Ehtc
Ehtc
Ehtc
By
Ashvani Shukla
C&I
Reliance
EHTC
CONTROLLERS IN EHTC
• SPEED CONTROLLER – (MODES: PI, PD)
• ISOCHRONOUS FREQUENCY CONTROLLER
• LOAD CONTROLLER
• EXTRACTION-1 (IP EXTRACTION) CONTROLLER
• EXTRACTION-2 (LP EXTRACTION) CONTROLLER
EHTC BLOCK DIAGRAM
LIMIT REF SPEED/LOAD LIMITER M
I
N
SPEED REF
SPEED CONTROLLER
EXTRACTION-2 PRESSURE
LIMIT REF LIMITER
M
PRESSURE REF I
EXTRACTION-2
PRESSURE N
PRESSURE CONTROLLER
ACTUAL
EHTC FUNCTIONS
ROLLING
WARM UP
CRITICAL SPEED AVOIDANCE
LOAD / SPEED CONTROL
EXTRACTION PRESSURE
CONTROL
ISLANDING
ROLLING, WARM UP
TURBINE AUXILIARIES ARE STARTED, I.E. LUBE OIL SYS, CONDENSATE EXTRACTION SYS, ETC.
TURBINE PROTECTION IS RESET FROM ABB DCS AFTER FULFILLING THE CRITERIA
THE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE (ESV) IS OPENED
DEPENDING ON THE SHUTDOWN DURATION, THE TYPE OF TURBINE STARTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. COLD START: AFTER 250 HOURS
2. WARM START: AFTER 40 HOURS
3. HOT START: AFTER 16 HOURS
WARM UP / SOAK TIME IS REQUIRED AS ROTOR EXPANDS FASTER THAN CASING DUE TO MASS
DIFFERENCE. WARM UP ENSURES THAT BOTH EXPAND PARALLELY AND CLEARANCES ARE
MAINTAINED & RUBBING OF PARTS IS AVOIDED.
THE EHTC SPEED CONTROL RAISES THE SPEED AT FASTER RATE IN THE
CRITICAL SPEED BANDS TO MINIMIZE THE TIME OF OPERATION IN THIS
ZONE. AFTER WARM UP THE SPEED REFERENCE IS SET TO RATED VALUE FOR
SYNCHRONIZATION
SPEED REF
5000 RPM
LOAD CONTROL
AFTER SYNCHRONIZATION, LOAD CONTROLLER IS SWITCHED ON
EHTC SETS THE LOAD REF TO THE RUNNING LOAD AND ITS OUTPUT IS SET TO THE VALUE OF SPEED CONTROLLER OUTPUT
BY TRACKING I-ACTION
SPEED REF
2 MW PID
SPEED CONTROL-PD SWITCHES TO SPEED TRACKING MODE I.E. THE SPEED REF TRACKS THE ACTUAL SPEED + 10 RPM TO
SET SPEED CONTROLLER OUTPUT AT 3.0% FIXED. (THE GAIN IS PRESSURE COMPENSATED AND INCREASES FROM 17 TO 22
AS MS PRESSURE REDUCES FROM 110 TO 90 ATA.)
SPEED CONTROLLER
SPEED REF
20 -> 0 PID
IF A COMMON PARAMETER IS SENSED BY TWO OR MORE SENSORS, THE READINGS CANNOT MATCH
EXACTLY. THERE WILL ALWASYS BE SOME DIFFERENCE EVEN THOUGH IT MAY BE VERY SMALL. IF
BOTH SENSORS PROVIDE PV TO TWO DIFFEENT PID CONTROLLERS THEN THEY WILL TEND TO
SATURATE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
E.G. CONSIDER A CASE OF TWO TG SETS “L” & “H” RUNNING IN SYNCHRONIZED CONDITION. LET BOTH
TG GOVERNORS BE SET TO ISOCHRONOUS FREQ CONTROL I.E. SPEED PID CONTROL. LET REF OF
BOTH TG BE SET AT 50.00HZ.
LET THE ACTUAL SYSTEM BUS FREQ BE 50.00HZ, AND ONE SENSOR SENSES L=49.99 & OTHER H=50.01.
THE INTEGRAL ACTION OF L WILL INCREASE OUTPUT AND H WILL DECREASE OUTPUT TO BRING FREQ
TO 50.00. THIS PROCESS WILL CONTINUE AS THERE WILL ALWAYS BE OFFSET IN THE READINGS OF L &
H, SO GRADUALLY L OUTPUT WILL SATURATE TO 100% AND H OUTPUT WILL SATURATE TO 0%.
SO EITHER THE INTEGRAL ACTION IS REMOVED I.E PD ACTION SELECTED OR REF IS CHANGED AS PER
CONTROLLER OUTPUT TO INSERT DROOP OR OFFSET IN THE CONTROL ACTION I.E. REF & PV ARE NOT
MATCHED.
DROOP
SPEED CONTROLLER
5253
51.5 ((5253- 84.4%
5000)/5000)*100 =5.05*16.7=84.4
5000
=5.05%
1.5 Hz = 3%
SPEED CONTROLLER
50.0 5253
((5253- 34.4%
5150)/5000)*100 =2.06*16.7=34.4
LOAD 5150
=2.06%
0 11 27 MW
32 SPEED CONTROLLER
5103
((5103- 34.4%
27-11 5000)/5000)*100 =2.06*16.7=34.4
5000
= 16MW =2.06%
=50%
0 34.4 84. 10 GOV O/P
4 0 %
DROOP = % CHANGE IN FREQ FOR 100 % CHANGE IN LOAD = (3/50)*100 = 6%
GAIN = 100/DROOP = 16.7
LOAD ON TG IS REDUCED FROM 27MW TO 11MW I.E. 16MW OR 50% LOAD THROW
SO GOVERNOR OUPUT SHOULD REDUCE by 50% I.E. FROM 81.4% TO 34.4% FOR
STABLE FREQ
(IN TG SPEED CONTROL THE GOV VLV OPENING SHOULD EXACTLY MATCH THE LOAD ELSE SPEED WILL
KEEP ON RAMPING. THIS IS KNOWN AS INTEGRATING TYPE OF PROCESS.)
THE 34.4% O/P IS REQUIRED AT 11MW LOAD TO KEEP FREQ STABLE. BUT 34.4% O/P IS AVAILABLE AT 51.5HZ
FREQ. THIS OFFSET IS RESET BY MANUALLY DECREASING THE SPEED REF (SV) SO THAT 34.4% O/P IS
DROOP
ISOCHRONOUS FREQ CONTROL
ISOCHRONOUS FREQ
LOAD CONTROL
CONTROL
TG SYNCHRONIZED WITH GRID
TG ISLANDED
LOAD REF LOAD REF
25MW ISLANDI 20MW
LOAD ACTUAL
NG LOAD
ACTUAL
20MW LOAD ISOCHRONOUS
20MW FREQ
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
FREQ REF PID FREQ REF PID
50HZ 50HZ
IF A TG SET TRIPS, ITS LOAD SHIFTS TO GRID, & TIE BREAKER TRIPS IF IMPORT EXCEEDS 20MVA (CONTRACT
DEMAND LIMITATION). AFTER ISLANDING THE ENTIRE LOAD OF (GRID+TRIPPED TG) SHIFTS TO BALANCE TG SETS
WHICH RESULTS IN UNDER-FREQ TRIPPING OF BALANCE TG SETS & BLACKOUT. SO, PROPORTIONATE LOAD IS TO
BE SHED TO PREVENT BALANCE TG SETS FROM TRIPPING ON UNDER-FREQUENCY.
THE RECTIFORMER NOS. 1,2,3,4 ARE SHED FROM DCS AS PART OF LOAD SHEDDING LOGIC. THE PROPORTIONAL
LOAD IS SHED WITHIN 400MS THROUGH DCS.
CD
TOTAL LOAD=90MW CPP VSF 60MW
5MW 25MW
IMPORT=15MW TG GEN=75MW
GRID G1 G2 G3
15MW 25MW 25MW 25MW
GRID G1 G2 G3
GRID G1 G2 45MW
40MW 25MW 25MW 25MW 25MW 25MW
Exhaust flow
EXT CV EXT CV
CLS OPN
HP CV CLS
RATIO SETTER
TO CALCULATE THE TURBINE INTERNAL PRESSURE RATIOS AND LIMITS,THE
INTERSECTION POINTS NEEDED ARE A,B,C
THE ORIGINAL RATIO SETTER IMPLEMENTED BY BHEL-EDN WAS FAULTY WITH NON-LINEAR GAIN AS GIVEN
IN THE BELOW TABLE.
1 0 0 8 1.2 9.6
2 1 1 8 7.5 60
THE RATIO SETTER DETAILS WERE OBTAINED FROM BHEL-HYD & FOUND THAT GAIN WAS THROUGHOUT
LINEAR FOR ALL THREE CONTROLLER OUTPUTS I.E. YN, YE1 & YE2.
FOR, YN (LOAD/SPEED CONTROLLER O/P) THE GAIN WAS THROUGHOUT LINEAR AT 0.632.
THE SNAPSHOTS WERE SENT TO BHEL-HYD FOR CONFIRMATION AND FOUND THAT WRONG RATIO SETTER
WAS INSTALLED IN ALL THREE TG SET CONTROLLERS BY BHEL-EDN.
TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM RELATED ISSUES PERTAINING TO ISLAND CONDITION:
IN ISLAND CONDITION, SPEED TRANSIENT OVERSHOOT, SPEED HUNTING & STABILITY ISSUES WERE PERSISTING.
FOLLOWING MAJOR CHANGES WERE IMPLEMENTED:
1) THE RATIO SETTER GAIN FOR HPCV OUTPUT WAS FOUND TO BE VARYING FROM “9” TO “59” DEPENDING ON
THE EXTRACTION CONTROLLER OUTPUTS. RATIO SETTER FROM BHEL-HYD WITH FIXED GAIN & LINEAR
CHARACTERISTIC WAS IMPLEMENTED. TRANSFER FUNCTION WAS OBTAINED FROM BHEL-HYD & THE SPEED
CONTROLLER P-GAIN VALUE CHANGED FROM “8” TO “18”.
2) DURING ISLANDING THE HP & IP EXTRACTION CONTROLLERS SWITCH OVER TO MANUAL MODE TO PREVENT
EXTRACTION LOOP INTERACTIONS FROM DISTURBING THE SPEED CONTROLLER & REDUCE THE TRANSIENT
SETTLING TIME. AFTER STEADY STATE ACHIEVED, OPERATOR CAN SWITCH THE CONTROLLERS TO AUTO.
3) IN MAIN DCS, LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME IMPLEMENTED BY SHEDDING THE PRIORITY BASED PRO-RATA LOADS
OF THE RECTIFORMER NOS. 1-4.
4) FREQUENCY CONTROL MODE OR ISOCHRONOUS MODE WAS IMPLEMENTED SO THAT THE SYSTEM
FREQUENCY RETURNS TO 50 HZ AT STEADY STATE AFTER A DISTURBANCE IN ISLANDING CONDITION.
K = SYSTEM GAIN = 100/(% STEADY STATE SPEED REGULATION) = 100/5 = 20
T1 = GOVERNOR TIME CONSTANT = 0.02-0.1S
T2 = DERIVATIVE GAIN X GOVERNOR TIME CONST = 0.1S
T3 = CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR TIME CONST = 0.1S
PUP = CV OPEN = 1 PU PER S
PDOWN = CV CLOSE = 2.5 PU PER S
PMIN = MIN POWER LIMIT
PMAX = MAX POWER LIMIT
PGV = POWER AT VALVE OUTLET
S = COMPLEX FREQ VARIABLE (LAPLACE TRANSFORM)
FHP = HP TURBINE POWER FRACTION = 0.505
FIP = IP TURBINE POWER FRACTION = 0.256
FLP = LP TURBINE POWER FRACTION = 0.239
THP = HP TURBINE TIME CONST = 0.115S
TIP = IP TURBINE TIME CONST = 0.122S
TLP = LP TURBINE TIME CONST = 0.125S
DW = SPEED DEVIATION
PM = MECH POWER
P0 = INITIAL POWER
PGV = POWER AT VALVE OUTLET
BEFORE SYNCHRONIZING AN INCOMING UNIT TO A RUNNING SYSTEM, THE
FOLLOWING PARAMETERS SHOULD BE MATCHED CLOSELY SO TO MINIMIZE
TRANSFER OF ENERGY
•VOLTAGE
•FREQUENCY
•PHASE ANGLE
•PHASE SEQUENCE
THE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS CLOSED TO TIE THE “INCOMING” SYSTEM TO THE
“RUNNING” SYSTEM ELECTRICALLY
GENERAT
OR
f = frequency (Hz)
P = total number of poles
LOAD SIDE
PF=COSΦ=0.8
ACTIVE POWER=VI.COSΦ=100MW
100 TOTAL POWER=VI=125MVA
100
MW SO REACTIVE POWER = 25MVAr MW
PF=0. PF=0.
8 8
PF=0.8 PF=0.9 PF=0.72
25MVAr 5.5MVAr 19.5MVAr
G1 G1
100 50 GRID
MW MW 50MW