Estimating-And-Costing - Questions and Answers

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14.

ASSIGNMENT TOPICS
Unit-I

1. units for various items of work


Ans:-.
Sl no. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
1. Earthwork in excavation cum Per cum
2. Earth work in filling in cum Per cum
plinth
3. Lime concrete in cum Per cum
foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels cum Per cum
5. RCC in slab cum Per cum
6. Brickwork in foundation cum Per cum
7. Brickwork in plinth cum Per cum
8. Brickwork in super cum Per cum
structure
9. Stone masonry cum Per cum
10. Steel reinforcement bars Quintal Per Quintal
etc. in RCC and
reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel Quintal Per Quintal
reinforcement

2. General items of work for building estimates in detail.


Ans:-
1. Earthwork in excavation
2. Earth work in filling in plinth
3. Lime concrete in foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels
5. RCC in slab
6. Brickwork in foundation
7. Brickwork in plinth
8. Brickwork in super structure
9. Stone masonry
10. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in RCC and reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3. Calculate the quantity of concrete shown in the figure

Ans:-

Height = 0.80m
Length = 1.20m
Width = 1.80m
Rise = 0.20m
Tread 0.30m

1st step = 1 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.108 cu m


2nd step = 2 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.216 cu m
3rd step = 3 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.324 cu m
4th step = 4 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.432 cu m
Total Quantity = 1.080 cu m

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
Assignment topics
Unit-II
1. Draw the tabular form for the calculation of earthwork with the following methods.
(a) Mid – ordinate method and (b) Mean – sectional area method.
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


2. Calculate the volume of earthwork for 100.00m length of road in a uniform ground.
Height of the bank at one end is 0.75m and at the other end 1.20m. Formation width is
10.00m and side slopes of embankment are 2:1. Ground does not have any cross slope.
Calculate the volume of earthwork by
1. mid sectional area method
2. Mean sectional area method
3. Trapezoidal method and
4. Prismoidal method
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


1. Ans:-

4. Lead and lift.


Ans: -
Earth work may be either earth excavation or earth filling or Sometimes both. Basically the
volume of earthwork is computed from length, breadth, and depth of excavation or filling.
However the payment for the earthwork is made according to this volume as well as the lead
and lift with regard to area of disposal.
Lead is the average horizontal distance b/w site of earthwork and the area of disposal. The lead
is generally measured in terms of 50m distances.
Lift is the average vertical distance b/w level of excavation and the to the place of spreading or
heaping. The unit of lift is 2.00m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0m.
For example, when earth is to be lifted for 4.5m,
four lifts are to be paid to the contractor.i.e.
-Up to 2.0-1lif
-1.0- 1 lift
-1.0-1 lift
- 0.5 – 1 lift

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5.Define and explain regarding Earth work embankment?
Ans:-
The stability of the formation depends, apart from other factors, upon the sub grade material and
the methods of construction. Experience has shown that many of the problems in the
maintenance of the track are due to incorrect methods of execution of earthwork. In order to
have certain uniformity in practices, guidelines have been laid down by Indian Railways for the
execution of earthwork in embankments and cuttings in new constructions, doubling, and
conversion projects. These guidelines, given briefly in the following sections, are required to be
modified to suit local conditions and prevailing circumstances.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Assignment topics
Unit-III

1. Explain the following


(a) Market rate.
(b) Work-charged establishment.
(c) Lump-sum.
Ans: -
a) Market rate: - The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the
percentage above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately
rates worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus
profit.
b) Work-charged establishment:- During the construction of a project considerable number of
skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards
The work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly
to work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
the work charged establishment.
c) Lump-sum: - A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments
made over time (such as an annuity).

2. Calculate the quantity of materials and analyze the rate required for lime concrete in
foundation with 25mm size stone ballast, lime and sand. Proportions 1:2:4 for 1 cu.m

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3.Explain the following
Ans:-
(a) Market rate: - The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the
percentage above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately
rates worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus
profit.
(b) Work-charged establishment:- During the construction of a project considerable number
of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards
The work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly
to work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
the work charged establishment.
Lump-sum:- A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made
over time (such as an annuity).

4.standard schedule of rates


Ans:-
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining
the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit

5. Prepare Purpose of Rate Analysis?


Ans: -
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining the
rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the particulars
item.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Assignment topics
Unit-IV
1. End anchorage, types of end anchorages
Ans:-
A mechanical device used to transmit prestressing force to the reinforced concrete in a post
tensioned member.

2. Development length of reinforcement


Ans:-
A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the
concrete and steel (or any other two types of material).
When the reinforcement bar is no longer required to carry the tensile forces, i.e tension at that
section is about zero, and then it is required to develop the bar further so that the grip/bond
between the steel and concrete forms a continuous structure.
If the development length is not provided, then the restraining force in concrete section will be
comparatively thin (weak) and will be unable to withhold the position of highly stressed bars
resulting in splitting of bars from concrete.

3. Prepare a detailed estimate if a R.C.C beams of 8 meters clear span and 75cm x 40cm in
section from the given drawing. Steel in detail and RCC work shall be calculated separately.
Also prepare the schedule of bars.

4. Contracts and types of contracts


Ans:-
There are different types of construction contracts and their comparison is presented in this
construction works as per certain terms and conditions.
A construction contracts contains general and special conditions of agreement, details of
construction project work, their specifications, time limits, payments and penalties for
delivery delays etc. and ensures every party’s rights and obligations.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5. Conditions for termination of contract?
Ans:-
Termination of contract is considered to be lawful when a legitimate reason exists to end the
contract before performance has been completed. Some of the more common reasons for
termination of contract may include:
Impossibility of Performance: Fulfilling contract terms is called “performance”. Some situations
may make performance of contract terms impossible. For example, in a contract for a musical
concert, the contract may sometimes be terminated if the performer becomes incapacitated.
Instances of Mistake, Fraud, or Misrepresentation: If the contract was formed under conditions
involving mistake, misrepresentation, or fraud, the contract may be terminated, since it was not
formed according to sound contract principles.
Breach of Contract: In a contract, both parties usually have duties to fulfill. If one party fails to
perform their duties, the contract may be terminated, and the non-breaching party may be able
to recover losses caused by the breach.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Assignment topics
Unit-v
1.Types of valuations?
Ans:-
a. Rental Method of Valuation
b. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
c. Valuation based on the profit
d. Valuation based on the cost
e. Development method of Valuation

2.Devaluation and purpose of valuation.


Ans:-
To find out the exact cost of particular asset and know the present price of that asset.
It is generally carried out once the construction of the house has come to an end or during its
life. A valuation can help you to evaluate the current market value of your house.

Market capitalization/capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of size of a business


enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares
that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a public company.

3. Detailed specifications of the following items of works.


(a) Colour washing
Ans:-
White wash shall be prepared from lime slaked on site and stirred with sufficient water to make
a thin cream. This shall be allowed to stand for 24 hours and shall be screened though clean
cloth, 4 kg of gum dissolved in hot water shall be added to each cubic meter of the cream (115
gm per cft) copper Sulphate not exceeding 3% shall be added to give required whiteness. The
approximate quantity of water to be added to make cream shall be five liters per kg. Of lime.
White wash shall be applied in specified coats by a dispersing agent; detergent up to a
maximum of 5% will be added to the mix before application using flat brushes or spray pumps.
Each coat shall be allowed to dry before the next coat is applied .If additional coat then what
have been specified are necessary to obtain uniform and smooth finish, it shall be given at no
extra cost.

4.Sinking fund
Ans:
A sinking fund is a fund established by an economic entity by setting aside revenue over a
period of time to fund a future capital expense, or repayment of a long-term debt.
In North America and elsewhere where it is common for public and private corporations to raise
funds through the issue of bonds, the term is normally used in this context. However, in the
United Kingdom and elsewhere where the issue of bonds (other than government bonds) is
unusual, and where long-term leasehold tenancies are common, the term is only normally used
in the context of replacement or renewal of capital assets, particularly the common parts of
buildings.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
16. UNIT WISE QUESTION BANK

Unit-I
Two Marks Questions with Answers
1. What is meant by estimating and costing and state its need?
Ans: -
Estimating and costing in construction management is the calculation of quantities of materials,
tools, equipments, labors etc. and cost associated with them.
2. Write a short note on types of estimates and their purpose?
Ans: -
Before constructing any project we should need to plan for cost and time.
Then only that project could be get success.
3. What is specification and mention its necessity.
Ans:-
The estimation of building quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and
superstructure etc. can be worked out long wall short wall method and centerline method.
Following are the three different methods used for estimating building works:
a. Long wall – short wall method
b. Centerline method.

4. Write short notes on units of calculation?


Ans:-
Table below shows units of measurement of various items of civil engineering works based on IS
1200.
Sl no. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
1. Earthwork in excavation cum Per cum
2. Earth work in filling in cum Per cum
plinth
3. Lime concrete in cum Per cum
foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels cum Per cum
5. RCC in slab cum Per cum
6. Brickwork in foundation cum Per cum
7. Brickwork in plinth cum Per cum
8. Brickwork in super cum Per cum
structure
9. Stone masonry cum Per cum
10. Steel reinforcement bars Quintal Per Quintal
etc. in RCC and
reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel Quintal Per Quintal
reinforcement

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5. What is lump sum ‘provision in estimate?
Ans:-
A lump-sum contract is normally used in the construction industry to reduce design and contract
administration costs. It is called a lump-sum because the contractor is required to submit a total
and global price instead of bidding on individual items. A lump-sum contract is the most
recognized agreement form on simple and small projects and projects with a well-defined scope or
construction projects where the risk of different site conditions is minimal.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Three Marks Questions With Answers

1. Distinguish between detailed and abstract estimates.


Ans:-
Detailed Estimate:
It is actually the accurate estimate which is prepared using quantities of the every items of
the work, Also they are mostly prepared by work wise.
The main purpose of this estimate is the preparation of technical sanctions like the contract
arranging as well as the project execution.

Abstract Estimate:
It is actually last thing or method to do in the completion of detailed estimate .All the rates
as well as the quantities of the of every type of work item is made in the abstract form in
this.

2. Write short notes on approximate method of estimating


Ans:-
Approximate estimates
The different types of cost estimates, those are prepared during various phases of a
project are already stated in Lecture 2 of this module. As already mentioned in Lecture 2
of this module, the approximate estimates (also known as order-of-magnitude estimates)
are prepared during initial stages of the project life cycle. The different methods used in
the preparation of approximate estimates are described below. In addition to use in the
preparation of estimates during early stages of project development, these methods may
also be sometimes used for cost estimating in the detailed design phase.

3. Explain principle units for various items of work.


Ans:-Table below shows units of measurement of various items of civil engineering
works based on IS 1200.
Sl no. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
1. Earthwork in excavation cum Per cum
2. Earth work in filling in cum Per cum
plinth
3. Lime concrete in cum Per cum
foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels cum Per cum
5. RCC in slab cum Per cum
6. Brickwork in foundation cum Per cum
7. Brickwork in plinth cum Per cum
8. Brickwork in super cum Per cum
structure
9. Stone masonry cum Per cum
10. Steel reinforcement bars Quintal Per Quintal
etc. in RCC and
reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel Quintal Per Quintal
reinforcement

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. List out general items of work for building estimates in detail.
Ans:-
12. Earthwork in excavation
13. Earth work in filling in plinth
14. Lime concrete in foundation
15. Cement concrete in lintels
16. RCC in slab
17. Brickwork in foundation
18. Brickwork in plinth
19. Brickwork in super structure
20. Stone masonry
21. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in RCC and reinforced brick work
22. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement

5. Explain the following general items of work involved in the estimation for a building
along with the process of calculations.
Ans:-
(a) Earthwork in excavation: - Earth work is filling the soil and excavating the soil.
(b) Earthwork in filling: - The unit of earth work is cum.
(c) Brick at soling.
(d) Cement concrete in foundation: - The concrete is used as bed in foundation.
(e) Masonry work in superstructure.
(f) 10 cm thick brickwork.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Five Marks Questions With Answers
1. Prepare an approximate estimate of the building with a plinth area of 1600sq.m with
the following data.
a. Plinth area rate Rs. 8000 per sq.m
b. Add for architectural work 2.5% of the cost.
c. Add for water supply and sanitary installation at 5% of the cost.
d. Contingencies at 3% of the cost.
e. Supervision charges at 2 % of the cost.

2.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3. Prepare a preliminary estimate of four storeyed office building having total carpet
area of 2000sq.m for obtaining the administrative approval of the government, given
the following data. It may be assumed that 40% f the built up area will be taken up by
corridors, verandah, lavatories, staircase etc.
Plinth area rate in Rs. 4500/- per sq.m.
Extra due to deeper foundation at site 1 % of building cost.
Extra for special architectural treatment 0.5% of building cost.
Extra for water supply and sanitary installations at 8% of building cost.
Extra for internal electrical installation at 12.5% of building cost.
Extra for other services 5% of building cost.
Contingencies – 2.5%
Supervision charges – 10 %.

4.

Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
5.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
Objective questions with answers
1. The main factor to be considered while preparing a detailed estimate, is

(A) Quantity of the materials

(B) Availability of materials

(C) Transportation of materials

(D) All the above

2. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) The estimated value of the work excluding the amount for contingencies, work charged
establishment, tool and plants, is called work value

(B) The actual expenditure involved to complete a work including incidental, establishment and
travelling charges, is called actual cost

(C) The formal acceptance by the administrative department for incurring an expenditure on the
work, is called administrative approval

(D) All the above

3. Brick walls are measured in sq. m if the thickness of the wall is

(A) 10 cm

(B) 15 cm

(C) 20 cm

(D) None of these

4. The plinth area of a building not includes

(A) Area of the walls at the floor level

(B) Internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 sq m. in area

(C) Lift and wall including landing

(D) Area of cantilevered porch

5. While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

(A) At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar

(B) In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


(C) For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar
which is more

(D) All the above

6. A cement concrete road is 1000 m long, 8 m wide and 15 cm thick over the sub-base of 10
cm thick gravel. The box cutting in road crust is

(A) 500 m3

(B) 1000 m 3

(C) 1500 m3

(D) 2000 m3

7. While estimating the qualities for the construction of a building, the correct metric unit is

(A) Metre for length

(B) Cubic metre for area

(C) Square metres for volume

(D) Litre for capacity

8. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) In order to check up the average depth of excavation, ‘Dead man s’ are left at the mid-widths of
borrow pits

(B) The earthwork calculation in excavation is made from the difference in levels obtained with a
level

(C) The earth work in excavation to form the road embankment includes the formation of correct
profile and depositing the soil in layers

(D) All the above

9. The brick work is not measured in cu m in case of

(A) One or more than one brick wall

(B) Brick work in arches

(C) Half brick wall

(D) Reinforced brick work

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


10. Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:
(A) Lead is the average horizontal straight distance between the borrow pit and the place of
spreading soil

(B) The lead is calculated for each block of the excavated area

(C) The unit of lead is 50 m for a distance up to 500 m

(D) The unit of lead is 1 km where the lead exceeds 2 km

KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans D D A D D C D D C D

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Fill in the blanks question with answers
1. In a mortar, the binding material is………….

2. Wrought iron contains carbon upto………….

3. Ultimate strength to cement is provided by……….

4. In the cement the compound quickest to react with water, is……….

5. The initial setting time of lime-pozzolana, is……….

6. Good quality stones must………….

7. Pick up the excavation where measurements are made in square meters for payment…….
.
8. The expected out turn of 2.5 cm cement concrete floor per Manson per day….

9. The order of booking dimensions is……

10. The expected out turn of cement concrete 1: 2: 4 per mason per day is……..

KEY

Q.NO Answer
1 cement
2 0.25%

3 Di-calcium silicate

4 Tricalcium aluminate
5 120 minutes
6 be durable
7 surface dressing up to 15 cm depths

8 7.5 sqm
9 Length, breadth, height
10 5.0 m3

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Unit-II
Two Marks Questions with Answers

1. Define and explain regarding Earth work embankment?


Ans:-
The stability of the formation depends, apart from other factors, upon the sub grade material
and the methods of construction. Experience has shown that many of the problems in the
maintenance of the track are due to incorrect methods of execution of earthwork. In order to
have certain uniformity in practices, guidelines have been laid down by Indian Railways for the
execution of earthwork in embankments and cuttings in new constructions, doubling, and
conversion projects. These guidelines, given briefly in the following sections, are required to be
modified to suit local conditions and prevailing circumstances.
2. Distinguish earthwork in embankment and in cutting?
Ans:-
Embankment means filling the soil, and cutting means excavating the soils.
3. Define the term turfing?
Ans:-
Turfing is the side slope of the embankment with grass.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Draw the tabular form for the calculation of earthwork with the following methods?
(a) Mid – ordinate method and
(b) Mean – sectional area method.
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
5. Distinguish trapezoidal rule and prismoidal rule?
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Three Marks Questions with Answers

1. (a) Explain the terms lead and lift.


Ans:- Earth work may be either earth excavation or earth filling or Sometimes both. Basically
the volume of earthwork is computed from length, breadth, and depth of excavation or filling.
However the payment for the earthwork is made according to this volume as well as the lead and
lift with regard to area of disposal.
Lead is the average horizontal distance b/w site of earthwork and the area of disposal. The lead
is generally measured in terms of 50m distances.
Lift is the average vertical distance b/w level of excavation and the to the place of spreading or
heaping. The unit of lift is 2.00m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0m.
For example, when earth is to be lifted for 4.5m,
four lifts are to be paid to the contractor.i.e.
-Up to 2.0-1lif
-1.0- 1 lift
-1.0-1 lift
- 0.5 – 1 lift

2. Define and explain regarding Earth work embankment?


Ans:-
The stability of the formation depends, apart from other factors, upon the sub grade material and
the methods of construction. Experience has shown that many of the problems in the
maintenance of the track are due to incorrect methods of execution of earthwork. In order to
have certain uniformity in practices, guidelines have been laid down by Indian Railways for the
execution of earthwork in embankments and cuttings in new constructions, doubling, and
conversion projects. These guidelines, given briefly in the following sections, are required to be
modified to suit local conditions and prevailing circumstances.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3. Consider a cross section and calculate its area using prismoidal formula
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Draw a neat sketch for earthwork banking and describe its various terms
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Five Marks Questions with Answers

1. The following width of road embankment is 10m. The side slopes are 2:1 The depth along
the centre line road at 50m intervals are 1.25, 1.10, 1.50, 1.20, 1.0,1.10, 1.15m calculate the
Quantity of earth work by a) Mid sectional rule b) Trapezoidal rule c) Prismoidal rule a)
Mid Sectional rule : b=10m, n=2.
Chainage Depths Mean depth Area of Length b/w Quantity (m3
(dm) (bdm+sdm Chainages ) Am×L
2)
0 1.25
50 1.10 1.175 14.51 50 725.56
100 1.15 1.125 13.78 50 689.06
150 1.20 1.175 14.51 50 725.56
200 1.00 1.10 13.4 50 671.00
250 1.10 1.02 12.70 50 635.25
300 1.15 1.125 13.78 50 689.06
Total 4135.49m3

2. Reduce level (R.L) of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 10
to 20 are given below .The formation level at the 10 th chainage is 107 and the road is in
downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to the chainage 14 and then the gradient chainage to 1 in
100 downward. Formation width of road is 10meter and side slopes of banking are
2:1(horizontal: vertical). Length of the chain is 30metre.
Draw longitudinal section of the road and a typical cross section and prepare an estimate of
earth work at the rate of Rs.275%cu m.
Find also the area of the side slopes and the cost of turfing the side slopes at the rate of
Rs.60.00% sq.m.
Chaina 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ge
R.L.of 105. 105. 105. 105. 105. 104. 105. 104. 104. 104. 103.
grou 00 60 44 90 42 30 00 10 62 00 30
nd
R.L. of formation 107.00
I….Downward gradient…. 1 in 150….......I…………downward gradient 1 in 100………
……..I

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3. What is the road estimating? And explain their methods with neat sketches and formation
tables?
Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor
Objective question with answers

1. The plinth area of a building not includes

(A) Area of the walls at the floor level

(B) Internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 sq m. in area

(C) Lift and wall including landing

(D) Area of cantilevered porch

2. If the formation level of a highway has a uniform gradient for a particular length, and the
ground is also having a longitudinal slope, the earthwork may be calculated by

(A) Mid-section formula

(B) Trapezoidal formula

(C) Prismoidal formula

(D) All the above

3. A cement concrete road is 1000 m long, 8 m wide and 15 cm thick over the sub-base of 10
cm thick gravel. The box cutting in road crust is

(A) 500 m3

(B) 1000 m 3

(C) 1500 m3

(D) 2000 m3

4. The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

(A) The end sections are parallel planes

(B) The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

(C) The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied

(D) All the above

5. In the mid-section formula

(A) The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections

(B) All of the above

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


(C) The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth

(D) The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance
between the two original sections

6. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) The earth work of cutting in trenches or borrow pits in fairly uniform ground is measured with
the help of average depths of the dead men

(B) The earth work in trenches or borrow pits in irregular ground is measured by taking the
difference in levels before and after completion of work

(C) The earth work in trenches or borrow pits, where neither a nor b is feasible, are measured from
the fillings after deduction of voids

(D) All the above

7. The cross -sections for a highway is taken at

(A) Right angle to the centre line

(B) 30 meters apart

(C) Intermediate points having abrupt change in gradient

(D) All the above

8. Referring of given figure, pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) The total length of centre line of four walls is 20 m

(B) Length of long wall out-to -out is 6.80 m

(C) Length of short walls in-to-in is 3.20 m

(D) All the above

9. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) In order to check up the average depth of excavation, ‘Dead man s’ are left at the mid-widths of
borrow pits

(B) The earthwork calculation in excavation is made from the difference in levels obtained with a
level

(C) The earth work in excavation to form the road embankment includes the formation of correct
profile and depositing the soil in layers

(D) All the above

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


10. The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not
exceeding 30 cm, is termed as

(A) Excavation

(B) Surface excavation

(B) Surface dressing

(C) Cutting

KEY

S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans D D C D B D D D D B

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Fill in the blanks question with answers
1. The correct prismoidal formula for volume is………….

2. The area of the cross-section of a road fully in banking shown in the given figure, is

3. The reduced levels of points, 30 metres apart along the longitudinal section of a road portion
between chainages 5 and 9 are shown in the given figure. If there is a uniform up-gradient of the
road 120 in 1, the chainage of the point with no filling or cutting is

4. The cross-sections for a highway is taken at……….

5. A cement concrete road is 1000 m long, 8 m wide and 15 cm thick over the sub-base of 10 cm
thick gravel. The box cutting in road crust is……

6. A cement concrete road is 1000 m long, 8 m wide and 15 cm thick over the sub-base of 10 cm
thick gravel. The box cutting in road crust is………….

7. Anti-siphonage pipe is connected to…….

8. Carpet area does not include the area of……..

9. If B is the width of formation, d is the height of the embankment, side slope S : 1, for a highway
with no transverse slope, the area of cross-section is………

10. The slope of the outlet of 'P trap' below the horizontal is kept…..

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


KEY
Q.NO Answer
1
[first area + last area + 4 ∑ Even area + 2 ∑ odd areas]
2

3 (6 + 12) chains
4 right angle to the centre line

5 1500 m3
6 1500 m3

7 Top of P trap W.C

8 The walls along with doors and other opening

9 Bd + Sd 2
10 14°

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Unit –III
Two Marks Questions with Answers

1. Write short note on Scaffolding


Ans:-
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging is a temporary structure used to support a work
crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and
all other manmade structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and
areas that would be otherwise hard to get to Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in
death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring,
grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half
pipes and art projects.

2. write a short note on standard schedule of rates


Ans:-
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining
the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit

3. Explain the following


Ans:-
(a) Market rate: - The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the
percentage above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately
rates worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus
profit.
(b) Work-charged establishment:- During the construction of a project considerable number
of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards
The work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly
to work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
the work charged establishment.
Lump-sum:- A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made
over time (such as an annuity).

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. What is Analysis of Rates? What is the Purpose of Rate Analysis?
Ans: -
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining the
rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond, but are to be
done as per the directions of the department
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour or due to
change in technique.

5. a) List out the purposes and requirements of rate analysis.


Ans:-
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond, but are to be
done as per the directions of the department
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour or due to
change in technique

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Three Marks Questions with Answers

f. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


1. write a short note on standard schedule of rates
Ans:-
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining
the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit

2. Market rate

Ans:-
The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the percentage
above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately rates
worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus
profit.

3. Work-charged establishment
Ans:-
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work
assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards
The work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly
to work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
the work charged establishment.
Lump-sum:- A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made
over time (such as an annuity).

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Ans: - and 5. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Five Marks Questions with Answers

1.Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


2. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


3. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Ans: - and 5.Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Objective questions with answers
1. The rate of payment is made for 100 cu m (per % cu m) in case of

(A) Earth work in excavation

(B) Rock cutting

(C) Excavation in trenches for foundation

(D) All the above

2. The rate of an item of work depends on

(A) Specifications of works

(B) Specifications of materials

(C) Proportion of mortar

(D) All the above

3. For the construction of buildings, the subheads of the estimate are

(A) Earthwork, Concrete work, Brick work

(B) Brickwork, Stone work, Roofing

(C) Brickwork Flooring, Wood work, Steel work

(D) All the above

4. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) Pointing is measured in sq.m

(B) Plastering is measured in sq.m

(C) Glazing is measured in sq.m

(D) All the above

5. The cross -section of a road partly in banking and partly in cutting is shown in the given
figure. The area of the shaded portion is

(A) b – rd)²/(r – s)

(B) b – rd)²/(r + s)

(C) ½ × (b + rd)²/(r – s)

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


(D) b – rd)²/(s – r)

6. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

(A) If the bed level is above N.S.L. the canal is called fully in baking and the berms are designed
as 3 d where d is full supply depth of water (F.S.D.)

(B) Area of canal in cutting = BD + Sd2 where B = bed width, d = depth of cutting and S is the
side slope

(C) If F.S.L. is above N.S.L the canal is called partly in cutting and partly in filling and berms are
designed as 2d where d is full supply depth

(D) All the above

7. Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:

(A) No deduction is made for the volume occupied by reinforcement

(B) No deduction is made for the openings upto 0.1 sq.m

(C) No deduction is made for volumes occupied by pipes, not exceeding 100 sq.cm in cross-
section

(D) None of these

8. The expected out turn of cement concrete 1: 2: 4 per mason per day is

(A) 1.5 m 3

(B) 5.0 m3

(C) 2.5 m3

(D) 3.5 m3

9. The value of ‘C’ of Indian type W.C. shown in the given figure is:

(A) 400 mm

(B) 450 mm

(C) 500 mm

(D) 550 mm
10. As per Indian Standard Specifications, the peak discharge for domestic purposes per
capita per minute, is taken

(A) 1.80 liters for 5 to 10 users

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


(B) 1.20 liters for 15 users

(C) 1.35 for 20 users

(D) All the above

KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans D D D D A D D B C D

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Fill in the blanks question with answers

1. The minimum width of a septic tank is taken…….


2. The rate of an item of work depends on….
3. The expected out turn for earth work in excavation in ordinary soil per mazdoor per day is.......
4. The expected out turn of half brick partition wall per mason per day is…

5. According to Indian Standards Institute, the actual size of modular bricks is……..

6. While estimating the qualities for the construction of a building, the correct metric unit
is………

7. The unit of measurement is per quintal………

8. Due to change in price level, a revised estimate is prepared if the sanctioned estimate
exceeds……

9. The expected out turn of brick work in cement mortar in foundation and plinth per mason per
day, is………..
10.
The diameter of a domestic sewer pipe laid at gradient 1 in 100 is recommended…………..

KEY

Q.NO Answer
1 75 cm
2 Specifications of works
3 3.00 cum
4 2.0 m3
5 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm
6 Liter for capacity
7 M.S. reinforcement of R.C.C. works
8 5.0%
9 1.25 m3
10 150 mm

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Unit –IV
Two Marks Questions with Answers

1.Distinguish Straight bar and cranked bar?


Ans:-
When we look at any reinforcement detailing, we able to see there may be two sizes of bars
used in the slab.
We know that is main reinforcement bar and distribution reinforcement bar. But wait there is
more than just the name
In order to transfer that bending moment developed at the bottom of the slab, Main
reinforcement bar is to provide at the shorter span direction. The purpose of the main bar is
to transfer the bending load developed at the bottom of the slab to the beams.

2. State the important types of contracts?


Ans:-
There are different types of construction contracts and their comparison is presented in this
article. A construction contract is an agreement between two or more parties to execute the
construction works as per certain terms and conditions.
A construction contracts contains general and special conditions of agreement, details of
construction project work, their specifications, time limits, payments and penalties for delivery
delays etc. and ensures every party’s rights and obligations.

3. What is contract document? State its importance?


Ans:-
At early stages for any construction project, owner with his engineer or consultant prepares
necessary documents for tender process which will be included in the contract. These
documents are called contract documents.
Following are the types of documents in a construction contract:
2. General conditions
3. Special conditions
4. Drawings and specifications
5. B.O.Q (bill of quantity)
6. Letter of acceptance
7. Contractor bid

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Write short note on lump-sum contract?
Ans:-
In lump sum construction contract contractor bids a single fixed price for all activities in the
project scope. This method is particularly used for large construction projects and is conventional
but most popular types of construction contract.
The contractor bears the risks associated with this contract and is responsible for estimating
project costs from drawings including overhead and his profit to determine the price of the
project.
Lump sum construction contract is considered as the most effective means of reducing
construction price and is useful when projects and its activities are well defined.

5. What are the conditions for termination of contract?


Ans:-
Termination of contract is considered to be lawful when a legitimate reason exists to end the
contract before performance has been completed. Some of the more common reasons for
termination of contract may include:
Impossibility of Performance: Fulfilling contract terms is called “performance”. Some situations
may make performance of contract terms impossible. For example, in a contract for a musical
concert, the contract may sometimes be terminated if the performer becomes incapacitated.
Instances of Mistake, Fraud, or Misrepresentation: If the contract was formed under conditions
involving mistake, misrepresentation, or fraud, the contract may be terminated, since it was not
formed according to sound contract principles.
Breach of Contract: In a contract, both parties usually have duties to fulfill. If one party fails to
perform their duties, the contract may be terminated, and the non-breaching party may be able to
recover losses caused by the breach.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Three Marks Questions with Answers
1. What do you mean by end anchorage, explain types of end anchorages?
Ans:-
A mechanical device used to transmit prestressing force to the reinforced concrete in a post
tensioned member.
2. What do you mean by development length of reinforcement?
Ans:-
A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the
concrete and steel (or any other two types of material).
When the reinforcement bar is no longer required to carry the tensile forces, i.e tension at that
section is about zero, and then it is required to develop the bar further so that the grip/bond
between the steel and concrete forms a continuous structure.
If the development length is not provided, then the restraining force in concrete section will be
comparatively thin (weak) and will be unable to withhold the position of highly stressed bars
resulting in splitting of bars from concrete.
Thus development length is provided to have a fixed support to the bars. In some cases, where
there is no space or very little space is available for extra length, hooks are provided for
restraints.

3. Discuss different categories of contract in detail and differentiate them with respect to
their important characteristics.
Ans:-
There are different types of construction contracts and their comparison is presented in this
article. A construction contract is an agreement between two or more parties to execute the
construction works as per certain terms and conditions.
A construction contracts contains general and special conditions of agreement, details of
construction project work, their specifications, time limits, payments and penalties for delivery
delays etc. and ensures every party’s rights and obligations.

4. Explain tender notice and tender documents


Ans:-
At early stages for any construction project, owner with his engineer or consultant prepares
necessary documents for tender process which will be included in the contract. These
documents are called contract documents.
Following are the types of documents in a construction contract:
1. General conditions
2. Special conditions
3. Drawings and specifications
4. B.O.Q (bill of quantity)
5. Letter of acceptance
6. Contractor bid

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5. Define the terms : Conditions of contract and Arbitration
Ans:-
Pre-Development Fee- Many times this item can be overlooked, but remember that you spent
time and effort putting a preliminary estimate, proposal, and planning before being awarded,
and those hours and costs should be recovered.
Utilities - You site office needs power, washrooms, and all utilities in order to do an efficient
job. All utilities should be considered including the internet, water, heating, power, and phone
lines. Please be sure to include all hook-up fees for these services and do not forget to include
security and alarm systems as well if needed. Portable toilets must be included in this category.
Office Trailers- If you need to set up an office trailer rent a property or similar, these costs
should also be considered. Think about parking space, access entry, and rent of office
equipment, computer, and hardware, software, cleaning supplies, office supplies, temporary
fences, printers and even cleaning supplies for the office.
Vehicles- If your crew needs to move around the site using 4 x 4 pickups, bikes (as in some
instances), Try to get your best estimate as of gas, maintenance and permits required for the
vehicles. Ask for a proposal of maintenance required for each vehicle.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Five Marks Questions with Answers
1. Explain the process of acceptance of tenders and general tender conditions
Ans:-
At early stages for any construction project, owner with his engineer or consultant prepares
necessary documents for tender process which will be included in the contract. These documents
are called contract documents.
Following are the types of documents in a construction contract:
1. General conditions
2. Special conditions
3. Drawings and specifications
4. B.O.Q (bill of quantity)
5. Letter of acceptance
6. Contractor bid

2. State and explain various types of contracts for execution of works in government
department
Ans:-
Termination of contract is considered to be lawful when a legitimate reason exists to end the
contract before performance has been completed. Some of the more common reasons for
termination of contract may include:
Impossibility of Performance: Fulfilling contract terms is called “performance”. Some situations
may make performance of contract terms impossible. For example, in a contract for a musical
concert, the contract may sometimes be terminated if the performer becomes incapacitated.
Instances of Mistake, Fraud, or Misrepresentation: If the contract was formed under conditions
involving mistake, misrepresentation, or fraud, the contract may be terminated, since it was not
formed according to sound contract principles.
Breach of Contract: In a contract, both parties usually have duties to fulfill. If one party fails to
perform their duties, the contract may be terminated, and the non-breaching party may be able
to recover losses caused by the breach.

3. Prepare a detailed estimate if a R.C.C beams of 8 meters clear span and 75cm x 40cm in
section from the given drawing.
Steel in detail and RCC work shall be calculated separately. Also prepare the schedule of
bars.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Conditions of contract and Arbitration?
Ans:-
Pre-Development Fee- Many times this item can be overlooked, but remember that you spent
time and effort putting a preliminary estimate, proposal, and planning before being awarded,
and those hours and costs should be recovered.
Utilities - You site office needs power, washrooms, and all utilities in order to do an efficient
job. All utilities should be considered including the internet, water, heating, power, and phone
lines. Please be sure to include all hook-up fees for these services and do not forget to include
security and alarm systems as well if needed. Portable toilets must be included in this category.
Office Trailers- If you need to set up an office trailer rent a property or similar, these costs
should also be considered. Think about parking space, access entry, and rent of office
equipment, computer, and hardware, software, cleaning supplies, office supplies, temporary
fences, printers and even cleaning supplies for the office.
Vehicles- If your crew needs to move around the site using 4 x 4 pickups, bikes (as in some
instances), Try to get your best estimate as of gas, maintenance and permits required for the
vehicles. Ask for a proposal of maintenance required for each vehicle.

5. Development length of reinforcement?


Ans:-
A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the
concrete and steel (or any other two types of material).
When the reinforcement bar is no longer required to carry the tensile forces, i.e tension at that
section is about zero, and then it is required to develop the bar further so that the grip/bond
between the steel and concrete forms a continuous structure.
If the development length is not provided, then the restraining force in concrete section will be
comparatively thin (weak) and will be unable to withhold the position of highly stressed bars
resulting in splitting of bars from concrete.
Thus development length is provided to have a fixed support to the bars. In some cases, where
there is no space or very little space is available for extra length, hooks are provided for
restraints.

Objective question with answers

1. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. The bent up bars at a support resist the negative bending moment


B.The bent up bars at a support resist the sharing force
C.The bending of bars near supports is generally at 45°
D. All the above.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


2. The total length of a cranked bar through a distance (d) at 45° in case of a beam of effective
length L, is

(A) L + 0.42 d

(B) L + (2 × 0.42 d)

(C) L – (0.42 d)

(D) L – (2 × 0.4 d)

3. The unit of measurement is per quintal for the following:

(A) Collapsible gates with rails

(B) Rolling shutters

(C) Expanded metal wire netting

(D) M.S. reinforcement of R.C.C. works

4. The weight of an item is measured correct to nearest

(A) 0.25 kg

(B) 0.50 kg

(C) 0.75 kg

(D) 1.00 kg

5. Beams are provided in canals if these are

(A) Fully in excavation

(B) Partly in excavation and partly in embankment

(C) Fully in embankment

(D) All the above

6. The item of steel work which is measured in sq.m, is

(A) Collapsible gates

(B) Rolling shutters

(C) Ventilators and glazing

(D) All the above

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


7. The height of the sink of wash basin above floor level is kept

(A) 60 cm

(B) 70 cm

(C) 75 cm to 80 cm

(D) 80 cm

8. For 12 mm thick cement plastering 1 : 6 on 100 sq.m new brick work, the quantity of
cement required, is

(A) 0.200 m3

(B) 0.247 m3

(C) 0.274 m3

(D) 0.295 m3

9. The minimum width of a septic tank is taken

(A) 70 cm

(B) 75 cm

(C) 80 cm

(D) 90 cm

10. Pick up the item whose weight is added to the weight of respective item, is

(A) Cleats

(B) Brackets

(C) Bolts

(D) All the above

KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans D B D D B D C C B D

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Fill in the blanks question with answers
1. Beams are provided in canals if these are…..

2. The minimum width of a septic tank is taken…….

3. The weight of an item is measured correct to nearest………

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. The height of the sink of wash basin above floor level is kept…….

5. For 12 mm thick cement plastering 1: 6 on 100 sq.m new brick work, the quantity of cement
required, is…….

6. The unit of measurement is per quintal……….

7. The weight of an item is measured correct to nearest………

8. The brick work is not measured in cu m in case of…..

9. The rate of an item of work depends on/……..

10. According to Indian Standards Institute, the actual size of modular bricks

KEY

Q.NO Answers
1 Partly in excavation and partly in embankment
2 75 cm
3 1.00 kg
4 75 cm to 80 cm
5 0.274 m3
6 M.S. reinforcement of R.C.C. works
7 1.00kg
8 Half brick wall
9 Specifications of materials, Specifications of works
10 19 cm x9 cm x9 cm

Unit-V
Two Marks Questions with Answers
1. Define valuation of building and its purpose?
Ans: -
To find out the exact cost of particular asset and know the present price of that asset.

2. Write short note on Municipal taxes?


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


In India municipal corporations or urban local bodies (ULB’s) levy two types of taxes viz.
Property tax and Professional tax. Property tax is an annual amount paid by a land owner to the
municipal corporation of his/her area. The municipal corporation assesses and imposes the
property tax annually or semi annually. The amount is generally based on construction, area,
property size etc. It also compromises lighting tax, water tax and drainage tax. Property tax is
the most important tax levied by ULB’s in India; most cities are greatly dependent on property
tax revenue for their budget.

3. Give the detailed specifications of plastering cement mortar / lime mortar?


Ans:-
Traditionally sand-cement mixes have always been specified in terms of mix proportions by
volume and not by performance. This is still almost universal practice in South Africa. The
exception is SABS 0164, The Structural Use of Masonry. This standard specifies mortar mix by
compressive strength in Table 1 and then goes on to suggest suitable mix proportions which
should satisfy those strength requirements in Appendix C-2.
The recommended method of specifying by volume is to specify 1 bag of cement to, for
example, 200 liters of sand measured damp and loose. The reasons are that specifying a mix as
1:6 by volume is open to serious misinterpretation (e.g. 1 bag of cement to 6 wheelbarrows of
sand) and the fact that that sand’s bulk changes when damp - often by as much as 30% by
volume.

4. Give the detailed specifications for painting?


Ans:-
Where required, surfaces should be made good, i.e. filling, sanding, decorators caulk where
necessary. Surface should be smooth and even unless exposed block or concrete formed
walls/columns (project dependent). All existing nails, screws, wall plugs etc should be removed
and made good.
All signage, notice boards, whiteboards and fixings should be removed and protected and re-
fixed on completion unless otherwise stated. • All switches, sockets etc must be released from
the surface and not cut in. • Where possible radiators should be removed to allow wall to be
painted. Where this is not possible, wall should be painted as far as possible

5. Explain the Sinking fund?


Ans:-
A sinking fund is a fund established by an economic entity by setting aside revenue over a
period of time to fund a future capital expense, or repayment of a long-term debt.

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Three Marks Questions with Answers
1. Explain the following method of valuation of a building along with an example.
(a) Valuation based on cost
Ans:-
In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in possessing the property
is taken as basis to determine the value of property. In such cases, necessary depreciation should
be allowed and the points of obsolescence should also be considered.
(b) Direct method of valuation
Ans:-
This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the property
concerned, but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a whole. In such cases, the
capitalized value of the property is fixed by direct comparison with capitalized value of similar
property in the locality.
2. Give the detailed specifications of the following items of work.
(a) Colour washing
Ans:-
White wash shall be prepared from lime slaked on site and stirred with sufficient water to make a
thin cream. This shall be allowed to stand for 24 hours and shall be screened though clean cloth, 4
kg of gum dissolved in hot water shall be added to each cubic meter of the cream (115 gm per cft)
copper Sulphate not exceeding 3% shall be added to give required whiteness. The approximate
quantity of water to be added to make cream shall be five litres per kg. Of lime. White wash shall
be applied in specified coats by a dispersing agent, detergent up to a maximum of 5% will be
added to the mix before application using flat brushes or spray pumps. Each coat shall be allowed
to dry before the next coat is applied .If additional coat then what have been specified are
necessary to obtain uniform and smooth finish, it shall be given at no extra cost.
.
3. Explain the Sinking fund?
Ans:-
A sinking fund is a fund established by an economic entity by setting aside revenue over a period
of time to fund a future capital expense, or repayment of a long-term debt.
In North America and elsewhere where it is common for public and private corporations to raise
funds through the issue of bonds, the term is normally used in this context. However, in the
United Kingdom and elsewhere where the issue of bonds (other than government bonds) is
unusual, and where long-term leasehold tenancies are common, the term is only normally used in
the context of replacement or renewal of capital assets, particularly the common parts of
buildings.

4. Explain the Capitalised value?


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Market capitalization/capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of size of a business
enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares
that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a public company.

5. Types of valuations?
Ans:-
a. Rental Method of Valuation
b. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
c. Valuation based on the profit
d. Valuation based on the cost
e. Development method of Valuation
f. Depreciation method of Valuation

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Five Marks Questions with Answers
1. List and explain general specifications of a second class building
Ans:-
General Building specification of a Second Class Building is as below:-
Foundation and plinth- Foundation and plinth shall be of 1 st class brick work with lime mortar
over lime concrete
Damp proof course- D.P.C. shall be of 2cm (¾”) thick cement concrete 1:2 mixed with 1 kg
Of Emperor per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials.
Superstructure- Superstructure shall be of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar. Lintels over
doors and windows shall be of R.B.
Roofing- Roofing shall be of R.B. slab with7. Cm lime concrete terracing above (or flat
terraced roof supported over wooden battens and beams, or Jack arch roof). Verandah roof may
be of A.C. sheet.
Flooring- Floors shall be 2.5cm (1”) cement concrete over 7.5cm (3”) L.C. verandah floor
shall be of brick tile or flag stone over lime concrete, finished cement painted.
Finishing- Inside and outside wall shall be of 12mm cement mortar plastered 1:6. Ceiling shall
be cement plastered 1:3. Inside shell be white washed 3 coats, colored wash two coats 0ver one
coat of white wash.
Doors and windows- Chaukhat shall be of R.C.C. or well seasonal sal wood, shutter of shisham
wood or deodar wood 4cm (1 ½”) thick, paneled, glazed or partly paneled and partly glazed as
required, fitted with iron fitting fittings. Doors and windows shall be painted two coats over
one coat of priming.
Miscellaneous- Rain water pipe shall be of cast iron finished painted. Electrification, sanitary
and water fitting may be provided if required.

2. Write detailed specifications of cement concrete (1:2: 4) for M20.


Ans:-
Cement concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. While
writing detailed specifications, explain the specifications of every single ingredient in detail.
CEMENT
Cement is the basic and most important ingredient of cement concrete. Cement used for
construction work should be fresh and it should meet the standard specifications.
FINE AGGREGATE
Sand is used as fine aggregate in cement concrete. Sand particles should have coarse, sharp and
angular edges. Size of sand particles should be such that it passes through 4.75mm sieve. Sand
should be clean, free from dust and organic matters. Sea sand is prohibited for construction
work, because of high salt contents.
Stone dust can also be used as fine aggregate in cement concrete, but before use make sure that
it is as per specifications.
COURSE AGGREGATE

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Generally, pieces of igneous rocks are used as coarse aggregates. These stones should be hard,
tough, durable and clean. Aggregates shape should be cubic or closed to cubic shape. Shape of
coarse aggregates should not be laminated and elongated. It should be clean and free from any
irrelevant organic matters.
Size of coarse aggregates should meet the approved construction work requirements. It should
not pass through the sieve size of 5mm and coarse aggregates should be graded. Voids should
not exceed 42%.
PROPORTIONING
Cement, sand and coarse aggregates should be measure according to their fixed proportions.
Make a standard measuring box according to the volume of one cement bag. Volume of one
cement bag is 1.25 cubic foot.
Bulking of sand should be under consideration while measuring sand proportion. Consider dry
sand while calculation of proportioning. Measure the moisture content in sand and add extra
volume of sand. Continuously measure moisture content during construction work and add extra
volume of sand according to the amount of moisture. Don’t compact coarse aggregates while
proportioning.
CONCRETE MIXING
Mixing machine is used for large scale construction works. While, hand mixing is preferred as it
is economical for smaller concrete works.

3. Life of various items of works in building.


Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


4. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


5. Ans:-

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Objective question with answers

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


1. The expected out turn of half brick partition wall per mason per day is
(A) 1.5 m 3
(B) 2.0 m3
(C) 4.0 m2
(D) 5.0 m2
2. The floor area includes the area of the balcony up to
(A) 100 %
(B) 75 %
(C) 50 %
(D) 25 %
3. Size, capacity and materials need be specified for
(A) Bib-cocks
(B) Stop-cocks
(C) Ball valves
(D) All the above
6. For 100 sq. m cement concrete (1 : 2: 4) 4 cm thick floor, the quantity of cement required,
is

(A) 0.90 m3

(B) 0.94 m3

(C) 0.98 m3

(D) 1.00 m3

5. The expected out turn for earth work in excavation in ordinary soil per workman per day is

(A) 1.00 cum

(B) 2.00 cum

(C) 3.00 cum

(D) 4.00 cum

6. The minimum width of a septic tank is taken

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


(A) 70 cm

(B) 75 cm

(C) 80 cm

(D) 90 cm

7. Pick up the item whose weight is added to the weight of respective item, is

(A) Cleats

(B) Brackets

(C) Bolts

(D) All the above

8. A cement concrete road is 1000 m long, 8 m wide and 15 cm thick over the sub-base of 10
cm thick gravel. The box cutting in road crust is
(A) 500 m3
(B) 1000 m 3
(C) 1500 m3
(D) 2000 m3
9. The plinth area of a building not includes

(A) Area of the walls at the floor level

(B) Internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 sq m. in area

(C) Lift and wall including landing

(D) Area of cantilevered porch

10. According to Indian Standards Institute, the actual size of modular bricks is

(A) 23 cm × 11.5 cm × 7.5 cm

(B) 25 cm × 13 cm × 7.5 cm

(C) 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm

(D) 20 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans B C D B C B A C D C

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor


Fill in the blanks question with answers
b. The minimum width of a septic tank is taken…….

c. The floor area includes the area of the balcony up to…….

d. The expected out turn of 12 mm plastering with cement mortar is………….

e. The damp proof course (D.P.C.) is measured in………

f. The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not
exceeding 30 cm, is termed as……..

g. The floor area includes the area of the balcony up to……..

8. The diameter of a domestic sewer pipe laid at gradient 1 in 100 is recommended……..

9. The weight of an item is measured correct to nearest………

10. Beams are provided in canals if these are……..

11. The brick work is not measured in cu m in case of……..

KEY

Q.NO Answers
1 75 cm
2 50 %
3 8.0 sq m
4 Sq m
5 Surface excavation
6 50%
7 150 mm
8 1.00 kg
9 partly in excavation and partly in embankment
10 Half brick wall

M.RATHNA CHARY, Assistant Professor

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