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    Null and Alternative Hypotheses: N or n/6. in Fact, For This Example, The Expected Number of Candies For Each

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    Joshua Garcia
    The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses for a goodness of fit test to determine if M&M candies occur in equal proportions of six colors. The null hypothesis is that each color occurs with a proportion of 1/6, while the alternative is that at least one proportion is unequal. An actual sample of 600 candies is provided. A chi-square statistic is calculated based on differences between actual and expected counts under the null hypothesis. With 5 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value corresponds to an extremely small p-value, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis and a conclusion that colors are not evenly distributed.

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    Null and Alternative Hypotheses: N or n/6. in Fact, For This Example, The Expected Number of Candies For Each

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Garcia
    37 views2 pages
    The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses for a goodness of fit test to determine if M&M candies occur in equal proportions of six colors. The null hypothesis is that each color occurs with a proportion of 1/6, while the alternative is that at least one proportion is unequal. An actual sample of 600 candies is provided. A chi-square statistic is calculated based on differences between actual and expected counts under the null hypothesis. With 5 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value corresponds to an extremely small p-value, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis and a conclusion that colors are not evenly distributed.

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    Chi-squareGARCIA2.docx

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    The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses for a goodness of fit test to determine if M&M candies occur in equal proportions of six colors. The null hypothesis is that each color occurs with a proportion of 1/6, while the alternative is that at least one proportion is unequal. An actual sample of 600 candies is provided. A chi-square statistic is calculated based on differences between actual and expected counts under the null hypothesis. With 5 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value corresponds to an extremely small p-value, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis and a conclusion that colors are not evenly distributed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views2 pages

    Null and Alternative Hypotheses: N or n/6. in Fact, For This Example, The Expected Number of Candies For Each

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Garcia
    The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses for a goodness of fit test to determine if M&M candies occur in equal proportions of six colors. The null hypothesis is that each color occurs with a proportion of 1/6, while the alternative is that at least one proportion is unequal. An actual sample of 600 candies is provided. A chi-square statistic is calculated based on differences between actual and expected counts under the null hypothesis. With 5 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value corresponds to an extremely small p-value, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis and a conclusion that colors are not evenly distributed.

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    Null and Alternative Hypotheses

    The null and alternative hypotheses for our goodness of fit test reflect the
    assumption that we are making about the population. Since we are testing
    whether the colors occur in equal proportions, our null hypothesis will be that all
    colors occur in the same proportion. More formally, if p1 is the population
    proportion of red candies, p2 is the population proportion of orange candies, and
    so on, then the null hypothesis is that p1 = p2 = . . . = p6 = 1/6.

    The alternative hypothesis is that at least one of the population proportions is not
    equal to 1/6.

    Actual and Expected Counts


    The actual counts are the number of candies for each of the six colors. The
    expected count refers to what we would expect if the null hypothesis were true.
    We will let n be the size of our sample. The expected number of red candies
    is p1 n or n/6. In fact, for this example, the expected number of candies for each
    of the six colors is simply n times pi, or n/6.

    Chi-square Statistic for Goodness of Fit


    We will now calculate a chi-square statistic for a specific example. Suppose that
    we have a simple random sample of 600 M&M candies with the following
    distribution:

     212 of the candies are blue.


     147 of the candies are orange.
     103 of the candies are green.
     50 of the candies are red.
     46 of the candies are yellow.
     42 of the candies are brown.

    If the null hypothesis were true, then the expected counts for each of these colors
    would be (1/6) x 600 = 100. We now use this in our calculation of the chi-square
    statistic.

    We calculate the contribution to our statistic from each of the colors. Each is of
    the form (Actual – Expected)2/Expected.:

     For blue we have (212 – 100)2/100 = 125.44


     For orange we have (147 – 100)2/100 = 22.09
     For green we have (103 – 100)2/100 = 0.09
     For red we have (50 – 100)2/100 = 25
     For yellow we have (46 – 100)2/100 = 29.16
     For brown we have (42 – 100)2/100 = 33.64

    We then total all of these contributions and determine that our chi-square
    statistic is 125.44 + 22.09 + 0.09 + 25 +29.16 + 33.64 =235.42.

    Degrees of Freedom
    The number of degrees of freedom for a goodness of fit test is simply one less
    than the number of levels of our variable. Since there were six colors, we have 6 –
    1 = 5 degrees of freedom.

    Chi-square Table and P-Value


    The chi-square statistic of 235.42 that we calculated corresponds to a particular
    location on a chi-square distribution with five degrees of freedom. We now need
    a p-value, to determines the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as
    extreme as 235.42 while assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

    Microsoft’s Excel can be used for this calculation. We find that our test statistic
    with five degrees of freedom has a p-value of 7.29 x 10-49. This is an extremely
    small p-value.

    Decision Rule
    We make our decision on whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the size
    of the p-value. Since we have a very miniscule p-value, we reject the null
    hypothesis. We conclude that M&Ms are not evenly distributed among the six
    different colors. A follow-up analysis could be used to determine a confidence
    interval for the population proportion of one particular color.

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