Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1

Inspection of Permanent Elevated Working Platforms

Issue Date: Revision 1 August 2006, supersedes August 2005

1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................2

2 The status of this guidance ................................................................................................2

3 Why a platform inspection system is needed .....................................................................2

4 The scope of this guidance ................................................................................................3

5 The inspection process ......................................................................................................3

5.1 Step 1 - Define the inspection regime ........................................................................4

5.2 Step 2 – Carry out the inspection ...............................................................................6

5.3 Step 3 - Report the findings of the inspection.............................................................6

6 Making use of the inspection report ...................................................................................7

Appendix 1 - Competent Person ................................................................................................9

Appendix 2 ...............................................................................................................................11

Appendix 3. The risk-based approach to periodic inspections for deterioration.......................17

Identify the hazards - the parts to be inspected ....................................................................17

Decide the level of risk..........................................................................................................17

Develop a periodic inspection regime that is commensurate with the risk............................18

How to inspect the platform and its components ..................................................................18

How often to inspect .............................................................................................................19

Bringing it all together ...........................................................................................................19

Source Testing Association Tel +44 (0)1462 457535

Unit 11 Theobald Business Park, Fax +44 (0)1462 457157
Knowl Piece, Wilbury Way, Hitchin, email [email protected]
Herts, SG4 0TY Web site www.s-t-a.org

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1

1 Introduction
The Working at Height (WAH) Regulations 2005 came into force in April 2005 and cover all
industry, including the types of site STA members work on. The Regulations cover elevated
work platforms (scaffolding and permanent platforms), fragile surfaces (e.g. roofs), and any
ladders, gangways and stairways used to get to the elevated workplace. They put a number of
duties on employers (in most cases the Process Operator) to ensure that work at height is
properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out in a safe manner. The Regulations
contain provisions and schedules on the inspections and checking of work platforms and their
associated work equipment, and on the competence of people engaged in such activities.

This Platform Inspection Guidance (PIG) gives advice to STA Members and their clients on
the safety inspection of permanent elevated work platforms (i.e. not scaffolding) used for
emissions monitoring. It draws on an STA survey1 of current practices and comments from
key institutional stakeholders* in site safety, namely the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). This
guidance note will be accompanied in due course by other STA guidance covering:

• Working on permanent and temporary elevated work platforms

• Working on stacks penetrating roof structures

2 The status of this guidance

The STA has issued this guidance to advise Members and their clients on what the
Association considers is best practice for our industry on inspection of permanent elevated
work platforms, taking into account the Regulations, the survey and comments from our
Members and the HSE. In forming our view of what we consider is best practice for stack
monitoring, we have taken the view that some requirements in the Regulations that apply
specifically to work at height with platforms during construction should also apply to stack
monitoring due to the demanding physical nature of the work. Examples are the “before use”
inspection and the positioning of guard rails and toe boards.

This guidance may be revised from time to time in the light of developments or increases in
current knowledge and understanding. So far as the HSE is concerned, the STA`s Platform
Inspection Guidance will become the de-facto good-practice standard for platform inspection
in our industry (and perhaps beyond).

Although great care has been taken in the preparation of this guidance to ensure accuracy,
the STA cannot in any circumstances accept responsibilities for errors, omissions or advice
given in this publication. Readers should be aware that only Acts of Parliament and Statutory
Instruments have the force of law and only the courts can authoritatively interpret the law.

3 Why a platform inspection system is needed

All scaffolding is inspected after it is erected and certified as being constructed to an
acceptable standard before it is used. The “Scaff-Tag” system of labelling inspected

1
Inspection of Permanent Elevated Working Platforms – A Survey of Current UK Practice,
Attitudes and Needs, STA, February 2004.
*
The Association of British Insurers (ABI) was also invited to comment but no response was
received.

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 Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1
scaffolding together with ample HSE guidance, has led to great improvements in safe working
at heights across industry in general. However, a large proportion of stack emissions
monitoring is carried out not from scaffolding, but from permanent working platforms. There
appears to be a perception that permanent platforms are inherently safer than scaffold, but
this is not the case. There have been several deaths by falls from permanent platforms and
many STA members are at risk: monitoring teams, engineers installing and servicing
monitoring equipment, UKAS auditors, Environment Agency Inspectors and EHOs. Clearly, a
permanent platform is safe only if firstly, it was designed initially to be fit as a working platform
for stack monitoring; and secondly, if it continues to be fit for this purpose. Permanent
platforms must be checked to ascertain if this is so. However strong a steel platform is, if it is
attached to a chimney stack by a few rusty bolts that have never been checked it will be
unsafe!

4 The scope of this guidance

The Regulations contain a number of provisions and schedules describing the specific
requirements for existing places of work (encompassing some permanent access to ducts),
working platforms, scaffolding, guard rails etc., ladders, and inspection.

The Regulations define “working platform” as meaning any platform used as a place of work or
as a means of access or egress from a place of work. It includes any scaffold, suspended
scaffold, cradle, mobile platform, trestle, gangway, gantry and stairway which is so used. This
STA Platform Inspection Guidance is restricted however to inspection of permanent working
platforms used for stack monitoring – it does not cover scaffolding. We have used the term
“permanent elevated working platform” to describe this.
“Work equipment” for work at height includes relevant machinery, tools, appliances,
apparatus, installations, guard rails, barriers, working platforms, collective fall arrestment
devices (e.g. net or airbag), and personal fall protection systems (e.g. ropes, harnesses, fall
arrestors). This STA Platform Inspection Guidance covers work equipment directly forming
part of the platform (e.g. guard rails, toe boards, barriers). Other work equipment (e.g.
ladders, fall arrestors, ropes, harnesses) is outside the scope of this guidance. A useful
reference for the inspection of lanyards, etc. is INDG367 - available from HSE's website
This guidance focuses solely on inspection of permanent elevated working platforms that are
already in place and does not address the issue of where the platform is to be located. It is
assumed that an assessment has already been made on the most suitable position of the
platform from a safety and technical point of view*.

5 The inspection process

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
Define the inspection regime Carry out the inspection Report the findings of the
How often it should be Compare with inspection
inspected acceptance criteria Operator to keep a copy
What needs to be inspected Decide whether the Provide a copy to Monitoring
How it should be inspected platform has passed or Team Leader who will append
Specify acceptance criteria failed the inspection to Risk Assessment

Figure 1 An overview of the inspection process for permanent working platforms

*
The technical requirements for location of a sampling position are given in Environment
Agency Technical Guidance Note M1, Sampling and Safety Requirements for Monitoring
Stack Releases to Atmosphere.

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1
Each of the above steps should be carried out by an appropriate competent person – see
Appendix 1.

5.1 Step 1 - Define the inspection regime

Although the WAH Regulations have underlying principles to ensure the strength and stability
of work platforms, and to inspect at regular intervals, they do not specify actual design
strengths and they do not state in detail what should be inspected, how and by whom.

Appendix 2 lists some specifications on permanent platform design drawn from the WAH
Regulations and relevant European standards2,3,4. These can be used as a starting point for
developing criteria specific to an individual platform.

5.1.1 How often it should be inspected

To ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained and that any deterioration can be
detected and remedied in good time, permanent elevated working platforms and associated
work equipment (guard rails, barriers, toe-boards) should be inspected at the following
frequencies:

i. After assembly installation but before use. This is, in effect, a commissioning
inspection. If a platform hasn’t been built to a recognised design standard then the
first step should be to have a baseline survey carried out by a suitably competent
person (e.g. a structural engineer) who can report on its current condition and whether
it meets the appropriate specification (see Appendix 2). This should be carried out
even if (especially if!) the platform is not new but has been in use for some time. The
commissioning inspection or baseline survey should also state what benchmark values
(acceptance criteria) should be used for checking that the basic specification is met on
future inspections.

ii. At suitable intervals where there has been exposure to conditions causing deterioration
which is liable to result in a dangerous situation. The frequency of such periodic
inspections for deterioration should be risk-based, taking into account the current
condition and the deterioration risk-factors. Some further guidance is given in
Appendix 3.

iii. At each time an exceptional circumstance has occurred which is liable to jeopardise its
safety, e.g. impact with a vehicle, shock loading.

iv. Furthermore, on each occasion before the elevated permanent workplace is used the
employer must check the surface, and every parapet, permanent rail or other such fall
protection measure.
Note: Regulation 13 of the Work at Height Regulations (2005) stipulates that every employer
shall so far as is reasonably practicable ensure that the surface and every parapet, permanent
rail or other such fall protection measure of every place of work at height are checked on each
occasion before that place is used.
The STA recommends that this check/inspection should be recorded. The STA
Stack TAG system has been devised for this purpose.

2
EN ISO 14122-1; 2001, Safety of Machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 1:
Choice of fixed means of access between two levels.
3
EN ISO 14122-2; 2001, Safety of Machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 2:
Working platforms and walkways.
4
EN ISO 14122-3; 2001, Safety of Machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery – Part 3:
Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails.
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5.1.2 What needs inspecting

• Different features of the permanent working platform and associated work equipment
may be covered at different inspections.

• Some features of the permanent working platform and associated work equipment
always need to be checked, at every inspection. These are the platform surface, and
every parapet, permanent rail or other such fall protection measure.

• Other features of the permanent working platform and its associated work equipment
may need to be inspected and checked against the acceptance criteria, based on the
likely risk of failure or deterioration leading to a dangerous situation. Some guidance
on risk-based inspections is given in Appendix 3.

5.1.3 How it should be inspected

• The WAH Regulations define Inspection as meaning “such visual or more rigorous
inspection by a competent person as to be appropriate for safety purposes. This
includes any testing appropriate for those purposes”. There is a spectrum of
techniques for assessing the structural integrity of the platform, ranging from visual
inspection by a competent person, through routine checking of bolt tightness, to
specialised non-destructive testing (NDT) of welds and joints.

• Different inspection techniques may be appropriate for different features of the

permanent working platform and associated work equipment, and at different
inspections.

• A visual inspection should be carried out on every inspection occasion.

• The other appropriate techniques to be used on any particular feature and on any
particular inspection will depend on the design of the platform and on the risk factors
involved (It should be noted here that the corrosion of the floor grating that led to the
US fatality would not have been detected by a cursory visual inspection alone). Some
guidance on risk-based inspections is given in Appendix 3.

5.1.4 Specify acceptance criteria

• The acceptance criteria for the inspection checks should be clearly and unambiguously
stated.

• Where a platform has been constructed to a generally accepted design standard, the
design criteria can be used to develop acceptance criteria for inspections.

• Where the platform hasn’t been built to a recognised design standard then a baseline
assessment of the platform will need to recommend the benchmark for structural
integrity and the techniques that should be used for checking compliance.

The summary of the inspection regime should be produced showing the main points. An
example is given in Table 1.

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1
5.2 Step 2 – Carry out the inspection

The inspection of the relevant features of the permanent working platform and associated
work equipment should be carried out by a competent person at the frequency defined in the
Inspection Regime using the techniques specified.

Where a thorough inspection is required using a quantitative measurement technique (e.g.

NDT), the organisation carrying out that test should hold the appropriate UKAS accreditation
to ISO 17025 for that test.

5.3 Step 3 - Report the findings of the inspection

The WAH Regulations put specific duties on the reporting of inspections, which must be
complied with. In the context of permanent elevated working platforms for stack monitoring
the Operator should ensure that:

• The result of the inspection is recorded (referred to hereon as “the report”). The WAH
Regulations require the report or copy of the report to be kept in a form which is
capable of being reproduced as a printed copy when required and which is secure
from loss or unauthorised interference.

• Schedule 7 of the WAH Regulations lists the particulars to be included in the report of
inspection. The report should also state what the purpose of this inspection was (i.e.
Commissioning inspection, Periodic Inspections for Deterioration, Exceptional
Circumstance Inspection or Before Use Inspection).

• The results of the inspection should be compared with the acceptance criteria defined
in the Inspection Regime to show whether the platform has passed or failed the
inspection. The main report may be accompanied by an abbreviated form such as a
certificate of compliance (along the lines of an MoT certificate).

• The report is kept at the site where the permanent elevated working platform is
located, at least until the next inspection is recorded subject to a minimum retention
period of 3 months. (However the STA recommends such reports are kept as long as
practicable to aid reviews of the results to assess whether the Inspection Regime
needs modifying or fine tuning.)

STA Members working on permanent elevated working platforms – whether carrying out
monitoring, instrument service, repair and calibration, or audits – will require to see the
relevant Working at Height Regulation Report(s) of Inspection, or the accompanying certificate
of compliance, before they start work. (See Section 6.) The Operator should therefore
provide the STA member organisation with the following:

Table 1 Type of inspection report to be provided to STA Members before work starts

Inspection report to be provided Circumstances

The commissioning inspection report or If this inspection has only recently been carried
The baseline survey report (if out and no subsequent periodic inspections have
commissioning inspection report was ever yet been performed
carried out)

The periodic inspections for deterioration The most recent report

report

The exceptional circumstance inspection The most recent report unless it has been

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1
superseded by the most recent periodic
inspection report

The before use check/inspection report In all circumstances

6 Making use of the inspection report

The Team Leader of the organisation that will be working on the permanent elevated working
platform (e.g. a monitoring organisation) should review the result (i.e. pass/fail) of the relevant
inspection report(s) or certificate of compliance to enable the on-site risk assessment to be
completed. For teams carrying out stack monitoring, this is a specific requirement of
MCERTS.

STA members should not ascend to the work area to carry out work of any kind (including
reconnaissance visits or risk assessments) until they have satisfied themselves that the report
states that the platform has passed the necessary inspection.

The on-site risk assessment carried out by the monitoring team under MCERTS is not a
substitute for the operator’s platform inspection. It is unlikely that monitoring teams will have
the necessary understanding of the structural engineering issues involved and structural test
methods.

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1

Table 2 Summary of Inspection Regime for Permanent Elevated Working Platform and Associated Work Equipment

Platform reference:

Site identity:

Type of inspection Inspection frequency What needs Inspection Acceptance criteria Comments
inspecting# technique* for pass/fail
i) Commissioning After assembly/installation
inspection but before use

ii) Periodic inspections To be specified by

for deterioration competent person.
Commensurate with risk.

iii) Exceptional On every occurrence

circumstance
inspection
iv) Before use Before each use of the
check/inspection platform

Inspection regime designed by:

(Name of competent person, qualification and affiliation)

Date:

#
The platform surface, and every parapet, permanent rail or other such fall protection measure must be inspected before every use. Other features
to be included in the various inspections according to risk.
*
Visual inspection as absolute minimum. More thorough inspection to be commensurate with risk.

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1

Appendix 1 - Competent Person

The WAH Regulations state that “Every employer shall ensure that no person engages in any
activity, including organisation, planning and supervision, in relation to work at height or work
equipment unless he is competent to do so or, if being trained, is being supervised by a competent
person”.

The HSE has provided the STA with a basic definition of a competent person that they believe
works for virtually every situation and has been included successfully in a number of documents
including British Standards:

“A competent person is a person who can demonstrate that they have sufficient professional or
technical training, knowledge, actual experience, and authority to enable them to:

• Carry out their assigned duties at the level of responsibility allocated to them;

• Understand any potential hazards related to the work (or equipment) under consideration;

• Detect any technical defects or omissions in that work (or equipment), recognise any
implications for health and safety caused by those defects, and be able to specify a
remedial action to mitigate those implications”.

This is the core definition and is never altered. It is then expanded to cover what is required for the
particular application. For inspection of a permanent elevated working platform the HSE has
suggested adding the following. A competent person shall have:

• Sufficient knowledge of the mechanical and physical properties of the materials and
assemblies involved;

• Practical experience of installation of the platform, its usage, behaviour and failure modes
in service;

• An understanding of the structural engineering issues involved and structural test methods
and checks;

• Adequate training in the use of any safety equipment required for, and to deal with, the
hazards associated with the inspection;

• An understanding of the need for and the ability to check the adequacy of the safety
equipment allocated to them; and

• An ability to state the correct procedure for the task and the emergency procedures in place
for the work.

In practice, there may be more than one competent person, each specialising in one or more of
these steps. For instance, the HSE has advised the STA that for stacks/platforms that have not
been built to a recognised design standard (there is not one!), or that have not had a previous
assessment of strength and stability (e.g. under the Construction Design and Management
Regulations 1994), the operator will need to have their stack/platform surveyed by a competent
structural engineer to establish its current integrity and condition. This baseline assessment would
then recommend the extent and frequency of subsequent periodic and routine inspections. The
assessment would include but not be limited to the effects of stress, fatigue, weathering, corrosion
and damage. The routine inspections might then be carried out by a different competent person,
for example an engineer surveyor.

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Such structural engineers and engineering surveyors will need to be trained to work at heights (by
for example, the STA course). The STA may decide to forge links with a structural engineering
organisation and/or keep a list of approved structural engineers.

The before use check/inspection is carried out by the process operator/ plant owner representative
who has the knowledge of the regulations and purpose of use of the platform.

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Appendix 2
Table 3 Basic specification for a permanent elevated work platform relevant to stack monitoring

Aspect Basic specification from WAH Detailed criteria

Regulations

Strength A working platform and any structure EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:
rigidity and used to support a working platform shall
stability of be suitable and of sufficient strength and Dimensioning and selection of components (including fixings, supports and foundations)
working rigidity for the purpose for which it is to ensure sufficient rigidity and stability.
platform and intended to be or is being used
supporting Resistance of all parts to environmental effects (e.g. climate, chemical agents, corrosive
structure gases) by for example the use of corrosion resistant material or a suitable protective
coating.

Positioning of constructional elements so that water cannot accumulate, e.g. in joints.

Use of compatible material e.g. to minimise galvanic action or differential thermal

expansion.

Shall, when altered or modified, be so

altered or modified as to ensure that it
remains stable.

Shall be so erected and used as to

ensure that its components do not
become accidentally displaced so as to
endanger any person.

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Any structure used to support a working

platform shall be prevented from slipping
by secure attachment to the bearing
surface or to another structure, provision
of an effective anti-slip device or by other
means of equivalent effectiveness.

Any structure used to support a working

platform shall be stable while being used

Loading A working platform and any supporting EA TGN M1 states:

structure shall not be loaded so as to
give rise to a risk of collapse or any All platforms must meet the minimum weight criterion required for sampling defined in
deformation which could affect its safe BS EN 13284-1:2002 as 400 kg point load. The STA Risk Assessment Guide Industrial-
use. Emission Monitoring recommends that platforms must be capable of bearing this as a
minimum.

EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:

The schedule of specification for the working platforms and walkways shall state the
load for which it is designed.

The minimum operating loads to take into account for the landing, walkway and working
platforms are: 2 kN/m2 under distributed load for the structure; and 1.5 kN concentrated
load applied in the most unfavourable position over a concentrated load area of 200
mm x 200 mm for the flooring. (EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states the unfactored load may
be up to 5 kN/m2 for low density pedestrian traffic with load or for high density
pedestrian traffic.)

When loaded with the design load, the deflection of the flooring shall not exceed 1/200th
of the span and the difference between the loaded and a neighbouring unloaded
flooring shall not exceed 4 mm in height. The safe strength of the working platforms
and walkways shall be verified either by calculation or by test.

Dimensions of Sufficient dimensions to permit the safe Detailed requirements for dimensions of platforms for stack monitoring are laid down in
working passage of persons and the safe use of Environment Agency Technical Guidance Note M1.

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Work at Height Guidance Note WAH 001 rev 1
platform any plant or materials required and to
provide a safe working area having
regard to the work being carried out
there.

Surface of Shall possess a suitable surface and in EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:
working particular be so constructed that the
platform surface of the working platform has no Walkways and working platforms shall be designed and constructed to prevent the
gap: (i) through which a person could fall; hazards due to falling objects.
(ii) through which any material or object
could fall and injure a person; or {iii) The flooring of a working platform or walkway shall only have such maximum openings
giving rise to other risk of injury to any that a ball with a diameter of 35 mm cannot fall through. Floorings above a place where
person unless measures have been people are working, as opposed to occasional passage, shall have such maximum
taken to protect persons against such openings that a ball with a diameter of 20 mm cannot fall through unless the safety is
risk guaranteed by other suitable means.

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Shall be erected, used and maintained in EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states

such condition as to prevent (I) the risk of
slipping or tripping; or (ii) any person Floorings shall have a surface finish which is designed to reduce the risk of slipping.
being caught between the working
platform and any adjacent structure. Floorings shall be designed such that any liquids spilled on them are drained away. If
this requirement is not possible to fulfil for some special reasons, slipping and other
hazards caused by the liquid shall be prevented and minimised in some other suitable
way.

Floorings shall be made in such a way that neither dirt, snow, ice, etc, nor other
substances may accumulate. Therefore, permeable floorings such as gratings or cold-
formed planks are an advantage. If this is not possible and permeable floorings are not
used, facilities for removing the accumulated substances shall be provided where
necessary.

To avoid trip hazards, the greatest difference between the tops of neighbouring flooring
surfaces shall not exceed 4 mm in height.

If the flooring is made up of detachable (removable) elements e.g. where required for
maintenance of equipment mounted below flooring, then any hazardous movement of
these elements shall be prevented (e.g. by fasteners), and it shall be possible to inspect
fixings in order to detect any corrosion or any loosening or change of position of
clamps.

Resting Any surface on which any supporting

surface structure rests shall be stable, of
sufficient strength and of suitable
composition safely to support the
supporting structure, the working
platform and any load intended to be
placed on the working platform.

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Table 4 Basic specification for work equipment associated with a permanent elevated work platform

Aspect Basic specification from WAH Detailed criteria

Regulations

Means of Shall be of sufficient dimensions, of EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:

protection sufficient strength and rigidity for the
(guard-rail, purposes for which they are being used, The materials and dimensions of constituent elements and construction mode used
toe-board, and otherwise suitable. shall meet the safety objectives of this standard.
barrier or
similar means) The materials used shall be, themselves, by their nature or by a complementary
treatment, able to resist corrosion provoked by the surrounding atmosphere.

The guard rail shall support, without any perceivable permanent deformation, an
unfactored horizontally applied point load equal to the service load, applied first to the
top of the stanchion, then at the least favourable point along the handrail. In both cases,
the maximum loaded deflection shall not exceed 30 mm. The minimum service load Fmin
= 300 N/m x max distance in metres between the axes of two successive stanchions. It
is essential to test the strength of the guard rail under factored loads should it be
required to verify the absence of any perceivable permanent deformation.

The safety requirements may be verified by measurements, inspection, calculation

and/or testing. When testing is chosen, the testing procedure described in Clause 8.2.
of EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 shall be used.

Shall be so placed, secured and used as

to ensure…that they do not become
accidentally displaced.

Shall be so placed as to prevent…the fall

of any person, or of any material or
object, from any place of work.

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There shall not be a lateral opening in EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:

means of protection save at a point of
access to a ladder or stairway where an Any part of the guard rail which is intended to be opened (gate) shall be designed to
opening is necessary (and then it shall open onto the platform and to close automatically when released using, e.g. the effect
be removed only to the extent necessary of gravity or a spring.
to gain access or egress and then shall
be replaced Opening and closing of moving parts (gates) shall not cause further hazards (for
example by shearing or by falling) to users and other persons in the vicinity.

Guard rails The top guard rail or similar means of EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:
protection shall be at least 950 mm or, in
the case of such means of protection The minimum height of the guard-rail shall be 1100 mm.
already fixed in place at the coming into
force of the WAH Regulations, at least The guard-rail shall include at least one intermediate knee-rail or any other equivalent
910 mm above the edge from which any protection. The clear space between the handrail and the knee-rail, as well as between
person is liable to fall. Any intermediate the knee-rail and the toe plate (toe board) shall not exceed 500 mm.
guard-rail or similar means of protection
shall be positioned so that any gap
between it and other means of protection
does not exceed 470 mm.

Toes boards Toe-board shall be suitable and sufficient EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states:
to prevent the fall of any person, or any
material or object, from any place of The toe board shall have a minimum height of 100 mm. The gap between the toe board
work. and the floor surface should not exceed 10 mm.

Structures Any structure or part of a structure which

supporting supports means of protection or to which
means of means of protection are attached shall be
protection of sufficient strength and suitable
protection for the purpose of such
support or attachment.

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Appendix 3. The risk-based approach to periodic inspections for
deterioration
The HSE has advised the STA that periodic inspections of platforms for deterioration should be risk
based. A competent person (defined in the Appendix 1) should consider the current condition of
the platform and its associated work components, take into account the deterioration-risk factors
for the platform in question, and develop an inspection regime that is fit for purpose in dealing with
the likely risk of failure leading to a dangerous situation.

The approach can be simplified into the following steps:

Identify the Decide the Develop an Carry out

hazards (the level of the inspection inspections
parts to be risk (of the regime (to (and report
inspected) components meet the risk) the findings)
failing)

Figure 2 The general risk-based approach

In a general health and safety context, the hazard is the working at height and the risk is the
likelihood that a worker could fall and its consequence (death or injury). However in the context of
this document, we are being more specific and treat as hazards those parts of the platform that
could fail and the risk as the likelihood that they will fail and its consequence.

Identify the hazards - the parts to be inspected

EN ISO 14122-2: 2001 states (in Section 4.1.1) that working platform components, fixings,
connections, joints, supports and foundations must have sufficient rigidity, stability, resistance to
environmental effects and accumulation of water. A competent person should identify what parts
of the platform are at risk from deterioration that could lead to falls or even collapse. Some further
specific examples are:

• Supporting legs, struts, floors, grilles and their associated bolts and welds.

• If the platform is not free-standing/self-supporting, the structure (e.g. stack) that the platform is
attached to;

• Ancillary features to prevent falls, such as handrails, ladders and steps - there have been
cases when handrails in corrosive environments have broken free completely when leaned on
by STA members.

• Lightning conductor strips must also be checked - there has been an instance of an STA
member being struck by lightning.

Decide the level of risk

Height

To some extent, the height at which the stack monitoring work is to be carried out is a risk factor
determining the likelihood of death and injury in the event of structural failure*. The type of surface

*
Remember that the Working at Height Regulations apply to work in any place, including a place
above or below ground level, where if measures required by those regulations were not taken a
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or objects onto which a person could fall also influences the consequence of a fall. However, the
HSE has advised the STA against ranking the risk based on height - in practice, a fall from as little
as 2 m can kill and most stack emissions monitoring platforms are at least this height. We
therefore assume monitoring platforms have a high “height risk” associated with them and that the
main variable affecting risk is the likelihood that the components of the working platform will fail.

Deterioration risk factors

We need to consider if the platform was designed in the first place to cope with the rigors of stack
monitoring. As mentioned previously, in many cases this will require a baseline assessment by a
competent structural engineer to establish its current integrity and condition. If it doesn’t meet an
acceptable benchmark for integrity and condition, (plus any requirements given in EA Technical
Guidance Note M1 and monitoring standards such as BS EN 13284 and BS EN 1911) then it falls
at the first hurdle and the platform needs to be redesigned.

Assuming for the moment that the platform was fit for purpose when new and still is, we now have
to consider to what extent its structural integrity is likely to be affected in the future by risk factors.
These may include:

• Stress and metal fatigue due to physical forces.

• Vibration – as well as causing metal to fatigue, vibration may cause bolts to loosen. This
may be from plant/process vibrations and also from the effect of wind on the platform.

• Resistance to environmental effects, such as climate, chemical agents, corrosive gases.

There may be “normal” corrosion or there may be accelerated corrosion in especially
aggressive atmospheres, whether that is due to the climate (e.g. coastal-marine
environment) or sector specific pollutant emissions (e.g. SO2).

• Likelihood of accumulation of water and condensed vapours, e.g. it is known that some
designs of handrail are prone to internal condensation of corrosive atmospheres leading to
corrosion at their base.

Develop a periodic inspection regime that is commensurate with the risk

There are two points to be considered:

1. What the inspection will consist of; and

2. How often to carry out periodic inspections for deterioration.

The HSE has advised the STA that periodic inspections for deterioration should be risk based. In
other words, where the risk is high the inspection should be more detailed/in more depth and more
frequent than when the risk is low.

How to inspect the platform and its components

Process operators will then need to carry out appropriate inspections, which may be visual or more
rigorous (including testing) by a competent person.

person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. However, special provisions apply to
workplaces higher than 2 metres.

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How often to inspect
Most large companies have a general, non-statutory, plant inspection regime. These commonly
take place once every 5 years. However, inspection of exposed steelwork at sample locations
requires more frequent inspections. Based on the experience of STA-member companies
operating at installations with stacks, and their experience of problems of corrosion and vibration,
the STA`s provisional guidance is that all permanent platforms 2 meters high or greater should, as
a minimum, be inspected annually by a competent person. The inspection frequency should be
increased where there are more risk factors.

Bringing it all together

The flowing matrix brings together the risk factors and inspection regimes in a simple format. It is
always difficult to give absolute recommendations (and indeed it would not be appropriate to do so)
where risk decides the best route. The STA hopes that this guide will act as a catalyst for getting
the whole process started, and that more precise guidance can be developed as our understanding
and experience of the issues grow.

The example shown in the risk matrix is based on a platform in a normal working environment
above a flat surface. The height risk would be greater if the platform was above tools or machinery
for example. It would be less if the fall were into water (provided you could swim!).

Figure 3 Example risk matrix for a platform in a normal working environment above a flat
surface.

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