Structure of The Earth

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Name : Alfian Amanullah

Class : SA-8
NPM : 1910111518
Subject : The Structure of The Earth’s Layers - Basic Nature Science

Structure of the Earth


In the early part of the 20th century, geologists studied the vibrations (seismic waves) generated by earthquakes to learn more
about the structure of the earth's interior. The Earth is made up of 4 different layers. They each have unique characteristics as
described below. The diagram shows where each layer is located.

Crust
The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth and is the layer we live on. It is made up of a variety of rocks and can reach up to
70km thick in places. The crust itself is divided into large chunks called tectonic plates. There are around 7 large and 12 small
plates, which ‘float’ on top of the mantle beneath them. The plates themselves are made up of 2 different types of
crust, continental crust under the land and oceanic crust under the sea. Continental crust is thick (25-70km) and light because it
is made of rocks with a low density. Oceanic crust is thin (6-11km) and heavy because it is made of rocks (mostly volcanic rocks)
that have a high density. The oceanic crust covers 2/3 of the Earth’s surface.

Mantle

The mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth at 2,900km thick. It makes up nearly 80% of the volume of the Earth. The mantle
itself is divided into 2 layers, the upper and lower mantles and the heat within these layers drives convection currents. The upper
mantle is semisolid rock called magma that flows slowly due to convection currents. It is less than 1,000°C in temperature. The
lower mantle is kept solid due to pressure and is between 1,000-3,500°C. If you had to describe the mantle as a whole, it is
classed as a liquid. . Besides having the thickest thickness in the structure of the earth's layer, the Earth's mantle layer also has
hot temperatures up to 3,000 ºC. This Earth's coat is divided into two layers:
- The top layer of the Earth's mantle, is the Earth's mantle which is after the Earth's crust, which has a depth of about
400 km. Besides that in this layer of the earth is plastic to semiplastic caused by the temperature and pressure in the layer of the
earth is experiencing equilibrium.

- The lower layer of the earth's mantle, is the structure of the earth's layer which is in the interior up to 2900 km. Until,
reaching the border with the earth's core.

Earth's blanket layer is divided into 3 parts again, which are as follows:

- Lithosphere, is the outer layer of the earth's blanket with a mixture of materials is rock. This lithosphere has 2 main layers,
namely the sima layer and the pesky layer.

- Asthenosphere, is a layer whose position is under the lithosphere. Its thickness is between 100 km to 400 km. This layer is where
the magma is formed

- Mesosphere, The mesosphere is the lowest layer beneath the asthenosphere. Its thickness is between 2,400 km to 2,700 km
and consists mainly of a mixture of iron and potatoes.Outer Core

The outer core is made of liquid iron and nickel and is between 3,500-4,000°C. As the liquid metal swirls around, it induces a
current that generates the Earth’s magnetic field. Heat from the core powers the convection currents in the mantle. It is
2,900km thick

Outer Core
The outer core is made of liquid iron and nickel and is between 3,500-4,000°C. As the liquid metal swirls around, it induces a
current that generates the Earth’s magnetic field. Heat from the core powers the convection currents in the mantle. It is
2,900km thick.

Inner Core
The inner core is the hottest part of the Earth reaching temperatures between 4,000-4,700°C, which are as hot as the surface of
the sun. It is made of solid iron and nickel that are under so much pressure they cannot melt. It is 1,200km thick and heavy
radioactive elements within the core generate the intense heat as they decay.

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