is the second of the series of literary periods of growth and
development of Philippine literature. This very interesting period is full of
remarkable changes and developments in terms of Philippine literary genres.
Some genres such as Awit or Corrido became integrated into our own corpora.
Some genres are directly imported from the European theaters and cathedrals
such as Doctrina cristiana and Nuestra Señora del Rosario.

Printed Books

Doctrina cristiana (Christian doctrine) was the first book printed in the Philippines
1593. It was printed using the process called xylography imported from Spain. It was
written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, written both in Spanish and
Tagalog. It contains 87 pages and the three original copies were stored in Vatican,
Madrid Museum and the Library of US Congress. It contains the basic catechetical
teachings such as:

A. Pater Noster

B. Ave Maria

C. The Ten Commandments

D. Regina coeli

E. Seven Mortal Sins

F. Apostles’ Creed

G. The Commandments of the Catholic Church

Nuestra Señora Del Rosario (Our Lady of the Rosary) was the second book printed
in the Philippines written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602. It was printed at UST
Press with the help of Juan Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains:

H. Biographies of the Saints

I. Novenas

J. Questions and Answers about Roman Catholicism

Libro delos Cuatros Posprimeras de Hombres (The Book on the Four Fathers of
the Church) was the first book printed in typography. It contains the biography of the
Four Fathers of the Catholic Church.

Barlaan at Josaphat (Barlaan and Josphat) was a Biblical story printed in the
Philippines translated into Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja from the original Greek
written by San Juan Damaseño. It is the first Tagalog novel published in the
Philippines with 556 pages. Fr. Agustin Mejia translated it into the Ilokano version.

Urbana at Felisa (Urbana and Felisa) is a book written by Fr. Modesto de Castro,
dubbed as the “The Father of Classic Tagalog Prose”. It is a correspondence story
between two sisters that has influenced greatly the behavior of people in society. It
outlines how the good manners and right conduct of individuals in their dealings with
other people.

Ang mga Dalit kay Maria was a collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary written
by Fr. Mariano Sevilla in 1856. It was popularized and sang during May time “Flores
de Mayo.”