Guidance On The Assessment of Dust From Demolition and Construction
Guidance On The Assessment of Dust From Demolition and Construction
Guidance On The Assessment of Dust From Demolition and Construction
Construction Dust
Institute of
Air Quality
Management
www.iaqm.co.uk
IAQM u GUIDANCE
Construction Dust
Contents
Acknowledgements 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Terminology 6
3. Background 8
4. Potential Impacts 9
5. Assessment Procedure 11
6. STEP 1: Screen the Need for a Detailed Assessment 13
7. STEP 2: Assess the Risk of Dust Impacts Arising 14
8. STEP 3: Site-specific Mitigation 23
9. STEP 4: Determine Significant Effects 28
10. STEP 5: Dust Assessment Report 29
11. Professional Judgement 30
Table 1: Example of the How the Dust Emission Magnitude for a Site Could be Presented 16
Table 2: Sensitivity of the Area to Dust Soiling Effects on People and Property 19
Table 3: Sensitivity of the Area to Human Health Impacts 20
Table 4: Sensitivity of the Area to Ecological Impacts 21
Table 5: Example of the Outcome of Defining the Sensitivity of the Area 21
Table 6: Risk of Dust Impacts - Demolition 21
Table 7: Risk of Dust Impacts - Earthworks 21
Table 8: Risk of Dust Impacts - Construction 22
Table 9: Risk of Dust Impacts - Trackout 22
Table 10: Example of a Summary Dust Risk Table to Define Site-Specific Mitigation 23
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements: This guidance was produced as a result of About the Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM):
the voluntary contribution of the members of a Working Group, The IAQM aims to be the authoritative voice for air quality by
for which IAQM is very grateful. This guidance represents the maintaining, enhancing and promoting the highest standards
views of the IAQM and not necessarily the individual members of working practices in the field and for the professional
of the working group. development of those who undertake this work. Membership of
IAQM is mainly drawn from practicing air quality professionals
Chair of the working group working within the fields of air quality science, air quality
Dr Claire Holman, Brook Cottage Consultants assessment and air quality management.
1. Introduction
Emissions of dust to air can occur during the preparation of the In Environmental Statements (ESs) and Air Quality Assessments
land (e.g. demolition, land clearing, and earth moving), and during the terms ‘impacts’ and ‘effects’ are often used interchangeably.
construction. Emissions can vary substantially from day to day, In this document the term ‘impact’ has been used to describe
depending on the level of activity, the specific operations being a change in concentration or dust deposition and ‘effect’ to
undertaken, and the weather conditions. A large proportion of describe the consequences of any impacts.
the emissions result from site plant and road vehicles moving
over temporary roads and open ground. If mud is allowed to The operational phases of minerals (and some waste) sites share
get onto local roads, dust emissions can occur at some distance some common features with construction activities; however,
from the originating site. The scale of these impacts depends minerals sites can be of a significantly larger scale. A qualitative
on the dust suppression and other mitigation measures applied. dust assessment for a minerals site would therefore normally
be expected to be at least as rigorous as one carried out in
In terms of effects, construction sites can give rise to annoyance accordance with the IAQM construction dust method, reflecting
due to the soiling of surfaces by dust. Very high levels of soiling the potential for minerals sites to have a greater impact than
can also damage plants and affect the diversity of ecosystems. construction sites. The underlying Source-Pathway-Receptor
Additionally, there is evidence of major construction sites concept used in the IAQM construction dust method is applicable
increasing long term particulate matter (PM10) concentrations1 to a wide range of applications, including minerals developments;
and the number of days2 when PM10 concentrations exceed 50µg/m3, however, the detailed guidance in this document (particularly
the daily limit value for this pollutant. Exposure to PM10 has long on source strength and pathway distances) is specifically for
been associated with a range of health effects3 . construction and demolition and cannot be used, without
appropriate modification, for other activities. Notwithstanding
Local planning authorities often require the air quality impacts this, and in the current absence of other detailed guidance, the
of new developments to be assessed as part of the decision IAQM construction dust method can be taken as a starting
making process4, either as a standalone document or as part of a point for a minerals dust assessment provided it is used with
wider Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The latter requires appropriate modifications to the various terms and factors;
both the construction and operational phases of developments some aspects of this guidance, such as the assessment of dust
to be considered, and as a result many stand-alone air quality from earthworks and track-out, may be applicable with only
assessments also consider the impacts of both phases of new minor adjustments. It is the intention of the IAQM to produce
developments. In London the Mayor has recently introduced separate guidance on the assessment of the impact of mineral
a requirement for construction impact assessments for major and waste sites at a future date.
developments5 .
This guidance is aimed primarily for use in the UK, where the
This document is designed to provide guidance for developers, vast majority of IAQM members work. However, it is recognised
their consultants and environmental health practitioners on that the membership of IAQM is international and that the
how to undertake a construction impact assessment (including guidance may be applied elsewhere. Where this occurs careful
demolition and earthworks as appropriate). The construction consideration should to be given to its applicability where
impact assessment may be a standalone document (possibly there are different climates, construction working practices
including other environmental impacts such as noise) or and statutory assessment criteria.
incorporated into an Air Quality Assessment or EIA.
As stated above, the emphasis has been on classifying demolition
The impacts depend on the mitigation measures adopted. and construction sites according to the risk of impacts, to identify
Therefore the emphasis in this document is on classifying the mitigation measures appropriate to the risk. It is anticipated that
risk of dust impacts from a site, which will then allow mitigation with the implementation of effective site-specific mitigation
measures commensurate with that risk to be identified. measures the environmental effect will not be significant in most
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cases. Nonetheless a robust assessment of the dust impact risk Photo credit: Daniel Marsh
is necessary (and is described here) in order to determine the
level of site-specific mitigation that should be applied.
1
Stuart Upton and Vina Kukadia, 2004, Measurements of air
pollution emissions from a construction site: a case study,
Report for Greater London Authority, BRE Environment,
Watford.
Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG), 2005, Particulate Matter in
the UK, Section 6.3.6 Construction Activities.
2
Gary D Fuller and David Green, 2004, The impact of local
fugitive PM10 emissions from building works and road works
on the assessment of the European Union limit value, Atmos-
pheric Environment, 38, 4993-5002. 3 There is evidence that
short-term exposure to coarse particles i.e. those between
PM10 and PM2.5, typically associated with demolition and con-
struction activities, including crustal material, are associated
with adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects on health
(World Health Organization, REVIHAAP Project: Technical
Report, 2013, www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-top-
ics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/2013/
review-of-evidence-on-health-aspects-of-air-pollution-
revihaap-project-final-technical-report). 4 For example, the
National Planning Practice Guidance for England (Beta Ver-
sion) includes air quality as a relevant considered in planning
decisions and specifically includes “significant impact (such as
dust) during construction for nearby sensitive locations”.
5
Mayor of London, 2013, Sustainable Design and Construction
Special Planning Guidance, Draft.
6
IAQM, 2012, Guidance on the assessment of the impacts of
construction on air quality and the determination of their
significance.
2. Terminology
The construction impact assessments reviewed by IAQM identified the use of a range of different terminology, often with different
meanings. This section aims to provide some definitions to help ensure consistency between the dust impact assessments
produced by different organisations.
Annoyance (dust) Loss of amenity due to dust deposition or visible dust plumes, often related to people making
complaints, but not necessarily sufficient to be a legal nuisance.
AQMA Air Quality Management Area, declared by a local authority where its review and assessment of air
quality shows that an air quality objective is likely to be exceeded.
Construction Any activity involved with the provision of a new structure (or structures), its modification or re-
furbishment. A structure will include a residential dwelling, office building, retail outlet, road, etc.
Construction An assessment of the impacts of demolition, earthworks, construction and trackout. In this
Impact Assessment Guidance, specifically the air quality impacts.
Demolition Any activity involved with the removal of an existing structure (or structures). This may also be
referred to as de-construction, specifically when a building is to be removed a small part at a time.
Deposited Dust Dust that is no longer in the air and which has settled onto a surface. Deposited dust is also some-
times called amenity dust or nuisance dust, with the term nuisance applied in the general sense
rather than the specific legal definition.
DMP Dust Management Plan; a document that describes the site-specific methods to be used to control
dust emissions.
Dust Solid particles that are suspended in air, or have settled out onto a surface after having been sus-
pended in air. The terms dust and particulate matter (PM) are often used interchangeably, although
in some contexts one term tends to be used in preference to the other. In this guidance the term
‘dust’ has been used to include the particles that give rise to soiling, and to human health and
ecological effects. Note: this is different to the definition given in BS 6069, where dust refers to
particles up to 75µm in diameter.
Earthworks Covers the processes of soil-stripping, ground-levelling, excavation and landscaping.
Effects The consequences of the changes in airborne concentrations and/or dust deposition for a
receptor. These might manifest as annoyance due to soiling, increased morbidity or mortality due
to exposure to PM10 or PM2.5 or plant dieback due to reduced photosynthesis. The term ‘significant
effect’ has a specific meaning in EIA regulations. The opposite is an insignificant effect. In the
context of construction impacts any effect will usually be adverse, however, professional judge-
ment is required to determine whether this adverse effect is significant based on the evidence
presented. There is further discussion of this in Section 10 of this document.
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment, as required by The Town and Country Planning (Environmental
Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2011; The Town and Country Planning
(Environmental Impact Assessment (Scotland) Regulations 2011; and The Planning (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) as may be amended from time to time having
regard to the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (85/337/EEC) (as amended).
ES Environmental Statement, the document that reports the work undertaken for EIA.
HDV Heavy duty vehicles defined as vehicles with a gross weight greater than 3.5 tonnes.
Impacts The changes in airborne concentrations and/or dust deposition. A scheme can have an ‘impact’ on
airborne dust without having any ‘effects’, for instance if there are no receptors to experience the
impact.
NRMM Non-road mobile machinery, in this context the plant used for demolition and construction
activities, e.g. diggers.
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Nuisance The term nuisance dust is often used in a general sense when describing amenity dust. However,
this term also has specific meanings in environmental law:
(a) Statutory nuisance, as defined in S79(1) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (as amended
from time to time).
(b) Private nuisance, arising from substantial interference with a person’s enjoyment and use of his
land.
(c) Public nuisance, arising from an act or omission that obstructs, damages or inconveniences the
rights of the community.
Each of these applying in so far as the nuisance relates to the unacceptable effects of emissions.
It is recognised that a significant loss of amenity may occur at lower levels of emission than would
constitute a statutory nuisance.
Note: as nuisance has a specific meaning in environmental law, and to avoid confusion, it is
recommended that the term is not used in a more general sense
PM Abbreviation for particulate matter suspended in the air. PM10 is airborne particulate matter with
an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (µm); PM2.5 is less than 2.5µm.
Receptor A location that may be affected by dust emissions during demolition and construction. Human receptors
include locations where people spend time and where property may be impacted by dust. Ecological
receptors are habitats that might be sensitive to dust. See Section 4.2.
Risk The likelihood of an adverse event occurring.
Trackout The transport of dust and dirt from the construction / demolition site onto the public road net-
work, where it may be deposited and then re-suspended by vehicles using the network. This arises
when heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) leave the construction / demolition site with dusty materials,
which may then spill onto the road, and/or when HDVs transfer dust and dirt onto the road having
travelled over muddy ground on site.
3. Background
At the end of 2009 IAQM produced its Position on the Description
of Air Quality Impacts and the Assessment of their Significance.
This provides guidance for defining the significance of an air
quality impact arising from the operation of a new development,
based on the magnitude of change (i.e. the increase or decrease in
predicted concentrations as a result of a proposed development)
and the sensitivity of the receptors (i.e. the air quality in the
area with respect to the air quality objectives). This guidance
was incorporated into Development Control: Planning for Air
Quality (2010 Update), published by Environmental Protection
UK (EPUK), and has been widely used by air quality professionals
across the country. A review of this guidance was initiated in
2013, jointly with EPUK.
7
Vina Kukadia, Stuart Upton, David Hall, 2003, Control of Dust
from Construction and Demolition Activities, BRE. Photo credit: Roger Barrowcliffe
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4. Potential Impacts
4.1 Introduction property may experience the adverse effects of airborne dust
The main air quality impacts that may arise during demolition or dust soiling10, or exposure to PM10 over a time period relevant
and construction activities are: to the air quality objectives, as defined in the Government’s
technical guidance for Local Air Quality Management 11 . In terms
1. dust deposition, resulting in the soiling of surfaces; of annoyance effects, this will most commonly relate to dwellings,
but may also refer to other premises such as buildings housing
2. visible dust plumes, which are evidence of dust emissions;
cultural heritage collections (e.g. museums and galleries), vehicle
3. elevated PM10 concentrations, as a result of dust generating showrooms, food manufacturers, electronics manufacturers,
activities on site; and amenity areas and horticultural operations (e.g. salad or soft-fruit
production). Care should be taken to ensure that the assessment
4. an increase in concentrations of airborne particles and takes into account whether exposure will arise in practice (e.g.
nitrogen dioxide due to exhaust emissions from diesel computer chip manufacture is sensitive to dust and so premises
powered vehicles and equipment used on site (non-road are likely to have extensive dust filtering equipment and exposure
mobile machinery) and vehicles accessing the site8 . may therefore not be increased).
The most common impacts are dust soiling and increased An ‘ecological receptor’ refers to any sensitive habitat affected by
ambient PM10 concentrations due to dust arising from activities dust soiling. This includes the direct impacts on vegetation12 or
on the site. Dust soiling will arise from the deposition of dust in aquatic ecosystems of dust deposition, and the indirect impacts
all size fractions. The ambient dust relevant to health outcomes on fauna (e.g. on foraging habitats). For locations with a statutory
will be that measured as PM10, although most of this will be in the designation, e.g. Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Sites of
coarse (PM2.5-10) fraction, rather than the PM2.5 fraction. Research Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), consideration should be given
undertaken in the USA9 suggests that 85% to 90% by weight of as to whether the particular site is sensitive to dust and this will
the fugitive dust emissions of PM10 from construction sites are depend on why it has been designated. Some non-statutory
PM2.5-10 and 10% to 15% are in the PM2.5 fraction. sites (i.e. local wildlife sites) and/or locations with very specific
sensitivities may also be considered if appropriate. The inclusion
There are other potential impacts, such as the release of heavy or exclusion of sites should be justified in the assessment.
metals, asbestos fibres or other pollutants during the demolition
of certain buildings, such as former chemical works, or the Dust from demolition and construction sites deposited on
removal of contaminated soils. The release of certain fungal vegetation may create ecological stress within the local plant
spores during the demolition of old buildings can also give community. During long dry periods dust can coat plant foliage
rise to specific concerns if immune-compromised people are adversely affecting photosynthesis and other biological functions.
likely to be exposed, for example close to an oncology unit of Rainfall removes the deposited dust from foliage and can rapidly
a hospital. These issues need to be considered on a site by site leach chemicals into the soil. Plant communities near short-term
basis, and are not covered by this Guidance. works are likely to recover within a year of the dust soiling stress
ceasing. However, large scale construction sites may give rise to
Experience of assessing the exhaust emissions from on-site dust deposition over an extended period of time and adversely
plant (also known as non-road mobile machinery or NRMM) and affect vascular plants. For example cement dust deposited
site traffic suggests that they are unlikely to make a significant on leaves can increase the surface alkalinity, which in turn can
impact on local air quality, and in the vast majority of cases they hydrolyse lipid and wax components, penetrate the cuticle, and
will not need to be quantitatively assessed. For site plant and denature proteins, finally causing the leaf to wilt 13 .
on-site traffic, consideration should be given to the number of
plant/vehicles and their operating hours and locations to assess Limestone dust coating of lichen has been shown to damage its
whether a significant effect is likely to occur. For site traffic photosynthetic apparatus14. These types of damage over a long
on the public highway, if it cannot be scoped out (for example period have the potential to change plant community structure
by using the EPUK’s criteria), then it should be assessed using and function. Noticeable effects include the increase in ruderal
the same methodology and significance criteria as operational and pioneer plant communities.
traffic impacts. The impacts of exhaust emissions from on-site
plant and site traffic are not considered further in this Guidance. The sensitivity of specific human and ecological receptors is
discussed in Section 7.3.
4.2 Receptors
A ‘human receptor’, refers to any location where a person or
4.3 Risk of Dust Emissions take place during a particular season (with this enforced through
The risk of dust emissions from a demolition/construction site a planning condition, for example), consideration could be given
causing loss of amenity and/or health or ecological impacts is to using seasonal wind and rainfall data. This type of guarantee
related to: is not usual because the start of construction depends on many
• the activities being undertaken (demolition, number of factors.
vehicles and plant etc.);
Local conditions also need to be accounted for. Topography
• the duration of these activities;
and natural barriers (e.g. woodland) will reduce airborne
• the size of the site;
concentrations due to impaction. In addition, if the locality
• the meteorological conditions (wind speed, direction and
has a history of dust generating activities, such as quarrying, a
rainfall);
given level of additional dust may be more acceptable, i.e. more
• the proximity of receptors to the activities;
readily tolerated, than in a suburban residential area. Alternatively,
• the adequacy of the mitigation measures applied to reduce
impacts may be less acceptable, where nearby residents have
or eliminate dust; and
become sensitised to dust, have a history of complaining and may
• the sensitivity of the receptors to dust.
therefore be more likely to complain about a new dust source.
Similarly, in rural areas agricultural activities may generate dust
The quantity of dust emitted from construction operations will
and this should be taken into account in the assessment of risk.
be related to the area of land being worked, and the level of
construction activity (nature, magnitude and duration). Emissions For PM10, Defra’s background concentrations and/or any local
from construction vehicles passing over unpaved ground can be monitoring and modelling data can be used to determine whether
particularly important. These will be related to the silt content of the 24-hour mean objective is likely to be exceeded as a result of
the soil (defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency as the construction activities. The risk of PM10 exceedences will be
particles smaller than 75 micrometres [µm] in diameter), as well greatest at receptors very close to the site boundary, especially
as the speed and weight of the vehicle, the soil moisture content, if combined with PM10 from a major road, or other source.
the distance covered and the frequency of vehicle movements.
The wind direction, wind speed and rainfall, at the time when a
construction activity is taking place, will also influence whether
there is likely to be a dust impact. Due to the variability of the
weather, it is impossible to predict what the weather conditions
will be when specific construction activities are being undertaken.
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5. Assessment Procedure
This guidance provides a framework for the assessment of risk. Risks are described in terms of there being a low, medium or
Every site is different and therefore this guidance cannot be high risk of dust impacts for each of the four separate potential
too prescriptive and professional judgement is required (see activities. Where there are low, medium or high risks of an impact,
Section 11). Any judgements must be fully auditable in the dust then site-specific mitigation will be required, proportionate to
assessment report, with the source(s) defined and choice of the level of risk.
dust risk category justified for each activity (see below). Where
justification cannot be given, a precautionary approach must be Based on the threshold criteria and professional judgement one
taken and the highest level of mitigation recommended. or more of the groups of activities may be assigned a ‘negligible’
risk. Such cases could arise, for example, because the scale is very
Activities on construction sites have been divided into four types small and there are no receptors near to the activity.
to reflect their different potential impacts. These are:
STEP 3 is to determine the site-specific mitigation for each of
• demolition; the four potential activities in STEP 2. This will be based on the
• earthworks; risk of dust impacts identified in STEP 2. Where a local authority
• construction; and has issued guidance on measures to be adopted at demolition
• trackout. / construction sites, these should also be taken into account.
The potential for dust emissions is assessed for each activity STEP 4 is to examine the residual effects and to determine
that is likely to take place. Obviously, if an activity is not taking whether or not these are significant.
place, e.g. demolition, then it does not need to be assessed.
STEP 5 is to prepare the dust assessment report.
The assessment methodology considers three separate dust
impacts:
with account being taken of the sensitivity of the area that may
experience these effects.
STEP 1 is to screen the requirement for a more detailed Photo credit: Hannah Dalton
assessment.
15
No further assessment is required if there are no receptors There is little legislation that explicitly seeks to control dust
within a certain distance of the works. emissions from construction sites. Certain equipment/processes
on construction sites are controlled under The Environmental
STEP 2 is to assess the risk of dust impacts. This is done Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010, and equivalent
separately for each of the four activities (demolition; earthworks; legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Dust is controlled
construction; and trackout) and takes account of: indirectly, through the duty of care provisions for waste under
Part 11, Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA) (applicable to
• the scale and nature of the works, which determines the
England, Wales and Scotland) with respect to the transport
potential dust emission magnitude (STEP 2A); and
of waste materials. Part III of the EPA includes provisions for
• the sensitivity of the area (STEP 2B).
Statutory Nuisance (see Section 2 on Terminology). Exhaust
emission from road vehicles and non-road mobile machinery
These factors are combined in STEP 2C to give the risk of dust
(NRMM) are controlled through European Directives.
impacts.
Report
Step 1 No Report that no significant
Screen the need for a effect is likely
detailed assement
Yes
Step 2
Assess the risk of dust impacts separately for:
Step 2A Step 2A
Define potential dust Define sensitivity
emission magnitude of the area
Step 2C
Define the risk of impacts
Step 3
Site-specific mitigation
Step 4 Report
Determine significant effects
°° Assessment approach
°° information used
°° Risk identified
°° Mitigation required
Step 5 °° Signifcance of ef-
Dust Assessement Report fects
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Mobile crushing equipment can be a significant source of Concrete batching equipment is regulated by District
dust associated with the demolition phase. This equipment Councils or Unitary Authorities in England and Wales,
is regulated by District Councils or Unitary Authorities in SEPA in Scotland and District Councils in Northern Ireland
England and Wales, SEPA in Scotland and District Councils under the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 and
in Northern Ireland, under the Environmental Permitting equivalent legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Regulations 2010 in England and Wales, and equivalent
legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Such equipment should be operated in accordance with the
latest version of Process Guidance Note 3/1 on Guidance
Equipment should be designed and operated in accordance for Blending, Packing, Loading, Unloading and Use of Bulk
with the most recent version of Process Guidance Note Cement.
3/16 for Mobile Crushing and Screening (note this is under
review). Professional judgement will be required to determine how
the use of concrete batching equipment will affect the dust
Professional judgement will be required to determine emission magnitude. For example, it may be appropriate
how the use of crushing and screening equipment will to increase the dust emission magnitude by one or more
affect the dust emission magnitude. For example, it may classes.
be appropriate to increase the dust emission magnitude
by one or more classes.
one time, formation of bunds <4 m in height, total material day17, surface material with low potential for dust release,
moved <20,000 tonnes, earthworks during wetter months. unpaved road length <50 m.
Construction: The key issues when determining the potential These numbers are for vehicles that leave the site after moving
dust emission magnitude during the construction phase include over unpaved ground, where they will accumulate mud and dirt
the size of the building(s)/infrastructure, method of construction, that can be tracked out onto the public highway.
construction materials, and duration of build. Example definitions
for construction are:
• Large: Total building volume >100, 000 m3, on site concrete 16
A vehicle movement is a one way journey. i.e. from A to B,
batching, sandblasting;
and excludes the return journey.
17
• Medium: Total building volume 25,000 m3 – 100,000 m3, HDV movements during a construction project vary over its
potentially dusty construction material (e.g. concrete), on lifetime, and the number of movements is the maximum not
site concrete batching; and the average.
Trackout: Factors which determine the dust emission magnitude Researcha carried out in the United States, has shown that
are vehicle size, vehicle speed, vehicle numbers, geology and haul trucks generate the majority of dust emissions from
duration. As with all other potential sources, professional surface mining sites, accounting for an estimated 78%-97%
judgement must be applied when classifying trackout into one of total dust emissions. Vehicles using unpaved haul roads
of the dust emission magnitude categories. Example definitions in UK construction sites will lead to the release of dust via
for trackout are: the same mechanical processes (i.e. re-suspension) and are
• Large: >50 HDV (>3.5t) outward movements16 in any one day17, likely to be a dominant source. Emissions will also arise
potentially dusty surface material (e.g. high clay content), from vehicles travelling over any unpaved ground on a
unpaved road length >100 m; construction site.
It may be useful to set out the dust emission magnitude for each activity as shown in the example in Table 1.
7.3 Step 2B - Define the Sensitivity of the Area In all cases the specific circumstances should be taken into
The sensitivity of the area takes account of a number of factors: account and may mean that on occasion the examples given
will be subject to exceptions. For instance, the first occupants
• the specific sensitivities of receptors in the area; moving into residential dwellings on a large phased housing
• the proximity and number of those receptors; development, may reasonably be expected to be less sensitive
• in the case of PM10, the local background concentration; and to dust soiling effects (albeit for a limited time) than other
• site-specific factors, such as whether there are natural residential receptors. Box 9 contains additional factors that may
shelters, such as trees, to reduce the risk of wind-blown dust. need to be taken into account.
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Medium sensitivity receptor Box 7: Sensitivities of People to the Health Effects of PM10
• users would expecta to enjoy a reasonable level of
amenity, but would not reasonably expecta to enjoy For the sensitivity of people to the health effects of PM10,
the same level of amenity as in their home; or the IAQM recommends that the air quality practitioner
assumes that there are three sensitivities based on whether
• the appearance, aesthetics or value of their property or not the receptor is likely to be exposed to elevated
could be diminished by soiling; or concentrations over a 24-hour period, consistent with
the Defra’s advice for local air quality management (Defra.
• the people or property wouldn’t reasonably be 2009, LAQM Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(O9).
expecteda to be present here continuously or regularly
for extended periods as part of the normal pattern High sensitivity receptor
of use of the land. • locations where members of the public are exposed
over a time period relevant to the air quality objective
• indicative examples include parks and places of work. for PM10 (in the case of the 24-hour objectives, a
Low sensitivity receptor relevant location would be one where individuals may
• the enjoyment of amenity would not reasonably be be exposed for eight hours or more in a day).a
expecteda; or • Indicative examples include residential properties.
• property would not reasonably be expected to be a Hospitals, schools and residential care homes should
diminished in appearance, aesthetics or value by also be considered as having equal sensitivity to
soiling; or residential areas for the purposes of this assessment.
Dust deposition due to demolition, earthworks, construction and trackout has the potential to affect sensitive habitats
and plant communities.
Dust can have two types of effect on vegetation: physical and chemical. Direct physical effects include reduced photosynthesis,
respiration and transpiration through smothering. Chemical changes to soils or watercourses may lead to a loss of plants or
animals for example via changes in acidity. Indirect effects can include increased susceptibility to stresses such as pathogens
and air pollution. These changes are likely to occur only as a result of long-term demolition and construction works adjacent
to a sensitive habitat. Often impacts will be reversible once the works are completed, and dust emissions cease.
The advice of an ecologist should be sought to determine the need for an assessment of dust impacts on sensitive habitats
and plantsa . Professional judgement is required to identify where on the spectrum between high and low sensitivity a
receptor lies, taking into account the likely effect and the value of the ecological asset. A habitat may be highly valuable
but not sensitive, alternatively it may be less valuable but more sensitive to dust deposition. Consequently, specialist
ecological advice should also be sought to determine the sensitivity of the ecological receptors to dust impacts. In general
most receptors will either be of high sensitivity or low sensitivity i.e. either sensitive or not to dust deposition. The following
provides an example of possible sensitivities:
• locations where there is a community of a particularly dust sensitive species such as vascular species included in the
Red Data List For Great Britainb.
• indicative examples include a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) designated for acid heathlands or a local site designated
for lichens adjacent to the demolition of a large site containing concrete (alkali) buildings.
• locations with a national designation where the features may be affected by dust deposition.
• indicative example is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) with dust sensitive features.
Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 show how the sensitivity of the area may be determined for dust soiling, human health and ecosystem
impacts respectively. These tables take account of a number of factors which may influence the sensitivity of the area. When
using these tables, it should be noted that distances are to the dust source and so a different area may be affected by trackout
than by on-site works. The highest level of sensitivity from each table should be recorded. It is not necessary to work through
the whole of each table once it is clear that the highest level of sensitivity has been determined.
While these tables are necessarily prescriptive, professional judgement may be used to determine alternative sensitivity categories,
and the factors set out in Box 9 may be useful to consider. Any judgements made should be fully documented. Whatever approach
to determining sensitivity of the area is taken, it is important that the basis of the decision is documented, and Table 5 presents
an example of how the sensitivity of the area may be presented.
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Box 9: Additional Factors to Consider when Determining the Sensitivity of the Area
• any conclusions drawn from analysing local meteorological data which accurately represent the area; and if relevant
the season during which the works will take place;
• duration of the potential impact, as a receptor may become more sensitive over time; and
• any known specific receptor sensitivities which go beyond the classifications given in this document.
Table 2: Sensitivity of the Area to Dust Soiling Effects on People and Property a b
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The risk of dust impacts for the four activities can usefully be summarised in a table. An example of a completed risk table is
provided in Table 10.
Table 10: Example of a Summary Dust Risk Table to Define Site-Specific Mitigation
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Given the variety of development sites and the individual issues 5. Local Authority Agree DMP with the Developer/Contractor
they face, professional judgement should be used to determine the
site-specific mitigation measures to be applied. These will need to
be written into a dust management plan (DMP), which should be 6. Developer Audit compliance with DMP
approved by the local planning authority prior to commencement
of work on site. For major sites the DMP may be integrated into a
Code of Construction Practice or the Construction Environmental Monitor compliance with DMP
7. Local Authority
Management Plan, and compliance monitoring may be required.
The most important aspects of the DMP are assigning responsibly Figure 2: Responsibilities for Dust Mitigation for Demolition
for dust management to an individual member of staff of the and Construction Sites. Note: ‘construction’ includes
principal contractor, training staff to understand the importance demolition and earthworks.
of the issue, and communicating with the local community.
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For those mitigation measures that are general, the highest risk category should be applied. For example, if the site is medium
risk for earthworks and construction, but a high risk for demolition and track-out, the general measures applicable to a high risk
site should be applied.
It should be noted that it is difficult to provide generic guidance, as each site and its location will be different and professional
judgement is required.
Key to tables:
H Highly recommended
D Desirable
N Not required
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17. Keep site fencing, barriers and scaffolding clean using wet methods. D H H
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