Session 2018-22

HEMVATI NANDAN BAHUGUNA

GARHWAL UNVERSITY
(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY), SRINAGAR GARHWAL

UTTARAKHAND-246174

Report on Android

Submitted To Submitted By
Mr Suraj Panwar Suhaib Alam
B Tech (CSE)-3RD SEM
18134501030

School of Engineering and Technology

Dpartment of Computer Science and
Engineering
 ANDROID
A BASIC INTRODUCTION
Android is the first step in the vision of creating a better mobile phone. It is a complete open
mobile platform software stack recently release by Google. Android can be run on mobile
devices from companies that have come together to form the Open Handset Alliance.

The Alliance currently consists of 34 companies including Motorola, T-Mobile and Sprint-
Nextel. These companies have agreed to open access devices. This basically means that I, as
a customer, can purchase a Motorola phone with service from one cellular network then later
switch carriers but keep the same phone! Android would run on Open Handset Alliance
devices. It includes an operating system, middleware and key applications such as email
client, calendar, maps, browser, and contacts. It also takes the basics one step further by
merging contacts with maps.

For example, if you have a contacts' address stored on you mobile device you can bring up
that location on a map with one click of a button. No need to open a browser, navigate to
Google maps or MapQuest, type in the address and wait for it to load. What's even more
exciting about Android is that it is an open platform. You can liken it to Linux. What's nice
about this is that it's customizable and modifiable. If you think, hum it would be cool if my
PDA could perform X-Function; you have the capability to develop X-Function.

You are not running a platform that prefers to keep you hands tied. You can also be assured
that there will be a lot of cool and innovative tools to download for free.

WHAT IS ANDROID?
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It is based on a modified version
of the Linux kernel and other open source software, and is designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, Google has developed Android
TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars and Wear OS for wearables, each with a
specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital
cameras, PCs and other electronics.

Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in
2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The current
stable version is Android 10, released on September 3, 2019. The core Android source code is
known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is primarily licensed under the
Apache License.
Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, called
Google Mobile Services (GMS), that frequently comes pre-installed on devices. This includes
core apps such as Gmail, the application store/digital distribution platform Google Play and
associated Google Play Services development platform, and usually includes the Google
Chrome web browser and Google Search app. These apps are licensed by manufacturers of
Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google, but AOSP has been used as
the basis of competing Android ecosystems such as Amazon.com's Fire OS, which use their
own equivalents to Google Mobile Services.

Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets
since 2013. As of 2019, it has over 2.5 billion monthly active users, the largest installed base
of any operating system, and as of first quarter of 2019, the Google Play store features over
2.6 million apps.
 A BRIEF HISTORY
Android Inc. was founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White in Palo
Alto, California in October 2003. Rubin described the Android project as "tremendous
potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location
and preferences". The main purpose of the company was to develop an advanced operating
system for digital cameras, and this was the support of its point to investors in April 2004.
The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals,
and by five months later it had changed its efforts and was launch Android as a handset
operating system that would be opposing Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees,
including Rubin, Miner, and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was
known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company has provided few details
other than that it was making software for mobile phones.

December 2006 the early objective of the Google to enter the mobile communications market
continued to build through handset operating system. An early example had a close similarity
to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard, but the
arrival of 2007's Apple iPhone meant that Android "had to go back to the drawing board".

Corporation of technology companies has organized an Open Handset agreement On

November 5, 2007, in which including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC,
Motorola, and Samsung, wireless carriers. Reveal itself, with a goal to develop "the first truly
open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices.

In 2007 the Google has released first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit
(SDK).

Since 2008, Android has seen great updates which have improved the operating system,
adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Whereas the first commercial
version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.

Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first
few Android versions being called "Cupcake", "Donut", "Eclair", and "Froyo", in that order.

Google announced the next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean on June 27, 2012, at the Google
I/O conference. Jelly Bean is an additional update, with the primary aim of improving the
user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.

The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses.
Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0 and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the GNU General Public License version 2.

October 2016 Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones, marketed as being the
first phones made by Google, and extremely and certain software featured. The Pixel phones
replaced the Nexus series, with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017.
 ANDROID VERSIONS
Android 1.0: Apple Pie

• Download and updates via Android Market

• Web Browser
• Camera support
• Gmail, Contacts and Google Agenda synchronization
• Google Maps
• YouTube application

Android 1.1: Banana Bread

• "Show" & "Hide" numeric keyboard, in caller application

• Ability to save MMS attachments

Android 1.5: Cupcake

• Bluetooth A2DP, AVRCP support

• Soft-keyboard with text-prediction
• Record/watch videos

Android 1.6: Donut

• Gesture framework
• Turn-by-turn navigation

Android 2.0: Eclairs

• HTML
• Digital zoom
• Microsoft Exchange support
• Bluetooth 2.1
• Live Wallpapers
• Updated UI

Android 2.2: Froyo

• Speed improvements
• JIT implementation
• USB Tethering
 • Applications installation to the expandable memory
• Upload file support in the browser
• Animated GIFs

Android 2.3(2.3.3, 2.3.4, 2.3.5, 2.3.6, 2.3.7): Gingerbread

• Updated UI
• Improved keyboard ease of use
• Improved copy/paste
• Improved power management
• Social networking features
• Near Field Communication support
• Native VoIP/SIP support
• Video call support
• Voice or video chat using Google Talk
• Improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G
• Fixed Bluetooth issues on the Samsung Galaxy S
• Gmail app. Improvements
• Voice search issue fixed
• Improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G
• Fixed Bluetooth issues on the Samsung Galaxy S
• Gmail app. Improvements

Android 3.0(3.1, 3.2, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 2.3.6): Honeycomb

• Multi core support

• Better tablet support
• Updated 3D UI
• customizable homescreens
• recent applications viewing
• redone keyboard layout
• Media/Picture transport protocol
• Google Talk video chat
• Google eBooks
• "Private browsing"
• System-wide Clipboard
• HTTP Live streaming
• UI improvements
• Open Accessory API
• USB host API
• Mice, joysticks, gamepads... support
 • Resizable Home screen widgets
• MTP notifications
• RTP API for audio
• Optimizations for a wider range of tablets
• Compatibility display mode (zoom for fixed-sized apps)
• Media sync from SD card
• Android Market updates including easier automatic updates
• Google Books updates
• Wi-Fi improvements
• Chinese handwriting prediction improved
• Added "Pay as you go" for tablets

Android 4.0(4.0.1, 4.0.2, 4.0.3, 4.0.4): Icecream Sandwich

• New lock screen actions

• Improved text input and spell-checking
• Control over network data
• Email app supports EAS v14
• WI-FI direct
• BlueTooth Health Device Profile
• Facial recognition (Face Unlock)
• UI use Hardware acceleration
• Better voice recognition (dictating/Voice typing)
• Web browser, allows up to 16 tabs
• Updated launcher (customizable)
• Android Beam app to exchange data through NFC
• Social stream API in Contacts provider to show updates associated to your
contacts
• Video stabilization and QVGA video resolution API access
• Accessibility API refinements for screen readers
• Calendar provider updates
• stability improvements
• better camera performance
• smoother screen rotation

Android 4.2(4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3): Jellybean

• Lockscreen widgets
• 360 degree images with Photo Sphere
• Gesture Typing, for faster typing
• Wireless display with Miracast
 • Daydream to display information when idle or docked
• Multi-user for tablets
• Fix missing December bug in the People app
• AddAllow toggling Wi-Fi and Bluetooth state in Quick Settings using long-press
• Shows the percentage and estimated time remaining in the active download
notifications
• Wireless charging and low battery sounds changed
• Gallery app updated for faster loading with new image transition
• Performance enhancements and bug fixes (Bluetooth A2DP audio streaming fix...)
• Support for Bluetooth gamepads and joysticks HID devices
• Dial pad auto-complete
• Photo Sphere enhancements
• Camera app UI updated
• 4K resolution support
• Ability to create restricted profiles for tablets
• Hebrew and Arabic right-to-left (RTL) support
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) support
• Bluetooth Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) 1.3 support
• Security and performance enhancements

Android 4.4(4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3, .4.4): Kitkat

• Screen recording
• New Translucent system UI
• Enhanced notification access
• System-wide settings for closed captioning
• Performance improvements

Android 5.0(5.0.1, 5.0.2, 5.1, 5.1.1): Lollipop

• Multiple SIM cards support

• Quick settings shortcuts to join Wi-Fi networks or control Bluetooth devices
• Lock protection if lost or stolen
• High Definition voice call
• Stability and performance enhancements

Android 6.0(6.0.1): Marshmallow

• USB Type-C support

• Fingerprint Authentication support
 • Better battery life with "deep sleep"
• Permissions dashboard
• Android Pay
• MIDI support
• Google Now improvements

Android 7.0(7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2): Nougat

• Unicode 9.0 emoji

• Better multitasking
• Multi-window mode (PIP, Freeform window)
• Seamless system updates (with dual system partition)
• Better performance and code size thanks to new JIT Compiler
• stability improvements
• better camera performance
• smoother screen rotation
• stability improvements
• better camera performance
• smoother screen rotation
• stability improvements
• better camera performance
• smoother screen rotation

Android 8.0(8.1): Oreo

• PIP: Picture-in-Picture with resizable windows

• Android Instant apps
• Improved notifications system
• Improved system settings
• Lock screen redesign
• Show battery level in "Quick Settings" for devices connected via Bluetooth
• Navigation buttons dim when not in use
• UI updates to 'Power Off' and 'Restart'
• Toast messages are now white in color with same existing transparency
• Automatic light and dark themes
• Emoji updates (ie: Hamburger move the cheese slice position).

Android 9.0: Pie

• User interface updates:

➢ Rounded corners across the UI
➢ Quick settings menu change.
 ➢ Notification bar, the clock has moved to the left.
➢ The "dock" now has a semi-transparent background.
➢ New transitions when switching between apps, or within apps
➢ Volume slider updated
• Richer messaging notifications: with full conversation, large images, smart replies
• The power options now has a "screenshot" button
• Biometric authentication can now be disabled only once
 Open Head Alliance
The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 84 firms to develop open standards for
mobile devices. Member firms include HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas
Instruments, Google, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, T-Mobile, Sprint Corporation,
Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.

The OHA was established on 5 November 2007, led by Google with 34 members, including
mobile handset makers, application developers, some mobile carriers and chip makers.
Android, the flagship software of the alliance (first developed by Google in 2007), is based
on an open-source license and has competed against mobile platforms from Apple, Microsoft,
Nokia (Symbian), HP (formerly Palm), Samsung Electronics / Intel (Tizen, bada), and
BlackBerry.

As part of its efforts to promote a unified Android platform, OHA members are contractually
forbidden from producing devices that are based on competing forks of Android.

At the same time as the announcement of the formation of the Open Handset Alliance on
November 5, 2007, the OHA also unveiled Android, an open-source mobile phone platform
based on the Linux kernel. An early look at the SDK was released to developers on 12
November 2007.

The first commercially available phone running Android was the HTC Dream (also known as
the T-Mobile G1). It was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on
18 August 2008, and became available on 22 October of that year.
 Why android is so popular?
• Android runs on many different smartphones.Some of the more popular recent models
are oneplus 7T, samsung galaxy note 10+, samsung galaxy S10+, Xiomi redmi note
7s, and oppo reno2.

• Android is capable of most of the innovations brought in by the iPhone, such as easy
web and email browsing and a touchscreen menu. However, Android also has its own
innovations that have now been adopted by the iPhone, such as multitasking.

• The availability of more advanced features depends on the exact model of phone
being used. However, almost all models will have a camera for taking pictures and
videos and GPS for satellite navigation.

• Like iPhones, Android phones have their own 'app store' in the form of Google Play
(formerly the Android Market). As of July 2013 over one million apps were available
– everything from word processing, games, price comparisons, photography and
video to travel, news and painting – the list is huge.

• Android is an 'open source' system and, as such, is far more easily modified and
personalised than the iPhone's iOS. Its app store is also less restrictive. However, this
more free-form approach means that using an Android phone is a slightly less slick
and user-friendly experience than using an iPhone, although this is improving.
 Unique features of Android
1) Near Field Communication (NFC)

Most Android devices support NFC, which allows electronic devices to easily interact across
short distances. The main aim here is to create a payment option that is simpler than carrying
credit cards or cash, and while the market hasn’t exploded as many experts had predicted,
there may be an alternative in the works, in the form of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

2) Alternate Keyboards

Android supports multiple keyboards and makes them easy to install; the SwiftKey, Skype,
and 8pen apps all offer ways to quickly change up your keyboard style. Other mobile
operating systems either don’t permit extra keyboards at all, or the process to install and use
them is tedious and time-consuming.

3) Infrared Transmission

The Android operating system supports a built-in infrared transmitter, allowing you to use
your phone or tablet as a remote control.

4) No-Touch Control

Using Android apps such as Wave Control, users can control their phones touch-free, using
only gestures. Have messy hands but need to turn off your screen or change a song? Simple.
This could prove especially useful if you’re driving, so you can keep both eyes on the road.

5) Automation

The Tasker app lets you not only control app permissions but also automate them. Do you
only want your location services to be active during the day? Want to create a customized
way to start your music—for example, with a voice command and at a certain volume?
Tasker can help.

6) Wireless App Downloads

Accessing app stores on any mobile device can be frustrating, but iOS makes it a little more
difficult—download an app on your computer, and it won’t sync to your mobile device until
you plug in and access iTunes. Using the Android Market or third-party options like
AppBrain, meanwhile, let you download apps on your PC and then automatically sync them
your Droid, no plugging required.

7) Storage and Battery Swap

Android phones also have unique hardware capabilities. Google’s OS makes it possible to
remove and upgrade your battery or to replace one that no longer holds a charge. In addition,
Android phones come with SD card slots for expandable storage.
8) Custom Home Screens

While it’s possible to hack certain phones to customize the home screen, Android comes with
this capability from the get-go. Download a third-party launcher like Nova, Apex or Slide and
you can add gestures, new shortcuts, or even performance enhancements for older-model
devices.

9) Widgets

Apps are versatile, but sometimes you want information at a glance instead of having to open
an app and wait for it to load. Android widgets let you display just about any feature you
choose, right on the home screen—including weather apps, music widgets, or productivity
tools that helpfully remind you of upcoming meetings or approaching deadlines.

10) Custom ROMs

This is a big one. Because the Android operating system is open source, developers can
tweak the current OS and build their own versions, which users can download and install in
place of the stock OS. Some are filled with features, while others change the look and feel of
a device. Chances are if there’s a feature you want, someone has already built a custom ROM
for it.
 The Major Drawbacks of Android

Defects in Apps and Play Store

• Not all the apps available in the store are compatible with the different levels or
ranges of Android phones.
• While there are several free apps for download, these tend to be replete with
marketing material and advertisements, making the user experience jarring and
intrusive.
• App-crashing or forced closure is a norm with Android devices and staunch Android
phone users have now gotten used to this flaw.

Device Defects

• Overheating is a common issue with Android phones, especially when playing games
loaded with heavy graphics or while indulging in hardcore productivity tasks. The
overheating tends to be more prevalent during summers than winters. The heating
issue not just mars user experience and handling, but it also hurts the phone's battery
life.
• Android is a very heavy operating system and most apps tend to run in the
background even when closed by the user. This eats up battery power even more. As a
result, the phone invariably ends up failing the battery life estimates given by the
manufacturers.
• Storage is also an issue, with most phones having minimal internal storage.
Consequently, storing large apps, videos and files becomes an issue.
• Adding a micro SD card can be a way out, but that move can hamper the phone's
speed.
• Regardless of the high-end specifications and model, Android phones are prone to lag
as the ecosystem is not streamlined and integrated.
• Data safety is another problem and the fear of losing data forever always hovers over
users. While there are several apps that help backup data, none are tightly knit into the
OS.
• Due to cache buildup, the phone's operational speed and experience can reduce and
cause severe lags.
• Some phones tend to drastically lose efficiency if dozens of apps are installed.
• The phone's efficiency is bound to take a hit as multiple programs run simultaneously
in the background at any given time.
System Defects

• Although seamless data connection is no longer a far cry on mobile phones, Android
devices need uninterrupted Internet supply for its efficient functioning. Google is
behind Android and the plethora of Google services on offer almost mandates
seamless Internet connection.
• While the many Google apps and services are quite useful, they are also very
susceptible to hackers and their notorious plans. As a result, these applications get
infected even before they get publicly released. In other words, most of the apps on
the Play Store are plagued with malware.
• The Android app store is open to every publisher. It's easier to get apps published in
the Play Store as the space is not continuously monitored. Therefore, most Android
apps are half-baked and also not malware-proof. This nullifies any innovativeness the
apps have to offer.
• Android's stability and reliability takes a hit due to the fact that there are several
dozens of Android phones with varying specifications and hardware components. As
a result, there arises the lack of compatibility between the OS and its hardware
partners.
• While Android's open-source nature makes it easy to customize any Android device,
the same aspect also turns out to be a negative trait as hackers don't have to bang their
heads for hours together to get through the system and play spoilsport.
• Fragmentation - Google's Android mobile OS is fragmented, meaning not all Android
phones run the same version of the operating system. For instance, Gingerbread, or
Android 2.3 took nearly six months for it to be adopted by all Android devices. This
was all courtesy Android's fragmented character.
• Android OS is decentralized, or there's no apex governing body since the actual
versions running on third-party devices are customized. This results in lack of support
or assistance for users during glitches or grievances.
• Some updates relating to apps and the OS may happen by themselves, without seeking
the consent of the user. This can hog up unnecessary memory space.
• Android phones don't give administrator rights to its users. In other words, the device
user cannot directly control what happens on the device, making one feel
disconnected with the phone.

Smashing Android from all corners isn't the intent of this piece, and one has to agree it has its
share of positives. Otherwise, it wouldn't have reached the popularity it has attained today.
But, the fact that the applications aren't built specifically to run on certain devices makes it a
less efficient and seamless system. For instance, iOS is created to run solely on iPhones. The
same thing cannot be said about Android or its devices. This results in the various devices not
interlocking with the OS, causing a truckload of unsolvable and grave issues.
 Android Architecture

The Android Software Stack

Android is structured in the form of a software stack comprising applications, an operating
system, run-time environment, middleware, services and libraries. This architecture can,
perhaps, best be represented visually as outlined in Figure 9-1. Each layer of the stack, and
the corresponding elements within each layer, are tightly integrated and carefully tuned to
provide the optimal application development and execution environment for mobile devices.
The remainder of this chapter will work through the different layers of the Android stack,
starting at the bottom with the Linux Kernel.
 The Linux Kernel
Positioned at the bottom of the Android software stack, the Linux Kernel provides a level of
abstraction between the device hardware and the upper layers of the Android software stack.
Based on Linux version 2.6, the kernel provides preemptive multitasking, low-level core
system services such as memory, process and power management in addition to providing a
network stack and device drivers for hardware such as the device display, Wi-Fi and audio.

The original Linux kernel was developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds and was combined with
a set of tools, utilities and compilers developed by Richard Stallman at the Free Software
Foundation to create a full operating system referred to as GNU/Linux. Various Linux
distributions have been derived from these basic underpinnings such as Ubuntu and Red Hat
Enterprise Linux.

It is important to note, however, that Android uses only the Linux kernel. That said, it is
worth noting that the Linux kernel was originally developed for use in traditional computers
in the form of desktops and servers. In fact, Linux is now most widely deployed in mission
critical enterprise server environments. It is a testament to both the power of today’s mobile
devices and the efficiency and performance of the Linux kernel that we find this software at
the heart of the Android software stack.

AndroidRuntime – ART
When an Android app is built within Android Studio it is compiled into an intermediate
bytecode format (referred to as DEX format). When the application is subsequently loaded
onto the device, the Android Runtime (ART) uses a process referred to as Ahead-of-Time
(AOT) compilation to translate the bytecode down to the native instructions required by the
device processor. This format is known as Executable and Linkable Format (ELF).

Each time the application is subsequently launched, the ELF executable version is run,
resulting in faster application performance and improved battery life.
 Android Libraries
In addition to a set of standard Java development libraries (providing support for such general
purpose tasks as string handling, networking and file manipulation), the Android
development environment also includes the Android Libraries. These are a set of Java-based
libraries that are specific to Android development. Examples of libraries in this category
include the application framework libraries in addition to those that facilitate user interface
building, graphics drawing and database access.

A summary of some key core Android libraries available to the Android developer is as
follows:

android.app– Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android
applications.

android.content– Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between applications

and application components.

android.database– Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite
database management classes.

android.graphics– A low-level 2D graphics drawing API including colors, points, filters,

rectangles and canvases.

android.hardware– Presents an API providing access to hardware such as the accelerometer

and light sensor.

android.opengl– A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.

android.os– Provides applications with access to standard operating system services including
messages, system services and inter-process communication.

android.media– Provides classes to enable playback of audio and video.

android.net– A set of APIs providing access to the network stack. Includes android.net.wifi,
which provides access to the device’s wireless stack.

android.print– Includes a set of classes that enable content to be sent to configured printers
from within Android applications.

android.provider– A set of convenience classes that provide access to standard Android

content provider databases such as those maintained by the calendar and contact applications.

android.text' – Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.

 android.util– A set of utility classes for performing tasks such as string and number
conversion, XML handling and date and time manipulation.

android.view – The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.

android.widget - A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons,

labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.

android.webkit – A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into

applications.

Having covered the Java-based libraries in the Android runtime, it is now time to turn our
attention to the C/C++ based libraries contained in this layer of the Android software stack.

C/C++ Libraries
The Android runtime core libraries outlined in the preceding section are Java-based and
provide the primary APIs for developers writing Android applications. It is important to note,
however, that the core libraries do not perform much of the actual work and are, in fact,
essentially Java “wrappers” around a set of C/C++ based libraries. When making calls, for
example, to the android.opengl library to draw 3D graphics on the device display, the library
actually ultimately makes calls to the OpenGL ES C++ library which, in turn, works with the
underlying Linux kernel to perform the drawing tasks.

C/C++ libraries are included to fulfill a wide and diverse range of functions including 2D and
3D graphics drawing, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) communication, SQLite database
management, audio and video playback, bitmap and vector font rendering, display subsystem
and graphic layer management and an implementation of the standard C system library (libc).

In practice, the typical Android application developer will access these libraries solely
through the Java based Android core library APIs. In the event that direct access to these
libraries is needed, this can be achieved using the Android Native Development Kit (NDK),
the purpose of which is to call the native methods of non-Java or Kotlin programming
languages (such as C and C++) from within Java code using the Java Native Interface (JNI).
 Application Framework
The Application Framework is a set of services that collectively form the environment in
which Android applications run and are managed. This framework implements the concept
that Android applications are constructed from reusable, interchangeable and replaceable
components. This concept is taken a step further in that an application is also able to publish
its capabilities along with any corresponding data so that they can be found and reused by
other applications.

The Android framework includes the following key services:

Activity Manager – Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.

Content Providers– Allows applications to publish and share data with other applications.

Resource Manager– Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings, color
settings and user interface layouts.

Notifications Manager– Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the user.

View System– An extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.

Package Manager– The system by which applications are able to find out information about
other applications currently installed on the device.

Telephony Manager– Provides information to the application about the telephony services
available on the device such as status and subscriber information.

Location Manager– Provides access to the location services allowing an application to

receive updates about location changes.

Applications
Located at the top of the Android software stack are the applications. These comprise both
the native applications provided with the particular Android implementation (for example
web browser and email applications) and the third party applications installed by the user
after purchasing the device.
 Is android limited to phones and tablets?
The answer is no!
There are much more android devices now days which are based on android such as android
watches, android TVs, android cameras, android laptop, android home appliances and much
more.

Android TV Android Cameras

Android Home Appliances Android Watches

 Android 10(Android Q)
Some highlights of Android 10:

Keep your data private with more controls with Android 10,

You’re in control of your privacy. That’s because you get new, smarter controls that let you
decide how and when data on your device is shared. So you can rest easy.

Get security updates faster.

Android devices already get regular security updates. And in Android 10, you'll get them
even faster and easier. With Google Play system updates, important Security and Privacy
fixes can now be sent directly to your phone from Google Play, just the same way all your
other apps update. So you get these fixes as soon as they are available.

The newest, game-changing devices.

Foldables and 5G devices are only available on Android. So you get to experience the latest
and greatest features on devices that fold, flex, and move faster than ever.

Dark theme

Take it easy on your eyes and your battery.

Android’s new Dark theme uses true black to keep your battery alive longer. Plus, it also
changes how your Google apps look, like Calendar and Photos.

Sound Amplifier

Hear what’s around you more clearly.

With Sound Amplifier, your phone can boost sound, filter background noise, and fine tune to
how you hear well. Whether talking to your best friend, watching TV, or listening to a lecture
— just plug in your headphones and hear everything more clearly.
 Conclusion

I've learned through my research that Android is a much more diverse operating system than
iOS and Windows Phone Mobile. Android has grown rapidly over the past years becoming
the most used smartphone operating system in the world. It's because Android doesn't release
1 phone from 1 company with 1 new OS every year, but countless phones from numerous
companies, adding their own twist, throughout the year, developing gradually day-by-day.
Android's ability to customize is unparalleled compared to Apple's and Microsoft's software
allowing the user to change and customize nearly every aspect of android which most iPhone
and Windows users wouldn't dream possible. I am not one to say that Android is better or
worse than one OS, but is unique and incomparable to other mobile operating systems.