MODULE 2

EXERCISES 1.1
Determine whether the following are mathematical statements or not.
1. Math 10 is a GE course.
2. What is your name?
3. I am a UP student.
4. x < y
6. π is a special number.
7. The chairs are pink or the earth is round.
8. 3 + 4 – 5
9. If cats are mammals, then mice are

EXERCISES 1.2: Let p, q, r be true statements.

1. Determine the truth value of the following:
a. p ∨ (q ∧ r)
b. p → ~q
c. p ↔ ~q
d. (~ p ∨ q) → ~r
e. (~p ∧ q) ∨ ~(r → ~q)
2. Determine whether the following statements can have the given truth value (in parentheses) for some
statement s, and specify the truth value of s whenever possible. Justify your answers.
a. ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ~s (TRUE)
b. [(p ∧ s ) → ( q ∨ r)] (TRUE)
c. [( p ∧ q ) ↔ ( r ∨ s)] (FALSE)

EXERCISES 1.3
Construct a truth table for the following statements.
1. p ↔ ~q
2. ~ q → ~ p
3. (~ p ∨ q) ↔ (p → q)
4. p ∨ (q ∧ r)
5. (~p ∧ q) ∨ ~ (r → ~q)

EXERCISES 1.4
1. Prove the following equivalences using truth tables:
a. ~ ( p ∨ q ) ⇔ ~p ∧ ~q
b. (p → q) ⇔ ( ~p ∨ q )
EXERCISES 2.1
Negate the following statements:
1. 100 is a multiple of 10.
2. x + y ≤ z
3. All trees are tall.
4. There are 12 months in a year.
5. Juan is at least 18 years old.

EXERCISES 2.2 Negate the following statements:

1. The Philippines is an archipelago or cats are mammals.
2. 1 + 1 = 3 and 5 > 1.
3. I like watching movies and reading books.
4. p ∨ ( r ∧ q )
5. ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ( ~r ∨ ~s)

Exercises 2.3 Negate the following statements.

1. All cats are mammals.
2. Some of the islands are not inhabited.
3. No man is an island.
4. All UP students are honest or no politician is corrupt.
5. Some violets are blue and no roses are violet.

EXERCISES 3.1
1. Give five (5) equivalent statements for the following:
a) If you care for the environment, then you should recycle.
b) All animals are friendly.
c) No insect is useless.
2. Using the equivalent form “~p ∨ q” of the conditional, determine the negations of p → q and verify this
using a truth table.
3. State the negation of the statements in (1).

EXERCISES 3.2
1. Which of the following statements is/are equivalent to
“All Filipinos are law-abiding.”
A. If you are a Filipino, then you are law-abiding.
B. If you are not a Filipino, then you are not law-abiding.
C. If you are not law-abiding, then you are not a Filipino.
D. If you are law-abiding, then you are a Filipino.
E. You are law-abiding if you are a Filipino.
 F. You are law-abiding only if you are a Filipino.

2. Which of the following statements is/are NOT equivalent to “No gorilla is playful.”
A. If you are playful, then you are a gorilla.
B. If you are a gorilla, then you are not playful.
C. Either you are playful or you are a gorilla.
D. If you are not a gorilla, then you are playful
E. If you are playful then you are not a gorilla.
F. You are not playful only if you are a gorilla.
3. Give the contrapositive, inverse, and converse of the statements in Exercise
3.1.

EXERCISES 4.1 Draw an Euler Diagram for the following statements:

1. Juan is a Math 10 student.
2. Maria is not a Filipino.
3. All actors are artists.
4. Some scientists are actors.
5. No professor is infallible.
6. Ducks are yellow.
7. If you are a Filipino, then you are honest.

EXERCISES 4.2
1. Determine if the following arguments are valid or invalid. Justify your answers by drawing a diagram.
a. All Filipinos enjoy singing. Juan is a Filipino. Therefore, Juan enjoys singing.
b. Some physicists are poets. Einstein is a physicist. Therefore, Einstein is a poet.
c. All lions are animals. Some lions have manes. Therefore, some animals have manes.
d. All parrots are birds. Some birds are colorful. Therefore, some parrots are colorful.
e. All booms (B) are zooms (Z). All feeps (F) are meeps (M). No boom is a feep. Therefore, no zoom
is a meep.
2. Consider the following premises : Every sane person can do logic. No cat can do logic. Those who are not
sane cannot serve in the government. Which of the following is not a valid conclusion?
a) Cats cannot serve in the government.
b) No cat is sane.
c) Logical persons cannot serve in the government.
d) Those who serve in the government are not logical.
3. Consider the following premises: All physicists are scientists. Some scientists are artists. All
mathematicians are artists. Some physicists are mathematicians. No scientist is illogical. Which is a valid
conclusion?
a) No physicist is illogical.
b) Some mathematicians are illogical.
 c) Some physicists are artists.
4. Find a valid conclusion for the following Lewis Carrol puzzles (HINT: Express the given statements in
conditional form):
a. Babies are illogical.
Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.
Illogical persons are despised.
b. No ducks waltz.
No officers ever decline to waltz.
All my poultry are ducks.
c. No kitten that loves fish is unteachable.
No kitten without a tail will play with a gorilla.
Kittens with whiskers always love fish.
No teachable kitten has green eyes.
No kittens have tails unless they have whiskers.

EXERCISES 4.3
1. Verify that the following arguments are valid and classify according to the type of valid argument form.
a) If it rains, I will sleep. I did not sleep. Therefore, it did not rain.
b) If it’s a reptile, then it’s cold-blooded. Barney is not cold-blooded. Therefore, Barney is not a reptile.
c) ~All scientists are hardworking. If you are hardworking, then you contribute to our country’s
economic growth. Therefore, all scientists contribute to our country’s economic growth.
2. Using Euler Diagrams, establish the validity of the modus pones, modus tollens and syllogism.

Exercises 4.4
1. Verify that the following arguments are invalid and determine whether the argument is an example of the
fallacy of the converse or the fallacy of the inverse:
a. All birds have feathers. I am not a bird. Therefore, I have no feathers.
b. If you are smart, then you are successful. You are successful. Therefore you are smart.

Exercises 5.1
1. Determine whether the following arguments use inductive or deductive reasoning.
a. All Filipinos are nationalistic. Jose Rizal is a Filipino. Hence, Jose Rizal is nationalistic.
b. Math 10 is easy. Math 20 is easy. Therefore, all math courses are easy.
c. In a mystery case, it is known that Jose did it or Maria did it. Maria did not do it. Therefore, Jose did
it.
d. Ducks do not waltz. I can waltz. Therefore, I am not a duck.

Exercises 5.2
Solve the following problems and explain how you arrived at your solution using Polya’s process.
1. Find the next two (2) numbers, x and y, in the given sequences:
 a. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, x, y
b. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, x, y
c. 3, 15, 75, x, y
d. 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, x, y
e. 2, 6, 22, 56, 114, x, y

2. Three school children Junie, Glory, and Mickey are sitting side by side. Junie always tells the truth, Glory
sometimes tells the truth and Mickey never tells the truth. The child on the left says “Junie is in the middle”.
The child in the middle says “I’m Glory”, and the child on the right says “Mickey is in the middle”. Determine
the seating arrangement of the three.

3. In a certain jungle, there are three tribes: Tribe T, Tribe L, Tribe X. Members of Tribe T always tell the truth,
Tribe L members never tell the truth and Tribe X members sometimes tell the truth and they sometimes lie.
If you meet one tribe member and he tells you, “I always lie,” which tribe does he come from? If you meet
another tribe member and he says, “I sometime lie,” which tribe can he come from?

4. Jose must take a cat, a mouse, and a sack of rice across a river with his boat. The boat to be used can
only accommodate Juan and either the cat, mouse or the sack of rice. However, if left together, the cat will
eat the mouse. Also, if the mouse is left alone with the rice, it will eat the rice. The cat does not eat rice. The
mouse and rice are safe when Jose is present. What is the minimum number of times Jose needs to cross
the river so he could get everything across?

5. Four children, Amy, Susie, Tessie, and Eddie are lined up according to height, each holding a balloon. The
child in front (the shortest) is holding neither a red nor blue balloon. Susie is holding a red balloon. Tessie
sees exactly two balloons in front of her. The child holding the blue balloon is right in front of the child with
the yellow balloon. Amy is in front of Tessie. One child is holding a white balloon. Determine the arrangement
of the four children (from shortest to tallest) and the color of the balloon they are holding.

MODULE 3

I. Consider the following axiom system:

Undefined terms: letter, envelope, contain
Axioms:
(a) There are at least two envelopes.
(b) Each envelope contains exactly three letters.
(c) No letter is contained in all the envelopes.

1. Prove that the system is consistent.

2. Prove that Axiom (b) is independent.
3. Which of the following assertions are logically equivalent to Axiom (c)?
(a) There is a letter contained in two different envelopes.
 (b) There is an envelope that does not contain any letter.
(c) There is an envelope that does not contain all the letters.
(d) If l is a letter, then it is not contained in every envelope.
(e) If l is a letter, then it is contained in some envelopes, but not in all envelopes.
(f) If l is a letter, then there is some envelope that does not contain l.

MODULE 4