Repeater - : About Repeaters Is That They Do Not Amplify The

Network Devices (Hub, Repeater,
Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways

and Brouter)
1. Repeater - A repeater operates at the physical
layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the
same network before the signal becomes too
weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to
which the signal can be transmitted over the
same network. An important point to be noted
about repeaters is that they do not amplify the
signal. When the signal becomes weak, they
copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the
original strength. It is a 2 port device.
2. Hub - A hub is basically a multiport
repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming
from different branches, for example, the
connector in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so
data packets are sent to all connected devices.
In other words, collision domain of all hosts
connected through Hub remains one. Also, they
do not have intelligence to find out best path for
data packets which leads to inefficiencies and
wastage.
Types of Hub
• Active Hub : - These are the hubs which have

their own power supply and can clean , boost
and relay the signal along the network. It
serves both as a repeater as well as wiring
center. These are used to extend maximum
distance between nodes.
• Passive Hub :- These are the hubs which
collect wiring from nodes and power supply
from active hub. These hubs relay signals
onto the network without cleaning and
boosting them and can't be used to extend
distance between nodes.
3. Bridge - A bridge operates at data link layer.
A bridge is a repeater, with add on functionality
of filtering content by reading the MAC
addresses of source and destination. It is also
used for interconnecting two LANs working on
the same protocol. It has a single input and
single output port, thus making it a 2 port
device.
Types of Bridges
• Transparent Bridges :- These are the bridge

in which the stations are completely unaware
of the
bridge's existence i.e. whether or not a bridge
is added or deleted from the network ,
reconfiguration of
the stations is unnecessary. These bridges
makes use of two processes i.e. bridge
forwarding and bridge learning.
• Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges,
routing operation is performed by source
station and the frame specifies which route to
fallow. The hot can discover frame by sending
a specical frame called discovery frame,
which spreads through the entire network
using all possible paths to destination.
4. Switch - A switch is a multi port bridge with
a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency(large number of ports imply less
traffic) and performance. Switch is data link
layer device. Switch can perform error checking
before forwarding data, that makes it very
efficient as it does not forward packets that
have errors and forward good packets
selectively to correct port only. In other words,
switch divides collision domain of hosts, but
broadcast domain remains same.
5. Routers - A router is a device like a switch
that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. Router is mainly a Network Layer
device. Routers normally connect LANs and
WAN s together and have a dynamically
updating routing table based on which they
make decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of hosts
connected through it.
Router
Switch 1 / Switch 2
~=::a
Hub A
Bridge
6. Gateway - A gateway, as the name suggests,
is a passage to connect two networks together
that may work upon different networkin g
models. They basically works as the messenger
agents that take data from one system,
interpret it, and transfer it to another system.
Gateways are also called protocol converters
and can operate at any network layer. Gateways
are generally more complex than switch or
router.
7. Brouter - It is also known as bridging router
is a device which combines f eatur,e s of both
bridge and router. It can work either at data link
layer or at network layer. Working as router, it
is capable of routing packets across networks
and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering
local area network traffic.

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Network Devices (Hub, Repeater,

Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways

• Active Hub : - These are the hubs which have

• Transparent Bridges :- These are the bridge

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