smtional Vacuum Triodes, Te Conventional iodes, Tetrodes, and Pom Y KLYSTRON AMPLU 43.3.4. INTRODUCTION oe aro bean amplifier is a velocity modulated tube in which the head aes lation process produces density modulated stream of electrons. It consists of two cavities namely, buncher (input) cavity and catcher(output) cavity. 32 Drift Space: The separation between buncher and catcher grids is called as drift space. : | >} RF input. Buncher cavity Catcher cavity ‘RF output Anode Drift space Collector Cathode | vt) itty) eel o—> — > / i + Bunched lit electron beam - od L+d L+2d le ‘I Distance scale z = a a Time scale t to ty eG Fig. 13.5. Two — cavity Alystron amplifier 13.3.2. OPERATION * Cathode emit an electrons beam. This electrons beam first reaches the anode. The accelerating anode produces a high velocity electrons beam. * The input RF signal to be amplified excites the buncher cavity with a coupling loop. ee.at & Bonohing: The elesrons beam p wohage Vy qroltage denveert duncher ag the a grids) passes throw wah with an chan, veloog The electors boamt passing vabbage uadergocs an increase in veloci’. . S swags oF the gap WHE rundergoes a decrease 1” velocity. AS a res 3 the : 0 < gradnaliy bunch together as they iravel down the rig aetians, the electrons $ iy s space, This is called dunching. e The first cami cS 3S the buncher the cleermon beam is velocity modulated to form bunches or under goes dengin, nodulation in aocordance with the input RF signal cycle. phroneh the positive half eveles of the - those passing through the Regat, a re It of and velocity — modulates the beam, Thus 22 Velocity— Modulation: The variation in electron modulation When this density modulated electron beam passing through the catcher cavity ac current) and thereby excite the RF field in the velocity in the drift space is known as velocity guid, it induces RF current (: output cavity at an input sig ® The ac current on the beam is such that the level of excitation of the second is much greater than that in the buncher cavity and hence the al cycle. cation takes place. © If desired, 2 portion of the amplified output can be fed back to the buncher cavity in a regenerative manner to obiain a self— sustained oscillations. » The maximum bunching should occur approximately at a midway between the second cavity grids during its retarding phase. thus the kinetic energy is transferred from the electrons to the, field of the second cavity. ¢ The electrons then emerge from the second cavity with reduced velocit terminates at the collector.Conventional Vacuum Triodes, Tetrodes, and Pentod. les a catcher Cavity: output it The oulput cavity catches energy from the bunched electron beam. Therefore, it is also called as catcher cavity 13.3.3. ANALYSIS OF TWO-CAVITY KLYSTRON AMPLIFIER « The analysis RF amplification by a two-cavity klystron amplifier is based on the following assumptions: i The transit time in the cavity gap is very small compared to the period of the input RF signal cycle. (i) - The input RF signal amplitude V, is very small compared to the de beam voltage Vo (anode potential with respect to the cathode potential) @ (iii) The cathode, anode, cavity grids and collector are parallel and the cavity gtids do not intercept any electron while passing. (iv) No space charge or debunching takes place at the bunch point. The RF fields are totally confined in the cavity gaps so that the field is ) zero in the drift space L. The electrons leave the cathode with a zero initial velocity. (vi) 133.4. VELOCITY-MODULATION PROCESS * When electrons are first accelerated by the high dc beam voltage Vo before entering the buncher grids, their velocity (vo) is uniform. Vp = [rete = 0.593105 Vy m/s a) m : Assume that electrons leave the cathode with zero velocity. * When a microwave signal. is applied to the input terminal of the buncher “ity, the gap voltage between the buncher grids can be written as, V, = V, sin (wt) w+ (2) W tere, V, is the amplitude of the signal and assume (V1 << Vo). bhling Wave Tube Amplit av " A ctror 1 consists of 28 electron beam and slow.wave structures, The electrons are I eed by constant magnetic field along the electron beam. This is a one ve of O-tYPE tube. : wt Traveling wave tube @ « Widely used for broadband applications, ») coupled-cavity ™T Ore, Widely used in high-average power applications. » Usually used in RADAR applications. tween TWT and Klystron opernce Pe Klystron 4. |-o'type device ‘O' type device Input and output circuits are 2. | resonant cavities Input and output circuits are non- resonant cavities 3 Narrow-band device Wide-band device The interaction occurs only at The interaction occurs continuously the few resonant cavities over the entire length of the circuit 5. Non- propagating wave Propagating wave. Each cavity operates P 6. independently Each cavity operates dependently Coupling occur effect between the 1 No coupling effect between the cavities. cavities 48.1. Slow-Wave Structures * Slow.wave structure (SWS) reduces the wave velocity in a certain direction 0 that the electron beam and the signal wave can interact. It is a non-resonant type. * The phase velocity of a wave in ordinary waveguide is greater than the velocity of light in a vacuum.462 RF and Microway; , "aloe, " * It is helical or folded — back line as shown in Figure 4.21. The ing, propagates around the turns of the helix and produces an electric nea the center of the helix, directed along the helix axis. . 'elq a Dp mim ectoee ieee ee nd) / Vp? ¥ Gap {a)Helical coil b) One turn of hetix Figure 4.21 Helical slow-wave structures a Figure 4.22 (@- 8) diagram for a helical * The ratio of the phase velocity v, along the pitch to the phase velocity along the coil ¢ is given by =sin(y) \ 6 Ipt+(xa)? Where ¢=3x10' m/s - __ velocity of light in free space Pp - The helix pitch d - The diameter of the helix y =” The pitch angle © Ifthe helical coil is filled by the dielectric material means, then the phase velocty in the axial direction is given by(AR —_—_—L—————— S| | EE ee small pitch angle avery the pha . ge PRES ERe By Saty along the call in fee space IS 1 ae SINSS produces high gain over 2 wide bandwidth. It can be classified as follows [ ano Type Diagram 1. Helical fine ODOOC | 2. | Folded-back fine Pu 3 Zigzag line A\\\VV- 4 Inter-digital line | | | | L ez LETEZZETZZZIZE | connec | FR ole potlaaii lsum riod woh eure oh464 RF and Microwave gy hr Operation When the electrons enter the helix tube, an interaction takes Place the moving axial electric field and the moving electrons. The electrons he the helix at zero fields never affected by the signal wave. Mer * Those electrons entering the helix at the accelerating field acceler, those at the retarding field decelerated. As the electrons travel further lon, tl helix, they bunch at the collector end. The bunching shifts the Phase 8 thy 7h * An electron transfers their microwave energy to the wave on the helix electron bunching. Finally, amplification occurs due to energy transfer, ‘tng Floquet’s Periodicity Theorem . * It states, “The steady-state solutions for the electromagnetic fig, single propagating mode in a periodic structure have the pro fields in adjacent cells are related by a complex constant”. lds of, Perty thay . © Mathematically, the theorem can be written as E(x,y,2- L)=E(x,y,z)e™ Where E(x,y,z) ‘> Periodic function of Z with period. Ay - Phase constant in the axial direction (@-B) Diagram of spatial harmonics for helical structure © The second quadrant of the («- A) diagram indicates the negative phase Veli that corresponds to the negative n as given in Figure 4.23. «This means that the electron beam moves in the positive Z direction while th beam velocity coincides with the negative spatial harmonic’s phase veloc, Therefore, it is called as backward-wave oscillator. © The shaded areas are the forbidden regions for propagation. Forbidden regionGENERATION 4-65 amplification Process ica tic dia “, schemal gram Of TWT am, ’ phase shift per period of the f ae a undame alvane ‘own in Figure 4.24 and 4,25. The On the structure is given by Q= Al (4.6.1) fae - Ph where Dats : 'aSe Constant of the average heam veloc L - Period or pitch veto . The de-transit time of an electron is given by (4.6.2) L=Ty ays o 20=hk en" space harmonics is @ _ A420 _ +2 _ 8 | 2m yo volo “TL + ‘Phase constant of th n 2nt =a BB uation (4.6.1) into (4.6.3) gives + Substitution of ea! (4, +2nn)= htt elix, the axial electric field maintain & * When a signal voltage is ae aon retain v8" force on the electrons as a resul peck and a-v/BF and Microwave Engingy, ng - erated +The electrons entering the retarding field! 27% anal a “ those in accelerating field are accelerated. They te zero field 2s ae Center about those electrons that enter the helix during OW in Fig 4.26. * The de velocity of the electrons is slightly greater than the axiay Wave velocity. + The microwave signal voltage is, in turn amplified by the amplified field, bunch continues to become more compact, and a larger amplification of signal voltage occurs at the end of the helix. The magnet produces an axial magnetic field to prevent spreading of the elect, beam as it travels down the tube. 1 of the helix reduces all the way, 1 + An attenuator placed near the cente It minimizes the reflections from nig traveling along the helix to nearly zero. matched loads. «The bunched electrons emerging from the attenuator induce a new elect, field with the same frequency. This field, in turn, induces a new amplieg microwave signal on the helix. Electron beam Control anode —_focusing magnet Bre ttenuator Tube body Collector Helix current overload relay, beam supply Figure 4.24 Schematic diagram of aelix TWTynve GENERATION t “Anode RF input acne stractere Cathode 1 ‘ Gunn sven Hester Figure 4.25 Circuit diagram of helix TWT amplifier ~«4 Collector Retarding field Electric Retarding te field Electron bean Accelerating field 4 Accelerating force Figure 4.26 Interactions between electron beam and electric field pervation . A «Ifthe traveling wave is propagating in the Z direction is given by £, = E,sin(at— f,2) (4.6.4) «The equation of motion of the electrons is given by | dy . mek sin(or- B,2) (4.6.5) «+ Assume the velocity of electron is v=vy tv, cos(at+8,) (4.6.6) dv 5 ~y, sin(a,+8,) (4.6.7) dt Where y, - — dcelectron velocity v, - Magnitude of velocity fluctuation in the electron beam @, - Angular frequency of velocity fluctuation 6, - Phase angle of the fluctuationRF and Microwave Engin * Substitution of equation (4.6.7) into (4.6.5) dv , mo =-e, sin( at - 8,2, 2h eb sin(ot~B,#) m(-v,sin(at+6,)) =e, sin(ot- B,2) my, sin( at +0,) =e, sin (ot - Az) * > Modulated electrons beam velocity = dc electron velocity VEN . «The distance (z) traveled by the electron is 2=%(t~f0) By substituting the equation (4.6.9) into (4.6.8) gives mv, sin (ot +0,) =e8, sin( ot B, (v(t) )) my, sin(o,t+8,)=e8, sin(ot — B,vot+ B,%olo) my, sin(w,t+6,) =e, sin (e- Byv)t + B,%elo) Compare the coefficients in the above equation my, =e, eb, m v,= v.08, 9. = ByYalo 2. By, Byn o= fy, ° 0, =0-B,% 0,= By, Bake o,=B,(v,-%) (4.6) (4.6.9) (4.6.10) (4.6.11) (4.6.12) (4.6.13)