c

OS “b " "y
4
Li

Al l bo o ks a re s ubj ect to re c a ll after two w ee ks

O l i n/ K roc h Li brary

DA TE DU E
 I O S E R: I ZA L
“

P H I L I PP I N E P ATR I OT
'

DU LCE ET DE CO RU M E ST P RO PA TR I A MOR I R
Il ll lllllllllll l Illll ll lIIIl ll IllIIIl lIl lIIIIIIIIIIIIl lIIIIII|IIIIIIll IIIIIll llIIIIIllll IIIIlll UIIIIlllllIIIll llIIIIlll Il IIlI lll l Il lll lll llllllll ll lllll ll l llllIIIlll llllllllllll llll lll lllllllll llll llll IIIll llll lIIlIIll lIlIIl IIlll lIIIIIllll llIIIIllUlllllllll l llllllllll ll llUIIIl lIll lHIIIIIl IHIIIll IIIIIIllllIIIIIlllHIIlllUlIl IIlIlIIIIllllIIIl IllllIIIIllIllIIIlllIIIIIIlllIIIIIIllIIIIIl llIIIIllll lIIIlllll IIIIlll lIIl Il llllflI

I n the P h i l i pp i n e I sl an ds t h e A m e r i c a n G o ve r n m en t
has t r i e d, a n d e x ac t l y w h at t h e is tr yi n g ,
t o ca r r y out

g r e a t e st g e n i u s an d m o st r eve r e d p at r i o t e ve r k n o w n
i n t h e Ph i l i p p i n e s Jo sé R i z a l st e a df ast l y a dv o c at e d , ,
.

— Th eodor e R o o sev el t
,
t h en P r e si den t of t h e U n i t ed St at es
,
in a

p u bl i c a dd ess a t r F ar go , N . D .
,
A pr i l 7 , 1 90 3 .

PHI L IPPI N E M ON EY A ND P OS TA G E S TA M P S W ITH , TH E R I Z A L P OR T R AIT

IIIllll lllIIIl ll l l Il llllfl lllll lllllllllll lll ll llll llllll llIIIIIll llIIIIIll UIlIIIll ll IIIIIll l IIIIIflllllI IIIlll lllllllllll IIIIIll llIIIIlHIIIll II[l l lllllll ll lll ll l llll lllllllIIIlllIIIIIll lllIIIIIIlll ll IIIIlll[l lIIIlll lllllll llllll l lil llllfllllIIIIIlllllIIIl ll IIIIIll lIIIIllllIIIIIIlllll llllllll lllllllllllll llllllll | lllIIllll llllll ll llllllllllllIIlIlllIIIIllllIlIIIIlIIIIIIfllllllllll IIIIIllllllIIIlllIl fll lllIIllllIII
 TH E P OR T R AIT OF R I ZA L INPAINT
1 8 83 . ED

IN OIL BY FEL !I RE SU R CCI ON HIDA LG O

R E .

f i l ll l
L I N EA G E L I F E A N D L A BO R S

f
o

J O S E R I ZA L
P H I L I PP I N E P A TR I OT

A S t u dy o f the G r o w th of F r e e I deas
in th e Tr an s - P a c i fi c A m e r i c an
T e rr i t o r y

BY

A U ST I N CR A I G
ASSISTA N T P O F E SS O R O I E TA L HI S O Y
’ R R N T R

U N I V E R SITY T
OF H E RH I L I PP I N E S
‘

A UTH O R O F T i STUD Y O F J é R I Z A L E L
“
r s os ,
n (C
L I N E A JE
DELD O CT O R R I Z A L E TC ,
”
.

I N TR O D U C TI O N BY

JA M E S A LE! A N D ER R O BER T S O N , L H . . D .

YO N K ER S—ON H U D S O N -

WO R L D BO O K C O M PA N Y
19 14
C o py ri ght ,
-
1 913, by P hi li ppi ne Edw ai i on C
'
f
om p y
an .

Regi fi f adb a s f ar l i fe; F i l i p l n d d

’
‘

Al l t lgi l
i -
l
“
; r emm ci .

$2 7 7
 D E D I CA TI ON

TO TH E PH ILIP P IN E Y OU TH

’
H E su bj e c t of D o c t o r R i z al fi r st p r i ze -w i n
s

n n i g p o e m w as Th e P h i l i p p i n e Yo u th , a n d
i t s t h e m e w as “
Th e st u d y o f t h e g r o w t h
”
G row th .

o f f r e e i d e a s, a s i l l u st r a t e d i n th i s b o o k o f h i s l i n e a g e ,

l i f e an d l ab o r s, m ay t h e r e f o r e fi tt i n g l y b e d e d i c at e d
t o th e f a i r h o p e o f t h e f a th e r l an d .

E x c e p t i n t h e c ase O f so m e f ew m e n o f g r e at g e n
i u s, t h o se w h o a r e acc u st o m e d t o ab so l u t i sm c a n n o t
c o m p r e h e n d d e m o c r ac y . T h e r e f o r e o u r n at i o n i s
r e l y i n g o n i t s y o u n g m en an d y o u n g w o m e n ; o n
t h e r i si n g i n st r u c t e d g e n e r a t i o n , f o r t h e se c u r e e s
,

t abl i sh m e n t of p o p u l a r se l f go v e r n m e n t i n t h e
-

’
P h i l i p p i n e s T h i s w a s R i z a l s o w n i d e a f o r h e sa i d
.
,

t h r o u g h t h e o l d p h i l o so p h e r i n N o l i m e T an g e r e ,

th a t h e w as n o t w r i t i n g f o r h i s o w n g e n e r a t i o n bu t
f o r a c o m i n g i n st r u c t e d g e n e r at i o n t h a t w o u l d u n
,

d e r st an d h i s h i d d e n m e a n i n g .

Yo u r p u b l i c sc h o o l e d u c a t i o n g i v es y o u t h e d e m o
c r a t i c V i e w p o i n t , w h i c h t h e g e n i u s o f R i z a l g av e
-

h i m ; i n t h e fi f t y fiv e v o l u m e s o f t h e Bl a i r R o b e rt so n
- -

t r an sl at i o n o f P h i l i p p i n e h i st o r i c a l m a t e r i a l t h e r e i s
av a i l ab l e t o d ay m o r e ab o u t y o u r c o u n t r y s p ast th a n
’

t h e e n t i r e c o n t e n ts o f t h e B r i t i sh M u se u m a ff o r d e d

h i m ; an d y o u h av e t h e g u i d an c e i n t h e n ew p a t h s
t h a t R i z al st r u c k o u t , o f t h e l i f e o f a h e r o w h o , f a r
'

s i g h t e d l y o r p r o v i d e n t i a l l y , as y o u m ay l a t e r d e c i d e ,

w as t h e f o r e r u n n e r o f t h e p r e se n t r ég i m e .

Bu t yo u w i l l do as h e w o u l d h a v e d o n e , n e i t h e r
ac c e p t a n y t h i n g b e c au se i t i s w r i t t e n n or rej ect i t
'

b e c au se i t d o e s n o t f a l l i n w i t h y o u r p r e j u d i c e s
st u d y o u t t h e t r u t h f o r y o u r se l v e s .
 I N TR O D U C TI ON

N w ri ti ng a bi o gra p hy the a u th o r i f h e b e di s c ri m
, ,
-

i n a t i n g s e l e c ts w i th gre at c a re the s a l i ent feat u re s

, , ,

o f the l i fe st o ry o f th e o n e w h o m h e de e m s w o rthy o f

be i ng p o rt rayed a s a p e rs o n p o s sess e d o f p re em i n ent

'

q u a l i ti es tha t m ake f o r a c h a ra c te r a n d gre a tness In .

de e d t o w ri t e b i o gra p hy at a ll o n e sh o u l d h ave th a t n i c e
,

s ens e o f p r o p o rti o n th at m akes h i m i nsti n c t i ve l y s e i z e

u p o n o n l y th o s e p o i nts th a t do a dvan c e h i s the m e Bo s .

w e l l h a s gi ve n th e w o r l d a n exa m pl e o f b i o gra p hy tha t

i s o ften w ea ri s o m e i n th e ext re m e a l th o u gh h e w r o t e ,

ab o u t a m a n w h o o cc u p i ed i n h i s ti m e a c o mm a ndi n g
p o s i ti o n B e c a u se Jo hns o n w a s Jo hns o n th e w o r l d ac
.

c e p t s B o s w e ll ,
an d l o ve s t o t a l k o f th e m i n u t en es s o f
B o s w e ll s p o rt raya l yet h o w m a ny rea d h i m o r i f they
’
, ,

d o re a d h i m h ave th e p ati en c e t o re a d h i m t o th e end ?

,

I n w ri ti ng the l i fe o f t h e grea test o f the F i l i p i n o s ,

IVI r C ra i g h a s di s pl ayed j u dg m ent S at u ra t e d a s h e i s

‘

. .

w i th end l es s deta i l s o f R i z a l s l i fe h e h a s h a d the g o o d

’

t a ste t o se l e c t th os e i n c i dents Or th o s e p h a s es o f R i z a l s ’

l i f e th a t exhib i t hi s gre atn ess Of s o u l a nd tha t sh o w th e

fa c t o rs th a t w e re th e m o st p o tent i n sh a p i n g hi s c h a r
a c te r a nd i n c o nt r o ll i ng hi s p u r p o ses a n d a c t i o n s .

A b i o gra p hy w ri tten w i th thi s c ha steni ng o f w ea l th

c a nn o t fa i l t o b e i nst r u c ti ve a n d w o rthy o f st u dy I f o n e .

w e re t o p o i nt o u t bu t a si ng l e b enefi t th at c a n a cc r ue
fr o m a st u dy o f b i o gra p hy w ri tten a s M r C ra i g h a s .

d o ne th at o f R i z a l h e w o u l d m ent i o n I b e l i eve th a t t o
, , ,

th e c h a ra c t e r o f the st u dent f o r o n e c a nn o t st u dy s e ri
'
,

o u sl y ab o u t m en o f c h a ra c t e r w i th o u t bei ng a ffe c te d by

th at st u dy A s l e a di ng t o a n u nderst a ndi ng o f th e c h a r
.

a c te r o f R i z a l M r C ra i g h a s des c ri b e d hi s a n c est ry
,
.

w i th c o ns i de rab l e f u l ness an d h a s sh o w n h o w the se l e c

 I N TR O D U CT I ON

t ive p r i n c i p l e h a s w o rk ed th r o u gh s u cce s si v e ge n e ra ti o n s .

Bu t h e h a s a l s o r e a l i z e d th e v a l u e o f t h e o u t s i d e i n fl u
en ce s a n d sh o w s h o w th e a cc i dents o f b i rth a n d n a ti o n

a ff e c t e d b y envi r o n m ent p l u s m ent a l v i g o r a n d w i l l p r o

du ced Jo s é R i z a l Wi th a st riki n gl y m e a ge r s e tti n g o f
.

det a i l R i z a l h a s b e e n p o rt r aye d fr o m e v e ry s i de a nd th e
,

re a de r m u st l e a v e th e b i o g ra p h y w i th a k n o w l e d g e o f
th e e le m ent s th a t e nt ere d i nt o a n d m a de h i s l i f e A s a .

st u d y f o r th e y o u th o f th e P hi l i pp i ne s I b e l i e ve thi s l i fe
,

o f R i z a l w i ll b e p r o d u c ti v e o f g o o d res u l ts S ti m u l a ti o n
.

a n d p u r p o s e a r e p r e s ent e d (yet n o t di da c t i c a ll y ) th r o u gh
o u t i ts p a ge s . O n e o bj e c t o f th e a u th o r I sh o u l d s a y
, ,

h a s b e en t o sh o w h o w b o th P hi l i pp i n e h i s t o r y a n d w o r l d
h i st o ry h e lp e d sh a pe R i z al s c h a r a c t e r A cc o rdi n gl y h e
’
.
,

h a s m ent i o n e d m a ny hi st o ri c a l m a tt e rs b o th o f P h i l i pp i n e
an d w o r l d w i d e i nt e r e st O n e c a nn o t r e a d the b o o k w i th
-
.

o u t a desi r e t o kn o w m o re O f t h e s e m att e rs T h u s the .

bo o-k i s n o t o n l y a b i o g ra p hy i t i s a h i st o ry a s w e l l
, It .

m u s t gi ve a l a r g e r o u t l o o k t o th e y o u th o f th e P h i l i p
p i n e s T h e o n l y d ra w b a c k th at o n e m i g ht fi n d i n i t a n d
.
,

i t s e e m s p a ra d o xi c a l t o s ay i t i s th e l a c k o f m o r e de
,

t a i l f o r o n e l e ave s i t w i shi n g th a t h e kn ew m o r e o f the

,

a c t u a l i nt i m a t e h a pp eni n g s a n d th i s I t ake i t i s the b e st

, , ,

e fl ect a b i o g ra p hy c a n h ave o n th e r e a de r o u ts i d e o f th e

i n st r u c t i ve a nd m o ra l v a l u e o f t h e b i o g ra p hy .

JA M E S A . RO BE RTS O N .

M A N I LA , P I . .
 CON TE N TS

D E D I CA T I O N To . TH E P H I L I P P I N E YO U TH
-

I N TR O D U C T I O N
CH A P TER

A M E R I CA S F OR E R UN NE R
’

R I ZA L C H I N E S E A NC E S T R Y
’
S

L I B E RA L I ZI N G H E R E D I TA RY I N F L U E NC E S
R I ZA L S EA R L Y C H I L D H OO D
’

JA C O R S P R O P H E C Y
’
.

TH E P E R I O D O F P R E P A R A T I O N
TH E P E R I O D O F P R O P A G A N DA
D E S P U J O L S D UP L I C I TY
’

TH E D E P O R TA T I O N To D A P I TA N
CO N S U M M A TU M ES T
TH E A F TE R L I F E I N M EM OR Y
A P P E ND I ! . TH E IVI ON K EY A N D TH E T O TO I S E
R

I ND E !

F r
om R i za l s s ke t c h
’
boo k .
 L I ST O F I L L U S TR A TI O N S
'

POR T R AIT OF RIZ AL F r o n t i s p i ec e

Pa i n t ed in a il-
s by Feli R x es u rr ecci o n H i d lg o
a (i n c ol or) .

P A
CE

P H I LI PPI NE MONEY A N D PO STAGE STA M PS

P OR T R AI T OF R I Z A L
P i t d i o i l by J
a n e n L i P r i F i m i l (i o l o r )
s ua n un a n a s . a cs e n c

C O L U M B US A T B A R C ELON A
Fr o m p r i t i R i l s r p bo o k
a n n za
’
sc a .

P ORT R AIT G RO UP
R i z a l t t hi t a Ri al t i ght r Ri z l i Lo do
e en . z a e een . a n n n.

Th p o r t r i t
e th p o t g st mp
a on e s a e a .

TH E B APTIS M A L RE C OR D O F DOM I N G O LA M C 0 -

F c i mi l
a s e .

P OR T R AIT G RO UP
1 .I L n h o m 2 I 1 89 0 3 Th p o rt r i t o t h e p a p er
una s
’
e . . n . . e a n

m o y 4 I 1 89 1 5 I 1 89 2
ne . . n . . n .

P AC I F I C O C E A N SPH ERE S OF I N F L U E N C E
I l i d by R i z l d r i g P r i d t H rr i o a d m i i t r a t i o ’
a e a u n es en a s n s n s n .

F AT H ER OF R I Z A L
,
P o rt r i t a .

MO TH E R OF R I Z A L
Po r t r i t a .

R I z A L s F A M I LY T REE
’ -

Al d by R i z a l w h
a e i D pi t en n a an .

B I R THP L AC E OP J OS E Ri zA L .

Fr o m p h t g r p h a o o a .

S KE TC H E S BY R I zA L

A g r o p m de d r i g -h i
u t ra la u n s v e s .

B UST OF R I zA L s F AT H ER
i

C r d i w o o d by R i z a l
a v e n .

TH E CH U R C H A N D C ONVEN T O A T K A L A M B A
‘

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

F AT H E R L EON CI O LO P EZ
Fr o m ph ot o g r p h
a
_
a .

TH E L A K E DI S TR ICT OF C E N T R A L L U ZON

S k tc h m d by R i z a l
e a e .
 L I ST OF I LL U STR A TI O N S
P A
GE
’
R I zA L s U N C LE J O S E A L B RTO
,
E

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

S R J O H N B OWR I N G
I K C ,
. . B .

Fr o m o l d p ri t
an n .

J OS E D EL PA N
O M A N IL A F

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

GOVERNOR LDE TORRE A

Fr o m o l d p ri t
an n .

A R CH B IS HO P M A RTI NEZ
Fr o m o l d p ri t
an n .

TH E VERY V REJA ME S B U R G O S
. D D . .

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

GEN . F T W A RD
. .

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

MON U MEN T TO TH E EVER V ICTOR I O US “

GH - SH A N AI

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

M RS . R I zA L A ND
H Tw o DAU G HT ER S
ER

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

BI LI BI D P R IS ON
-Fr o m o ld p ri t
an n .

MOD EL O A H E AD O A DAPITA N G I R L
F F

F ro m ph otogr ph
a a .

MEMOR IA L To J OS E A L B ERTO CHU R C H T B I NA N I N TH E A

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

B OO K S P ROM L s LI B R A RY
RI zA
’

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

RI ZA IJ S C C OF TH
A RI / I N SAC RE D H E A R T E

F ro m p h ot o gr ph
a a .

B UST O F ATH ER G U ERR ICO s J

F , . .

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

Tw o V I EW S A C OM P O SIT E STATU E TT E Y R I Z A L
OF B

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h a s.

MOD E L I N C LA Y OF A DAPITA N WOM A N

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h
a a .

S KE TCH HI M S EL F TH T R AI N I N G C L ASS
OF I N E

P h o t o g r p h f r o m t h o ri g i l
a e na .

OI L P A I N TI N G O I A L S S I ST ER SATU R N I N A
’
F R Z ,

P h o t o g r p h f r o m th p i t i g
a e a n n .
fil

L IS T OF I L LU STR ATI ON S

R I ZA L S PASSP OR T OR SA F E C ON DUCT
’ “
“

P h ot o g ph f t h o r i g i l
r a o e na .

PA RT O F D E SPUJ O S P R I V AT E I N Q UI RY L
’

F i mi l
a cs f t h o ri g i l
e o e na .

CAS E S T IY F I LE D A G AI N ST R I Z A L
EC RE L

F i m i l f t h o ri gi l
ac s e o e na .

L UI S E L A TORRE S E C RE TA RY TO DES U J O
‘
D ,
P L

Fro m l d p ri t
an o n .

RE G U L A TI ON S O F L A L I G A F I L IPI N A
i mi l i Ri l h dw r i t i g ”
F a cs e n za s an n .

TH E CA LL E I L A Y A M ON U M E N T To z A N D L A L I G A F I L IPI N A RI AL

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h a a .

TH REE W SP E CI E S DISC OVERE D Y R I Z A L

NE N A ME D A FT ER B A ND H I M
Fr o m gr i g an en av n .

S-
PE C M I COLLE CT E D Y R I Z A L
EN S F ATH ER SA N CH EZ B A ND

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h a s .

STATU E TT E B Y R I Z A L TH E MO TH ER S REV N G E
“

,
’
E

F m r -oph otogr ph a a .

F ATH ER C SA N J H Ez , s . .

F ro m ph ot o gr ph
a a .

DR AW I N G S O F F ISH E S CAU GH T AT DAPITA N

Tw l f i mi l f R i l o ri g i l
'
e ‘
v e a cs es o za s na s .

P L A N O F TH E W AT ER WORK S F OR DAPITA N
F i m i l f Ri l k t h
a cs e o za
’
s s e c .

J EWELRY O F E A RLI E ST MORO CONVERTS

F ro m ph o t o g r p h
a a .

H I L -
L D E CA V ATI ON S W H ERE T E J EWE L RY W AS F O U N D
A N; ! H

F i mi l f a cs k t h by R i z l
e o a s e c a .

L ST O E TH NOG R APHICA L M AT ER I A L
I F

F i m il
a cs e .

T E B LI N D MR TA U E
H . F R

Fr o m p h o t o g r p h a a .

L S F ATH ER LAW
’
RI ZA -
I N-

Fr o m p h o t o g p h a r a .

CA RVE D P OR T R AIT O J O S E F I N A B R AC KE N F

Fr o m p h o t o g r ph a a .

J O S E F I N A R AC KEN S B APTIS M A L C ERT IFI CAT E

B
’

F i mi l f t h o r i g i l
a cs e o e na .
 LI ST OF IL LU STRA TI ON S

J O S E F I N A B R AC KEN AFTERW A RDS M S J O E R I Z A L

,
-
R .
'
S-

F ro m a ph otogr ph a .

LEONOR A R I VER A
P en c i l k t h by R i z l
s e c a .

L EO- NOR A R I VER A T G F I F T EE N

AT H E A E OF ‘

F ro m a ph otogr ph a .

LE TT ER T O NE PH E W Y R I Z A L
H IS
'

F a cs i mi l e .

T
E -
H N OG RA P H I
C M A TER IA L C OLLE CT E Y R I Z A L
AL D B

F r o m a pri t n .

C ELL I N W HIC R Z A L W AS M H I
'
I P RI S ON E-D

F ro m a ph o t o g r ph a .

CUA RT EL D E E SPA NA
F r o m a ph o to g r ph a
“

L UIS T . A N D R AD E
DE '

F ro m l d p ri t
an o n .

I N TER I OR O F C ELL '

F ro m a ph ot ogr ph a .

R I zA L
’
s WE D DI N G G I F T TO H IS W I F E
F a cs i mi l f o ri g i l
e o na .

RI Z A
’
L S SYM B OL IC N A ME M AS ONRY I-
_
N

F a cs i mi l f o ri gi l
e o na .

TH E W I F E O F J O S E R I zA L

F r o m a p h o t o g r ph a .

E E CUTI ON
! R I Z AL
OF

F r m a ph otogr ph
o a .

B U R IA L RE COR D O F R I Z A L
F a cs i m i l f r o m t h P o r gi t r
e e ac e s e .

GR A VE RI Z A L
OF PA O C EME T ERY M A I L A
I N G , N

F ro m a ph ot o gr ph a .

TH E A L CO H OL L A M P W HICH TH E F REWELL P OEM W AS HIDD EN I N A

F ro m a ph o t o g r ph a .

T H E O P EN I N G L I NE S L AST ERS E S OF R I ZA L S
’
V
'
’

F a cs i mi l f o ri gi l
e o na .

R I ZA L S
’
F A REWELL TO MO TH ER H IS

F a cs i mi l e .

MON U MEN T AT TH E C ORNER O F A VE N U E R I zA L

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .
 L I ST OF I LLU STR A TI ON S

F LO A T I N A R I Z A L DA Y PA R AD E
-

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .

w J B RY A N A s A R I Z A L DA Y OR AT OR
. .

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .

G O V ERNOR G E N ER A L F OR B E S A N D DE L E GAT E M A R IA NO P ON C E
-

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .

TH E L AST POR T R AIT O F J O S E RI zA L s MO TH ER ’

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .

ACC E PT E D MODE L FOR TH E RI Z A L MON U ME N T

Fr o m a p h o t o g r p h a .

TH E R I Z A L MON U MEN T I N F RON T OF TH E NEW CAPITA L

Fr o m a k t h s e c .

TH E ST ORY OF TH E MON KEY A ND TH E T OR T O I S E

S i x fac i m i l fr o m R i l o r i g i l
’
s es za s na s .

s sket c h bo o k
’
F r o m R i zal .
TH E L I N EA G E ,
LIFE AND L A BO R S OF

JO S E R I ZA L ,
P H I L I P P I N E P A TR I O T

F O R ER U
’
A M E R I CA S N N ER

H E l i n e a ge O f a h e r o w h o m a de th e h i st o ry o f h i s
c o u nt ry d u ri n g i t s m o st c ri ti c a l p e ri o d a nd Wh o s e
,

l ab o rs c o nst i t u t e i t s h o p e f o r the fu t u re m u st b e m o re,

th a n a s i m pl e l i st O f a n a s c en di ng l i ne T h e b l o o d w hi c h
.

fl o w e d i n h i s v e i ns m u st b e t ra c e d g ene rati o n b y gene ra

t i o n th e b ett e r t o u n de rst a n d th e m a n bu t a t th e s a m e
, ,

ti m e th e c a u se s l e a di n g t o th e c o ndi ti o ns o f hi s t i m e s
m u st b e n o t e d st e p by st e p i n o r d e r t o gi ve a b ette r u nde r
, ,

st a ndi ng O f th e envi r o n m ent i n w hi c h h e l iv e d a nd l ab o red .

T h e st u dy O f the g r o w th O f fre e i de a s i s n o w i n th e
days o f o u r de m o c ra c y th e m o st i m p o rt a nt fe at u re O f
P hi l i p p i n e h i st o ry ; hi th e rt o th i s h i st o ry h a s c o nsi ste d O f
l i tt l e m o re th a n l i st s o f g o ve rn o rs th e i r t e rm o f o ffi c e
, ,

a n d O f th e r e c i t a l o f s u c h i n c i dent s a s w e r e c o n si de re d t o
re d o u n d t o th e gl o ry O f S p a i n o r c o u l d b e S O t w i st e d a nd
,

m i s r e p re s ente d a s t o m ake t he m a pp e a r t o do so It .

ra re l y o cc u rre d t o f o r m e r h i st o ri a ns th a t th e l a m p O f
ex p e ri en c e m i g ht p r o ve a l i g ht f o r th e feet O f f u t u re
gen e r ati o n s a n d the m i stake s o f th e p a st w e r e u s u a ll y
,

i g n o re d o r p a s s e d o ve r th u s l e avi ng th e w a y O p e n f o r
,

re p e a ti n g t h e o l d e r r o rs Bu t p r o fi t n ot p ri de s h o u l d
.
, ,

b e th e O bj e c t O f th e st u dy O f t he p a st a n d o u r h i st o ri a ns
,

o f t o d a y v e ry l a r g e l y c o n c e rn th e m s e l v e s w i th m i st ak es

i n p o l i c y an d de fe c ts O f syste m ; f o rt u n at e l y f o r the m s u c h
c ri ti c a l i nvesti g a ti o n u n der o u r c han g e d c o n di ti o ns d o es
n o t i nv o l ve th e di s c o m f o rt a n d da nge r th at att e n de d i t

i n th e d a y s o f D o c t o r R i z a l .
 LI FE A ND L A BO R S OF J O S E R I ZA L

I n the Op i ni o n O f the m a rtyred D o c t o r c rit i c i s m O f th e

,

ri ght s o rt— even the ve ry b e st thi ngs m a y b e ab u se d ti ll

th ey b e c o m e i nt o l e rab l e e v i l s— se rves m u c h the s a m e u se
f u l w a rni ng p u r p o s e f o r g o ve rn m ents th at th e sy m p t o m s
o f S i c knes s d o f o r p e rs o ns T h u s g o ve rn m ent a n d i ndi
.

vi d u a l a l i ke w h en a dvi se d i n ti m e O f s o m ethi ng w r o ng
,

w i th th e syst e m c a n s eek o u t a n d c o rre c t th e c a u s e b e f o re

,

s e ri o u s c o ns e q u en c e s ens u e Bu t th e n ati o n th at re p res s es

.

h o ne st c r i t i c i s m W i th s eve ri ty l ike th e i ndivi d u a l Wh o

,

de a dens hi s sym p t o m s w i th da n g e r o u s d ru g s i s l ike l y ,

t o b e l u ll e d i nt o a fa l se s e c u ri ty th at m a y p r o ve fat a l .

P a t r i o t t o w a rd S p a i n a n d th e P h i l i pp i nes a l i ke R i z a l
!
,

t ri e d t o i m p res s thi s V i e w u p o n th e g o ve rn m ent o f h i s

day w i th f ata l res u l ts t o h i m s e l f a nd the di s a st r o u s
, ,

eff e c ts o f n o t h eedi ng hi m h av e S i n c e j u sti fi e d hi s p o si ti o n .

T he very de fenses o f O l d M an i l a i ll u stra te h o w the

P hi l i pp i ne s hav e s u ffere d fr o m l a c k o f s u c h dev o ted h o n ,

e st a n d c o u ra ge o u s c ri ti c s a s Jo s é R i z a l T he c i ty w a ll
.

w a s b u i l t s o m e yea rs l ater tha n the fi rst S p an i sh o ccu

p at i o n t o kee p o u t C hi nese p i ra tes a fter L i M a h on g -

destr o yed the c i ty T he S p ani a rds she l te re d the m se l ves

.

i n the o l d T a ga l o g f o rt ti ll re en f o r c e m ents c o u l d c o m e
fr o m t h e co u n t r y N O o n e ha d ever dared t o q
. . u o te the

p r o verb ab o u t l o c kin g the d o o r a fter the h o rse w a s st o l en .

T he ne ed f o r t h e m o a t so re c ent l y fi ll e d i n w as n o t seen
, ,

u nti l a f ter the b i tte r ex p eri en c e O f the e asy o cc u p ati o n O f

M an i l a by t h e E n g l i sh bu t i f p u b l i c o p in i o n ha d b e en
,

a ll o w e d fre e ex p ressi o n thi s ex p eri en c e m i ght h ave b een

av o i ded A n d the free S p a c e ab o u t the w a ll s w a s cl e a re d
.

O f b u i l din gs o n l y a fte r these sa m e b u i l di n g s h a d h el p e d '

t o m ake the sa m e o cc u p ati o n O f the c i ty e asi er yet there

-
'

w e re m any i n M ani l a w h o f o resa w the dan ger bu t fe ared

t o f o r e te ll i t .

H a d the p e o pl e O f S p a i n b een free t o c ri ti c i se the

S p an i a rds w ay o f w a i ti n g t o do thi ngs u nti l i t i s t o o l a te
’
 LI FE A ND LA B OR S OF J O SE R I ZA L

D o c t o r R i z a l kn e w th a t th e r e a l S p a i n h a d g en e r o u s
th o u gh s l u gg i sh i ntenti o ns a nd n o b l e th o u gh e r rati c i m
,

p u l ses bu t i t a w o k e t o o l ate ; t o o l ate f o r D o c t o r R i z a l

,

an d t o o l ate t o save the P hi l i pp i n es f o r S p a i n ; ta rdy

re f o r m s a ft e r h i s de ath w er e u se l ess an d the l o ss O f her
o vers ea s p o ss e ssi o ns w as th e r e s u l t D o c t o r R i z a l l o st .

w hen he stake d hi s l i fe o n h i s tr u st i n the i nn ate s e ns e O f

h o n o r o f S p a i n f o r tha t sense O f h o n o r be c a m e te m p o
,

r ar i l
y b l i nde d by a s u dden bu t fata l g u st O f p a s si o n ; a nd
i t t o o k th e S h o c k O f the se p a rati o n t o r o u s e the d o r m an t
S p an i sh c hiva l ry .

S ti ll i n the m a i n Ri z al s j u d gm e n t w a s c o rre c t an d h e
’
,

w a s the vi c ti m O f m i sti m ed rather than o f m i s pl a c ed co n

, ,

fiden ce f o r a s s o o n a s the kn o w l e d g e o f the rea l R i z a l

,

b e c a m e kn o w n t o the S p ani sh p e o ple be l ate d j u sti c e b e g an ,

t o be d o n e hi s m e m o ry an d then re p entant an d re m o rse

, ,

f u l a s i s c ha ra c teri sti c a ll y C asti l i an th ere w a s l i tt l e d el ay

, ,

an d n o h a l f-he a rtedn ess A n o the r n a m e m ay n o w b e

.

g r o u p ed w i th C o l u m b u s an d C ervantes a m o n g th o se t o
w h o m S p a i n h as given i m p ri s o n m e nt in l i fe an d m o n u
m ents a fter de ath— c ha ins f o r th e m an an d Cha ple ts f o r
‘

hi s m e m o ry I n 1 89 6 d u ri ng th e f ew days b e f o r e h e
.
,

c o u l d b e r e t u rn e d t o M ani l a D o c t o r R i z a l o cc u p i e d a
,

d u nge o n i n M o ntj u i c h C a st l e i n B a r c e l o n a ; w hi le o n hi s
w a y t o a ssist the S p ani sh s o l di ers i n C u b a w h o w e re
stri c ken w i th ye ll o w f eve r h e w a s S hi pp ed and s e nt ba c k
,

t o a p rej u dge d tri a l an d an u nj u st exe c u ti o n F i ft ee n .

yea rs l ater the C a ta l an c i ty a u th o ri ti es c o mm e m o rat e d th e

se m i c entenni a l O f thi s p ri s o ne r s b i rth by c han g in g i n
-
’

h i s h o n o r the n a m e O f a stre et i n the sha d o w o f th e i n

,

fa m o u s p ri s o n O f M o ntj u i c h C ast l e t o C a ll e de l D o c t o r
Ri zal .
”

M o r e instan c es o f thi s n at u re a re n o t c i te d si n ce th e y
a re n o t e ss e nti a l t o the p r o p e r u nderstandin g O f R i z a l s ’

st o ry bu t l et i t b e m a de cl ea r o n c e f o r a ll tha t w hat e v e r
,
 A ME R CA SI ’
F O RE R U NNE R

h a rshn e ss m ay b e f o u n d i n th e f o ll o w in g p a ge s i s di re c t e d
s o l e l y t o th o s e w h o b etra y e d th e tr u st o f th e m o ther c o u n
try an d s el fish l y ab u s e d th e a m p le an d u nr e stra in e d p o w ers
Wi th w h i c h S p a i n i nveste d the m .

A n d w ha t m ay s e e m th e e xa l tati o n o f th e A n g l o S ax o ns -

a t th e ex pe n s e o f th e L a ti n s i n thes e p a ges i s i nt e nde d o n l y

t o p o i nt o u t th e s u p e ri o ri ty o f thei r o rdere d syste m O f

g o ve rn m e n t w i th i ts c he c ks an d b a l an c es i ts i n di vi d u a l
, ,

ri g hts an d i ndi v i d u a l d u ti e s u n de r w hi c h m en a re fre e

,
“

t o l ive b y n o m an s l e ave u n dern e ath th e L aw

’ ”
, NO .

h u m an b ei n g c an be sa fe l y tr u ste d w i th u n l i m i t e d p o w e r ,

a n d n o m an n o m att e r w ha t h i s n ati o n a l i ty c o u l d hav e

, ,

w i thst o o d the te m p tati o n s O ffe re d by the c ha o ti c c o n di

t i o n s i n the P hi l i pp i ne s i n p ast ti m es any b etter than di d
th e S p an i a rds T he re i s n o thi n g w ri tten i n thi s b o o k tha t
.

sh o u l d c o nv e y th e Op i ni o n that i n si m i l a r c i r c u m stan c es
m en o f any n ati o n a l i ty w o u l d n o t have a c te d as the S p an
i ar ds di d . T he e asi est re c o g n i z ed c ha ra c teri sti c o f abso
l u t i sm an d a ll the ab u ses an d c o rr u p ti o n i t b ri n g s i n i ts
,

tra i n i s fea r o f c ri ti c i s m an d S p a i n dre w her o w n i n di c t

, ,

m en t i n t h e P hi l i pp ines w h e n sh e e xe c u ted R i z a l .

When an y n ati o n s ets o u t t o en r o ll a ll i t s s c h o l a r l y

c ri ti c s a m o n g th e m a rtyrs i n the c a u se o f L i b e rty i t ,

m ake s a n Op en c o n fes si o n O f g u i l t t o a ll the w o r l d Fo r .

a q u a rte r o f a c ent u ry S p a i n h a d be en r u l i n g i n th e P h i l

i p p i n e s b y t e rr o ri z i ng i t s s u bj e c ts th e re a n d Ri z al s exe
’
,

cu t i o n w i th u tt e r di s rega rd o f th e m o st el e m ent a ry r u l es
,

O f j u di c i a l p r o ce du re w a s th e c u l m i n at i o n th a t dr o ve th e
,

F i l i p i n o s t o d e s p e ra ti o n a n d a r re st e d th e a tte nti o n O f
t h e w h o l e c i vi l i z e d w o r l d I t w as e vi dent th a t Ri z a l s
.
’

fa t e m i g ht h ave b ee n th a t O f a n y O f hi s c o u nt ry m e n a nd ,

th e thi nki n g w o r l d sa w th a t e v ents h a d t ak e n s u c h a

c o u rs e i n th e P h i l i pp i nes th a t i t h a d b e c o m e j u st i fi ab l e
f o r th e F i l i p i n o s t o att e m p t t o di s s o lv e th e p o l i ti c a l
 LI F E A ND LA B OR S OF J O S E R I ZA L

b a nds w hi c h h a d c o nne c te d th e m w i th S p a i n f o r o ve r
th re e c ent u ri es .

S u c h a c ti o n by the F i l i p i n o s w o u l d n o t have b een w a r

rante d by a s o l i tary i nstan c e O f u n j u st exe c u ti o n u nder
°

stress O f p o l i ti c a l ex c i te m ent tha t di d n ot i ndi c a te th e -

exi sten c e o f a sett l ed p o l i c y S u c h instan c es a re rather t o

.

b e cl assed a m o n g the m i stakes t o w hi c h g o vern m ents as

w ell a s i ndivi d u a l s a re l i ab l e Ye t even s u c h a m i stake
.

m ay b e av o i ded by c erta i n p re c a u ti o n s w hi c h ex p e ri en c e
ha s s u ggeste d an d the n ati o n tha t di srega rds these p re
,

c a u ti o ns i s j u st l y o p en t o c ri ti c i s m .

O u r p resent P hi l i pp in e g o ve rn m en t g u a rantees t o i t s
c i ti z en s as f u nda m en ta l ri ghts that n o p ers o n sha ll b e
,

he l d t o ans w er f o r a c a p i ta l c ri m e u n l ess o n an i n di c t m ent ,

n o r m a y he b e c o m p e ll e d i n any c ri m in a l c a se t o be a w i t

ness a ga inst hi m s e l f n o r b e de p ri ve d O f l i fe l iberty o r

, ,

p r o p erty w i th o u t du e p r o c ess O f l aw T he a cc u se d m u st .

have a s p eedy p u b l i c and i m p arti a l tri a l be i n f o rm ed O f

, ,

the n at u re a n d c a u se o f the a cc u sati o n be c o n fr o nted w i th ,

the w i tnesses a ga inst h i m hav e c o m p u l s o ry p r o c ess f o r

,

O b ta in in g Wi tnesses i n h i s fav o r and have the a ssi stan c e

,
‘

O f c o u nse l f o r h i s de fense N o t o n e o f these sa fegu ards

.

p r o te c te d D o c t o r R i z a l ex c e p t tha t he ha d an Op en
tri a l i f tha t n a m e m ay b e given t o a c o u rtr o o m fill ed
,
”

w i th h i s ene m i es o p en l y cl a m o ri n g f o r h i s de ath w i th o u t
reb u ke fr o m the c o u rt E v en the p res u m p ti o n o f i nn o
.

c en c e ti ll gu i l t w as e stab l i she d w as den i ed h i m T hese .

p re c a u ti o ns h ave b een c o nsi de re d ne c essary f o r every c ri m

i n a l tri a l bu t the fra m ers O f the Am eri c an C o nsti t u ti o n
'

, ,

fea rfu l l est p o p u l a r p rej u di c e s o m e day m i ght c a u se i n j u s

ti c e t o th o se a dv o c atin g u n p o p u l a r i dea l s p r o hib i ted the ,

i rre m edi ab l e p ena l ty o f death u p o n a c ha rge O f treas o n ’

ex c e p t w here the testi m o ny O f t w o re l i ab l e w i tn esses estab

l i sh e d s o m e o vert a c t i n feren c e n o t b e i n g a d m i ssi b l e a s
,

evi d e n c e .
IIII I

TH E P O T R AIT
R OF R ZA L PAINT D
I , E
IN OI L BY JUA
N L AU N PA RIS
IN .
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF IZAL
’

J o sr: R

to h ave p reven te d the n a tu ra l p ro gress wh i ch the lan d

wou l d ha ve m a de .

I n on e form o r a n othe r th i s conten ti on wa s the b a s i s

,
’
o f R i z a l s camp a i gn By ca re fu l se a rch i t i s true i solate d
.
, ,

in stances o f im provem en t coul d b e foun d but the show ,

in g a t i ts very b est wa s so p i ti fully poo r tha t th e system

sto o d discredi te d An d i t wa s th e system to whi ch R i z a l
.

wa s o pposed .

The Span i a rds who en ga ge d i n pub li c a rgum en t w i th

R i z a l we re continu a lly discove ri n g too la te to avo i d ,

tumbl in g i n to them l ogi ca l p it fa lls wh i ch ha d be en ca re

,

fully prepa red to tra p them R i z a l a rgu e d much a s h e .

p layed chess an d wa s eve r rea dy to sacri fice a pawn to

,
“ ”
b e en abl ed to sa y check M any a n u nwa ry opponen t
.

re a l i z e d a fte r h e ha d publ i shed wha t he h a d consi dered a

cl ever answer th a t the s am e rea s on in g wh i ch scor e d a
p o in t a ga i nst R i z a l in controvertibly estab l i she d the K a
l a m ban s m aj or prem i se
’
.

Superfi ci a l anta gon ists to the detrim ent o f the i r own

,

reputa ti on s h ave m a de m uch o f w h at t h ey chose to con

s i de r R i z a l 3 h istorica l e rrors B ut h isto ry i s n ot m er ely
.

chrono logy an d h i s representat i on o f its tren d di srega rd

, ,

in g deta i ls wa s a m a sterly tra cin g o f cu rren t evi ls to the i r

,

remote ca uses H e ma y have erre d i n s ome o f h i s m i no r

.

sta tem ents ; th i s wi ll ha ppen to anyon e who w r ites much ,

bu t a ttempts to d iscredi t Ri z a l on the scor e o f h i stori ca l

ina ccu racy rea lly re fl ect upon the ca pti ous cri t ics j u st a s ,

a dra ftsm an wou ld expose h imsel f to r i dicu le were he to

com pla in o f som e fam ous h istorica l p a int in g th a t i t ha d
’
n o t been drawn to exact sca le R i z a l s wr i tin gs were i n .

tende d to b r in g out i n r el i e f the evi ls o f the Sp an i sh sys

tem o f the governm ent o f the Fi li p i no peop le j ust a s a ,

m ap o f th e w o rl d m a y put th e i nh ab i t e d p o rti on s o f th e
e a rth in grea te r prom in en ce tha n those porti on s tha t a re
not i nh ab ited N e i ther i s exa ct i n i ts representati on but
.
,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF J OS E R IZAL

in g u pon the b en efi ts o f the e a rly days o f the Span i sh

dom in ion .

Wea ri som e wa s the e te rn a l h a rp in g on gra titude whi c h

a t o n e t ime w as th e on ly s a fe t on e fo r pulp i t p r es s a n d ,

pub l i c sp eech ; i t wa s i r r i ta t in g b ecause i t i gn ore d qu es

ti on s o f cu rrent p ol icy an d i t wa s d iscoura gin g to the
,

Fi l ip in os who we re rem in ded by i t o f th e hopeless futu re

for the i r country to wh ich tim e ha d b rou ght n o p rogress .

B ut w ith a ll the faul ts a n d unworthin ess o f the l a ter ru lers ,

a n d the in an e a ttempts o f the i r pa ra s i tes to d i stra ct a tten

ti on from th ese fa i l in gs ther e rem a in s und imm e d the
,
’
luste r o f Spa i n s e a rly fam e The Chri sti an i z in g whi ch
.

a ccompan i e d h er fl a g up on t h e m a in lan d a n d i sla nds o f

the N ew Wo rl d i s i ts imp er i sh ab l e glory an d th e tra n s ,

formation o f the Fi l i p in o people from O r ienta ls i nto

m edi aeva l E urope an s throu gh the colon i z in g gen ius o f the
ea rly C a st i l i a ns rem a ins a m a rve l unm a tche d i n colon i a l
,

h i story an d m er its the l astin g gra ti tude o f the Fi l i p i n o .

Doctor R i z a l sa ti ri z ed th e degen erate descen dan ts an d

sco re d th e unwo rthy successors bu t h is wri tin gs m ay b e
,

sea rche d in va i n fo r w holesa le cha rges a ga inst th e Sp an ish

n a ti on such a s Span ish scribble rs w ere fo rever di rectin g
a ga inst a ll Fil ip i nos p a st p resen t an d future w ith a n
, , ,

a llege d fau lt o f a s in gle on e a s a pretext I t w i ll be foun d.

tha t h e inva ri ab ly reco gn i ze d tha t t h e fa i th ful fi rst a dm in

i st r a t o r s an d the devote d p i oneer m issi on a ri es h a d a va l i d
.

cla im up on th e continu in g gra ti tude o f the pe opl e o f

’
Tup a s an d L ak an do l a s l an d
’
.

R i zal s i nsi ght d iscern ed an d exp eri ence ha s dem on

’

st r a t e d tha t L ega sp i
, U rdan eta an d those who we re l ike
,

them l a i d broa d an d fi rm foun da ti on s for a m ode rn

,

soci a l a n d pol i ti ca l organ i z a t ion whi ch coul d be sa fely

a n d speedi ly establ ishe d by re form s from above The .

e a rly Ch ri st i an i z in g civi l i zers dese rve n o pa rt o f th e b l am e

fo r the fact tha t Ph il i pp ine p orts were n ot ea rl i e r open e d
 AME ICA S FO R E R UNNE R
R
’

to p r o g r ess bu t mu ch cre d i t i s du e them th a t the re i s

,
.

’
succe ed in g h ere a n orderly dem ocracy such a s n ow would
b e i mp o ssi bl e i n a ny n ei ghb ori n g coun t ry .

Th e Ph i l ip p i n e pa tri o t woul d b e the fi rst to re co gn i z e

th e j u st i ce o f the select i on o f p ortra i ts wh i ch a ppea r w i th
.

tha t o f R i z a l up on the p resen t Ph i l i ppi ne posta ge sta mps ,

w h e r e t h ey serve a s da ily rem in ders o f h ow fre e govern

'

m en t cam e h er e .

Th e con stan cy a n d cou ra ge o f a Portu gu ese s a i lo r put

th es e I sl an ds i n to touch w i th the N ew Worl d w i th w hi ch
the i r futu re p rogress w a s to b e i denti fi ed The ta ct a n d .

h on esty o f a civi l o ffi ci a l from M exi c o m a de poss ible the

a lm ost bloo dless con qu es t wh i ch brought th e Fi lip in os
un de r th e then h elp fu l rul e o f Sp a in Th e b e quest o f a .

fa r si ghte d e a rly p h i l anthrop i st wa s th e be ginn in g o f the

-

w a te r system o f M an i la wh i ch w a s a recogn iti on o f th e

,

importa n ce o f e ffo rts towa r d im p rovin g th e pub li c h ea lth

an d rem a in s a rem i nde r o f how even i n th e da rkest days ,

o f m i seri es a n d m i sgo vernm en t th ere h a ve n ot b e en ,

w an ti n g Sp an i a rds wh ose i de a l o f Sp an i sh p a tri oti sm wa s

to devote he a rt b ra i n an d w e a lth to th e wel fa re o f
,

the Fi l i pi n os These we r e th e h eroes o f th e p eri o d o f

.

p repa ra ti on .

The l i fe o f th e on e wh ose sto ry i s tol d i n these p a ges

wa s devote d a n d fi n a l ly sa cri fi ced to di gn i fy the i r com
m on coun try i n th e eyes o f h i s coun trym en an d to un i te ,

th em in a com m on p a tri oti sm ; he in cu lca te d tha t sel f

respe ct wh i ch by l ea din g to s el f restra in t a n d sel f control
,
- -
,

m a kes sel f govern m e nt p o ssibl e ; a n d sou ght to in sp i r e i n

-

a l l a l ove o f o rdere d freedom s o tha t wh ethe r under the

, ,

fl a g o f Spa in or a ny othe r o r by th em selves n e i th er

,
“

tyr an ts (ca ci qu es ) n or sla ves (those le d by ca ci qu es )

would b e p oss ibl e a m on g them .

An d the ch an ge i ts el f cam e throu gh a n Am er i ca n Pres i

“

d en t wh o b el i eved a n d p ra cti ce d th e b el i e f tha t n a ti on s

, ,
 LIFE AND LABOR S OF JOS E R IZAL

owed obl i gat i on s to oth er n a ti on s j ust a s me n h a d duti e s

towa rd thei r fell ow m en H e establ ishe d h ere L ib erty
- .

th rough L aw an d provi de d for p ro gress i n gen e ra l e du

,

cat i on wh i ch sh ou l d b e a s a fegu a rd to go o d gove rnment

,

a s wel l for a n en l i ghten ed people cann ot b e a n oppr esse d

,

people Th en he wen t to wa r a ga i nst the Ph i li pp in es

.

ra ther tha n dece i ve them b ecause the Fi l i p in o s who r e

, ,

p e a t e dl y h a d b een tri cke d by Spa i n w i th un fulfil led p rom

“

i se s i ns i ste d on ple dges wh i ch he ha d n ot the po w er to

,

give Th ey kn ew n oth in g o f W ha t w a s me an t by th e ru le
.

o f the p eople a n d cou l d n ot con ce ive o f a gove rnm en t

,

w h ose h ea d wa s the servan t an d n ot th e m a ster N or d id .

th ey re a l i z e th a t even th e vote rs m i ght n ot p rom i se for

the futu re s in ce republ i ca n i sm requ i res th a t th e govern
,

m en t o f a ny p e ri o d sha ll ru le only durin g the p eri od that

i t i s in the m aj ori ty I n tha t wa r mil ita ry glory an d qu i ck
.

con qu e st were sa cr ifi ce d to con si dera t ion for the m i sled

enemy an d every effort w as m a de to m i n im i z e the evi ls
,

o f wa r fa re a n d to ga i n th e con fi d ence o f the peopl e R e .

ta l i a ti on for vi ol a ti on s o f the u sa ges o f civi li z e d w a r fa re

o f wh i ch Fi l ip in os a t fi rst were gu i lty th rou gh th ei r Spa n
i sh tra i n in g coul d n ot b e en ti rely preven te d bu t th i s r e
, ,

ta l i a ti on contra sted strikin gly w ith the Fi l ip in os un happy ’

p ast experi en ces w ith Span i sh sold i ers Th e few w h o h a d

.

been educa te d out o f Sp a in an d the re fo re u nderstood the

Ame ri can p osi ti on were da ily reen forced by those pe rson s
who b ecam e convince d from wh at they saw unti l a m a ,

j o r i t y o f the Ph i li pp in e peopl e sou ght pe a ce Then the .

Pres i den t o f th e U n i ted States outl in e d a p ol i cy an d the ,

hi story an d consti tuti on o f h is government wa s a n a ssur

ance tha t thi s pol icy would be followe d ; the Am e ri can
government th en b ega n to do wha t i t ha d n ot b een abl e
to p r o m i se .

Th e forerunn er an d th e foun der o f the prese n t regim e

in these I sla n ds by a stran ge co in ci dence were a s a l ike
, ,
 A ME R I C A S ’
F ORERU N N E R

i n b e in g crue lly m i sun derstoo d in th ei r l i fetime s by th ose

whom they sou ght to b en e fi t a s they we re i n th e tra gedy
o f the i r dea ths a n d b oth w ere unj u stly j udge d by m a ny
, ,

p rob ably we ll -m e an in g coun trym en , .

M a gel l an L e ga sp i C a rri e do R i z a l a n d M cK i n l ey
, , , ,

hero es o f th e free Ph i l ipp in es b elon ge d t o di ffe ren t tim es

,

a n d were o f di fferen t types bu t th ei r w ork comb ine d to

,

m ake possi bl e th e grow in g dem ocra cy o f to -day The .

div er si ty o f n a t i on a l i t i e s a m on g th ese heroe s i s a n a dd ed

a dva nta ge fo r i t reca lls th a t m i n gl in g o f b lo o d whi ch h a s
,

deve lop e d th e F i l i p i n o s into a st ron g peopl e .

E n gl an d th e U n i te d Sta tes a n d the Ph i li pp in es a r e e a ch

‘

com pose d o f w i dely divers e el em en ts Th ey h ave e a ch .

b e en develop e d by a dvers ity Th ey have e a ch h on ore d .

the i r severest cr it ics wh ile yet those cri ti cs l i ved Thei r .

comm on l itera tu re wh i ch tells the story o f hum an l iberty

,

i n i ts own ton gu e is th e r i che st m ost p ra cti ca l a n d m ost

, ,

a ccessi bl e o f a ll li te ra tu re a n d th e popul a r educa ti on

,

u p on wh i ch rests the freed om o f a l l th ree i s i n th e sam e

dem oc r a t i c t on gu e wh i ch i s t h e m o st wi dely kn own o f
,

ci v i li z e d l a ngu a ges a n d th e o nl y u n sy co p h a n t i c spe ech ,

fo r i t st a n ds a lon e i n n ot d i st i n gu i sh i n g by it s u s e o f
p ro n ou n s i n th e se co n d p e rs o n the s oci a l gra d e o f th e
i n d ivi du a l a d d re s s e d .

Th e futu re m a y w el l rea l i z e R i z a l s dre am tha t h i s ’

coun try shou l d b e to Asi a wh a t E n g l an d ha s b een to

E u rop e a n d th e U n i t e d Sta te s i s i n Amer i ca a hop e the ,

m o r e l ikely to b e fu lfi lle d s in ce the event s o f 1 89 8 r e

store d on ly a ssoc i a t i on s o f the ea rl i e r a n d h a pp i er days o f
th e h i story o f the Ph i l i pp in es Th e very n am e n ow u se d
.

i s n ea re r t he sp ell in g o f th e or i gin a l P h i l i p i n as th an the

Fi l i p i n a s o f n i n ete enth ce ntu ry Sp a n i sh u s a ge Th e fi rst .

fo rm wa s u s e d u nti l n e a rly a centu ry a g o wh en i t w a s ,

c o r rup te d a l o n g w i th so m a ny th in gs o f g re a te r i mp o r
t a n ce
.
 LIFE AND LABO R S oF J OS E R I ZAL

The Ph i lipp ines a t fi rst were ca lle d The I sl an ds o f

th e West a s th ey a re con s i de re d t o b e occi dent a l a n d
,
”

n ot ori en ta l Th ey were m a de kn own to E u rope a s a

.

sequel to the d iscoveri es o f C olumbus Con que re d an d .

C l
o um b us at B cl
ar e on a . F r om a pi
r n t i n R i za l
’
s s ra c pb k
— oo .

colon i ze d from M ex i co m ost o f the i r p i ous a n d cha r itabl e

,

en dowm en ts churches hosp i ta ls a sylum s a n d colleges

, , , ,

were en dowe d by p h i la nthrop i c M exi can s A l m ost a s .

lon g a s M exico rem a in e d Span ish the comme rce o f the

Ph i li pp i n es wa s co nfin e d to Mexico a n d th e Ph i l i pp in es ,

were a p a rt o f the p osta l system o f M exi co an d dep en den t

 A E R ICA
M ’
S FO R E R UNNE R

a l l the cla im s o f wh a t h a d b een a ccom p l ished the en em i es ,

o f Spa i n n o t o nly we r e u nch ecke d bu t a pp e a re d to b e

bolder th an eve r Som e o f th e m ore thou ght ful Fi l i p in os .

then b ega n to los e con fi dence i n Sp a n is h cla im s Th ey .

we re on ly a few bu t th e i r n umbe rs we re to i ncre a se a s ,

the ye a rs wen t by Th e Sp a n i sh Arm a da wa s on e o f .

_

the e a rli e st o f those i n fl uences wh i ch re en force d by l a ter ,

events cul m i n a te d i n th e l i fe wo rk o f Jo s é R i z a l a n d th e
,

loss o f th e Ph i l ip p in es by Sp a in .

A t th a t t im e the comm erce o f M an i la wa s re stri cte d to

the ga ll eon tra de w ith M ex ico an d the p rosp eri ty o f th e ,

Fi l ip in o m e rch an ts— i n l a rge m ea su re th e p rosper ity o f the

en ti re Arch i pe la go — de p en de d upon th e ye a rly ventu res
th e h a z a r d o f wh ich wa s n ot so m uch th e ordin a ry u n cer
ta in ty o f the s ea a s th e r isk o f ca ptur e by E n gl i sh free
bo o t er s E verybo dy i n the Ph i l i pp in es h a d he a r d o f these
.

d a r i n g E ngl i sh m a r in e rs wh o we re emb ol den e d by a n ,

-

a lm ost unb roken se ri e s o f successes wh i ch h a d cor respon d

i n g l y d i scou ra ge d the Sp an i a r ds They ca rri e d on uncea s .

in g wa r desp i te occa si on a l p roclam a t i on o f pe a ce b etween

E n gl an d an d Sp a in for the Sp an i sh trea su re sh i ps w e re ,

tem p ti n g p ri z es an d thou gh a t tim e s pol i cy m a de the i r ,

governm en t des i re fri en dly rel a ti on s w i th Sp a in the E n g ,

l i sh p eopl e re ga rde d a ll Sp a n i a rds a s th e i r n a tura l en em ies

a n d a ll Sp an i sh p rop e rty a s th e i r le gi tim a t e spo i l .

The Fi l ip in o s re a l i z e d e a rl i er tha n the Sp an i a rds di d

th a t to rtu r in g to de a th sh i pwre cked E n gl ish sa i lo rs wa s
b a d p ol i cy T h e resu lt wa s a lways t o m ake othe r E n gl ish
.

sa i lors fi ght m ore desp era t ely to avoi d a s im i l a r fa te .

R even ge m a de th em m ore a n d m ore a ggress ive a n d ,

tre a ti es m a de w i th Sp a in w ere di sre ga rde d b ecause a s ,

th ey s a i d Sp a i n s in hum a n i ty h a d for fe ite d he r r i ght to

,
’

b e con s i de re d a c iv i l i z e d country
I t wa s l ess pub l i cly d i scu ssed but e qu a lly well kn own , ,

th a t th e E n gl i s h freebo ote rs b es i des comm i tti n g coun tl ess ,

lllllllfllfllllflllfllflllllllllfllllllll llm
flfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllflll llfllflm lllll lllllllll lllllfllll llllllll llllllll lllllll flllllllllll l llIIIIIllllllllIl llllllllllllllllllll ll l Il lllIIIlllIIIllIIIflIlIIIl| lIIIlIlIIlIIIIIIIllIl llllllIIIlll IIIlllIlIfllIIfllIIIIIIUlIl IIIIlIIIlIlIIIIllIIIIlIl IIl[lllllllllllllIllIIlllIIIlIIIIIIIIIII] lIIIIlll IIllIIIIIlIllIIIl lllll l lllll l l lllllll
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

m ent . R i za l ha d no t a llowed b i a s to i n fl uen ce h im in

studyin g th e pa st h istory o f the Ph i li pp in es he ha d b e en ,

e qu a l ly hon est w ith h imsel f i n j udgin g the con d i ti on s o f

h i s own time an d he kn ew a n d a ppl i ed wi th the s am e
,

fa i rn ess the te ach in g whi ch holds tru e i n h i sto ry a s i n

every othe r b ranch o f sci ence tha t l ike ca uses un der l ike
con dit i on s must produce l ike results H e h a d b een ca re .

fu l in h i s rea son in g a n d i t stoo d the test fi rst o f Pres i

, ,

den t Roo sevelt s a dvi s ers o r otherwis e tha t Fa rgo speech

’
,

wou ld n eve r h ave been m a de an d then o f a ll th e Pres i

,

dent s cri tics o r there woul d ha ve been h ea rd m o re o f the

’

sta tem en t quote d above wh i ch p assed uncha llen ged b ut ,

n o t on e m ay be sure un investi ga te d
, ,
.

Th e Am eri can system i s i n rea l ity n ot fore i gn to the

Ph i l i ppin es bu t i t is the h i ghest developm en t per fecte d
, ,

by expe ri en ce o f the ori gi n a l plan un der wh i ch the Ph i l i p

,

p in es ha d p rospe re d a n d progresse d un ti l i ts b en efi ts w ere

w ron gfully w i thhel d from them Fi l ip in o le a ders ha d
.

been va in ly a skin g Spa i n for the restora ti on o f the i r r i ghts

an d th e return to the system o f the L aws o f the I nd i es .

At th e tim e when Am er i ca cam e to the I sl an ds th ere wa s

amon g them n o R i z a l wi th a knowle dge o f h i sto ry th at
,

wou ld en able hi m to recogn i z e tha t they we re gett in g

wha t th ey h a d been wantin g who cou l d r i se sup er ior to
,

the un imp ortan t deta i l o f un der wh a t n am e o r how the

goo d ca m e a s l on g a s i t a r r ive d a n d wh o s e p re sti ge
,

woul d h ave led h is countrym en to a ccept h i s deci si on .

Som e l ea ders h a d on e qua l ifi ca ti on som e another a few , ,

comb in e d two but n on e ha d the three for a co untry is

, ,

seldom favored wi th m ore than on e su rp a ss in gly gre a t

m a n a t on e tim e .
 LI F E AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

h elpl ess an d t h e country h a d yi el de d to the inva de rs an d

,

p assed un der th e te rribl e tyra nny o f th e T a rtars .

Yet there we re tru e p atri ots am on g th e Ch in ese who

were n e ither d iscoura ge d by th ese condi tion s n or bl i n d to
the rea l cause o f the i r m i s fortun es They re a l i ze d tha t
.

th e e asy con quest o f the i r coun try an d the u tter d i srega rd

by th ei r p e opl e o f th e b a d governm ent wh i ch h a d p re
cede d i t sh owe d th a t s ometh in g wa s wron g w ith them
,

selves .

To o wi se to exhaust the i r lan d by carryin g on a h op e

less wa r they sou ght ra the r to get a better governm en t
,

by des erv in g i t an d worke d for the gen era l en li ghten

,

m en t b el i evin g tha t i t woul d o ffer th e m ost eff ective 0p

,

p osi ti on to oppressi on for they kn ew wel l tha t a n i n t el l i

,

gen t p eople coul d n ot b e kep t enslave d Fu rtherm ore

.

th ey un derstoo d th a t even i f they were free d from fore i gn

,

rule the chan ge wou l d b e m ere ly to an other tyranny u n

,

l ess th e d a rkness o f th e wh ol e p eopl e w e r e di spell ed .

The few educate d m en amon g them woul d in evi tabl y

tyrann i z e over the i gn oran t m any soon e r or la te r an d it ,

w oul d b e less ea sy to esca pe from the evi ls o f such m i s

rule for th e oppos iti on to i t woul d b e di vi d ed wh i le th e

, ,

stren gth o f un i on wou l d oppose any fore i gn despotism .

Th ese tru e pa tri ots were m ore conce rn e d ab out th e wel

fa re o f thei r country tha n amb i ti ou s f or th emselves an d ,

th ey wo rked to p r e p a r e th e i r countrymen for sel f govern -

m ent by tea ch in g s el f con trol an d r esp ect for the r i ghts

-

o f others .

N o publ i c eff ort to w a rd popu la r educa ti on ca n b e m a de

un der a b a d governm en t Those opp osed to M an chu rul e
.

knew o f a secret soci ety tha t h a d lon g existe d i n sp ite o f

th e laws a ga inst i t an d they u se d i t a s thei r m o del in
,

organ i z in g a n ew soci ety to ca rry ou t thei r pu rposes .

Som e o f them were m emb ers o f th i s K e M in g—Ton g or -

C h inese Freem ason ry as i t i s ca l le d a n d i t wa s di fli cu l t

,
 R I ZA L S
’
C HINESE ANCESTR Y

fo r outs i d ers to fin d ou t th e di fference s b etween i t an d the

n ew H eaven E a rth -M a n B roth erho od The three p a rts
.

to the i r n am e le d th e n ew b rothe rhoo d la ter to b e cal led

th e Tri a d S oci ety a n d th ey use d a tri an gle fo r the i r sea l
, .

T h e i n it i a te s o f th e Tr i a d w ere p l edged to on e a noth er

i n a bl o o d comp a ct t o depo s e th e T si n g [ T a rt a r ] a n d
resto r e th e M i n g [ n at ive Ch i n es e ] dyn a sty . B ut re al ly
”

th e soci ety wa nte d on ly gra du a l re form a n d w a s a ga in st

a n y vi o l ent ch a n ges I t wa s a t fi rst evoluti o n a ry b ut
.
,

l a te r a s ect i o n b eca m e d i s s a t i s fi e d a n d st a rted a noth e r

soci ety Th e ori gi n a l b rotherhood however kept on try
.
, ,

in g to e duca te i ts m embe rs I t wante d th em to re a l i z e

.

th a t th e di gn i ty o f m an hoo d i s above tha t o f r ank or

ri ches an d seekin g to br eak down the ba rri ers o f di ff e ren t
,

l an gua ges an d l oca l prej u di ce hoped to crea t e a n un i te d

,

C h in a e ffi ci en t i n i ts hom e gove rnm en t an d respecte d i n

i ts fore i gn rel a ti on s .

I t wa s the po l i cy o f Sp a i n t o rul e by k e epi n g th e di f

f er en t e lem ents a mon g he r subj ects emb i ttere d a ga in st on e
a n othe r C on sequ ently the enti re Ch i nese p opu la t i on o f
.

the Ph i l i pp in es h a d seve ra l tim es b e en a lm ost w i ped out

by th e Sp an i a rds a ssi ste d by th e Fi l i p i n os a n d res i dent
Ja pa n es e Althou gh ove rcrowdin g wa s m a in ly the ca use
.

o f th e C hin ese i mm i gra ti on the con s i de ra ti on s a lre a dy

,

describ e d s ee m to h ave i n fl uen ce d th e better cl ass o f em i

gra nts wh o i n corpo ra te d th em selves w i th the Fi l ip i n os
fr om 1 64 2 o n th rou gh th e ei ghte enth centu ry Ap p a r .

ently th es e em i gran ts l e ft th ei r C h in ese hom es to avo i d

th e sh aven crown a n d lon g b ra i de d queue tha t th e M anchu
con qu erors we re im p os i n g a s a s i gn o f subm issi on —a p ra e
ti ce reca ll e d by th e recen t wholes a le cuttin g o ff o f qu eues
wh i ch m a rke d th e fa l l o f th i s s am e M anchu dyn a sty upon
the e stab l i shm en t o f th e present republ i c Th e p atri ot
.

C h in e se i n M a n i l a reta in e d th e a n ci en t style wh i ch s om e
,
 LI F E AND LABOR S O F J O S E R IZAL

wha t resembl e d the way Ko rean s a rran ge the i r h a i r .

Those wh o becam e C hr i sti an s cu t th e ha i r short a n d w ore

E u rop ean ha ts other w ise us in g the cloth in g— b lu e cotton
,

for the po or si lk for the ri cher— an d felt so l e d sho es sti ll

,
-
,

cons ider e d cha ra cteri sti ca lly C h in ese .

T h e rea sons for t h e b ruta l trea t men t O f the unh appy

exi les an d th e causes o f th e frequen t a ccu sat ion a ga i nst
them tha t they w ere inten di n g r ebell i on m ay b e foun d i n
the fe a r tha t ha d b een i nsp i re d by the C h in es e p i rates ,

a n d th e a pprehens i on tha t the Ch in ese tra ders a n d work

m en wou l d take a w ay from the Fil ip in os the i r m ean s o f
g a in in g a livel i hoo d At tim es unj u st susp i ci ons drove
.

som e o f th e less p ati ent t o take up arms i n sel f-de fen se .

Then m any en ti rely innocen t person s woul d b e m assa cred ,

w h i l e those w h o h a d n ot b ou ght p rotecti on from som e

power fu l Sp an i a rd w oul d h ave th e i r property p i ll a ge d by
mob s tha t proteste d excessive devoti on to Sp a i n an d foun d
the i r pa tr i oti sm s o p rofitable th a t they were a lways e a ger
to sti r up trouble .

O n e o f th e l a st n a tive Ch in ese em perors n ot w i sh in g ,

tha t any O f h i s subj ects shoul d l ive outs i de h i s dom in i ons ,

i n form ed th e Spa n i sh a uthori ti es tha t h e con s ide red the

em i gran ts evi l p erson s un w orthy O f hi s in terest H is .

M anchu su ccessors h a d sti l l m or e rea son to b e ca rel ess o f

the fa te o f the M an i la Chin ese Th ey were con sequen tly
.

i ll tre ate d w i th impun i ty w h i le the Ja p an ese were tr e ate d

,

very cordi a lly a s they a re a race tha t dem an d goo d tre a t

,

m ent an d i t i s a dvi sable to do so for the fri en dly rela ti on s

,
”
b etween the I sl an ds an d Japan to quote the anci en t h is
,

tory once m ore .

Pa gan or C h ri sti an a Ch in am a n s l i fe i n M an i l a then

,
’

wa s n ot an envi able on e thou gh the Chri sti an s w ere

,

sli ghtly m ore secu re The C h inese qu a rter wa s a t fi rst

.
“

ins i de th e ci ty bu t b e fo r e lon g i t becam e a con s i de rab le

,

di stri ct o f severa l streets al on g Arroceros n ea r the p resen t

 LI F E AND LABO R S O F J O S E R IZAL

an d l itera ry Ch in ese in e a ch ca se with the syllab le den o t

,

in g the town le ft O ff Appa rently when qu est i on e d from

.

wh a t town he came C h in co wa s ca re fu l n ot to rep e a t the

,

wor d town but gave i ts n am e on ly i n the l i tera ry l an

,

gua ge an d when tha t w a s n ot un de rstoo d he woul d r e

, ,

pe a t i t in the loca l d i a lect The pri est n ot un dersta n din g

.
,

th e s i gn i fi can ce o f ei ther i n tha t form w rote do w n the ,

t w o together a s a sin gle word Knowle dge o f the l i tera ry

.

C h in ese o r M an da ri n a s i t i s gen era l ly call ed m a rke d

, , ,

th e educa te d m an an d a s we h ave a lrea dy po inte d out

, , ,

e du ca ti on i n Ch in a m ean t soci a l po si ti on To such m i nute .

deducti ons i s i t n ecessa ry to resort w h en records a re sca rce ,

an d to b e o f va lu e th e expl an a tion mu st b e in ha rm ony

wi th the con di ti ons o f t h e p eri od ; subsequen t resea rch h a s
ver ifie d th e fo rego in g con clus ions .

Agusti n C h i nco h a d a lso a C h in ese god fa the r a n d h i s

pa rents were Ch in co an d Zu n n i o H e wa s m a rri e d to
- -
.

Ja cinta R a fa ela a Ch in ese m esti z a o f the Pa ri an a s s oon

, ,

a fter hi s b a pti sm a s th e b ann s cou l d b e pub l i shed She .

a pp a r entl y w a s th e d au ghte r o f a Ch ri sti a n C h i n es e a n d

a Ch in ese m esti z a ; th ere were too m any o f the n am e
Ja cinta i n tha t day to i denti fy w h i ch o f the severa l Ja
cinta s sh e wa s a n d s o en able u s t o d ete rm i n e th e n a me s
o f he r p a ren ts Th e R a fa ela p a rt o f h er n am e wa s p rob
.

ab ly a dded a fter sh e wa s gro w n up i n h ono r O f th e p atron ,

o f the Pa ri a n settlem en t San R a fa el j ust a s Dom in go , , ,

a t h is m a rri a ge a dded Anton i o i n h on o r o f th e C hi n ese

, .

How di fli cu l t gu i des n am es then were m ay b e seen from

th i s l i st o f th e six ch i ldren o f Agu sti n C h inco a n d Ja cinta
Ra fa el a : M a gda len a Ve rga ra Joseph a C ri st ova l de l a , ,

T ri n i d a d Ju a n B a ti st a Fr a nci sco H on g Sun an d I n e z

, ,
-

d e l a Ros a .

Th e fa ther i n l aw an d the son i n l aw Agu sti n a n d DO

- - - -
,

m in go seem to h ave b een O l d fri en ds an d a p pa ren tly o f

, ,

the s am e cl ass L am —co must h ave s een h i s future w i fe

.
,
 R I ZA L S
’
CHINESE ANCEST R Y

e youn gest in C h i nco s num e rou s fam i ly grow u p from

’
,

l by h o o d ,
a n d p rob ab ly wa s a ttra cte d by the i de a tha t
re wou l d m ake a goo d houseke epe r l ike h er thri fty
other r a the r tha n by a ny rom an ti c fe el in gs fo r senti
, ,

en t en tere d ve ry l i ttle into m atri m ony i n those days

hen th e p a ren ts m a de th e m atch es Possib ly however .
, ,

l ei r m a rr i e d l i fe wa s j u st a s ha ppy fo r di vorces then ,

e re n ot eve n thought o f an d a s th i s couple p rospered

,

ie
y a pp a rently worke d we l l togethe r i n a fi n anci a l way .

The n ext recorde d even t in the li fe O f Dom i n go L a m cc -

I d h is w i fe occu rre d i n 1 when a fte r ye a rs o f ap

7 4 1 ,

ar en t l y ha ppy existen ce i n B i ri an cam e a grea t gri e f in

,

16 l oss o f th e i r b aby da ughte r Joseph a D i dn i o

,
p rob ably ,

am e d fo r her a un t Sh e h a d l ive d only five days bu t

.
,

ay m en t s to th e p r iest fo r a funera l such a s w as n ot gi ven

ma ny grown pe rson s who d i ed tha t yea r in B i h a n sho w

ow keen ly the p a rents felt th e loss o f thei r l ittle gi rl .

hey h a d a t the t im e bu t on e other ch i ld a b oy o f ten

‘

, ,

r an c i sco M erc a do whose Chri sti a n n am e w a s gi ven

,

artly beca u se h e h a d a n uncl e O f the s am e n am e an d ,

artly a s a tri bute o f gra ti tu de to th e fr i en dly Fri a r

rh o l a r i n M an il a H i s new surn am e su ggests tha t the
.

i m i l y p ossesse d the comm en dab l e tra i t o f taki n g p r i d e

i ts a n ce stry .

Am on g the C hin ese the s i gn i fican ce o f a n am e coun ts

) r m u ch a n d i t i s a lways sa fe to seek a rea son for the

m i ce o f a n am e Th e L am co fa m i ly were n ot given to
.
-

i e p ra cti ce o f takin g th e n a m es o f thei r go d pa rents

-
.

I e r ca do reca lls both a n hon est Sp a n i sh e n co m e n der o o f

[ C regi on ,
a lso n am e d Fra n ci sco a n d a wo rthy m esti z o
,

r i ar
,
n ow rem emb ere d for h i s b ota n i ca l s tud i es but i t ,

n o t l ikely tha t thes e i n fl u en ce d D om in go L a m co i n

'

l oos in g th i s n a m e fo r h i s son H e gave h is b oy a n am e

.

h i c h i n the ca reless C asti l i a n o f the coun try wa s bu t a

Da n i s h tr an sla ti on O f th e C h in ese n am e by w hi ch h i s
 LI F E AND LABO R S O F JOS E R IZAL

an cesto rs h a d b e en ca lle d San gley M e rca do an d M e r

.
,

chan t m ean much the s am e ; Fra n ci sco there fo re set out

in l i fe w ith a su rn am e th a t w ou l d free h im from the p r ej u
d ice th a t fol lo w e d th ose w i th Ch in e se n am es an d yet ,

wou ld rem in d h i m O f h i s C h in ese an cestry Th i s wa s w is .

dom fo r seldom a re m en who a re a sh am e d o f the i r

,

a ncestry any cred i t to i t .

Th e fam i ly h i sto ry h a s to b e gl ean e d from p a rti a lly

p reserve d p a roch i a l regi sters o f b i rth s m a rri a ges an d ,

dea ths in com plete cou rt records the sca n ty pa pers O f the
, ,

esta tes a few l an d tran s f ers an d s om e stray wri tin gs tha t

, ,

a cci denta lly have be en p res erve d wi th th e l atter The .

n ext even t i n D om in go s l i fe wh i ch i s reve a led by them

’

i s a v i s i t to M an i l a wh ere i n th e O l d Pa ri an chu rch he

a cte d a s spon sor o r go d fa the r a t th e b a pti sm O f a coun
, ,

t r ym a n an d a n ew convert Si on g—
,
co whose gra nddaughter
, ,

wa s we sha l l see to m a rry a gran dson O f L am co s th e

, ,
-
’

coupl e b ecom in g R i z a l s gran dpa ren ts

’
.

Fran ci sco w a s a gro w n m an when h i s m othe r d i e d an d

w a s bu ri ed w i th th e el ab o ra te ce remon i es wh i ch he r hus
’
b an d s wea lth perm itted There wa s a co fli n a n i ch e in
.
,

wh i ch to put i t ch antin g O f the serv i ce an d sp eci a l p rayers

, .

Al l these i nvolve d extra cost a n d the item s n oted in the,

m a rgin o f h e r fun era l reco rd m ake a tota l whi ch i n those

d ays wa s a con si derabl e sum D om i n go outl ived M rs
. .

L am co by bu t a f ew ye a rs an d he a lso ha d fo r th e tim e
—
, , ,

a n exp en s ive fun era l .

 “

R I ZA L I N

L A H
U N OME .

I N 1 89 1 .
 L I B E R A LI ZI N G H E R EDIT A R Y I N F LU E N CES

H E h o pe o f th e Bi fia n l a n dl o rd s th a t by ch a ngi ng
f ro m Fi l i p i n o t o Ch i n es e t en a nt ry th ey cou l d a vo i d
fu rth e r l i ti ga t i o n s eem s t o h ave b e e n di s a pp o i nted A .

f a m i l y t r a d it i o n o f F r a n c i sco M e rca do t e l l s o f a t e di ou s
a n d co stly l a wsu it wit h th e O rd e r I ts d et a i l s a n d m e r i ts
.

a re n o l o nge r rem emb e re d a n d th ey a r e n o t i mp o rt a n t

,
.

Hi sto ry h a s re co rde d e no ugh a gra ri a n t roubl e i n a ll

“

a ge s a n d i n a ll co unt ri es t o p r ove th e e co n om i c m i st ak e
,

O f l a rge h o l d i ngs o f l a n d by th o s e wh o do n o t culti va t e

it. H um a n n a tu re i s a l ike th e wo rl d ove r i t do e s n ot ,

ch a n ge wi th t he c entu r i e s a n d j ust a s the Fi l i pi no s h a d

,

d o n e th e Ch i ne se a t l a st obj e cte d t o p a yi ng i nc re a se d
,

rent f o r i m p r ovem ents wh i ch th ey m a de th em selve s .

A Sp a ni sh j u dge requ i red th e l a n dl o rds t o p ro duc e

th e i r d ee ds a n d a fte r m e a su r i ng th e l a n d h e deci de d
, , ,

th at the y we re then t a ki n g rent fo r co n s i de r ably m o re

th a n th ey h a d o ri gi n a l ly b ough t o r h a d b ee n g i ven B ut .

th e t en a nt s l o st o n th e ap pe a l a n d a s th ey th ought i t w a s
, ,

b e ca u s e th ey we r e wea k a n d the i r opp o nent s p owe r ful a ,

g ri eva n ce g r ew up wh i ch w a s st il l rem emb e r e d i n R i z al s ’

d a y a n d w a s we ll kn own a n d un de rsto o d by h i m .

An oth e r ca u s e o f di s content wh i ch wa s a l ib e ra l i z in g
,

i n fl uenc e w a s m akin g i ts el f fel t i n th e Ph i l i pp i ne s a b out

,
’
th e t im e o f D om i ngo s de a th A numb e r o f Sp a n i a rds
.

h a d b e en cl a i m i n g f o r th e i r own co unt ryme n such s a fe

gu a r ds O f p e rs o n a l l ib e rty a s we re enj oye d b y E n gl i sh
m en f o r n o oth e r gov e rnm ent i n E u ro p e th en p a i d a ny
,

a ttenti o n t o th e r i ghts O f th e i n di vi du a l L e a rne d m en

.

h a d d evo te d mu ch s tu dy t o th e l a ws a n d r i ghts o f na
t i on s b ut th e s e Sp a ni sh L ib e r a l s i n s i ste d th a t i t w a s th e
,

gu a ra nt e es gi ven t o th e cit i z e ns a n d n ot th e p ol i ti ca l i n
,
 LIFE AND LABO R S O F JOS E R IZAL

s ava ge a pp et ite fo r f r esh vi ct im s Th e l a s t fi fty ye a rs

.

o f Sp a n i sh rul e i n th e Ph i li pp i nes wa s a sm a ll s a tu rn al i a
O f revenge wi th h a rdly a l uc i d i nte rva l fo r th e gove rn in g .

p owe r t o r e fl ect o r a n opp o rtuni ty fo r th e re a s on ab l e el e

m ent to i nte rvene S om ewh a t s im i l a rly th e B ou rb on s i n
.

Fr a nce h a d h ope d t o p o stp on e th e d a y o f recko n in g fo r

th e i r m i st akes by m i sd e eds don e i n fe a r t o t e r ro r i z e tho s e
wh o s ought re fo rm s Th e a ri stocr a cy o f F r a nce p a i d
.

b a ck ten fol d e a ch d rop o f i nn ocent bl o o d th a t wa s sh ed ,

but wh i l e th e un r e a s on i n g wo rl d reca ll s th e F rench R evo

l u t i o n wi th h o r ro r th e student o f h i sto ry th i nks m o re O f
,

th e evil s wh ich m a de i t a n a tu ra l resul t M i rab e a u i n .

va i n s ought t o res tra i n h i s a rou se d count rym en j u st a s ,

h e h a d va i nly pl e a de d w i th th e a ri stoc r a ts t o en d th ei r
exces ses . R i z a l w h o h el d M i rabe a u fo r h i s h e ro a m ong
,

th e m en o f th e F r ench R evoluti on knew th e hi sto ri ca l ,

l es so n a n d s ou ght t o s oun d a w a rn i n g but h e w a s u n ,

h e e d e d by th e Sp a n i a rds a n d m i su n de rst o o d by m a ny o f
h i s count rymen .

At ab out th e t im e o f th e a r riva l o f th e Sp a n i sh p ol i ti cal

exi le s we fi n d i n M a n il a a p ro o f o f th e n o rm a l m i l dnes s
O f Sp a i n i n th e Ph i l ippi n es Th e I nqu i si ti on o f d re a d
.
,

n am e el s ewh e r e i n th e Ph i l i pp i n es a ffected o nly E u ro

,

pe a ns h a d be fo r e i t two E ngl i sh spe aki n g p e rs on s a n

,
-
,

I ri sh do cto r a n d a county m e rch a nt a ccus ed o f b ei n g

Freem a so ns . Th e kin d h ea rte d Fri a r i nqui s i to r di s
-

m i s se d th e cul p ri ts wi th wa rn i n gs an d except in g s ome ,

Sp a n i sh p ol i ti ca l m a t t e r s i n wh i ch i t t o ok p a rt th i s wa s
'

the n e a rest th a t th e i n st itut i on eve r ca m e to exe rci s ing its

functi on s h e re .

Th e suff e rin gs O f th e I n d i a n s i n th e Sp a n i sh Ame ri ca n -

gol d m i ne s to o h a d n o Ph il i pp i n e count e rp a rt fo r a t the

, , ,

i n st ance o f th e fri a rs th e Chu rch e a rly fo rb a de th e en

sl avin g o f the peopl e N e ithe r f ri a rs n o r gove rnment
.

h a ve a ny reco rds i n th e Ph i l i ppi n e s wh i ch wa r r a nt b el i e f

m
mmm
mm
nmu
nnmnm
nnmm
nmm
nmnnm
m m m
iulm
lu
um mm
nn mm
nn nn
u nm
mm
mm
lm
mm
unu
umnm
um
miu
nnummm
nmmu
nm m
nuiu muum
mun m
irmm
mm
mnm
nlm
mrm
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 LI B E R ALIZ I NG HE R EDITA R Y I N F LUENCES 41

th a t th ey we r e resp o n s ibl e fo r th e sev e r e pun i shment s O f

th e p e ri o d fr om 7 2 t o ’9 8 B oth we r e conn ect e d wi th
’
.

o p p o s it i on t o r e fo rm s wh i ch a pp e a r e d l ikely t o j e op a rdi z e
the i r p rop e rty o r to th rea t en th e i r p re ro ga tives a n d i n ,

t h i s th ey we re o nly hum a n but h e re the i r s el fi sh i nt e re st s

,

a n d a cti vi t i es s e em t o ce a se .

Fo r r el i gi ou s r e a so n s the f r i a r o r de rs co mb atte d m o d
e rn i d e a s wh ich t h ey fe a re d m i ght i ncl u de a th ei sti ca l tea ch
i n gs such a s h a d m a de t roub le i n F r a nce a n d th e G ove rn ,

m e nt w a s a ga in st th e i nt ro ducti o n o f l a tte r d a y th ought -

o f dem o c ra t i c t en dency but i n b oth i nst a nces th e opp o s i

,

ti on m a y wel l h av e b e en b el i eve d to b e fo r th e b e st i nte r

e s t O f th e Ph i l i pp i n e p e opl e H oweve r m i st aken thei r
’

,
.

a ct i o n c a n on ly b e depl o r e d n ot censu re d Th e bl a ck s i d e .

o f t h i s m a tt e r wa s the ro u s i ng O f p opul a r p a s s i on a n d i t ,

w a s d o ne b y sh eets s ub s i d i z ed t o a rgu e ; th ei r e di t o rs h o w ,

eve r re s o rte d t o a bu se i n o r de r to co ncea l th e f a ct th a t

,

th ey h a d n ot t h e a b i l i ty t o p er fo rm th e s e rvi ces fo r wh i ch
th e y we re h i red Wh i l e som e i n di vi du a l m emb e rs o f
.

b o th th e rel i gi ou s o r de rs a n d o f the G ove rnm ent we re

i n fl u enc e d by t he s e i n fl a m i n g a tt a cks th e i nte re st s co n
,

ce rn e d a s o rga n i z a t i o ns s e em t o h ave h a d a p ol i cy o f
, ,

s el f-d e fen s e a n d n o t O f rev enge

,
.

Th e th e o r y h e re a dva nce d mu st wa i t fo r th e j u dgm ent

o f th e re a d e r ti ll the l a te r eve nts h a ve b een sub m itted .

H oweve r R i z a l h i m s el f m a y b e ca ll e d i n to p rove th a t
,

th e reco r d a n d p ol i cy i s wh a t h a s b een a s s e rt e d fo r ,

o th e rwi s e h e wo ul d h a rdl y h a ve d i s r ega rded a s h e di d , ,

th e w ri ti n gs o f M otley a n d Pres cott h i st o ri a n s wh o m ,

h e co ul d h a ve qu o t e d wi th g r e a t a dva nt a ge t o sup po rt th e
a t t a ck s h e w oul d su rel y h a ve n o t fa i l e d t o m ak e h a d th ey
‘

s e eme d t o h i m w a r r a nt e d fo r h e n eve r w a s wa nti ng i n

,

k n owl ed ge res ou rce ful n e ss o r cou ra g e wh e r e h i s cou n

,

t ry w a s c on c e rne d .

N O de fi n i te i n fo rm a t i o n i s a va i l a bl e a s t o wh a t p a rt
 LIFE AND LABO R S O F JOS E R IZAL

ga ve t o the r el i gi ou s s e rvi ces o n th es e occa s i on s a di gni ty

u su a lly bel ongi ng t o city chu rch es Somet i m es t o o s om e
.
, ,

o f th e m i s s i on a ri e s f rom Ch i n a a n d oth e r Dom i n i ca n

n otabl e s w oul d be s een i n Bi fian S O th e p eopl e n ot only
‘

h a d m o re o f th e luxu ri es a nd th e pomp o f l i fe th a n mo st
F i l i pi n o s but th ey h a d a b ro a de r outl o ok u pon i t Th ei r
,
.

Op i ni o n o f Sp a i n wa s fo rm e d from a cqu a i nt a nce wi th

m a ny Sp an i a rds a n d f rom comp a ri ng th em with p eo pl e o f
oth e r l a nds wh o O fte n ca me t o M a n il a a n d i nve sti gate d
th e regi o n cl o se to i t e sp eci a lly th e sh ow sp ots such a s
,

Bi fian . Th en they we re o n t h e ro a d t o th e fa sh i on able

b a th s a t L o s Ba fio s w h e re th e h i gh e r Offi ci a l s O ften r e
,

so rte d Su ch Opp o rtun i ti e s ga ve a s o rt o f e duca ti on

.
,

a n d Em a n p e opl e w e re i n th i s w a y m o r e cultu re d th a n
th e dwelle rs i n rem ot e pl a ces wh os e only kn owl edge o f
,

th ei r s ove rei gn sta te wa s de r ive d f rom a s i ngl e Sp a n i a rd ,

th e f ri a r cu ra te o f th e i r p a ri sh .

M on a sti c t ra i ni n g co ns i sts i n wi th d ra wi ng from th e

wo rl d a n d l i vi ng i s ol a te d un de r st ri ct rul e a n d th i s would ,

sca rcely s eem to b e th e b est p r ep a ra t i on fo r such r esp o n

s i bi l i t y a s wa s pl a ce d up o n th e F ri a rs T r oubl es were
.

b oun d to com e a n d th e pe opl e o f Bi fi an kn owi ng th e ways

, ,

O f th e wo rl d would s o o n b e l ikel y t o compl a i n a n d de

,

m a n d th e ch a n ges wh i ch woul d a vo i d them ; the r esi d ents

o f l e ss wo rldly wi s e commun it i es woul d wa i t a n d su ff e r ti l l
to o l a t e a nd the n i n bl i n d wra th woul d w re ak bl o o dy
,

vengea nce u pon gu i lty a n d i nnoce nt a l ike .

Kal a mb a a ne a r n e i ghb o r o f Bi fi a n h a d othe r rea son s

, ,

fo r b ein g kn own b e s i de s i t s confi sca ti o n by th e gove rnm ent .

I t wa s th e scen e o f a n e a rly a n d e speci a lly c ru el m a ss a c re

o f Ch i n es e a n d ab out F ra nci sco s t ime con si de rabl e t alk
,
’

h a d been o cca s i on e d beca us e a n a rchbi sh op h a d establ i sh ed

a n u n i fo rm s ca l e o f ch a rge s fo r th e va ri ou s r ite s o f th e
Chu rch Wh il e these ch a rge s we re O ften compl a i ned o f
.

i t wa s th e p o o re r pe opl e (s ome o f wh om we r e i n r ece ipt

 L I B E R ALIZ ING H E R EDITA R Y I NFLUENCES 45

o f ch a r ity ) wh o suffe r ed Th e ri ch we re se eki n g m o re

.

exp ens ive c e r em o n i e s i n o rde r to o uts h i ne th e oth e r well

t o -d o p eo pl e o f the i r n ei g hb o rh o o d Th e re a l gr i eva nce
.

wa s h ow eve r n ot th e co st but th e f a ct th a t p ol i t i ca l d i s
, , ,

c r i m i n a t i on s we r e m a d e s o th a t th o s e wh o w e re out O f
fa vo r w ith the gove rnm e nt we re l ikewi se dep ri ve d o f
chu rch p r ivi l ege s Th e r e fo rm o f A rchb i sh o p S a nto y
.

Ru fin o h a s i m po rta n ce o nly b ec a us e i t ga ve the peo pl e O f

th e p rov in ces wh a t M a n i l a h a d l on g p o ss es s e d— a knowl
edge o f th e riv a l r y b etwe en the s ecul a r a n d th e regul a r
cl e rgy .

Th e p e o pl e h a d l e a rn e d i n G ove rno r Bu st am en t e s t i me ’

th a t Ch u rch a n d Sta te d i d n o t a l wa ys a g ree a n d n ow ,

th ey s a w di s s en s i on s wi th i n th e C hu rch Th e Sp a n i sh
’
.

C o n qu e st a n d th e p o s s e ss i o n o f the Ph i l i ppi ne s h a d been

m a d e e a s y b y th e d oct ri n e O f th e i n di vi s ib il i ty o f Ch u rch
a n d St a te by th e te a ch i ng th a t th e two we re o n e a n d i n
,

s ep a r a bl e bu t event s w e re c o nt i nu a l ly dem o n st r a ti n g th e
,

fa ls ity o f t hi s e a rl y t e a ch i n g H ence the foun da t i on O f

.

th e s ove r e i gnty o f Sp a i n wa s sl owly we aken i n g a n d n o ,

wh e r e m o re su rely th a n i n t h e re gi on n e a r M a n il a wh i ch
numb e r e d J o s é R i z a l s kee n wi tte d a n d Ob se rvin g gre a t
’
-

g r a n d fa th e r a m o n g i ts l e a di n g m en .

F r a nci sco M e rca do wa s a b a chel o r d u r i ng t he t i m e s o f

th ese exci t i n g events a n d th e re fo r e m o re fr e e t o v i s i t
M a n i l a a n d C a vit e a n d h e w a s p o s s ibly th e m o re l ikel y
,

t o b e i nte res te d i n p ol i t i ca l m a tte rs H e m a rri e d o n M a y

.

2 6 1 7 7 1 r a the r l a te r i n l i fe th a n w a s cu stom a ry i n Em a n
, , ,

th ou gh h e w a s b y n o m e a n s a s ol d a s h i s fa the r Dom in go , ,

w a s wh en h e m a rr i e d H i s b ri d e B e rn a r d a M o n i ch a
.
, ,

w a s a C h i n e s e m e st i z a o f th e n ei g hb o r i n g h a ci en da o f S a n
Pe d ro Tu n a s a n wh o h a d b e e n e a rl y o rph a n e d a n d from
,

ch i l dh o o d h a d l ive d i n B i ri a n As t he co a dj uto r p ri est

'

o f t h e p a ri sh b o re th e s a m e n a m e o n e unco mm o n i n t he
,

B i h a n r eco rd s O f th a t p e ri o d i t i s p o s s ibl e th a t h e wa s a
,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Du r i ng th e n ext twenty fiv e yea rs th e h i sto ry o f th e

-

co nn ecti on O f th e Ph i l ipp i nes w i th Sp a i n i s m a i nl y a reco r d

o f th e b re akin g a n d rene w i ng o f th e King s o a ths to t h e ’

con sti tuti on a nd o f th e Ph i l i pp i nes electi n g del ega tes wh o

,

w oul d fi nd th e C o rte s di s so lve d by th e t ime t h ey coul d get

.

t o M a d r i d u nt i l i n the fi n a l con sti t u t i on th a t di d l a st

,

Ph i l ipp ine r ep res enta t i on wa s l e ft out a lt o geth e r H a d .

th i ngs b e en di ffe rent th e s a d sto ry O f th i s b o ok m i ght

n eve r h ave b een t ol d fo r though th e m i s gove rnm ent o f
,

th e Ph il i pp i n es w a s o r i gi na lly o w i n g t o the d i s r ega r d fo r

th e L a ws o f th e I ndi e s a n d t o givin g un re st r a ine d p owe r
to O ffic i a l s th e e ffects o f th es e m i stakes we re n o t a p
,

p a rent unt i l w el l i nto th e n i n ete enth centu ry .

Ano th e r i n fl uence wh i ch educa t e d th e F i lip i no p eopl e

wa s a t wo rk du ri n g th i s pe ri o d Th ey h a d h e a rd th e
.

Am e ri ca n R evoluti o n extoll ed a n d i ts cou rse a pp roved ,

beca u s e th e Sp a n i a rds d i sl iked E n gl a n d Th e n ca m e th e

.

F rench R evolut i o n wh i ch ap p a lle d th e c ivi l i z ed wo rl d

, .

A peopl e i gno ra n t a n d opp res sed wa she d out i n blo o d

, ,

th e w ron gs wh i ch th ey h a d suff e red but th e i r l ib e rty de

,

gen e ra te d i nto l icens e the i r i de al s p ro ved im p r a ct i cabl e

, ,

a n d th e a n a rchy o f th ei r ra di cal republ i c w a s succe ede d

by th e m i l ita ry despot i sm O f N a pol eo n .

A b o ok w ri tt en i n T a ga l o g by a f ri a r p o i nte d out the

d i ff erences b et w een t ru e l ibe rty a n d fa l s e I t wa s th e .

sto ry O f a n O l d muni cip a l ca pta i n wh o h a d t ra vel ed a n d

retu rn e d to enl i ghte n h i s f ri ends a t h ome Th e sto ry .

wa s wel l t o ld a n d th e c a tech i sm fo rm i n wh i ch b y h i s
, ,

fr i en ds quest i o ns a n d th e a ns w e rs t o them th e a uth o r s

’
,
’

Opi ni on s w e re p rese nted wa s fa m il i a r t o Fi l ip i no s sO th a t

, ,

the re w e r e m a ny i ntell i gent re a de rs but it s results we re

,

qu it e d iff e rent f rom wh a t i ts p i ou s a n d p a t ri oti c a uth o r

h a d i nt ende d th ey shoul d b e .

Th e b o ok tol d O f th e b ro a d en i n g i n fl uences O f t r avel

a nd o f e duca t i on ; i t sugge st ed th a t l ib e rty wa s p o s s ibl e
 LI BE R ALIZ ING I —I E R E D I TA R Y INFLUENCES 49

only fo r t he i nt ell i gen t but th a t s ch o ol s n ewsp a p e rs

, , ,

l i b r a r i es a n d th e m e a n s o f t r a ve l wh i ch th e Am e r i c a n
col on i sts we re e nj oyi n g we re n o t p rovi de d fo r th e F il i
pinos .

Th ey we r e fu rth e r t ol d th a t th e Sp a n i sh col o n i es i n
Am e ri c a we re rep e a t i ng th e u nh a ppy exp e ri ence s o f th e
F ren ch rep ubl i c wh i l e th e E ngl i sh N o rth A m e r i ca n s
,
‘f
,

W h o s e sh i p s du ri n g t h e Am e r i c a n R evo luti o n h a d foun d

th e Pa ci fi c a s a fe r e fu ge f rom E ngl a nd h a d d evel op ed ,

co n s i de ra bl e com m e rce wi th th e Ph i l i pp i n e s A ki n dly .

fe el in g t owa rd th e Am e ri ca n s h a d b e en a rou se d b y th e
p ra i s e given t o Fi l ip i n o m e ch a n i cs w h o h a d be en t ra i n e d
by a n A m e r i ca n n a va l O ffi ce r t o rep a i r h i s sh i p wh en th e
Sp a n i a rd s a t th e gove rnm ent do ckya rds p r ove d i nca p abl e
O f d o i ng th e wo rk . E ve n th e fi rs t Am e ri ca n C o n sul
wh o s e m o num ent ye t rem a i n s i n th e Pl a z a C e rva nt es ,

M a n il a th ou gh b eca u s e o f h i s fa ith h e coul d n ot b e b u r

, , ,

i e d i n th e co ns ec ra te d grou n d o f th e C a th o l i c cem ete r i es ,

r e ce ive d wh a t wo ul d a pp e a r t o b e a h i gh e r h o no r a gr ave ,

i n th e p ri n ci pa l bu s i n e s s p l a z a o f th e ci ty .

Th e i n fe r ences we re i r r es i st ibl e : t h e wa y O f th e F r ench

R evolut i o n wa s r epu gn a nt a l ike t o G o d a n d gove rnm ent ,

th a t o f th e Am e ri c a n wa s a pp rove d by b oth Fi l i p i n o s .

O f r e fl ect i v e tu rn o f m in d b ega n t o stu dy Am e r i ca ; s om e

-

even h a d gon e th e re ; fo r f r om a l ittl e Fil i p i n o s ettl ement

, ,

St M a l o n ea r N ew O rl e a n s s a i l o rs enl i ste d to fi ght i n

.
,

th e seco n d w a r O f th e U ni te d St a te s a ga i n st E n gl a n d ; on e
O f th em w a s woun d e d a n d h i s n a m e w a s l o ng b o rn e o n

th e p e ns i o n ro ll o f th e Un i te d St a te s .

Th e d a n ge r O f th e den se i gn o r a nce i n wh i ch th e i r rul e rs

kep t th e F il i pi n o s s h owe d i t sel f i n 1 81 9 wh e n a French
,

sh ip f ro m I n di a h a vi n g i nt ro duc e d A s i a t i c ch ol e r a i nto
th e I sl a n ds th e l owest cl a s s e s o f M a n il a a s c rib ed it t o th e
,

col lecti o n s O f i n s ect s a n d rept il e s wh i ch a F r e nch n a tu ra l

i st wh o wa s a p a s sen ge r u p o n th e sh i p h a d b r ou ght
, ,
 LIFE AND LAB O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a sh o re H oweve r th e sto ry st a rte d the col l ect i on a n d

. ,

th e dwell i n g o f t h e n a tu ra l i st fa r e d b a dly a nd a fte r w a rds

,

th e m ob exci ted by i ts succes s m a de wa r up o n a l l

, ,

fo re i gne rs At l e n g t h t h e excitement sub s i d ed but t O O

. ,

much d a m a ge to fo r e i gn l i ve s a n d p rop e rty h a d b e en d one

t o b e i gn o red a nd the m atte r h a d a n ugly l o ok e speci a lly
, ,

a s n o S p a ni a r d h a d su ffe re d by th i s o utb re ak Th e I n .

sul a r gove rnm ent rou s ed i tsel f t o pun i sh s om e O f th e

m i n o r m i sd oe rs a n d m a de m a ny expl a n a ti o n s a nd a p ol o
gi es but th e a ggri eve d n a t i o ns i ns i ste d a n d ob ta i n ed a s
, ,

comp ens ati on a g re a te r s ecu r i ty fo r fo rei gn e rs a n d th e

rem ova l O f m a ny o f th e rest ra i nt s upo n comm e rce a nd
t ravel Thu s th e ri ot p ro ved a sub sta nti a l step i n Ph i l ip
.

p in e p r o gres s .

Foll o w i ng cl o sely th e exci t em ent Ove r the m a ss a c re O f

th e fo re i gne rs i n M a ni l a ca m e th e ne w s th a t Sp a i n h a d
so l d Fl o r i d a t o th e Un i te d S ta tes Th e ci rcum st a nces o f
.

th e s a le we re h a rdly c re dit a bl e t o th e vendo r fo r i t wa s ,

u nde r compuls i on He r l ax gove rnment h a d p e rm i tt ed

.

i ts te r ri to ry to b ecom e th e re fuge O f cri m i n al s a n d l a w less

s a va ge s wh o t e r ro ri z e d th e b o rde r u nt il i n s el f d e fense -

Am e ri ca n s ol di e rs un de r G ene ra l J a ckso n h a d to do th e
wo rk th a t S p a i n coul d n o t d o Th en w ith o rde r r e st o red
.

a n d the count ry h el d by Am e ri c a n t ro op s a n O ff e r t o pu r ,

ch a se wa s m a d e t o S p a i n w h o foun d th e l ib e ra l pu rch a s e
,

m oney a ve ry w elcom e a dd iti o n t o h er b a nkrupt t r e a su ry .

I mm edi a t ely a ft e r th i s th e M on ro e D o ct ri n e a tt ra cted

wi desp re a d a ttent i o n i n th e Ph i l i p pi n es I t s sto ry i s p a rt
.

o f Sp a n i sh h i sto ry A group O f re a cti o n a ry s ov erei gns

.

Of E u rope i ncl u di n g Kin g Fe rd i n a n d h a d u n i te d to

, ,

crush out p ro gre ssi ve i dea s i n the i r k in gdom s a n d to

rem ove th e d a n ger ou s ex amp l es o f l ib e r a l st a tes f rom
the i r n e i ghb o rh o o ds O ne o f th e e ff ects o f thi s u nh oly
.

a lli a nce w a s t o nu ll i fy a ll th e r e fo rm s w h i ch S p a i n h a d
i nt ro duce d t o secu re E ngl i sh a s s i st a nce i n h e r t im e o f
 LI B E R ALIZ ING HE R EDITA R Y I NFLUEN C ES 51

n e e d a n d th e peo pl e o f E ngl a n d we r e gre at ly i ncen se d

,
.

G r e a t B r it a i n h a d b o rn e th e b runt o f th e wa r a ga i n st
N a p ol eo n b eca us e h e r l i b e rti e s we re j e op a rdi z ed but ,

n a tu r a ll y h e r p e o pl e co ul d n o t b e exp ecte d to un d e rt ake

fu rth e r wa r f a re m e rel y fo r th e s a ke o f pe opl e O f a n oth er
l a n d h oweve r th ey m i ght symp a th i z e with th em
, .

G eo rge C a nn i ng th e E n gl i sh st a tesm a n t o wh om be
,

l on ged m uch o f th e cr e di t fo r t h e C o n st ituti o n O f C a di z

‘

th o u g h t ou t a w a y t o pu n i sh th e Sp a n i sh ki n g fo r h i s p e r
fidy . K i n g Fe rd i n a n d wa s pl a nni n g with th e I sl a n d o f
,

C ub a a s a b a s e t o b egi n a c a mp a i gn th a t sh oul d retu rn

,

h i s reb ell i o us Am e ri ca n co l o n i e s t o th e i r a ll e gi a nce fo r ,

th ey h a d t a ken a dva nta ge o f d i stu rb a nces i n th e Peni n sul a

t o decl a re th e i r i n d ep en den ce E n gl a n d p rop o s e d t o th e
.

Un i te d St a tes th at th ey the two An glo -S ax o n n a ti o ns

,

wh o s e i d e a s o f l ib e rty h a d uns ettl ed E u rop e a n d wh om

th e a l l i a n ce wou l d h ave a tta cke d h a d i t da red sh oul d
.
,

u n ite i n a p rotect o r a t e ove r th e N ew \Vo rl d E ngl a n d .

wa s t o gu a r d th e s e a a n d th e Un i ted St a t e s we r e t o fu r
n i sh th e s o l di e rs fo r a ny l a n d fi ght i n g wh i ch m i ght com e
o n t h e i r s i de o f th e Atl a nt i c .

Wo rl d p o li ti cs h a d l ed th e en em i e s o f E n g l a n d to h el p
h e r revol ti n g co l o n i e s N a p ol eo n s j e a l ou sy O f B ri t a i n h a d
,
’

en d owed th e n ew n a t i o n with th e v a st L o u i s i a n a Te r ri
t o ry a n d E u r o pe a n com pl i ca ti o n s s a ve d t he U n i t e d St a tes
,

fro m th e n a tu r a l co n s e qu ence s o f th e i r di s a st rou s wa r o f

1 81 2 wh i ch t a u ght th em th a t u ni o n wa s a s n ece s s a ry t o
,

p r es e rve th e i r i n dep en dence a s i t h a d be en t o wi n i t C a n .

mi n g s p ro j ect i n p ri nci pl e a p p e a l e d t o th e N o rth Am e ri

’

c a n s b ut th e stu dy o f i t s o o n s howe d th a t G re a t B ri t a i n
,

wa s s el fi sh i n h e r sugge st i on A fte r a gen e r a ti on o f

.

fi gh ti n g E n gl a n d fou nd h e rs el f d ra i n e d o f s o l d i e rs a n d
,

th e re fo r e s h e d i p l o m a ti ca l ly i nvi t e d th e co ope r a t i o n o f
h e r fo rm e r col on i e s ; but rega r dl e s s o f a ny fo rm a l a r
,

ra n gem ent h e r n av y co ul d b e rel i ed o n t o p revent th o s e

,
 LI BE R ALIZ ING I —I E R E D I TA R Y INFLUENCES 53

S outh Am e r i c a owe th e i r ex i ste nce a s republ i cs qu it e a s

mu ch t o th e el d e r comm onwe a lth a s do e s C ub a .

Th e Am e ri ca n a tt i tu de reve a l e d i n th e M on roe D o c
t ri ne w a s e sp eci a lly Obn ox i ou s t o th e Sp a n i a rd s i n the
Ph i l i p p i n es b ut th e i r i nt em p e r a te denunci a ti on s o f the
,

p ol i cy o f A m e r i ca fo r th e Am e r i ca n s s e rve d o nly t o s p re a d
a kn owl e d ge o f th a t d oct r in e a m on g th e pe opl e o f th a t
.

l i ttl e te r ri t o ry wh i ch rem a i n e d t o th em t o m i sgove rn .

Sec retl y th e r e b ega n t o b e a m on g th e sto ut e r he a rted F i l i

,
-

p i n o s s om e wh o che r i sh e d a co roll a ry t o t h e M o n ro e
,

D o ct ri n e th e Ph il i pp i n es fo r th e Fi l i p i n o s
,
.

Th ou g ht s o f s ep a ra t i o n f rom Sp a i n by m e a n s o f reb el
l i o n b y s a l e a n d by th e a s s i st a nce O f o th e r n a ti o ns h a d
, ,

b e en thu s p ut i nto th e h e a ds o f th e p eo pl e Th e s e we re .

a l l ch a nge s co m i n g f ro m o uts i de but it w a s next to b e

,

d em on st r a te d th a t Sp a i n h e rs el f d i d n o t h ol d h e r n onc o n
t i g u o u s te r r i t o ri es a s s a cre d a s sh e d i d h e r h om e do

m i ni ons .

Th e s a l e o f Fl o ri d a sugge st e d th a t C ub a Po rt o R i co ,

a n d th e Ph i li pp i n e s w e re a l s o a v a i l able a s s ets a n d a n ,

Offe r t o s el l th em wa s m a de t o th e Ki n g o f F r a nce ; b ut
th i s s o ve r e i gn ove r re a ch e d h im s el f fo r th i nki ng t o d rive
, ,

a b ett e r b a rga i n h e cl a i me d th a t th e l ow p r i ces we r e to o

,

h i gh . Th e r eu p o n t h e Sp a n i s h Amb a s s a do r wh o wa s ,

n o t i n a cco r d with h i s unp a t ri ot i c i n st ructi on s a t once ,

w i th d r e w th e O ff e r a n d th e n egoti a t i o n s t e rm i n a te d B ut .

th e Sp a n i sh p eo pl e le a rn e d O f t h e p r o p o se d s a l e a n d th e i r
i n di gn a t i o n w a s gre a t Th e n ews sp re a d t o th e Sp a n
.

i a r ds i n th e Ph i l i ppi n e s Th rou gh th e i r com m ents th e

.

Fi l i p i n o s re a l i z ed th a t th e mu ch t a lke d O f s a c re d i nteg
- -

r ity O f th e Sp a n i s h dom i n ion s wa s a m e a n i ngle s s ph r a s e ,

a n d th a t th e Ph il i ppi n es w oul d n o t a lwa ys b e Sp a n i s h i f

Sp a i n co ul d get h e r p ri ce .

’
G o ber n a do r ci l l o M e rc a do C a p t a i n Ju a n a s h e wa s
, ,

c a l le d m a d e a c r e dit a bl e fi gu re i n h i s o fli ce a n d th e re
,
,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JO S E R IZAL

u s ed t o be i n B i h a n a p a i nti n g o f h i m w i t h h i s O fli ci al .

swo rd co cke d h a t a n d emb ro i de re d bl ou s e Th e mu n i ci

,
.

p a l ex ecutive i n h i s t im e di d n ot a lwa ys we a r th e ri dicul ou s

comb i na ti on o f E u ro pe a n a nd O l d T a gal o g co stum e s ,

n a m ely a h i gh h a t a n d a sh o rt j a cket o ve r th e fl o a t i ng
,

t a il s o f a pl e a te d sh i rt wh i ch l a te r u n di g n i fied th e p o s i
,

ti on H e h a s a n ot abl e reco rd f o r h i s gene ro s i ty th e

. ,

ab s enc e O f Opp res s i o n a n d fo r th e O ffi ci a l h o nesty wh i ch

di st in gu i sh e d h i s publi c s e rvic e fr om th a t O f m a ny wh o
hel d hi s s am e o ffi ce H e d i d h o w eve r ch a nge th e t ribut e
.
, ,
“
l i sts s o th a t h i s fam i ly we re n o l on ge r Ch i n es e m est i
”
z o s but we re en rol l e d a s I n di a n s th e wh ol es a le Sp a n
, ,
’
i sh t e rm fo r th e n a t ives o f a ll Sp a i n s p o s s ess i on s ove r
se a s Th i s i n a w a y wa s comp ens at i o n (i t lowe re d h i s
.
, ,

fa mily s t r ibute ) fo r h i s h av in g to p a y th e taxes o f a ll

’

w h o di e d i n B i ri a n o r m ove d a wa y du ri ng h i s t e rm o f
'

O ffice Th e m un i ci p a l ca pt a i n th en w a s h el d a ccou nt abl e

.

wh eth e r th e p eopl e coul d p ay o r n ot n o de duct i on s eve r ,

bei ng m a d e from th e l i st s M o st g o be r n a do r ci l l o s found

.

ways t o r e imbu rs e th ems elve s but n ot M e rc a d o His ,

.

fam ily h o w eve r we re o f the fou rth gen e ra t i o n i n th e

, ,

Ph i l i pp i nes a n d h e evi d ently th ought th a t they we re e n

t itled to b e c a ll e d Fi l i p ino s .

A l ea d e r i n chu rch w o rk a l so a n d s eve ra l t im es H e r ,

m a no m a yo r o f i ts ch a ri tabl e s o ci ety th e C a pt a i n s
”
,
’

n am e a pp ea rs on a numb e r o f li sts th a t h a v e com e d o w n

f rom th a t ti m e a s a l ibe ra l co nt ributo r t o va ri ous publ i c
subscri pt i ons H i s w i fe wa s e qu a lly b enevo l ent a s the
.
,

reco rds sh ow .

M r a n d M rs M e rca d o d i d n ot n eglect the i r f am il y

. .

wh i ch w a s r a th e r num e rou s Th e i r ch i l d ren we re G a v .

i no Poten ci a n a (w h o n eve r m a r ri e d ) L eonci o Fa u sto

, , ,

Ba r ce l i s a (w h o b ec am e th e w i fe o f H e rm en egil do Au s
t ri a ) G ab ri el Jul i a n G rego ri o Fe rn a nd o C a s i m i ro
, , , ,

Pet ron a (wh o m a r r ie d G re go ri o N e ri ) T om a s a (l a t e r ,

 LI B E R ALIZ ING HE R EDITA R Y I NFLUENCES 57

C a pt a i n L o r en z o wa s e du ca te d fo r a su rveyo r a n d h i s ,

en g i n e e r i n g b o oks s om e i n E n gl i sh a n d oth e rs i n F rench

, ,

we r e p re s e rve d i n B i h a n t il l up o n th e de a th O f h i s s on
, ,

th e f a m i l y b el o ng in gs w e r e sc a tte re d H e w a s we a lthy .
,

a n d h a d i nve st ed a co n s i de r ab le sum O f m o n ey wi th th e
Am e ri ca n M a n i l a sh i pp in g fi rm s O f Peel e Hubb el l 81 C O , .
,

a n d Ru s s ell Stu rgi s

, CO .

Th e fa m i l y s to ry i s th a t h e b eca m e a cqu a i nt e d wi th
B r i gi d a de Qu i n to s M rs R i za l s m oth e r wh il e h e wa s
, .
’

a stu d e n t i n M a n i l a a n d th a t sh e b ei ng u nu su a lly w ell

, ,

e du ca te d fo r a gi rl o f th o s e d a ys h el pe d h i m wi th ,

h i s m a th em at i cs Th e i r a cqu a i nt a nce a pp a rently a ro se

.

th ro u gh r e l a ti o n sh i p b oth b ei n g conn ect e d wi th the

,

R eye s fa m i l y Th ey h a d fi ve Ch i l d ren : N a rci s a (wh o m a r

.

r i e d S a nti a go Mu ge r ) T e o d o r a (M rs F ra nci sco R i z a l

, .

M e rca do ) G rego ri o M a nu el a n d Jo s é A l l w e re b o rn
, , .

i n M a n i l a but l i ve d i n K a l a mb a a n d th ey u s e d th e n a m e
, ,

Al on z o ti l l th a t gen e ra l ch a n ge o f n a m es i n 1 850 wh en ,

w i th th e i r m othe r th ey a do pte d th e n am e R eal o n da

,
.

Th i s l a tt e r n a m e h a s b een s a i d t o b e a n a l lu si o n t o ro ya l
bl o o d i n th e fa m i l y b ut oth e r i nd i ca t i on s su gge st th a t
,

i t m i gh t h a ve b een a ca rel ess m i st a ke m a de i n w ri ti n g by

R o s a R ea l o n da wh o s e n a m e s om eti m e s a pp e a rs w r itten
,

a s R e do n d a . Th e re i s a fa m i ly R e do ndo (Re do n d a i n
i ts fem i n i n e fo rm ) Al on z o o f I l oka n o o ri gin th e s a m e ,

sto c k a s th ei r t r a di t i o n s give fo r M rs R i zal s fa th e r .

’
,

so m e o f wh o s e m emb e rs we re t o b e fo un d i n th e ne i ghbo r

h o o d O f Bi fi a n a n d Pa s a y O n e m emb e r o f th i s fa m i ly
‘

w a s a k i n i n s p i r i t to Jo s é R i za l fo r h e wa s fi n e d twenty ,

fiv e th o u s a n d p es o s by th e Sup rem e C o u rt o f th e Phi li p

”
p i n e I sl a n ds fo r co nt em pt o f rel i gi on I t a pp e a rs
'

th a t h e pu t s o m e o ri g in a l co mp a ri s on s i nt o a p eti t i o n
wh i ch s ou gh t t o obt a i n j u sti ce f rom a n i n fe ri o r t ri bun a l
“ ”
wh e r e by th e o m i s s i o n o f th e wo r d n ot i n co pyin g
, ,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL
’
th e cl e rk h a d reve rs e d th e cou rt s deci si on but th e j udge
re fu s e d to ch a nge th e reco rd .

B ri gi d a de Q u i n t o s s de ath reco rd i n Ka l a mb a (1 856 )

’
,

sp eaks o f he r a s th e d a ughte r O f M a nu el de Qu i nt o s a n d
R egi n a O ch o a .

’
Th e m o st Ob scu r e p a rt o f R i z a l s fa m il y t re e i s th e
O ch o a b ra nch th e fa m i ly o f th e m a te rn a l gra n dm oth e r
, ,

fo r a ll th e a rch ives — chu rch l a n d a n d cou rt — di sa p

, , ,

p ea r e d du ring th e l a te d i stu rb e d cond iti on s o f wh i ch

C avi te wa s th e cente r So o ne ca n onl y repe a t w h a t h a s
.

b een to l d by eld e rl y p eo pl e who h a ve b ee n foun d rel i

a bl e i n oth er a cco unts whe re th e cl ews th ey gave coul d be
compa re d wi th exi st in g reco rds .

Th e fi rst o f th e fa mi ly i s s a i d t o h a ve b e en Pol i ca rp i o
O ch o a a n empl oyé O f th e Sp a n i s h custom s h ou s e
, Es .

t an i sl ao M a nuel O ch o a w a s h i s s on wi th t h e b l o o d O f ol d
,

C a sti le m i n gl in g with Ch i ne se a n d Ta ga l o g i n h i s ve i ns .

H e wa s p a rt own e r o f th e H a cien da o f S a n Fra nci sco de

M a l ab o n O n e sto ry s a ys th at s om ew h e r e i n th i s f a m i ly
.

wa s a M a r i qu i t a O ch o a O f such b e a uty th a t sh e w a s
,

kn o w n i n C a vite whe re wa s h e r h om e a s th e S a mp a gu it a
, ,

(j a sm i ne ) o f th e Pa ri a n o r Ch i n es e qu a rte r
, , .

Th e r e wa s a Sp a n i sh n o bl em a n a l so i n C av i te I n h e r
ti m e wh o h a d b een dep o rt ed fo r p ol i ti ca l re a so n s — p rob
abl y fo r h oldi n g l ibe ra l Op i n i o ns a n d fo r b e in g th ought
to be fa vo rab le t o E n gl i sh i dea s I t i s s a i d th a t th i s pa r
.

t i cu l a r caj a ab i e rt a wa s a M a rqu i s de C a n ete a n d i f ,

so the re i s groun d fo r the cl a i m th a t h e wa s o f r oya l

bl o o d ; a t l e a st s ome o f h i s fa r -O ff a ncesto rs h a d b e en
rel a te d to a fo rm e r rul ing fam i ly o f Sp a i n . .

’
M a ri qui ta s m oth e r knew th e ex il e s i nce a cco rdin g , ,

to th e cu stom i n Fi l ip i n o fam i l i e s she l o oked a fte r th e

,

bu s i ne ss i nte rests o f h e r h usba n d Cu ri ou s t o s ee th e

.

bell e o f wh om h e h a d h e a rd s o much th e M a rqu i s m a d e ,

a n excuse o f do in g bu s i ness wi th the m oth e r a n d went ,

 LI BE R ALIZ ING HE R EDITA R Y INFLUENCES 59

t o h e r h o m e o n a n o cca s i o n wh en h e k n ew th a t th e m othe r
wa s a wa y N O o n e el s e wa s the r e t o a n s w e r h i s kn o ck
.

a n d M a r i qu it a b u s i ed i n m a ki n g c a ndy co u l d n o t i n h e r
, ,

co n fu s i o n fi n d a coco nut s hel l t o di p w at e r fo r wa s h i n g

h e r h a n ds f ro m th e l a rge j a r a n d n o t t o ke ep the vi s i to r
,

w a it i n g sh e a n swe r e d th e do o r a s sh e w a s
, N ot o nl y di d .

h e r a pp e a ra nce r e a l i z e th e expe ct a t i o n s o f th e M a rqu i s ,

b u t th e gi rl s eem e d e qu a l ly a tt ra ct ive f o r h e r s el f p o s -

se s s e d m a nn e rs a n d l ivel y m i n d Th e n ob lem a n w a s .

ch a rm e d O n h i s w a y h om e h e m e t a ca rt l o a de d with
.

co co nut di pp e rs a n d h e b ou ght th e ent i r e l ot a n d s e nt i t

a s h i s fi rs t p res ent .

A ft e r th i s th e exi le i nvent ed num e r ou s excuse s to ca ll ,

’
ti l l M a ri qu i t a s m oth e r fi n a l ly a gre e d to h i s un i o n wi th
h e r d a ughte r H i s p ol it i c a l d i s ab i l ity m a de h i m out O f
.

fa vo r wi th th e St a te chu rch th e o nly pl a ce i n wh i ch peopl e

,

co u l d b e m a r ri e d th en b ut M a r i qu it a b eca m e wh a t i n
,

E n gl i s h woul d b e ca l l e d a co mm o n -l aw wi fe On e o f .

th e i r ch i l d ren J o s é h a d a t ob a cc o fa cto ry a n d a sl i pp e r
, ,

f a cto ry i n M e i si c M a n il a a n d wa s th e es peci a l p rotect o r

, ,

O f h i s you nge r s i ste r R egi n a wh o bec a m e the wi fe o f

, ,

a tto rn e y M a nuel de Qu i nto s A s i ste r o f R e gi n a w a s .

D i e ga de C a st ro wh o w ith a n oth e r s i ste r L u se r i a s o l d

, , ,

ch o r i z o s (s a u s a ge s) o r t i ra t i ra (ta ffy c a ndy ) ,

th e fi rst a t a st o r e a n d th e seco n d i n t h ei r o w n h om e b ut ,

bOt h i n C a vite a cco rd in g t o th e va r i at i o n s o f on e n a r r a

,

ti ve .

A di ff e rent a ccou nt v a ri es th e t i m e a n d om i ts th e n obl e

a ncesto r b y s a yi n g th a t R egi n a wa s m a r ri e d unusu a l ly
yo un g t o M a nu el de Qu i nt o s t o e sca pe th e a tt ent i on s O f
th e M a r qu i s An oth e r a uth o r i ty cl a i m s th a t R egi n a wa s
.

wed d e d t o th e l a wye r i n s econ d m a r r i a ge b ei n g th e wi dow ,

O f F a cu n do d e L a yva th e c apt a i n O f th e sh i p H e r n a n d o
,

M a g a l l a n es w h o s e p i l ot, by th e wa y wa s An d rew St ew
,
,

a rt a n E n gl i shm a n
,
.
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

I t i s ce rt a i n th a t Regi n a O ch o a w a s O f Sp a ni sh C h i ,

n ese a n d Ta ga l o g an ce st ry a n d i t i s r eco rd ed th a t s he w a s
,

th e wi fe o f M a nu el de Qui nto s H e r e we sto p dep en d

.

i n g o n m em o ri es fo r i n th e r est o r e d bu ri a l r egi ste r o f

,

Kal a mb a chu rch i n th e entry O f th e fun e r a l o f B ri gi d a

"

“
de Qu i nto s sh e i s ca l l ed th e d au ghte r o f M a nu el de
'

Qu i nto s a nd R egi n a O ch o a .

M a nuel de Qui nt o s w a s a n a tt o rn ey o f M a n il a gr a du ,

a t e d from S a nto Tom as Un ive rs ity wh o se f am i ly we re ,

Ch i n es e m esti zo s o f Panga si n a n Th e l a w ye r s f a th e r O f
.
’
,

th e s am e n am e h a d b een m un i c i p a l ca pt a i n O f L in ga ya n
, ,

an d a n uncl e w a s l e a der o f th e Ch i nese m est i z o s i n a p ro

test th ey h a d m a de a ga in st th e a rb it ra r i ne ss o f the i r p ro
v i n c i a l gove rno r . Th i s p et iti o n fo r red re ss o f gri eva nces
“
i s p rese rve d i n th e Sup rem e C ou rt a rch ive s wi th Jo a qu i n -

d e Qu into s well a n d b ol dly w ri tten a t th e h e a d O f th e

comp l a i n a nts n a m es evi dence O f a cultu r e a n d a cou ra ge
’
,

th a t we re equ a lly u ncomm o n i n th ose d ays C ompl a i nts .

un de r Sp a n i sh rul e n o m a tte r h ow w ell found ed m e a nt

, ,

t rouble fo r th e com pl a i n a nts ; w e mu st n ot fo rget th at i t

w as a va stly di ff e rent th i n g f rom s i gn i n g p et it i on s o r a d

h e ri ng t o re soluti on s n o w a da ys Th en the si gn e rs ri sked

.

ce rta inly grea t a nn oya nce s om eti me s i mp ri so nment a n d

, ,

n ot i n f re qu ently d ea th .

Th e h om e o f th e Qu i nt o s h a d b e en i n S a n Pe dr o M a
ca t i a t th e ti m e o f C a p t a i n N o v a l e s s up ri s i n g th e so
.
’
,

ca lle d Am e r ica n revolt i n p rotest a ga i n st t h e P e n i n su

”

l a rs s ent out t o sup e rs ed e th e M exi ca n o ffi ce rs who h a d

rem a i ne d l oya l t o Sp a i n wh en th e col ony o f t h e i r bi r t h '

s ep a ra te d it sel f f rom th e m oth e r count ry A s l i ttl e S a n .

Pe d ro M a c a t i i s ch a rged w ith h a vi ng o r i gi n a t e d th e co n
s p i r a cy
, i t i s unl ikely th a t i t wa s conce a led f rom th e l ib
e ra l l a wye r fo r a tto rn eys w e re sca rce r a n d h el d i n h i gh er
,

esteem I n tho s e da ys .

Th e con s e rva t ive el em ent then a s l a te r di d n ot O f , ,

 LI B E R ALIZI NG HE R EDITA R Y INFLUENCES 61

t en l et d ro p a ny Opp o rtun i ty o f pu rging th e commun i ty o f

th o s e wh o th o ugh t fo r th em s elve s b y co nd emn i n g t h em ,

fo r c r i m e u nh e a r d a n d u n de fen de d wh eth e r th ey h a d ,

be en gu i lty o f i t o r n ot .

A ll th e b r a nch e s O f M rs Ri za l s fa mi ly we re much
.
’

r i ch e r th a n th e r el a ti ve s O f he r hu sb a n d ; th e re we re
num e r ou s l a wye rs a n d p r i e sts a m o n g th em — th e O l d ti m e -

p r o o f o f s o c i a l st a n din g— a n d they we re i n fl u e nti a l i n th e

co u nt ry .

Th e r e a r e sev e r a l n a m e s o f th es e rel a t ed fa m i l i es th a t
b el on g a m on g th e de scen d a nts o f L aka n do l a a s t ra ced ,

by M r L uth e r Pa rk e r i n h i s stu dy O f th e Pa mp a nga n

.

m i g ra t i o n a n d col o r i s th e reby gi ven s o f a r a s R i z a l i s

, ,

co nce rn e d t o a p rou d b o a st th a t a n ol d Pa mp a nga n l a dy

,

o f th i s d e sc ent m ake s fo r h e r fa m i ly Sh e wh o i s ex .
,

ce e di n g l y wel l p o ste d up o n h e r a ncest ry e nd s t h e t r a ci ng ,

O f h e r l i n ea ge f ro m L a k a n do l a s t i m e b y a s s e rt i n g th a t
’

th e bl o o d o f th a t ch i e f fl owe d i n th e ve i n s O f eve ry Fi l i
p i n o wh o h a d th e co u ra ge t o st a n d fo rwa r d a s th e ch a m
p i o n O f h i s p e o pl e f ro m th e e a rl i est d a ys to th e cl o s e _

o f th e Sp a n i sh r égi m e L a ka n do l a o f cou rs e b el o n ge d
.
, ,

t o th e M o h a mm ed a n Sum a t r a n s wh o em i gra t ed t o th e
’
Ph i l i pp in e s o nl y a few gen e ra t i on s b e fo re M a gell a n s
di s co ve ry .

To rec a ll rel a t iv e s o f M rs R i z a l wh o we re i n th e p ro
.

fes si o n s m a y h el p t o a n u nd e rst a n di ng o f th e p rom i n ence

o f th e f a m i ly F el ix Fl o rent in o a n uncl e wa s th e fi rst
.
, ,

cle r k O f th e N u eva Se govi a (Vi g a n ) co u rt A cou s i n .

ge rm a n Jo s é Fl o rent i n o w a s a Ph il i pp i n e deputy i n th e
’

, ,

Sp a n i s h C o rtes a n d a l a wye r O f n o te a s wa s a l s o h i s
, ,

b ro th e r M a nu el
,
An o th e r rel a t iv e l es s ne a r w a s C l e rk
.
, ,

R eye s o f th e C o u rt o f Fi rst I nst a nc e i n M a n il a The

,
.

p ri e st O f R o s a ri o Vi ca r o f B a ta n ga s P rov i nce Fa th e r
, ,

L eyva wa s a h a l f-b l o o d rel a ti o n a n d a n oth e r p ri e stly

, ,

’
rel a t i ve wa s M rs Ri zal s p a t e rn a l u ncl e Fa th e r Al on z o
.
,
.
 EA R LY C HI LDH OOD
’
R I ZA L s

o sE P R O TAS I O R I ZA L M E R CA D O Y A L O N ZO
R E A L O N D A th e seventh ch i l d o f Franci sco E n
,

g r a c i o R i z a l M e rca do y Al ej an dro an d h i s w i fe Teo dora ,

M ora l es Alon z o R ea l o n da y Qu in tos wa s b orn i n K a ,

lamba Jun e 1 9 1 86 1
, ,
.

H e wa s a typ i ca l Fil ip in o for few persons i n th i s lan d

,

O f m ixed b loo d coul d b oa st a grea te r m ixture tha n h i s

.
.

Pra cti ca l ly a l l the e thn i c elem ents p e rha ps even th e ,

N e gr i to i n the fa r p ast comb in e d in h i s b loo d Al l h i s

,
.

an cesto rs except the doub t ful stra i n O f th e N e gr ito h a d

, ,

b een imm i gra n ts to th e Ph i l ipp i n es ea rly M a l ays an d , ,

la te r Sum atra ns Ch in es e o f p re hi stori c t ime s an d the

,

re fu gees from the Ta rta r dom i n ion an d Sp an i a rds O f O l d

,

C ast il e an d Va lenci a — representa tives o f a l l th e va r i ous

p eoples who ha ve blen de d to m ake the stren gth o f th e
Ph i l i pp in e r ace
.

Sh o rtly b e fo re Jo s é s b i rth h i s fa m i ly h a d bu ilt a p re

’

ten t i o u s n ew hom e i n the center o f Ka lamb a on a lot

wh i ch Franci sco M erca do h a d i n heri ted from h i s b roth er .

Th e h ou s e w a s dest royed b e fo re i ts u s e ful n es s h a d cea s ed ,

by th e vi n di ct i ven es s O f th os e wh o h a ted th e m a n ch i l d th a t -

wa s bo rn th e re And l ate r o n th e gra ti tu d e o f a f re e

.

people h el d the same spot sa cre d b ecause ther e b ega n tha t

l i fe con s ecra te d to th e Ph i l ipp in es a n d fi n a lly given fo r
i t a fter prepa rin g the w a y fo r the un i on o f th e va ri ous
,

d isun ited Ch in es e m est i zos Sp an is h m esti zos a n d ha l f a

, ,

hun dre d di a l ecti cal ly di stin gu i she d I n di an s in to the

“ ”

un i te d p eopl e o f the Phi l ipp in e s .

Jo s é wa s ch ri stened i n th e n ea rby chu rch whe n th re e

days ol d an d a s two out o f —town b a n ds h a pp en e d to b e
,
-

in Ka lamb a fo r a loca l festi va l musi c w as a fe a tu re o f

,
 ’
R I ZA L S EA R L Y CHILDHOOD

M e rc a do h om e a n d th e l a d wa s fr i en d a n d de fe n de r o f
,

a ll t he a n i m a l s b i rd s a n d even i n s ect s i n t h e n e i ghb o r

, ,

hood . H a d h i s ch i l di sh sym p a th i e s b ee n re sp ected th e

fa m i ly woul d h a ve b een st ri ctly ve get a ri a n i n th ei r di et .

A t ti m e s Jo s é w a s pe rm i tt e d to sp e n d th e n i ght i n o n e
O f th e cu r i ou s l i ttle straw huts wh i ch L a L a gun a fa rm e rs

pu t up du ri n g th e h a rvest se a son a n d th e myths a n d,

le gen ds o f th e re gi on wh i ch h e th en h ea rd i n te reste d h i m
a n d w ere l a te r m a de goo d u s e O f i n h i s wri tin gs .

Sle i g ht —O f -ha n d tr i cks w ere a favorite a mu sem en t an d ,

h e devel op e d a dexteri ty wh i ch mysti fi ed the simple fol k

o f the c ountry Th is d i ve rsi on an d h i s p rofici ency i n i t
. .
,

ga v e r i s e to th a t myste ri ous awe w i th wh i ch he wa s r e

ga rde d by the com m on pe opl e o f h i s hom e re gi on ; they
a scri b e d to h im su pern a tu ra l p owe rs an d re fuse d to be ,

l i eve tha t h e w a s re a lly de a d even a fter the tra gedy o f

B a gu mb aya n .

E n tert a i nm en t o f the n ei ghbors wi th m a gi c l an ter n ex -

h i bi t i o n s w a s a n other frequ en t a mus em en t a n ordin a ry

-
,

l am p th row in g i ts l i ght on a comm on sh e et s ervin g a s a

s creen . Jo s é s su ppl e fi n ge rs twi st e d th em selve s i nt o
’

fan ta st i c sh a pes the en l a rged sh a dows O f wh i ch O n th e

,

cu rta i n b o re resemb lan ce to a n i m a ls a n d p ap er a ccessori es

,

we re worke d i n to va ry a n d en l a rge th e rep e rtoi r e O f

a ct i on fi gu res Th e youth ful sh owm a n wa s qu i te success
.

fu l i n ca te rin g to t he publ i c ta ste a n d th e kn owl ed ge h e

,

th en ga i n e d p rove d v a l uab l e l ate r i n en a bl i n g h i m t o

“

a pp r o a ch h i s co u nt rym en w i th b o oks th a t h el d th e i r a tte n

t i o n a n d ga ve h i m t h e Op po rtu n i ty t o t el l th em o f sh o rt
com i n gs wh i ch i t w a s n eces s a ry th a t th ey sh oul d co r rect .

Alm ost from b a byho od h e ha d a g rown u p wa y ab ou t -

h i m a so rt o f d i gn i ty th a t seem e d to m ake h i m re al i z e
,

a n d re sp ect th e r i g h ts o f oth e rs a n d u ncon sci ou sly d i s

p o s e d h i s el de rs t o re a s o n w ith h i m ra th e r th a n s col d h i m
,
“ fl

70 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

fo r h i s sl i gh t O ff en se s Th i s h ab it grew a s r ep ri m a nd s
. ,

wer e n eeded but once a n d hi s grave p rom i ses o f b ett e r

,

b eh avi or w e re fa ith fully kept when the expl an ati on o f

why h i s conduct wa s w ron g wa s once m a de clea r to h i m .

S O the ch i ld cam e to b e n ot a n unwelcom e comp an i on even

fo r a dults for he r esp ected th ei r m oods an d wa s n ever
,

troublesom e .
A b i g in fl uence in the form ati on o f the

Th e c h urc h an d co n v en t o at K a l am b a .

chi l d s cha ra cter wa s hi s a ssoci a ti on w ith th e p a ri sh p ri est

’

o f Ka lamba Fa the r L eoncio L ope z

,
.

Th e Ka l amb a chu rch a nd convento wh i ch w e r e l oca te d ,

a cross th e w a y from th e R i z a l home w ere constructed ,

a fte r the gre a t ea rthqu ake o f 1 86 3 w hi ch dem ol i she d so ,

m any edi fi ces throu ghou t th e centra l p a rt o f the Ph i li p

p in es
.

The cu ra te o f Ka l amb a ha d a st ron g p ers on a l i ty an d

wa s n otable a mon g the Fi li p in o secula r clerg y O f th a t day
w h en responsibi l i ty ha d develope d m any cre di tab l e fi gures .

An E n gl ish w r i ter o f l on g resi dence i n th e Ph i l i pp in es ,

]
7
5
 LIFE A ND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a fte r h i s retu rn f ro m E u rop e r eca ll s O l d m em o ri es a nd

,

m ake s m e nti on o f th e n ei ghb o rh o o d o f th e B ot a n i c a l

G a rd en j ust b eyon d wh i ch th e f r ien d a n d m ento r o f h i s
,

youth h a d di e d Fa the r L eonci o L op e z di e d i n C all e

.

C oncepci on i n th a t vi ci n i ty wh i ch woul d se em t o i dent i fy

,

h i m i n conn e ct i o n with th a t sce n e i n the b o ok r ath e r th a n ,

num e rou s oth e rs wh o s e n a m es h ave b e en s om et im es su g

ge ste d .

Tw o wri tin gs o f R i za l reca l l thou ghts o f h i s youth ful

days . O n e tells h o w h e u se d to w an der down a lon g
th e l ake sh o r e a nd ,

l o oki n g a cro s s the

w a t e rs w0nder ,

a bo ut th e p eopl e o n
the othe r s i d e Di d .

th ey t o o h e qu es , ,

t i o n ed suff er i n ,

j u st i ce a s the peo
pl e o f h i s h om e
”

F th L ci L p z
a er eo n o o e .
t O Wfl di d ? w as i

th e wh i p th e re u sed
a s fr eely ca rel es sl y a n d u nm e rci fully b y th e a uth o ri ti es ?
,

H a d m en a n d wom en a l s o t o be s e rvil e a n d hyp ocr ites

t o l i ve i n pe a ce ove r the re ? B ut am o ng th e se th ou ght s ,

neve r once di d i t o ccu r to hi m th a t a t n o d i st a nt d a y th e

con d it ion s woul d b e ch a nged a n d u n de r a gove rnm ent ,

tha t s a fegu a rde d th e p e rs on a l ri ghts o f th e humbl e st o f

it s cit i zens th e r egi o n th a t evoke d h i s ch i l dh o o d won de r
,

i ng wa s t o b ecom e p a rt O f a p rovi nce b e a ri ng h i s own

n am e i n h ono r O f h i s l ab o rs t owa rd b a n i sh i n g s e rvi l i ty
a n d hyp oc ri sy fro m th e ch a ra cte r O f h i s cou nt rym en .

The l ake di str ict O f Cen tra l L u zon i s on e O f the m ost

h i stori c regi on s in the I sla n ds th e M ay i p rob ably o f the
,
-

twel fth centu ry C hi ne se geo gr a ph e r H e r e wa s t h e scen e .

o f th e e a rl iest Sp an i sh m i ss i on a ry a ctivi ty O n the south .

 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

work o f th e sto ry o f th e Fooli sh B utterfl y wh i ch h is ,

m othe r h a d sel ected stumblin g ove r the w ords an d group

,

in g them w i thou t rega rd to th e sen se Fi n a l ly M rs R i z a l

. .

took the b ook from her son an d rea d i t h ersel f tran sla tin g ,

the ta le in to the fam i li a r Ta ga log us e d i n the i r h om e .

The m ora l i s supposed to be Obed i ence an d the youn g ,

bu tterfly wa s bu rn ed an d di e d because i t disrega rde d the

p a ren ta l w a rn in g n ot to ven ture too close to th e a llu rin g
fl am e The rea din g lesson w a s in the even in g an d by the
.

l i ght o f a co co nut O i l l am p a n d s om e moth s we re ve ry

-
,

a ppropri ate ly fl utteri n g ab ou t its cheer fu l b la z e The .

l ittl e b oy wa tche d them a s h i s m oth e r rea d a n d h e m i ssed

th e m ora l for a s th e in sects s in ge d th ei r win gs a n d fl ut
,

t e r e d to thei r death i n th e fl am e he forgot th ei r di so be di

en ce a n d foun d n o wa rn in g in i t fo r h i m R a th e r he
.

envi e d thei r fa te an d cons i dere d th a t th e l i ght w a s so

fin e a thin g tha t i t wa s worth dyin g fo r Thu s ea rly d i d
.

th e n oti on tha t there a re thin gs worth m ore tha n li fe

en te r h is h ea d th ough h e coul d n ot fore see th a t h e wa s
“

to b e h imsel f a m a rtyr an d that th e day O f h i s dea th

would b e fore l on g b e comm em o rated i n hi s coun try to
reca l l to h i s countrym en lesson s a s im p ortan t to th ei r
n a ti on a l exi stence a s h i s m other s p recept wa s for h i s
’

ch i ldi sh w el fa re .

Wh en he wa s fou r th e mystery o f l i fe s en din g h a d ’

be en b rou ght hom e to -h im by th e dea th O f a favor i te l i ttl e

S i ste r an d he S he d th e fi rst tea rs o f re a l so rrow
,
fo r un ti l ,

then he h a d on ly wept a s ch i ldren do w h en di sa ppo in ted

i n gettin g the i r own way I t wa s the fi rst o f m a ny g ri e fs
.
,

but h e qu ickly rea l i z e d tha t l i fe i s a constan t stru ggle an d

he lea rne d to m eet di sa pp oi n tm ents a n d sorro w s w i th the
tea rs in the hea rt an d a sm i le on the l ips a s h e on ce a d,

vi se d a n ephe w to do .

At seven Jo sé m a de h i s fi rst re a l j ou rney ; the fa m i ly

wen t to Anti pol o w ith th e host o f p i lgr im s who in M ay
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a n d sh e b e g an e a rly in the m orn i n g a n d conti nu e d ti ll la te

i n the even in g wi th fr equen t a ttenda n ce i n the chu rch
,
.

M r R i za l d i d n ot forget hi s chu rch duties but wa s fa r

.
,

from b ein g so assi du ous i n h i s p ra cti ce O f them a n d the ,

di scussi on s i n th e hom e frequ ently turn e d on the comp a ra

t i ve va lu e o f words an d de eds di scussi on s tha t w ere O ften
,

given a humo rous twi st by the h usb an d w hen h e contra sted

h i s wi fe s l ib era l i ty i n p raye rs w i th he r mo re ca re ful di s
’

p e n si n g o f m on ey a i d .

N ot m any hom es i n Ka lamb a were so wel l p oste d on

events o f the outsid e world a n d the ch i ld ren con stantly
,

hea rd d iscuss i on s o f questi on s whi ch othe r h ous e holds

e ithe r i gno re d o r trea ted rather r eserve dly fo r esp i on a ge ,

wa s ram p an t even th en i n the I sl an ds M rs R i z a l s l i t

. .
’

e r a r y tra in in g ha d gi ven h e r a n a cqu a i ntance wi th the

_

b ette r Span i sh w ri ters wh ich b en efite d he r chi ldren ; she

tol d them the cla ssi c ta les i n styl e a dapte d to the i r chi ldi sh
comprehensi on so tha t wh en they grew older they foun d
,

tha t m a ny n ote d authors wer e O l d a cqu a i n tances Th e .

B ible too p laye d a la rge p a rt i n the h om e M rs Ri z a l s

, ,
. .
’

copy wa s a S p an i sh t ran sla ti on O f the L a ti n Vu lga te the ,

ve rsi on a uth o ri z ed b y he r C hu rch but n ot comm on i n th e

I sl ands then R i z a l s frequ ent re ference s to B ib li ca l p e r
.
’

so n a g es a nd in ci den ts a re n ot pa ra ll el e d in th e wr i tin gs o f

a ny contem pora ry Fi l i p i n o auth o r .

The frequen t vi s itors to the i r h om e the chu rch civi l , ,

an d m i l i ta ry a uthori ti es w h o foun d th e spa ci ou s R i z a l

,

m ans ion a conven i en t restin g pla ce on thei r w ay to the

h ea lth resort a t L O S Ba fio s b rought som eth i n g O f th e ci ty
, ,

an d a somethin g n ot foun d by m any res i dents even th er e ,

to th e p eople O f thi s vi lla ge h ouse hol d O ftentim e s the .

hous e wa s fi ll ed an d the fam i ly woul d n ot tu rn away a

,

gu est o f less rank fo r the sake O f on e O f h i gher di sti ncti on ,

though tha t un soci a l pra cti ce wa s fre qu ently followe d by

pe rson s wh o for got the i r sel f resp ect i n to a dyin g to rank
-
.
 R I ZA L S
’
EA R L Y CHILDHOOD

L i ttl e Jo s é di d n ot kn ow Sp a n i sh ve ry well S O f a r a s ,

conversa t ion a l usa ge wa s conce rn e d bu t h i s mothe r tri ed

,

to imp r e ss o n hi m the b ea uty o f the Sp an i sh po ets an d

en cour a ged h i m i n e ssays a t rhym in g wh i ch fin a l ly gre w
i n to qu i te resp ectab l e p o eti ca l com p os it i ons O n e o f these .

wa s a dr am a i n Ta ga lo g wh i ch so p l ea se d a m u nicip a l
ca pta i n O f th e n e i ghb orin g v i lla ge o f Pa et e w h o ha p ,

pen e d to h ea r i t wh i le on a v i s i t to Ka lamb a th a t the ,

youth fu l a u tho r wa s p a i d two pesos fo r the p roducti on .

Th i s wa s a s m uch m on ey a s a fi e l d l abore r i n those days

wou l d h ave ea rn e d i n h a l f a m on th ; a lthough th e f am i ly
d i d n o t n e e d the co in th e in c i den t i mp resse d them w ith
,
’
the des i rab i li ty O f cu ltiva tin g the b oy s ta lent .

Jo s é wa s n i n e ye a rs O l d wh e n h e w a s s ent t o stu dy i n
B i ri an H is m a ster the re Just in i an o Aqu in o C ru z wa s
.
, ,

o f the O l d scho ol a n d R i z a l h a s le ft a reco r d O f som e o f

”
h i s m axi m s such a s Spa re the ro d an d spo i l th e ch i ld
, ,

”
Th e l ette r en ters w i th b lo od an d oth e r s im i la r in dica
,

ti on s o f h i s hero i c tr e a tm en t o f the un fo rtun ates un der

h i s ca re H oweve r i f he wa s a stri ct d isci pl in a r i an M a s
.
, ,

te r Just in i an o w a s a lso a con sc i enti ous instructo r a n d the ,

b oy h a d b een on ly a few m onths un de r h i s c a re when th e

pu p i l w a s tol d tha t he kn ew a s m uch a s h i s m a ste r a n d ,

h a d b ett e r go t o M a n i l a to sch o o l T ruth ful Jo s é r e

.

p ea t e d t hi s conversa ti on w i thout th e m od i fica ti on wh i ch

m odesty m i ght h ave su ggested a n d h i s fathe r respon de d
,

ra th e r v i gorously to the i dea an d i t wa s in tim a te d t ha t

i n th e fa the r s ch i ldhoo d pu p il s wer e n ot a ccustome d to
’

sa y th a t they kn ew a s much a s t he i r tea chers H oweve r .

,
’

M a ste r Ju st in i a n o co rrobo ra te d the ch i l d s sta tem en t so ,

th a t p r ep a r a t i o n s fo r Jo s é s go i n g t o M a n i l a bega n t o b e
’

m a de Th i s w a s i n the C hr istm a s v ac a ti on O f 1 87 1
.

B i h a n h a d be en a va lu abl e exp eri en ce fo r youn g R i z a l .

T here h e ha d m et a h ost o f rela tives a n d from th em he a rd

’
m u ch O f t he p as t o f h i s fa the r s fam i ly H is m a tern a l .
 fl
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LIFE LABO R S JOS E IZAL

l
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A ND OF R
ll

H e en l i ste d the i nterest o f m an y O f the Ol der Fi l i p in o

cle rgy a n d throu gh thei r contributi on s subs i di zed a p ap e r ,

E l E c o F i l i p i n o w h ich spoke from th e Fi l ipi n o stan d

,

p o i nt a n d a n s w e r e d th e
re fl ect i on s wh i ch wer e
th e sto ck i n t r a de o f th e
co nse rva ti ve o rga n fo r ,

the r eact i o n a r i e s h a d a n
'

a bus i ve j ou rn a l j u st a s
they h a d h a d i n 1 82 1
a nd we r e t o h a v e i n th e
l a te r d a ys .

S u ch w e r e th e con di
t i on s whe n Jo s é R i z a l
go t rea dy t o l e a ve h om e
fo r s ch o ol i n M a nil a a ,

d epa rtu re wh i ch wa s de
l a ye d by th e m i s fo rtu nes
o f h i s m oth e r H i s only
'

a n d el de r b roth e r P a , ,

ci a n o h a d b een a stu
,

d ent i n S a n Jo s é C ol
lege i n M a n i l a fo r s ome
ye a rs a n d h a d r egul a rly
,

fa il e d i n p a ss i ng h i s ex
am i n at i o n s b eca u se o f
h i s ou tsp okenn ess a ga i nst
th e evi l s o f th e cou nt ry .

Pa ci a no w a s a grea t f a
Th V y R
e er ev .J m Bu g D D
a es r os, . .

v o r i t e w ith D octo r Bu r

go s i n w h o s e h om e h e l i ve d a n d fo r wh om h e a cted a s
,

m es senge r a n d g O b etwe en i n the d el i ca t e n ego ti a t i o n s O f

-

th e p rop a ga n d a wh i ch th e docto r wa s ca r ryi n g o n .

I n Februa ry o f 7 2 a ll th e d ream s o f a br i ghte r an d

’

fre e r Ph i l i pp i n es wer e crushe d ou t i n th a t en orm ous i n

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 LIFE A ND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Som e z ea lous bu t un thinkin g re a ction a ry a t th i s t im e

con ce ive d the i de a o f publ i sh in g a bo ok som ewha t s im i la r
to tha t wh ich h a d b een gotten out a ga in st the C onstituti on
o f Ca d i z . C apta in Ju an w a s i ts n ame ; it wa s i n cate
ch i sm form an d tol d O f an O l d mun i ci pa l ca pta i n who
,

deserve d to b e hon ore d b eca use h e wa s so subm i ssively

sub se rvi en t to a l l con stitute d author ity H e tri es to di s .

t i n g u i sh b e twe en di ffe ren t ki n ds O f l ib erty a n d the e sp eci a l ,

a tten ti on w hi ch he devotes to Am er i ca sho w s how l ive a

t op i c th e gre a t republ i c wa s a t
t h a t t im e i n th e I s l a n ds Th i s .

i nte r e st i s exp l a i n ed by the fa ct

th a t a n Am e ri ca n co mp a ny h a d
j u st th en rece ive d a gra nt O f th e
n o rth e rn p a rt o f B o rn e o l ate r ,

B r it i sh N o rth B o rn e o fo r a ,

t ra din g compa ny I t wa s be .

l i ev e d th a t th e U n i t ed St a tes
h a d des i gns o n th e A rch i p el ago
beca u se O f t re a t ies w h i ch h a d
G
e n er al F T W d
. . ar .

b e en n egoti a te d w i th th e Sulta n
O f Su lu a n d ce rta i n Am e ri ca n comm e rci a l i nt e re sts i n
th e Fa r E a st wh i ch we re th en r a th e r impo rt a nt
, .

Ame ri cans too h a d b ecom e known i n the Ph i l i pp in e s

, ,

throu gh a s oldi er O f fortun e who h a d h elp ed out the

C hin ese gove rn men t i n suppressi n g the reb ell i on i n the
“ ”
n ei ghb o rh o o d O f Sh a ngh a i G en er a l F T Wa rd
. . .
,

f rom M a s s a chu setts o rga ni z e d a n a rmy O f deserters f ro m

,

E u ropean sh i ps but thei r l a ck O f d isc ipl in e m a d e them

,

un des i rable soldi ers an d so h e disb an de d the force He

, .

th en ga thered a re gim en t o f l\/I an i l a m en a s th e Fi l i pi nos ,

u su a ll y foun d a s qu a rte rm a sters o n a ll sh i p s s a i l ing i n

th e E a st w e re th e n ca ll ed With th e a i d o f s ome oth e r
.

Am e rican s these tro op s w ere d isci p l in ed a n d dr i lled into

such e fl i ci en cy tha t the m en cam e to ha ve the t itl e a m on g
 JA GOR
’
S P R OP HEC Y
I ZA L S fi rst hom e i n M an i l a wa s in a n i p a house
’

w ith M anue l H i da lgo la ter to b e h is b rother i n

,
-

la w i n C a lle E speleta a stre et n am ed for a former

, ,

Fi l ip in o p ri est who ha d ri sen to b e b i shop an d governor

gene ra l Th is S pot i s n ow m a rked w i th a tabl et w h ich
.

gives the da te O f h is com in g a s the l atter pa rt o f Feb r a

a ry 1 87 2
, .

R i z a l s own recollection s spea k o f Jun e a s b e in g th e

’

date o f the form a l b egi nn in g o f h i s stu di es i n M a n i l a .

Fi rst h e wen t to Sa n Juan de L etran an d took an exam

i n a t i o n in the Ca tech ism Then he went b a ck to Ka lamb a
.

a n d i n July p a sse d i nto the Aten eo p oss ib ly beca use o f ,

the mo re fa vorable con di ti ons un der w h ich the pup ils

w ere a dm itted rece ivin g credi t for wo rk in a ri thm etic
, ,

wh ich i n the other school i t i s sa i d he w oul d h ave ha d

, ,

to restudy Th i s p erha ps a ccounts fo r th e cred it shown

.

i n the schola stic ye a r 1 87 1 7 2 Unti l hi s fou rth year

—
.

R i z a l w a s an extern e a s those resi din g outsi de o f the

,

sc h ool dorm i tory w ere then ca lle d Th e Aten eo wa s ve ry .

popu la r a n d S O gre a t was th e ea ge rness to enter i t tha t

the wa i tin g l ist w a s lon g an d t w o or thre e ye a rs delay ’

wa s n ot a t a ll uncommon .

Th e re i s a l i ttl e un certa i nty ab out thi s peri o d ; some

w r iters have gon e so fa r a s to give recollecti ons o f ch i ld
h ood i nci dents O f w hi ch R i z a l w a s the he ro w hi le he l ive d
i n the h ouse o f Docto r Burgo s but the fam i ly deny tha t ,

h e w a s eve r i n th i s home an d say tha t he h as be en con

,

fused wi th h i s brothe r Pa ci ano .

The grea test in flu ence u pon R i z a l durin g th is p eri od

_

w a s the sen s e o f Span i sh j ud ici a l inj usti ce i n th e le ga l pe r

s e cu t i o n s o f h i s m oth er who thou gh innocent for t w o
, , ,

yea rs wa s trea ted a s a crim in a l an d hel d i n pr ison .

 JA C O B S P R OPHEC Y
’

a n d a lso th e p rosecuto r Th e Sup r em e C ou rt a gre e d th at

.

h e r con ten t i on wa s correct a n d d i recte d th a t she b e d i s

cha rge d from custo dy To th is order t he j u dge p a i d du e
.

respect a n d order ed h er relea se bu t h e sa i d tha t the a ccu

,

sa ti on O f un fa i rn es s a ga in st h i m wa s contemp t O f cou rt ,

a n d ga ve her a l on ge r sen ten ce un de r th i s cha rge than the

p rev iou s on e from wh i ch she h a d j ust b een ab solved .

A fte r som e del ay the Sup rem e Cou rt he a rd o f thi s a ffa i r

a n d de ci de d tha t the j u dge wa s r i ght B ut b eca use M rs .
,
.

Bi l i bi d Pi r so n .

R i z a l h a d b e en lon ger i n p ri son awa i tin g tr i a l tha n t e

s en ten ce they da te d b a ck h e r i m p ri sonm ent a n d a ga in
, ,

o rde re d h e r rel e a se H e re the record ge ts a l i ttle con

.

fuse d b ecau se i t i s concern ed w i th a story th a t h e r b roth er

h a d s ixteen th ou sa n d p esos concea le d i n h i s cel l a n d every ,

b ody from th e Sup rem e C ou rt down se em e d in te re sted

, ,

i n t ryin g to lo ca te th e m on ey .

Wh il e th e o ffi ci a l s we r e l o oki ng fo r h i s s a ck o f gol d ,

A lb e rto ga ve a p owe r o f a ttorn ey to a n o v er i n t el l i g en t

l awye r wh o wo rde d h i s au tho r i ty so th a t i t gave h im the
r i gh t to do everyth in g wh i ch h is p rin ci pa l h im sel f cou l d
”
h a ve don e p e rs on a lly le ga lly a n d eccles i a stica lly
,
From .

s om e s ou rce outs i de b ut n ot from th e b rothe r th e a t t o r

, ,

2
E
E
Z
5
 LIFE AND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

n ey hea rd tha t M rs R i z a l h a d ha d m oney b elon gin g to .

Alb erto for I n th e extens ive su gar purch a s in g busin ess

,
-

wh i ch S h e ca rri ed on she h andl e d la rge sum s an d f r e

quently b orrowe d a s mu ch a s five thou san d p esos from
th i s b roth e r Anx i ou s to get h i s h a nds o n m oney he i n .
,

st i tuted a ch a rge O f th e ft a ga i nst h er u nde r h i s p owe r O f ,

atto rn ey a n d a cti n g i n th e n am e O f h i s p ri n ci p a l M r s R i . . .

z a l s a tto rney demu r re d t o such a ch a rge be in g m a d e wi th

’

out t h e m a n wh o h a d l ent th e money bei ng a t a ll cons ulted ,

a n d h eld th a t a p owe r o f a tto rney d i d not w a r r a nt su ch a n -

a cti on I n tim e th e i ntelli gent Sup rem e C ou rt h e a rd th i s

.

ca se a n d d eci ded th a t i t sh oul d go t o t ri al ; but l a te r wh en ,

th e a tto rn ey a cti n g fo r h i s p ri nci pa l wa nted t o t esti fy , ,

fo r h i m u n d e r th e p owe r o f a tto rn ey they s e em t o h av e ,

r e a ch e d th ei r l im i t fo r th ey d i s a pp r ove d O f th a t p rop o s al ,
.

Anyon e who ca res to know j ust how ri di culous an d i n

cons i sten t the j u di ci a l system o f th e Phi li pp i n es then wa s
w oul d do wel l to try to un ravel the m ixe d deta i ls o f the

ha l f doz en cha rges ran gin g from cru elty throu gh the ft ,

to m urder w hi ch were m a de a ga i n st M rs R i z a l w i t h out

,
.

a sha dow O f evi d en ce O n e ca se wa s trumpe d up as soon .

a s an other w a s fin i sh ed an d p oss ib ly the a ffa i r w o u l d have ,

'

dra gge d on ti ll the en d O f the Sp an i sh a dm in i stra ti on h a d

n ot h e r l ittle dau ghter dance d b e fore the G ove rn or Gen -

era l once when he w a s travel in g th rou gh the country won ,

h i s a pprova l an d w hen h e a ske d wha t favo r he coul d do ,

for he r presen ted a p etit i on for h er m othe r s rel ease I n

,
’
.

thi s way wh i ch r eca l ls the custom s o f p rim iti ve n a ti ons

, ,

M rs R i za l fin a lly wa s en abl e d to retu rn to he r hom e

. .

Doctor R i za l tells u s th a t it wa s th en that h e fi rst b egan

to lose confi den ce i n m ankin d A story O f a sch ool com .

p an i on tha t when R i z a l reca ll e d th is in ci den t the re d cam e

,

i nto h i s eyes probab ly ha s abou t the sam e foun dati on a s ,

the frequ e n t stori es o f h i s weep in g w i th em ot i on up on

’
other p e ople s shoulders wh en a dvi se d o f m om entous

Ilillllllllllllllflllll ll llIIIIIfllllll fllllllllll ll lll lll lllllllllIIIIIflll llflllllllllllllll lllllllflfll lllllll llllll lllll lllllll lllllllflll lllllllIIIIIl lfllllllllflll llllllllllllllllllllllll llll llfllll l llll l l llllllllllfllll llllll IIIIIIIlflllllllll llllllllflllllllflllllllllllllllll lll lll llllll l lllllll lM
IIHIIIIIl l lllII| llllllllll llllllll llllllllllllll llllllll llll fl[ll lllill lllllllll lllllllllllllllflllllllll [lllllll llll l l l
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

cha n ges i n h i s l i fe Doctor R i z a l di d not h ave these

.

Sp an i sh ways an d the n a rra tors a re m e rely sp e akin g o f

,

wh a t othe r Sp an i a rds wou ld h ave d o n e for sel f restra int ,

-

a n d free dom fro m exhib i ti ons O f em ot i o n we re a m on g

h i s m ost p rom in en t ch a racteri stics .

Som e t im e durin g R i z a l s ea rly yea rs O f school cam e

’

h i s fi rst success i n p a in tin g I t w a s the occa s i on o f a

.

festiva l i n Ka l amb a ; j ust a t th e l a st m om en t an im portant

b ann e r wa s acci denta lly dama ged an d ther e wa s n ot tim e
to sen d to M a n i l a fo r a n oth er A h a sty consu ltati on wa s .

hel d amon g the vi ll a ge authori ti es an d on e coun ci lm an ,

suggest ed th a t Jo sé R i z a l h a d sh o w n con s i de rab le ski ll

w i th the b rush an d poss ib ly he coul d p a in t som eth in g
th a t woul d p a s s Th e g o be r n a do r ci l l o p r ocee de d t o th e
.

la d s hom e an d expl a in e d the n e ed R i z a l p romptly went

’
.

to wo rk un der th e O fl i c i al s d i recti on an d sp eedi ly pro

,
’

du ce d a p a intin g wh i ch the del i ghte d m un i ci p a l executive

decla re d wa s b etter than the expensive b a nn e r bou ght in
M an il a The ach i evem en t w as expl a in e d to a ll th e p a r
.

t i c i p a n t s i n th e festi va l a n d youn g Jo s é w a s th e h e ro o f

the occa si on .

Dur in g i n t er v al s o f school wo rk R i z a l found t ime to

cont inu e h i s m odel in g in clay whi ch h e p rocured from
th e b r ickya rd o f a cous in a t S an Pedro M aca t i .

R i z a l s uncl e Jo s é Albe rto h a d pl a ye d a con s i der abl e

’

, ,

p a rt i n h i s p oli ti ca l e ducati on H e wa s i n flu ent i a l w ith .

th e R egency i n Spa in w h i ch succeeded Qu een I sabel when

,

tha t sovere i gn b ecam e too m a lodorous to be lon ger tol

c ra te d an d h e w as the p ersona l fri en d o f the R egent
, ,

G en er al Pr im w h o s e m otto
,
M o re l ibe r a l t o d a y th a n
,

yeste r da y m o r e lib era l t om o r row th a n to d ay h e w a s

, ,
”

fon d O f qu ot in g H e w a s p resen t in M a dri d a t the tim e

.

o f G en e ra l Prim s ass ass in ati on a n d O ften tol d O f how

’

thi s w i se p a tri ot recogn i z i n g th e unprep a re dn es s O f the

,

Sp an i sh people for a republ i c Opp ose d the e ff orts for ,

 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

h a d reco gni z ed Sp a i n s n ew fo rm o f gove rnm ent Pri m

’
_
.

s ought a n a ll i a nce with Am e ri ca fo r h e cl a im e d th a t

,

Sp a i n sh oul d b e l inke d wi th a count ry wh i ch woul d buy

Sp a n i sh go o ds a n d t o wh i ch Sp a i n coul d s en d h e r p ro d
u ct s
. F ra nc e w ith wh o m th e B ou rbon s w i sh ed t o b e
,
’
a ll ie d wa s a comp eti t o r a l ong Sp a i n s o w n l in e s
, .

Durin g th e ea rl i e r di sturb a nces i n Sp a i n a p a rty o f C a r

l ists wer e sen t to the Ph i l ipp in e I sla n ds ; they were wel
com e d by th e reacti ona ry Sp an i a rds for devoti on to Ki n g
,

C a rlos ha d b een thei r cha ra cte risti c eve r S in ce the days

when Queen I sab el ha d taken the th ron e tha t i n the i r
Op in i on b elon ged to the he i r in the m a l e l i n e R i z a l f r e
.

quently m akes m enti on o f th i s di sloya lty to the ruler o f

Sp a in on the p a rt o f those w h o cl a im e d to b e m ost devoted
Sp a n i a rds .

Alon g w i th the stori es o f the se troub l e s wh ich R i za l

hea rd du rin g hi s school days i n M an i la w ere reports o f
how these exil es ha d establ ishe d th em selves i n forei gn
c iti e s B a s a i n H ongkong R egi do r i n L on do n a n d Ta
, , ,

vera in Pa ri s At thei r hom e s in these ci ti es they gave

.

a wa rm welcom e to such Fi l ipin os a s tra vele d ab roa d a n d

they were a lways re a dy to act a s gu a rdi an s fo r Fi li p ino
studen ts who wishe d to study i n the i r ci ti es M any a va i led
.

them selves O f these opportun i ti es an d i t cam e to b e a n

amb i ti on am on g those in th e I slan ds to get a n educa ti on
wh ich they b el ieve d wa s bette r than tha t wh i ch Spa in
a ffo rded Th e re wa s s om e g roun d fo r such a b el i e f be
.
,

cause m any O f the m ost prom in en t success fu l m en o f

Span i sh an d Ph i l i ppin e b i rth were m en whose educa ti on
ha d be en forei gn A w ell known instance i n M an i l a wa s
.
-

the a rchi tect Roxa s fath e r o f th e presen t Alca ld e O f

,

M a n i l a wh o l e a rn ed h i s p ro fe ss i on i n E n gl a n d a n d wa s
,

a lmost the on ly n otabl e bu i lde r i n M an il a duri n g h i s

l i fetim e .

Pa ci a n o R i z a l JO S é S el d e r b rothe r h a d reti re d f ro m
, ,
96 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

(Su cesores de R iva deneyra ) Im presores de C arr i a r a de

S M C a l l e del Duqu e de O sun a mi m 3
. . Th e ,
.

follo w in g extract from the book w i ll show how m a rvel

o u sl y the a uthor an tici pa ted events tha t h ave n ow becom e

h i story
W i th t h e alter e d co n di t i o n o f th i n gs h o w ev er al l t h i s h as , ,

d i sa pp ear ed T h e c o l o n y ca o l o n ger be k e pt se c l u ded f ro m t h e

. n n

w or l d . E v er y f ac i l i t y a ff o ded fo r c o m mer c i al i ter c o u r se i s a

r n

b l ow t o t h e Ol d syst em an d a g r eat step m a de i n t h e di r ect i o n o f

,

b r o ad an d l ib er al r ef or m s T h e m or e f o ei g c p i tal an d fo r
. r n a

ei g n i deas a n d cu st o m s a e i n t r o d uc ed i n c r easi n g t h e p r o sp er i t y
r , ,

en l i g h t e m e n t n an d se l f est
,
m o f t h e p o pul at i o
- ee t h e m o r e i m pa n ,

t i e n t l y w i l l t h e e x i st i n g e vi l s be en du r e d .

E g l a d c an an d do es O p n h er p o ssessi o n s u n c o n c er n e dl y t o
n n e

t h e w o rl d Th e Br i t i sh c o l o i es a r e u n i t ed t o t h e m o t h e r c o u n
. n

t y b y t h e b o n d o f m utu al a dv a t a ge v i z
r t h e p o d uc e o f r aw
n , .
,
r

m ater i a l b y m ean s o f En gl i sh c a p i tal an d t h e e x c h an ge o f t h e same ,

f o r E n g l i sh m an u f act u r es T h e w ea l t h o f En g l n d i s so g r eat t h e
. . a ,

o r g an i t i o n o f h er c ommer c e w i t h t h e w o r l d so c o mp l ete th at
za ,

n ea r l y a l l t h e f o r e i g n e s e v en i n t h e Br i t i sh p o sse ssi o n s ar e f o r
r

t h e m o t p a r t ag en t s f o r E g l i sh b u s i n ess h o u s s w h i c h w o u l d
s n e ,

sc a r c l y be a ffect e d at l e ast t o an y m ar k e d e x te n t
e , b y a p ol i t i c al ,

d i sm em b er m en t I t i s e t i rel y di ff er en t w i t h S p a i n w h i c h p o s
. n ,

se sses t h e c ol o n y a s an i h e r i t e d p r o p er t y an d w i t h o ut t h e p ow er
n ,

of t u i g i t t o an y u se f u l acc o u n t
r n n .

G o v e m ent m o n o p o l i s i g o r o u sl y m a i ta i n e d i n so l en t di s
rn e r n ,

r eg a d a n d n eg l ec t o f t h e h al f c ast es a n d p o w
r f u l c r eo l es an d
- er ,

t h e e x a m pl e o f t h e U n i t d S t a t es w er e t h e c h i e f r e aso n s o f t h e
e ,

do w f l l o f t he A m e r i c a n p o ssessi o n s
n a T h e s m e c a u ses t h r eat . a

en r u i t o t h e P h i l i pp i n es : b ut o f t h e mo o p o l i es I h a v e sa i d
n n

o u gh .

H a l f —c ast es an d c r eo l es i t i s t r u e ar e n o t as t h ey f o r mer l y w er e
, ,

I n A m e r i c a e x cl u ded f r o m al l o ffic i al app o i n t m e n t s ; bu t t h e y f eel

,

deep l y h u r t a n d i n j ur ed t h r o u gh t h e c r o w ds o f p l ac e h u n t er s w h i c h -

t h e f r equ en t c h an g es o f M i i st e r s sen d t o IVI a n i l l a

n The i n fl u en c e .
,

a l so , o f t h e A me r i c an e l m t i s a t l east v i sib l e o n t h e h o r i zo n
e en ,

a n d w i l l be m o r e n o t i c ea b l e w h en t he r el at i o n s i n cr ea se b et w een
 JA C O B S P R OPHEC Y
’

t he t w o c o unt r i es At p r esen t t h ey ar e very sl en der Th e t r ade

. .

i n t h e m eant i m e f o l l ow s i n i t s o l d c h an n el s t o En g l an d an d t o t h e
At l ant i c p o rt s o f t h e U n i t ed S tates N e v er th el ess w h oev e r desi r es
.
,

t o f o r m an O p i n i o n u p o n t h e f utu r e h i st o r y o f t h e P h i l i pp i n es m u st ,

n o t c o n s i de r s i m p l y t h e i r r el at i o n s t o S pa i n bu t m u st h a v e r e g ar d
,

t o t h e pro d i g i o u s c h a n g es w h i c h a f ew deca des pro d uc e o n e i th er

si de o f o u r p l an e t .

F o r t h e fi r st t i m e i n t h e h i sto r y o f t h e w o r l d t h e m i gh t y p o w
er s o n b o t h s i des o f t h e o c ea n h a v e c o mm enc ed t o en t e r up o n a
d i r ect i nt e r c o u r se w i th o n e a n o t her — R u ssi a w h i c h al o n e i s l ar ge r
,

t h a n a n y t w o o t h er p a r ts o f t h e e a r t h ; C h i n a w h i c h c o n t a i n s ,

w i t h i n i t s o w n b o u n da r i es a t h i r d o f t h e p o p u l at i o n o f t h e w o r l d ;

a n d A m er i c a , w i t h g r o u n d u n de r c ul t i v at i o n n ea r l y su ffi c i e n t t o
f ee d t r e b l e t h e to tal p o p u l at i o n o f t h e e ar th R u ssi a s f urth er r él e
.
’

i n t h e P a c i fic O c ea n i s n o t t o be est i m a t ed at p r esen t .

T he t r a de b e t w een t h e t w o o t h er g r e at p o w ers w i l l t h er e f o r e
be pr es u m a b l y al l t h e h ea vi e r as t h e r ec t i fic a t i on o f t h e pressi n g
,

n ee d O f h u m an l a b o ur o n t h e o n e s i de an d o f t h e c o r r es p o n di n g
,

o v er p l u s o n t h e o t h er ,w i l l f a l l t o t h em .

T h e w o r l d O f t h e anc i en t s w as c o n fi n e d t o t h e sh o r es o f t h e
“

M edi t er r an ea n ; an d t h e A tl an t i c an d I n di an O c ea n s su fli c ed a t
o n e t i me f o r o u r t r afl i c . Wh en fi r st t h e sh or es o f t h e P ac i fic
r e e c h o e d w i t h t h e so u n ds o f a c t iv e c o m m erc e
-
t h e tr a de o f t h e
,

w o rl d a n d t h e h i st o r y o f t h e w o r l d m a y be r eal l y sa i d t o h a v e

b e g u n A st ar t i n th at di rect i o n h a s b een m a de ; w h ereas n o t so

.

v e r y l o n g ag o t h e i mmen se o c e an w as o n e w i de w aste o f w ate r s ,

t r a v e r se d f r o m b o t h p o i n t s o n l y o n c e a y ear F r o m 1 60 3 t o 1 76 9
.

sc a r c el y a sh i p h ad ever v i si ted C al i f o r n i a th at w o n der f u l c o u n t r y

,

w h i c h t w e nt y fiv e y ears a g o w i t h t h e e x c e pt i o n o f a f ew p l ac es
,
-
,

on t h e c o ast, w as an u n k n ow n w i l der n ess b ut w h i c h i s n o w,

c overe d w i t h fl o u r i sh i n g a n d pr o sp er o u s to w n s an d c i t i es divi de d ,

f ro m sea t o sea b y a r ai l w a y an d i t s c a p i t al a l rea dy r an k i n g t h e

,

t h i r d o f t h e seap o rts o f t h e U n i o n ; ev e n at t h i s ea r l y st age o f i t s

e x i st en c e a c en tral p o i n t o f t h e w o r l d s c o m m er c e a n d a pparen tl y
’
,

dest i n ed b y t h e pr o p ose d j u n ct i o n o f t h e g r eat o c e a n s t o pl ay a

, ,

m o st i m p o r tant part i n t h e f utu r e .

I n p r o p o r t i o n as t h e n a vi g a t i o n o f t h e w est c o ast O f Am er i c a
e x t e n ds t h e i n fl u en c e O f t h e Am e r i c a n el e m en t o v e r t h e S o ut h
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Se a , c a pt iv at i n g m ag i c p o w er w h i c h t h e g r eat r epu b l i c ex er
the ,

c i o v r t h S p an i sh c ol on i es w i l l n o t f a i l t o m ake i t sel f f el t
se s e e
*

a l so i n t h e P h i l i pp i n e s T h e A mer i c an s a r e e vi den tl y dest i n ed

.

to br in g to a fu ll devel o p m en t t h e g er m s o r i g i n a t e d b y t h e
S p an i a r ds A s c o n qu er o r s O f m o der n t i m es t h ey p u r su e t h e i r
.
,

r oad t o v i cto r y w i th t h e assi st an c e o f t h e p i o n eer s ax e an d ’

p l o u gh r ep r esen t i n g an ag e o f p eac e an d c o mm er c i al p r o sp er i ty
,

i n c o n t r a st t o t h a t b y g o n e an d c h iv al r o u s ag e w h o se c h am p i o n s
w e r e up h e l d b y t h e c r o ss an d p r o t ect e d b y t h e sw o r d .

A c o n si der ab l e p o r t i o n o f S p an i sh A m er i c a a l r ea dy b el o n gs t o
t h e U n i t ed S t a t es a n d h a s s i n c e a t t a i n ed a n i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h
,

c o u l d n o t p o ssib l y h av e b een a n t i c i p a t ed e i t h er u n der t h e S p an i sh

G o v er n m en t o r du r i n g t h e an ar c h y w h i c h f o l l o w e d Wi t h r e .

g a r d t o p er m an en c e t h e S p an i sh sy stem c an n o t fo r a m o m en t be
,

c o m p ar ed w i th t h at o f A m er i c a Wh i l e each o f t h e c o l o n i es i n .
,

o r de r t o f a v o u r a p r ivi l e g e d cl ass b y i mm e di a t e g a i n s e x h a u st e d ,

st i l l m o r e t h e a l r e a dy e n f ee b l e d p o pu l a t i o n o f t h e m e t r o p o l i s b y

t h e w i t hdr aw al o f t h e b est o f i t s a bi l i t y A m e r i c a o n t h e c o n , ,

t r a r y h as a t t r a ct ed t o i t se l f f r o m a l l c o u n t r i e s t h e m o st en er g et i c
,

e l em e n t w h i c h o n c e o n i t s so i l a n d f r ee d f r o m a l l f e t t er s r est
, , , ,

l essl y p r o g r essi n g h as e x t en ded i t s p o w er a n d i n fl u en c e st i l l

'

f u r t h er an d f u r t h er Th e P h i l i pp i n es w i l l esc ap e t h e act i o n o f
.

t h e t w o g r ea t n e i gh b o u r i n g p o w e r s a l l t h e l e ss f o r t h e f a ct t h a t

n e i t h e r t h ey n o r t h e i r m et r o p o l i s fi n d t h e i r c o n d i t i o n o f a S t a b l e

an d w e l l b a l a n c e d n a t u r e
-
.

I t seems t o be desi r ab l e f o r th e n at iv es t h at t h e ab o v e m e n -

t i o n ed v i ew s sh o u l d n o t S p eedi l y b ec o m e a cc o m pl i sh e d f a c t s be ,

c a u se t h e i r e duc at i o n a n d t r a i n i n g h i th er t o h a v e n o t b ee n o f a
n a t u r e t o p r e p a r e t h em s ucc ess f u l l y t o c o m p et e w i t h e i t h e r o f t h e

o t h er t w o e n e r g et i c c r ea t iv e a n d p r o g ressi v e n a t i o n s
, T h ey h a V e
, .
,

i n tru t h dr e am e d aw a y t h e i r b est day s

”
, .

*
I k
t a e t he l ib t y h
er ,
er e , of ci t i
c f t h i I 1 86 1 w h Ing an i n st a n e o s . n ,
en

f
ou n d my lf se on th W t C e t f l VI i
es d z b c kw d f m i l i d
o as o ex co , a o en a oo s a es e

t m i d up
er ne o n se ttli g i S n (f m i g n i i t h d t ); pl w h i h
on or a or n a n o as s n e e se r a an c

w as fut t d r s ra e by t h i v i e t t h t t im
n f t h Eu p
as o n apw M ya e o e ro ean o er s . an

na t iv f m e ar er s a w it d t h
a iv l f t h i m mi g t i d t t k t h m
e e ar r a o ese r an s n or er o a e e

u d th i p
n er e r t ct i
ro e Th v l
on . f l d i c q c f th
e a ue o u m t an n o n se uen e o e an n o n ce en

o f t h p j ct e ro e r o sev y c id b l y
er on s er a .
1 04 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

R i z a l u su a lly spent the tim e a t th e C onvent o f L a Con

co rdi a where h i s youn gest si ste r Sole da d wa s a b oa rder
, , ,
.

H e wa s a gr ea t fri en d o f the l ittl e on e a n d a welcom e

v is itor i n the Convent ; he u se d to dra w p i ctu re s fo r her
e di fica t i o n som et im e s t ea s in g h er by m akin g her o w n por
,

tra i t to w h i ch h e gave exa ggera ted ea rs to in dicate her

,

cu ri osi ty Then h e w rote short sati r i ca l ski ts such a s the

.
,

follo w in g w h i ch i n E n gl i sh dogger e l qu i te m a tches i ts

,

Span i sh or i gin a l
Th e gi rls O f C oncordi a C ollege
G O dress ed i n the la test o f styles
B a n gs h i gh on the i r forehe a ds for kn o w ledge
Bu t hun gry the i r gr ins an d the i r sm i l es !

Som e o f th ese gi rl s m a d e a n imp r e ss i o n up o n Jo s é a n d ,

o n e o f h i s di a ry entri es o f th i s t im e tell s O f h is ru de

a w ak en in g w hen a gi rl som e ye a rs h i s elder wh o h a d

, ,

l au gh in gly a ccep te d h i s b oyi sh a dora ti on i n form e d h im

,

tha t she w a s to m a rry a rela tive o f hi s a n d h e spe aks O f

,

the hea rt pa n g w i th wh i ch h e w atched the ca rrom ata tha t

-

ca rr i ed h er from h i s si ght to he r w e dd in g .

Jo s é w a s a grea t rea de r a n d th e ne w sp a p e rs we re giv

,
’
in g much a ttent i on to the World s Fa i r i n Ph i la delph i a
w h ich comm em ora te d th e fi rst cen tenn i a l o f Am eri can
i nd ep ende n ce a n d publ i sh e d num e rou s cut s illu st ra t i n g
,
-

va ri ous in terestin g ph a ses o f Am er i can l i fe Poss ib ly a s a

.

re a ct i on from th e fo rm e r di sp a ra gement o f th i ngs Am e ri

can the sentim en t i n the Ph il ipp in es w as then very fr ien dly
, .

There wa s on e lon g a ccoun t O f th e presenta ti on o f a

S p an i sh b a nn e r to a Span i sh comm i ssi on i n Ph i la delph i a ,

an d t h e n e w spap ers i n S peaki n g o f th e won der fu l p rog

,

ress wh i ch the Un i te d Sta tes h a d m a de reca l le d th e ea rly

,

Sp an i s h a l l i an ce a n d re fe rre d to th e fa ct th a t h a d i t n ot ,

b een for the di scoveri es o f th e Span i a rds thei r n ew l an d

,

w oul d n ot have b een kn o w n to E urop e .

 LIFE AND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

C ome n ow thou gen iu s gran d

, ,

An d br in g down i n sp i rat i on ;
Wi th thy m i ghty han d ,
’
Swi fte r th an the win d s vol at i on ,

R a i se the ea ger m in d to h i gher stat i on .

C om e down w ith pl ea s in g l i ght

O f a rt an d sci en ce to the fi ght
O youth an d the re unti e
,

The ch a in s tha t heavy l i e ,

Your sp i r i t fre e to b l i ght .

See how i n fl a m in g zone

Am i d the sh a do w s thrown
The Sp an i a rd s holy h an d
’

A cro wn s respl en den t b an d

’

Proff e rs to th i s I n di an la nd .

Thou wh o n ow wouldst r i se
O n w in gs o f ri ch empr i se ,

Seekin g from O lymp i a n ski es

Son gs o f sweetest stra in ,

So ft e r th an amb rosi a l ra in ;

Thou whose voi ce divi n e

,

R iva ls Ph i lom el s re fra in

’

An d w ith va ri e d l in e
Throu gh the n i ght b en i gn
Frees m ortal i ty from pa in ;

Th ou w ho
by sha rp st ri fe
Wa k est thy m in d to l i fe
An d the m em ory b ri ght
O f thy gen ius l i g ht ’

M akes t i mm orta l i n i ts stren g th

 J A C O R S P R OPHE C Y ’

An d thou i n a ccents cle a r

,

O f Ph oebu s t o Ap el l e s de a r
,

O r by the b rus h s m a gi c a rt ’

’
Takest from n a tu re s store a p a rt ,

To fix i t on th e si mp le canva s l en gth ; ’

GO
fo rth a n d th en th e sa cre d fi re
,

O f thy gen i us to the l au re l m a y a sp i re

To sp re a d a roun d the fa m e
An d i n V I ct o r y a ccl a im ,

Throu gh w i de r sp heres th e hum a n n am e .

D a y O h a ppy d a y
, ,

Fa i r Fi l i p in a s for thy l a n d ! ,

S o bl e s s th e Powe r t o da y
Th a t pl a ce s i n thy wa y
Th is fa vor an d th i s fortun e gran d .

Th e n ext comp eti ti on a t th e L i ce o wa s i n h ono r o f th e

fou rth centenn i a l o f the dea th O f C erva n tes ; i t wa s Open
to both Fi li pi n os a n d Sp an i a rds a n d the re wa s a di spute,

a s to th e wi nn e r o f the p r i z e I t i s h a rd to fi gu re ou t
.

j u st wh a t r e a l ly h a pp en ed ; the n ewsp a p ers speak o f R i z a l

a s wi nni n g th e fi rst p ri z e but h i s ce rt i fi ca t e s a ys s eco n d
, ,

a n d th e r e s e em s to h a ve b ee n s o m e s o rt o f com p rom i s e
by wh i ch a Sp a n i a rd who wa s secon d w a s pu t a t the h ea d .

N ewsp a p e rs o f cou rse we re th en closely cen so red but

, , ,
‘

th e l i be ra l L a O cea n i a conta in s a numb e r o f ve i le d a llu

s i on s to m e di ca l p o ets su ggesti n g tha t fo r the go o d O f
,

hum a n i ty th ey sh oul d n ot b e p erm i tte d to wa ste the i r

tim e i n verse -m akin g O n e r e ference quotes th e t i tl e o f
.

R i z al s fi rst po em in sayin g th a t i t w a s givi n g a wo rd o f

’

a dvi ce To the Ph i l i pp i n e Youth a n d there a re oth er ,

”

in d i ca ti on s t ha t fo r som e c on s i derabl e ti m e the outcom e

o f th i s contest w as a very l ive top i c i n th e c i ty o f M a n i l a .
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF J OS E R IZAL

Ri z al
’
s p oe m wa s an a l legory Th e C ounc i l o f the
,

Go ds El con sej o de l o s D i oses I t wa s a n exc eed

.

i n g l y a rti sti c a ppreci a ti on o f th e chi e f fi gure i n Sp an i sh ,

l ite ra tur e . Th e rector O f the Aten eo h a d a ssi sted h i s

form er stud en t by securin g for h im n e ede d books an d ,

thou gh R i za l wa s a t that tim e a stu dent i n Santo Tom as ,

the r iva lr i es were such tha t h e wa s sti l l ranke d w i th the

pup il s o f th e Jesu i ts a n d h i s succes s w a s a co r respondi n g
source O f el a ti on to the Atene o pup i ls a n d a lumn i Som e .

p eople h ave state d th a t Fa ther E va ri sto Ar i a s a n otably ,

bril l i an t wr i ter o f th e D om in i cans w as a com petito r a

, ,

versi on I once publ ished but invest i ga ti on sho w s tha t thi s

,

wa s a m i stake H o w eve r sentim ent i n the Un iversi ty

.
,

a ga i n st R i z a l gre w un ti l m a tters becam e S O unpl easant

,

tha t he felt i t tim e to follo w th e a dvi ce o f Fa ther Bu rgos

an d con tinu e h i s educat i on outsi de O f the I slan ds .

Just b e fore th i s inc i dent R i z a l h a d b een the v i ctim O f

a b ruta l a ssault i n Ka la mb a ; one n i ght wh en h e wa s p a ss
in g the b a rra cks o f the Civi l Gu a rd h e n oted i n the da rk
ness a l a rge b ody bu t d i d n ot recogn i z e who i t w a s a n d
, ,

p as se d w ithout any a ttenti on to i t I t tu rn ed out tha t .

t he la rge body wa s a l ieutenan t o f th e C ivi l Gua rd an d , ,

w i thout wa rn i n g o r word O f a ny kin d he dre w h i s s w ord ,

an d w oun ded R i z a l i n the b a ck R i z a l com p la i n e d o f thi s

.

out ra ge to th e author it ies an d tri e d sever al tim es w ith ,

out succe ss to s ee th e G overno r —Gen era l Fin a lly he ha d

,
.

to recogn i z e th a t the re was n o redress fo r h im B y M ay .

o f 1 882 R i z a l ha d m a de u p h i s m i n d to set s a i l for

E u rop e an d h is b roth er Pa ci an o e qu i pp e d h i m w i th
, , ,

seven hun dre d p esos for the j ou rn ey wh i le h i s s i ster , ,

Sa turn in a in tru sted to h im a va luable di am on d r in g

,

w h ich m i ght prove a resou rce i n tim e O f em e rgency .

Jo s é h a d gon e t o Ka l a mb a t o a tten d a fest iva l th e r e ,

w h en M r H i da lgo from M a n i l a n oti fi ed h im th a t h i s

.
, ,

b oa t wa s rea dy to sa i l The tel egram a skin g h i s i m

.
,
 J A GOR S
’
P R OPHE C Y

E n gl i s h
col ony o f Sin ga pore Th ere R i z a l sa w a m ode rn.

ci ty for th e fi rst ti m e H e wa s in ten sely in t ereste d i n

.

th e im p rovem en ts E speci a lly di d the a ssur e d pos i t ion

.

o f th e n a tive s con fiden t i n th ei r r i ghts an d n ot fe a r fu l

,

S t u di es of pa
ssen ge rs on t he F r e n ch m il a st ea me r .
(F r o m R i za l
’

S k tch b ok )
e -
o .

o f th e a uth o ri ti e s a r ou s e h i s a dm i r a t i on G re a t w a s th e
,
.

con t ra s t b etwe en t h e fe a r o f th e i r rul e rs s h o wn by th e

Fi li p i n o s a n d th e co n fi dence wh i ch th e n a ti ve s O f Si nga
p o re s eem ed t o h a ve i n th ei r gov e rnm ent .

At S i n ga po re R i z a l t r a n s fe r re d t o a French m a i l
,
 -
IIII III IIH IIIIINIIIH m
l IIHlllll llllllllllllllfll lllllM IH Illllllll llllM
illi IIIIIT
IIIIIIL lllllll llllllllfllllllllllllll lllllllll l lll lllllll [W HWIIWIWIWW
IHUW W WWH W
M MW

LABO R S R IZAL

r .I |
.
 TH E PE R IOD OF P R EP A RA TIO N

I ZA L d i semb a rke d a t lVI a r se i l l es s aw a l ittl e O f th a t

,

fa m ous po rt a n d th en went by r a il t o B a rcel on a

, ,

c ro s s i n g the Pyr enees th e d esol a te rugge dnes s o f w h i ch

,

co nt ra sted wi th the p i ctu res qu e luxu ri a nce o f h i s t rop i ca l

h om e a n d rem a i n ed a d a y a t th e f ront i e r t own O f Po rt
,

B ou The custom a ry Span i sh di srega rd o f touri sts com

.

p a re d ve ry un favo rably wi th th e cou rte ou s a ttenti o n wh i ch

h e h a d rem a rked o n h i s a rr iva l a t M a rs ei lles fo r th e ,

cu stom h ou se o ffi ce rs o n the Sp a n i sh f ro nt i e r r a th e r r e

m i n de d h im O f th e cl a s s o f em pl oyes foun d i n M a n il a .

At B a rcel on a he met m a ny wh o h a d been h i s s ch o ol

m a tes i n the Aten eo a n d oth e rs to wh om h e wa s known
by n am e It w a s th e cu stom O f th e Fil ip in o stu dent s
.

the re t o h o l d reun i ons eve ry othe r Sun da y a t th e c a fé “

fo r the i r l i m i t e d res ou rces di d n o t p e rm it th e d a ily vi s i ts

wh i ch we re th e Sp a ni sh cu stom I n h o no r o f th e n ew
.

a rri va l a sp eci a l ga the r ing o ccu r red i n a fa vo ri te ca f e i n -

Pla z a de C a t a lon i a The ch a ra cte ri sti cs o f th e Sp a n i a rds

.

a n d th e fe a tu res o f B a rcel on a we re a l l d es cri bed fo r

’
Ri z a l s b ene fi t a n d h e h a d t o a nswe r a h o st o f qu esti on s
,

a bout the ch a n ge s wh i ch h a d occu r red i n M a n i l a M o st

.

o f h i s a nswe rs we re to th e effe ct th a t O l d d e fect s h a d

n ot yet b e en rem ed i e d no r i ncompetent o fli ci a l s suppl a nted ,

a nd h e ga ve a r a th e r h op ele ss v i ew O f th e futu r e o f the i r

count ry S omewh a t i n th i s gl o omy m o o d h e w rot e h om e
.
,

fo r a n ewl y e stabl i sh e d Ta ga l o g n ewsp a p e r o f M a ni l a ,

h i s vi ews o f L ove o f count ry a n a rt i cl e n ot s o opt i

“
,
”

m i sti c a s m o st O f h i s l a te r wr it ings .

I n B a rcel on a he r em a i n ed but a sh o rt t i m e l ong ,

enou gh h oweve r t o s ee th e h i sto r i c S i ghts a ro un d th a t

, ,

ci ty wh i ch wa s esta bl i sh ed b y H a nn ib a l h a d numb e red

, ,
 THE PE R IOD OF P R EPA R ATI ON

m a ny n o t e d R o m a n s a m on g i ts re s i d ents a n d i n l at e r d ays ,

w a s th e scen e o f the r etu rn o f C ol umbu s f rom h i s voy

a ge s i n the N ew Wo rl d b ri ngi n g wi th h i m s am pl e s o f
,

R edsk i n s b i rds a nd oth e r n ove l p r o du cts O f th e u nkno wn

,

co unt ry Th en th e re we re th e m a gn i fi c ent b ouleva rds

.
,

th e h a n ds om e dwell in gs th e i n te rest wh i ch th e ci t i z en s
,

t o ok i n a do rni n g the i r ci ty a n d th e p ri de i n t he r esults ,

a n d a b ove a l l th e di s gust a t a ll th in gs Sp a n i sh a n d th e
,

l oya lty t o C a t a l on i a r a th e r th a n t o th e m oth e r -fa th e r

,

l and .

Th e C a t a l a n w a s the m o st p rogres s i ve typ e i n Sp a i n ,

b ut h e h a d n o l ov e fo r h i s comp a t r i ot s wa s eve r co m ,

pl a i n in g o f th e i r m a n a n a h ab i ts a n d O f th e evil s th a t
we r e b ou n d t o ex i st i n a count ry wh e re C hu rch a n d St a te
we re s o i next r i ca bl y i nte rm i ngl ed M a ny C at a la n s we r e .

a vowedly republ i ca n s S i gns m i ght be s ee n o n th e out s i de

.

o f bu i l d in gs tell i n g o f th e l o ca t i o n O f republ i c a n club s ,

unp o pu l a r O fl i c i a l s w e re h o ot ed i n th e st re ets th e n ews ,

p a p e rs we re i ntem pe r a t e i n th ei r c r it i ci sm o f th e gove rn
m ent a n d a c am p a i gn w a s c a r r i ed o n o p enly wh i ch a i m e d
,

a t ch a n gi n g fro m a m o n a rchy t o a dem o c ra cy with out ,

a ny a pp a r ent m ol est a t i on f ro m th e a uth o ri t i es All th es e .

th i n gs im p r es s e d th e l a d wh o h a d s ee n i n h i s o wn co unt ry
th e m o st r esp e ct full y wo rde d co mpl a i nt s o f u n qu est i o n
ab l e abuse s trea te d a s trea son b r in gin g n ot m e rely pun ,

i sh m e n t bu t Opp rob riu m a s well

,
.

He h im sel f in orde r to Obta in a better e duca ti on h a d

, , ,

h a d t o l e a ve h i s count ry st e a lth i ly l ike a fu git ive fro m

j u s t i ce a n d h i s fa m i ly t o s a ve th em se lve s f rom p e r secu
, ,

ti on w e re com p el l ed t o p r o fe s s i gno r a nce o f h i s pl a n s a n d

,

m ovem e n ts H i s n a m e wa s en t e re d i n S a nt o Tom as a t
.

t h e o pe n i n g o f th e n ew te rm with th e fee s p a i d a n d , ,

Pa ci a n o h a d go n e t o M a n il a p retend i n g t o b e l o oki ng
fo r th i s b roth e r wh o m h e h a d a s si st e d out O f th e count ry .

E a rl y i n th e fa ll R i z a l rem ove d t o M a dr i d a n d en
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

t e r ed th e Cent ra l Uni ve rs i ty the re H i s sh o rt res i d ence .

i n B a rcel on a wa s p o s s ibly fo r th e pu rp o s e o f co r recti n g

th e i r regul a r ity i n h i s p a s sp o rt fo r i n th a t t own i t woul d ,

be e a s i e r t o Obt a i n a ce dzt l a a n d with th i s h i s wa y i n the

'

n a ti on a l Un i ve rs i ty woul d b e m a de sm o othe r He en .

roll e d i n two cou rs es m edi cin e a n d l ite r a tu r e a nd p h i l o s

, ,

o h
p y ; b es i des th e s e h e studi ed s culptu r e d rawi ng a nd a rt ,

in San C a rlos a n d to ok pr iva te lesson s i n lan gua ges from

'

M r Hugh e s a well known i nst ructo r O f the ci ty With

.
-
,
-
.

a ll th es e l ab o rs i t i s n ot st r a n ge th a t h e d i d n ot m ingl e
l a rgely i n s oci a l l i fe a n d l a ck o f fun ds a n d wa nt o f
,

cloth es wh i ch h ave b een suggeste d a s rea son s fo r th is seem

, ,

h a rdly a de qu a te Jo s é h a d le ft h I a n i l a w ith s om e s even

.

hun dre d p esos an d a di am on d r in g B esi des he rece ived .

,

fun ds f rom h i s f a th e r m on thly wh i ch we r e s ent th rough ,

h i s cous i n Anto ni o R ive ra o f hI a n i l a fo r fe a r th a t the

, , ,

l a n dl o rds m i ght reven ge th em s elves up on th ei r ten a nt fo r

t h e sl i g h t w h i ch h is son ha d ca st upon the i r un ivers ity in

des e rt in g it fo r a Pen i n sul a r i nsti tut i on I t w a s n o e a sy .

ta sk i n those da y s for a la d from th e p rovin ces to get

out o f t h e I sl a nds fo r study ab ro a d .

R i z a l fre qu ently a tten ded th e thea t e r ch oo s i ng espe ,

c i a l l y th e h i ghe r cl a ss d ra m a s o cca s i on a lly w ent t o a ,

m a sked b a ll pla ye d t h e l o t t e r i es i n sm al l a m ounts but

,
‘

regul a rly a n d fo r the rest devote d m o st o f h i s m on ey

,

t o t h e pu rch a se o f b o oks Th e grea te r p a rt o f th es e .

w ere secon d hand bu t h e b ough t seve ra l stan da rd works

-
, ,

i n go o d edi ti ons m a ny with b i nd ings de luxe Am ong

, .

the b o oks fi rst pu rch a sed fi gu re a Sp a ni sh t r a n sla t i on

o f th e L ive s o f th e Pres i d ents o f th e Un i t e d St a tes
from Wa sh i ngton to John s on m o rocco b oun d gilt e dged , ,
-
,

a n d i llu st ra ted with steel engra vi ngs— ce rta i nly a n ex

p en s i ve b o ok ; a H i s to ry O f th e E n gl i sh R evol ut i on ; a ”

com p a ri s on O f th e R om a n s a n d th e Teu to ns a n d s eve ra l ,

oth e r b o oks wh i ch i n di ca t e d i nte rest i n t h e f ree r syst em

 THE PE R IOD OF P R EPA R ATION

Fo r s o ngs o f l ove f ro m ou t a h e a rt
Th a t co l dl y l i e s a th i ng a p a rt ;
’
Sin ce n ow w i th t o r t u r d soul I h aste
’
Un re sti ng o e r th e d e s e rt w a ste ,

An d l i fel e s s gon e i s a ll my a rt .

I n M a dr i d a n umbe r o f youn g Fi l ip i n os we re i n
ten s e enthu s i a sts ove r p ol i t ic a l a gi t a ti o n a n d wi th th e ,

reckl es sn es s o f yo uth we re ca rel es s o f wh a t th ey s a i d o r

,

h o w th ey s a i d it s o l o ng a s i t b rou ght n o d a nge r t o th em

,
.

A s o rt o f Ph i l i ppi n e s oci a l club h a d b e en o rga n i z e d by

ol de r F il i p i n o s a n d Sp a n i a rd s i nte r e ste d i n th e Ph i l ip
p i n e s w ith th e i de a o f qu i etly a s s i sti n g towa r d imp roved
,

i ns ul a r co n di ti on s but i t b eca m e s o r a di ca l u n de r t h e i n
,

fl u e n ce o f th i s youn ge r m aj o r i ty th a t i ts co n se rv a tive
,

m emb e rs we r e co mp ell e d t o d rop ou t a n d th e club b r oke

.

up . Th e you ng m en we r e const a ntly h ol di n g m eet i n gs t o

revi ve i t bu t ne v e r a r r i ved a t a ny eff ect ive conclu s i on s
,
.

R i z a l w a s p resent a t s om e o f th e s e m e et i ngs a n d sug

geste d th a t a go o d m e a n s o f p ro p a ga n d a woul d b e a b o ok
tel l i n g th e t ruth a b out Ph i l i pp i n e con d iti on s a n d i llu s
t r a t e d by Fi l i p i n o a rt i sts At fi rst th e p roj ect w a s seve re
.

l y cr i t i ci s e d ; l a t e r a few co n fo rm ed t o th e pl a n a n d R i z a l ,

b el i eve d th a t h i s sch em e w a s i n a fa i r wa y o f a ccompl i sh

me nt At th e m eet i n g t o di scu s s th e d et a i l s h o wev e r
.
, ,

e a ch m emb e r o f th e comp a ny w a nte d t o wri te up o n th e

Fi l i p i n o w om a n a n d th e r e st o f th e subj ect s sc a rcely i n
,

t e r e st e d a ny O f th em R i z a l w a s di s gu ste d wi th thi s
.

t ri fl i ng a n d d ro pp e d th e a ff a i r n o r di d h e ev e r a ga i n s eem
,

to t ake a ny ve ry enth u s i a st i c i nte rest i n such p o pul a r m ove

m ent s . H i s m o r e m a tu re m i n d pu t h i m out o f symp a thy
wi th th e youn ge r m en Th ei r a dm i r a ti o n ga ve h i m grea t
.

p r e sti ge bu t h i s p o pu la ri ty d i d n ot a ri s e f r om com r a d e
,

sh i p a s he h a d b ut very f ew in tim a tes

,
.

E a rly i n h i s stay in M a dri d R i z a l ha d com e a cross a

,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

i n th e n ew ye a r a n d h i s wa s th e ch i e f sp eech su m m a r i z
, ,

in g th e rema rks O f the others .

I n 1 885 h avi n g compl eted th e s econ d o f h i s two

,

cou rs e s wi th h i s c r ede nt i a l s o f li centi a te i n m ed ici n e a n d

,

a l s o i n ph i l o s ophy a n d l i ter a tu r e R i z a l m a de a t ri p
,

th rou gh the count ry p rovi nces t o study th e Sp an i sh pe a s

a nt for the ru ra l people h e thou ght b ei n g a griculturi sts
, , , ,

woul d b e m o s t l i ke th e fa rme r folk o f h i s n a t ive l a n d .

Su rely th e Fil i p in o s di d n ot su ffe r i n the co mp a r i s on fo r ,

th e S p a n i s h p e a s a nts h a d n ot grea tly ch a n ge d from the

d a y wh en th ey we r e s o m a ste r fully de scrib e d by C e r
va nt es . I t s eem ed to R i z a l a lm o st l ike b ei n g i n Don
’
Qu ixo te s l a n d s o m a ny w e re th e fi gu res wh o m i ght h ave
,

be en th e ch a ra cte rs i n th e b o ok .

Th e fall o f 85 foun d R i z a l i n Pa ri s studyin g a rt v i s

’
, ,

i ti n g the va r i ou s m u s eum s a n d a s s o ci a ti n g wi th th e Lu na s ,

th e T a ve ra s a n d oth e r Fi li p i n o res i dents o f th e Fren ch

cap ita l for there h a d been a cons i de rable colony i n tha t
,

ci ty eve r s i nce th e t r oubl e s o f I 87 2 h a d d ri ven th e Tave ra

fa m il y i nto ex il e a n d th ey h a d m a de th ei r h om e i n t h a t
ci ty I I I Pa ri s a fou rth O f N o l i M e Ta nge re wa s
.
”

wri tten a nd R i z a l speci a l i z e d i n ophth a lm ol ogy d evot

, ,

in g h i s attenti on to those eye troubl es tha t w er e m ost

.

p reval en t i n th e Ph i l ipp i n e s a n d l e a s t u nd e rsto o d H i s .

’
m o th e r s growin g bl i ndn es s m a de h im covet th e ski ll wh ic h
m i ght en able h i m t o re sto r e h e r s i ght S o su cces s full y .

di d h e stu dy th a t h e b eca m e th e fa vo ri t e pup i l o f D o cto r

L de Weck e r t th e l e a di n g a uth o rity a m on g th e o cul i sts
.
,

o f F r a nce a n d a uth o r O f a th re e vo lum e st a nd a rd wo rk

,
-
.

R i z a l next w ent t o G e rm a ny h a v ing conti nu ed h i s stu di e s

,

i n i ts l a n gu a ge i n th e French ca pi t a l a nd w a s p res ent a t

,

H ei d elbe rg on th e five hun d redth a n n ive rs a ry o f th e

foun da t i on o f th e Un ive rs i ty .

B eca us e h e h a d n o pa s spo rt h e coul d only a tten d l ec

tu res bu t coul d n ot r egul a rly m a t ri cul a te
, H e l ive d i n.
E

LIFE AND LAB OR S OF JOS E R IZAL

G o the re a n d t el l h o w wh en th e dawn
H e r ea rl y l i gh t di ffus i ng ,

You r p etal s fi rst fl un g open wi de ;

H i s st eps be s i d e ch il l N ecka r d r a w n ,

You s e e h im s i l ent by you r s i de ,

U p on i ts Sp r in g p e renn i a l mu si n g .

S aw h ow wh en m o rn in g s l i ght ’
,

Al l you r f ra gra nce ste al i n g ,

Whispe rs to you a s i n m i rth

Pl ay ful s ongs o f l ove s d el ight
’

He to o mu rmu rs h i s l ov e s fe el i n g
, ,
’

I n th e t on gu e h e l e a r n ed a t b i rth .

Th a t wh en th e sun o n K o en i g st u hl s h ei ght ’

Pou rs out i ts golden fl o od ,

And w i th i ts sl o w ly w a rm i n g l i ght
G i ves l i fe t o va l e a nd grove a n d wo od
H e gre ets th a t sun h e re o nl y up ra i s in g
, ,

Wh i ch i n h i s n a ti ve l a n d i s a t i ts z en i th bl a z i ng .

An d t ell th e re o f th a t da y h e sto o d
N ea r to a r u i n d ca stle gray
’
,

B y N ecka r s b a nks o r sh a dy wo od
’

, ,

An d p l u ck d you from b es ide the w a y

’

Tel l to o the t a le to you a dd re ss ed

, ,

An d h o w w ith tende r ca r e ,

You r b en din g l eaves h e p r ess d ’

’
Twixt p a ges o f s o m e volum e r a re .

B ea r th en O fl owe rs l ove s m ess a ge b e a r

, ,
’

My love to al l th e l o v d on es there
’

Pe a ce t o my count ry— fru i t ful l a n d

Fa i th w h e re on i ts s ons m a y st a n d ,

An d vi rtue fo r i ts d a ughters ca re ; ’

Al l those bel ov e d crea tures greet ,

Th a t sti ll a ro u n d h ome s a lt a r m e et
’
.
 “
5

TH E PE R IOD OF P R E P A R ATIO N

An d wh en yo u com e u nto i t s S h o re ,

Th i s k i s s I n o w o n yo u b est ow ,

Fl in g wh er e th e w in g e d b ree z es b lo w '

Th a t b o rn e on th em i t m a y h ove r O e r
Al l th a t I l ove e steem a n d a d o r e
, , .

B u t th ou gh O fl owers you com e un to th a t la n d

, ,

An d sti ll pe rch a nce you r col o rs h ol d °

S O fa r f rom th i s h e ro i c st r a nd ,

Wh o s e s o i l fi rst b a de you r l i fe u n fold

Sti ll h e r e you r fra g r a nce wi ll exp a n d ;
Y ou r s ou l th a t neve r qu i ts th e ea rth
Wh o s e l i ght sm i le d O I I yo u a t you r b i rth .

From H e i delberg he wen t to L e i p z i g then fam ous for

,

n ew stud i es i n psych ol o gy w h i ch we re m ak i n g th e
n ee O f the m in d a lm ost a s exa ct a s tha t o f the body ,

1 b ec a m e i nte reste d i n the com p a r i s o n o f r a ce ch a ra c

[s t i c s a s i nfl uen ce d by e nvi ronm ent h i sto ry a nd I a n
,

.
ge. Th i s p rob ably a ccou nts fo r th e a dva nce d vi ews
d by R i z a l wh o wa s th o rou ghly a b re a st O f th e n e w
,

ch o l o g y . Th ese i d e a s w e re s i nc e po pul a ri z ed i n
I e r i c a l a rgely th rou gh P ro fes s o r H ugo M unst e rb e rg

H a rva r d Un i ve rs ity wh o w a s a fell o w student o f

,
-

;a l a t H e i delbe rg a n d a l s o h a d b een a t L e i pz i g
‘
.

A l i ttl e l a t e r R i z a l went t o B e rl i n a n d the r e b eca m e

u a i n t e d w ith a n umb e r o f m e n wh o h a d stu di e d th e

l i p p i n e s a n d kn ew i t a s n on e wh o m h e h a d eve r m et
'

v i o u sl C h i e f a m on g th es e w a s D octo r Jag o r th e
y.
,

h o r o f th e b o ok wh i ch t e n y ea rs be fo re h a d i n sp i re d
hi m h i s l i fe pu rp o s e o f p rep a ri n g h i s p e o pl e fo r th e
e wh en Am e ri c a sh oul d com e t o th e Ph i l i pp i n e s .

en th e re w a s D o cto r Rud ol f Vi rch ow h e a d o f th e A n,

o p o l o g i c al S oc i ety a n d o n e o f t h e gr e a t e st sci enti st s i n

wo rl d Vi rch o w wa s o f i nt en sel y dem oc r a ti c i d ea l s

.
,

I
 THE PE R I OD OF P R EPA R ATION

B l um ent ri tt wh om R i z a l h a d kno wn by reput a t i o n fo r

,

m a ny ye a rs a n d wi th wh o m h e h a d l ong co r r e sp o n d e d .

Th e two f ri en ds st a ye d a t th e H otel R o de r k r ebs bu t we re ,

gu e sts a t th e t a b l e o f th e Au st r i a n p ro f e s s o r wh o s e w i fe ,

ga ve th e m a pp eti z i ng dem o nst r a ti o n s o f th e ch a r a ct e r i s

t i c co o k e ry o f H un ga ry Du r i n g R i z al s st a y h e w a s
.
’

ve ry much i nte re st e d i n a ga th e r i n g o f t ou r i st s a r r a n ge d ,

t o m ake kn o wn th e b e a ut i e s o f t h a t p i ctu res que r egi on ,

s om eti m e s c al l e d th e Au st ri a n Swi t z e rl a nd a n d h e d e ,

l i ve re d a n a d d re s s u p o n th i s o c
ca s i o n . I t i s n otewo rthy th a t
th e p re s ent i n te r est i n a tt r a ct i n g
t ou ri sts t o th e Ph i l i pp i n es a s a n ,

eco n om i c b en efi t t o the co u nt ry ,

wa s a nt i ci p a t e d by D oct o r R i z a l
a n d th a t h e wa s a lwa ys l o oki ng
up meth o ds u s e d i n fo r e i gn co un
t ri es fo r b u i ld in g up to u ri st s
’

t ra vel .

O n e d a y wh il e th e vi s i t o rs
,

we re d i scu s s i n g Ph il ipp i n e m a t
P c i l k t c h f D F B lu
en s e O r
t e rs wi th the i r h o s t D o cto r
. .

,
m t i t t by R i z l en r a .

R i z a l m a de a n o ff h a n d sketch
o f D o cto r B lum ent ritt o n a sc r a p o f pa p e r wh i ch
,

h a pp en ed to b e a t h a n d s o cha ra cte r isti c tha t i t se rves a s

,

a n excel l ent p o rt ra i t a n d i t h a s be en p r es e rve d a m o ng

,

th e R i z a l reli cs wh i ch D o ct o r B lum en t ri tt h a d t re a su re d
o f th e f ri en d fo r wh o m h e h a d s o much r e sp e ct a n d a ff ec
ti o n
.

Wi th a l ette r o f i ntro ducti on to a fr i en d O f Doctor B lu

m en t r i t t in Vi enn a N o r den f e l s the grea te st o f Au stri a n
, ,

novel i sts D o cto r V i ol a a n d D octo r R i z a l went o n to th e

,

ca p i ta l wh ere th ey w ere enterta in e d by the C on co rdi a

,

C lub . SO f avo rab l e w a s th e im p ress i on tha t R i za l m a de

up on M r N o r den f el s th a t a n a nswer wa s wr i tten to the
.
 THE PE R IOD OF P R OPAGANDA

t en a nt Jo s é Tav i el d e And r a de Th e youn g m en s o o n

, .

b ec a m e f a st f ri en d s a s they h a d a rt i st i c a n d oth e r t a ste s

,

i n com m o n . O nc e th ey cl imb e d M t M aki l i n g n e a r .

,

Ka l a mb a a n d pl a ce d th e re a fte r t h e E u ro p ea n cu stom
, , ,

a fl a g t o sh o w th a t th ey h a d re a ch e d th e summ i t Th i s .

a ct wa s a t fi rst m i s rep rese nte d b y th e e n em i e s o f R i z a l a s

pl a nt i n g a G e rm a n b a nn e r fo r th ey st a rt e d a st o ry th a t
,

h e h a d t aken p o s s es s i o n o f th e I sl a n d s i n th e n a m e o f
th e count ry wh e r e h e w a s educa ted w h i ch w a s j ust th en ,

n f r i e n dl
y r e l a t i o ri s w i t h Sp a i n
f
ove r th e quest i o n o f th e i l l t r e a t
m ent o f th e Protesta nt m i s
s i o n a r i es i n th e C a rol i ne I sl a n d s .

Th i s s a m e sto ry wa s r epe a t e d
a fte r th e Am e ri ca n o ccup a ti o n
w ith th e va ri a ti o n th a t R i z a l a s ,

th e sup rem e ch i e f a n d o ri gi n a t o r
o f th e i dea s o f th e Ka t i pun a n
— he
( wh i ch i n fa c t h e wa s n o t
wa s even op p o s ed t o th e s o c i ety J é T d A d d Ri l
os . e n ra e’ za
’
s

a s i t ex i st e d i n h i s t im e ) h a d
, b o dygu a d r .

p l a c e d th e re a Fi l i pi n o ban n er i n ,

t ok en th a t th e I sl a nd s i nten de d t o re a ssum e th e i n dep en d

ent c on di ti on o f wh i ch th e Sp a n i sh h a d d i sp o s ses s ed th em .

N ol i M e T a n ge r e ci rcul a te d fi rst a m on g D octo r

”

Ri za l s rel a t ive s ; o n o n e o cc a s i on a co u s m m a d e a s p eci a l

’

t r i p t o Ka l a mb a a n d t o o k th e auth o r t o t a sk fo r h av i n g
c a ri ca tu r e d h e r i n th e ch a ra cte r o f D o fia Vi ct o ri n a .

R i z a l m a d e n o d en i a l but m e rel y su g ge st e d th a t th e b o o k
,

w a s a m i r r o r o f Ph i l i ppi n e l i fe wi th typ e s th a t u n q
, u es

t i o n abl y ex i ste d i n th e cou nt ry a n d th a t i f a nyb o dy r ec

,

o g n i z e d on e o f t h e ch a r a cte rs a s p i ctu ri n g h i m s el f o r
h e rs el f t h a t p e rs o n w oul d d o wel l t o co r re ct t he fa ult s
,

wh i ch th e re i n a p p e a re d ri d i cul ou s .

A s om ewh a t l ib e ra l a dm in i st r a t i o n w a s n ow gove rn i ng
 E
5
E

LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

th e Ph i li pp ine s a nd eff o rts we re b e i ng m a de to co r rect

,

the m o r e gl a ri n g abu ses i n th e s oci a l co nd i ti ons On e O f .

t hes e re fo rm s p ropo s e d th a t th e l a rge r est at e s sh oul d

be a r th ei r sh a re o f th e t axes wh i ch i t wa s b el i eved th ey
,

we r e th en es ca p ing to a gr e a t extent R eque sts we re

.

m a d e o f th e m un ici p a l gove rnm ent o f Ka l amb a am on g ,

l
oth e r town s fo r a st at ement o f th e r el a t i on th a t the bi g
,

Dom i n i ca n h a ci end a b o r e to th e to w n wh a t i nc re a s e o r
,

decr e a se th e re m i ght h a ve b ee n i n th e i n com e o f the e s

t a te a n d wh a t t axes th e p rop ri et o rs we r e p a yi n g com
,

p a red w i th the revenue th ei r pl a ce a ff o rded .

R i z a l i nte rest e d th e p eopl e O f th e commun ity t o ga th e r

rel i ab l e sta ti stics to go thorou ghly i nto the a ctu a l con di
,

tion s an d to leave out the gen era l i ti es wh ich usua lly cha r
,

a c t e r i z e d Sp a n i s h do cum ents .

He a ske d the p eopl e to coop era te po i ntin g ou t tha t ,

wh en th ey d i d n o t compl a i n i t wa s the i r own f ault m o re

th a n th a t o f th e gove rnm ent i f th ey suff e r e d i nj u sti ce .

Furthe r he showed the fol ly O f exa ggera te d sta tem ents

, ,

a nd in s i sted up o n a defi ni te a n d m o d e ra t e sh o w in g o f such

abu s e s a s we re un qu esti on ably w i t i n th e p owe r O f th e
a uth o ri ti es t o rel i eve R i z a l h im s el f p repa re d th e repo rt
.
,

wh i ch i s a n excell ent p resenta ti o n o f th e gri eva nces o f

th e p eopl e o f h i s t o w n I t b rings fo rwa r d a s sp eci al
.

po in ts i n favor o f the comm un i ty the i r in dustri ousness ,

the i r w il l in gn es s to h elp th emselve s the i r i ntere st i n edu

,

ca ti on a n d con cl udes w ith exp r es s i n g co n fide n ce i n the

, _
“

fa i rn es s o f th e governm ent p o i nt i ng ou t th e fa ct th a t they

,

we re r i skin g th e di s pl e a su re o f th ei r l a ndl o rds by fu rni sh

in g th e i n fo rm a ti on r equ est ed Th e p ap e r m a de a b i g
.

sti r a n d i ts ess enti a l st at em ents l ike eve ryth i ng el s e i n

, ,

Ri z a l s w rit in gs w e r e neve r succes s full y ch a l l en ged

’

, .

C o nd iti o ns i n M a n i l a we re a t th a t ti m e di stu rb e d owin g

to th e p rece den ce w h i ch h a d b e en given i n a l o ca l f est iva l
to th e C h i n e se b eca u s e th ey p a i d mo r e m on ey Th e
, .

l
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 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

pl a i n e d by th e fa ct th a t R a ch a l i s a n a me well known i n
th e Ph il i pp in es a s th a t o f a p opul a r m a ke o f p i a no .

At S a n Fra nci s co th e b o a t wa s h el d fo r s ome t im e i n

qu a ra nti n e b ecau s e o f s i cknes s ab o a rd a nd R i z a l wa s
,

imp r ess ed by th e fa ct th a t th e va lu ab le c a rgo o f s i lk wa s

n ot del a ye d b ut wa s qu i ckly t ra ns fe r re d t o th e sh o re ’

H i s di a ry i s i llust ra te d w ith a d ra w in g O f th e T rea su ry

fl a g o n th e cu stom s l aunch whi ch a ct e d a s g O b etwee n fo r -

the i r b o a t a n d th e sh o re Fi n a lly the fir st cl a s s p a s s en

.
,
-

ge rs we re a ll owe d t o l a nd a nd h e went t o t h e Pa l a ce
,

Hotel .

With l ittl e del a y th e ove rl a n d j ou rney w a s b egun

,

th e s cene ry th rough th e pi ctu re s qu e R ocky M ount a ins

e sp eci al ly im p res s ed h i m a n d fi n a lly C h i ca go wa s r e a che d
,
.

Th e th i ng th a t st ruck h i m m o st fo rc ib ly i n th a t ci ty w a s
-

th e l a rge numb e r O f ci ga r sto res w i th a n I n di a n i n f ront

o f e a ch — a n d a pp a rently n o two I nd i a n s a l i ke The u n .

exp re s se d i de a wa s th a t i n Am e ri ca th e r em emb r a nce o f

th e fi rst i nh ab i t a nts o f th e l a n d a n d t h e i r d re ss w a s r e
t a i n e d a n d popul a ri z ed wh i le i n th e Ph i l i pp i n e s knowl
,

e dge O f th e fi rst i nh ab i t a nts o f th e l a n d wa s t o b e h a d

o nly f ro m fo r ei gn mu s eums .

N i a ga r a Fa ll s i s th e next imp r ess i o n re co r de d i n th e

d i a ry wh i ch h a s b e en p re se rved a n d i s n ow i n th e N ew
,

be r ry L ib r a ry O f Ch i ca go Th e s a m e st r a nge awe -i n
.
,

sp i ri n g myst e ry wh i ch oth e rs h a ve found i n th e b i g falls

a ff ecte d h im but cha ra cte ri st ic all y h e comp a re d thi s
,

wo rl d won de r wi th the c a s ca des o f hi s n a t ive L a L a gun a

-
,

cl a im i ng fo r th em g re a te r del i ca cy a n d a d a i nt i e r ench a nt
m ent .

From Alb a ny th e t ra i n r a n a l o ng th e b a nks O f the Hud

,

s on a n d h e wa s rem inded o f th e Pa s i g i n h i s h om el a n d
,

wi th i ts mu ch gre a te r comme rce a n d it s co nst a nt a cti vi ty .

At N ew Y o rk R i z a l emb a rked o n th e Ci t y o f R o me
,

th en th e fi n est stea me r i n th e wo rl d a n d a fte r a p l ea s a nt

,
 u
‘
l

THE PE R IO D OF P R OPAGANDA

Fa c imi l
s e of a pg
a e o f on e of A d
n
’
e r se n s fi
a ry l l
t a es, t r an s a t e d b R iz l
a

fo r h i s ph
ne ews an d n e esic .
LIFE AND LABOR S JOS E R IZAL

c i mi l
Fa s e o f p ar t s tr i l i gu l
n a
 THE P E R I OD OF P R OPAGANDA

et t er i
w r t t en by R iz l
a in D pit
a an .
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

ri a ns but h i s a ss e rti on s foun d co rrob o ra ti o n i n th e con

,

tem po r a ry ch ro n i cl es O f oth e r n at i o n al i t i es R i z a l sp ent .

h i s even i ngs i n th e h om e o f Docto r R egi d o r a n d m a ny a ,

’
t ime th e bi tte rn e s s a n d im pa ti e nce w i th wh i ch h i s d ay s
wo rk i n th e Museum h a d i nsp i red h i m woul d b e fo r ,

gotten a s th e ol de r m a n couns el e d p a t i en ce a n d u rge d

th a t su ch p rej u d ices w e re t o b e expect ed o f a l i ttl e edu
c at e d n a ti o n Th en R i za l s b r ow woul d cl e a r a s h e ’
.

quote d h i s fa vo ri te p roverb To unde rst a n d a ll i s t o

,

fo rgive a ll .

D o cto r R o st w a s e di to r o f Tr u bn er s R ec o r d a j ou rn a l ’
,

devoted t o th e l it e r atu r e o f th e E a st foun de d by the ,

fa m ous O ri ent a l B o oks ell e r a n d Publ i sh e r o f L o n don ,

N ich o l a s Tr i i bn er a n d Do cto r R i z a l co nt ribute d t o i t i n

,

M a y 1 889 s om e sp ecim en s o f T a ga l folkl o re a n ex

, , ,

t ra ct from whi ch i s a pp en de d a s it wa s then p ri nte d ,

S P E C I M E N S O F TA G A L F O L K L O R E
BY D OCTO R J RIZ A L .

I P R O V E R BI A L SA Y I N GS
.

M a l a /ea r a n y bu l o n g 5 a s i g a w L ow wo rds a re st ro nge r

,

th a n l oud wo rds .

'
’
d ugl a lez m l a y a w k a r a n i w a y h u ba d, A pette d ch i l d
is gene ra lly n ake d (i e p o o r ) . . .

H am p as n g mag u l a n g a
y na k a l a bfi, Pa rents pun i sh ’

m ent m akes on e fa t .

112 1117} h a r i i ba n g ug az l, N ew ki ng , n ew fa sh i on .

N a g p u p zi t o l any k a p a s, a ng l a bi s a
y n ag du r u g t o n g ,
Wh a t i s sh o rt cuts o ff a p i ece fr om it s el f wh a t i s l on g a dds ,

a noth e r o n (th e p o o r gets p o o re r the ri ch ri che r ) , .

A n g n a g sa s a bi fi? t a p u s fl y s i y a n g k i n g /t a p a s He wh o ,

fi ni sh es h i s wo rds fi nds h i m s el f wa nt ing .

N n a n g a k é h a ba n g n a p a p a k O M a n p ro m i s e s wh i l e i n ,

n eed .
 THE PE R I OD OF P R OPAGANDA

A ny y l a l a ka d
’

na ny m a r a h a n , m a gi n i /c m a y m a ba ba w ,
H e wh o w a lks sl owl y t h ough h e m a y put h i s fo ot o n a ,

th o rn wi ll n o t b e hu rt v e ry m uch (Ta ga l s m o stly go

, .

b a r e fo o te d ) .

A n y m a n i w a l a 5 a s a bi y w a l a n y ba i t n a sa r i l i H e wh o
’

b eli eve s i n t a l e s h a s n o o wn m i n d .

A n y m a y i s i n n k s o k 5 a di n y d i n y a y m a y t i t i n y a l a i n H e
’

, ,

wh o h a s put s om eth i ng b etwe en th e wa ll m a y a ft e rw a rd s

l o ok o n (th e s a vi n g m a n m a y a ft e rwa r ds b e ch e e r ful ) .

Th e w a ll o f a Ta ga l h ou se i s m a d e o f p al m l e ave s a nd -

b a mbo o s o th a t i t c a n b e u s e d a s a cupb o a r d
, .

a l a fl y m a hi r ap y i si n y i n
’
ll par i s n ay l u t u l oy l u
'

na nany
'

l u y a n , Th e m o st d i ffi cult t o ro u se fro m sl e ep i s th e m a n

wh o p reten ds to b e a sl e ep .

L a bi s 5a s a l i t a, [t a p a s 5a y a w a , TO O m a ny wo rds to o ,

l ittl e wo rk .

H i p o ny Th e sl eep i n g
’ '

tu l o y a
y na d a da l a ny a n o d,

sh r im p i s c a r r i e d a w a y by th e cu r r ent .

S a bi bi y n a h u h u l i a n y i s d a Th e fi sh i s ca u ght th rou gh ,

th e m outh .

1h P U ZZ LES
I bu t i l a l ay s i /ei bu o n y ba l m y , O n e ri ce
'

sa n y na p p 5a ~

co rn fi ll s u p a ll Th e li ghtt h e h o u se .
: . Th e ri ce co rn -

w i th th e h u sk i s yell ow i sh .

M a t a p a n y a k o s o d a l a w a dzt a y a k o 5 a i s a I a m b r ave
’ ’

, ,

—
a ga i n st two cow a rd a ga i n st o n e Th e b a mb o o b r i dge
,
.
_ _
.

Wh e n th e b ri dge i s m a d e o f o n e b a mb o o o nl y i t i s d i ffi cul t ,

t o p a s s ov e r ; bu t wh e n I t I s m a de o f two o r m o r e i t i s ,

ve ry ea sy .

D a l a a l o n i y a da l a k o s i y a H e c a rri e s m e I ca r ry
’ '

c
, , ,

him .Th e sh o es
: .

I sa n y ba l o n y m a l a l i m p u n a fl y p a t a l zm A d e ep wel l
'

fi l l ed w i th ste el bl a de s Th e m o uth .
: .
1 54 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Th e Fil i pi n o col ony i n Sp a i n h a d e st a bl i she d a fo rt

ni ghtly revi e w publi sh e d fi rst i n B a rcel o n a a n d l a te r i n
,

M a d ri d to enl i ght en Sp a n i a rds o n th e i r d i st a nt col ony

, ,

a n d R i z a l w rot e fo r i t f rom th e st a rt I ts n am e L a .
,

S o l i d a r i d a d p e rh a p s m a y b e t ra nsl ate d E qu a l R i ghts

, ,

a s i t a i m ed a t l ike l aws a n d th e s a m e p r ivil eges fo r th e

Pen i nsul a a nd th e p o s s e ss i ons ove rs e a s .

Fro m the Ph i l i pp i n e s ca m e n ews O f a co nt empt ibl e at

t empt t o rea ch R i z a l th rou gh h i s fa m il y— on e O f m a ny
s im i l a r petty p e rsecut i on s H i s S i st e r L uci a s hu sb a n d .
’

Qu i n c en ar i o d e m o c r at i co .

A 13 0 I I MA D R I D 15 J U LI O DE 189 0 NU M . 35

H ea di n
g of t he Fi l i pi n o -hI a d r i d re vi ew L a So l id id d
ar a .

h a d di e d a n d t h e co rps e w a s re fu se d i nte rm ent i n co n s e

cr a ted groun d u po n th e p retext th a t th e de a d m a n wh o
, ,

h a d b ee n excepti on a lly l ib er a l t o th e chu rch a n d w a s o f

uni mpe a ch abl e Ch a ra cte r h a d b een n egl i gent i n h i s r el i ,
-

g i o u s dut i es Anoth e r i n di vi du a l with a n oto ri ou s reco rd

.

o f l o nge r ab sen ce from co n fess i on di e d a b out th e s am e

tim e a nd h i s fun e ra l t o ok pl a ce f rom th e chu rch wi th out
,

demu r Th e u gly fe a tu re ab out th e re fu s a l t o bu ry H e r

.

vo s a w a s th at th e t el eg ra m from th e f ri a r p a r i sh p r i est -

t o th e A rchb i sh o p a t M a n il a i n a skin g i nst ru cti on s w a s ,

ca re ful t o m enti on th a t th e decea s ed wa s a b roth e r i n l a w - -

of Rizal Docto r R i z a l w rot e a sco rch i ng a rt i cl e fo r

.

L a S o l i da r i d a d unde r th e c apti on An O ut ra ge and ,

”
ll

156 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

O f a ll h i s wr it i ngs th e a rti cl e i n wh i ch R i z a l spe a k s o f

,

th i s i n di gn ity to the dea d com es n ea res t to exh ibi ti ng p e r

so n a l fe el i n g a n d ra n co r Y et h i s m a i n po i nt i s t o i n di
.

c a te gen e ra l ly wh at m o nst rou s con d iti on s th e Ph i l i pp i ne

m ixtu re o f rel i gi o n a n d p ol it i cs m a de p o ss ible .

Th e foll owi n g a r e p a rt o f a s e r i es o f n i n ete en v e rs es

publ i she d i n L a S o l i da r i da d o v er R i z a l s f avo ri te pe n
o L a ong L a a n :

TO MY M U S E

(TR A N S L A TI ON BY C H A R L ES D ER BY S H I R E )
I nvoke d n o l onge r i s th e M use ,

Th e lyre i s out o f d ate ;

Th e po ets i t n o lo nge r u s e ,

And youth i ts i nsp i ra t i on n ow i mbu es

Wi th othe r fo rm a n d sta te .

I f to da y ou r fa nci e s a ught
O f ve rse woul d st i ll re qu i re ,

H el i con s h i ll rem a i n s u nsou ght ;

’

And wi th o u t h ee d we bu t i n qu i re ,

Why th e co ff e e i s n ot b rou ght .

I n th e pl a ce o f th ought s i nce re
Th a t ou r he a rts m a y fe el ,

We must s e i z e a p en o f steel ,

And wi th ve rs e a n d l i ne s ev e re
Fl in g a b ro a d a j est a nd j ee r .

Mu se th a t i n the p a st i nspi re d m e
,

An d wi th songs o f l o v e h a st fi r ed m e °

G o th ou n o w to dull repo s e ,

Fo r to d ay i n s o rdi d p ro se
I mu st e a rn th e go ld th at h i re d m e .
 THE PE R I OD OF P R OPAGANDA

N ow mu st I p on de r d eep
M e di t a te a nd st rugg l e o n ;
,
’
E e n s om eti m es I m ust w eep '

Fo r h e wh o l ove wou l d ke ep
G re a t p a i n h a s un d e rgon e .

Fl e d a re th e d ays o f e a s e
Th e d a ys o f L ove s d el i ght
’
°

Wh en fl o w e rs sti ll woul d pl e a s e
An d give t o suff e ri ng so ul s su rce a s e
From p a i n a n d s o r row s bl i ght ’
.

O n e b y o n e th ey h a ve p a s se d on ,

Al l I l ove d a n d m ove d a m on g °

D e a d o r m a rri e d— f rom m e go n e ,

Fo r a ll I pl a ce m y h e a rt u po n
By fa t e a dve rs e a r e stu ng .

G o th ou t o o O M u s e dep a rt
, , , ,

O th e r regi on s fa i r e r fi nd ;
Fo r m y l a n d bu t o ff e rs a rt
Fo r the l au r el ch a in s th a t b i nd
,

Fo r a t em ple p r i s on s bl i n d
, .

B ut be fo re th o u l ea v e st m e sp e ak ,

Tell m e w i th thy v o i ce su bl i m e
.

Th o u cou ld st eve r fr om m e s eek

A s on g o f s o r r o w fo r th e w e a k ,

D e fi a n ce t o th e tyr a nt s c ri m e
’
.

Ri z a l
’
s co n gen i a l s i tu a ti o n i n th e B ri ti s h ca p it a l wa s
d i stu rb e d b y h i s d i scove r i ng a g r o w m g i nte res t i n th e
youn ge st o f th e th re e gi rl s w h o m h e d a ily m et H e felt .

th a t h i s c a re e r d i d n o t p e rm i t hi m t o m a r ry n o r w a s h i s ,

youth ful a ff ect i o n fo r h i s cou s i n i n M a n il a a n ent i rel y

In
 L IFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E
'

R IZAL

fo rgott en se nt im ent B es i de s th ough h e n eve r l a ps e d

.
,

into such d i s rega rd fo r h i s fem i n i n e fr i en ds a s th e l ow

S p a n i sh st a nd a rd h a d m a de to o comm on a m on g th e Fi l i -

p i n o stu dents i n M a d r i d R i z a l wa s eve r o n h i s gu a rd

,

a ga i n st h i m sel f So h e suggested t o D octo r R egi do r th a t

.

h e con s i de r e d i t woul d be b ette r fo r h i m to l e a ve L ondo n .

H i s pa rt ing gi ft to th e fam ily w ith wh om h e h a d l i ve d s o

h a pp il y w a s a cla y m ed a ll i on b ea ri ng i n r el i e f th e p ro fil es
o f the th re e si sters .

O th e r reg ret ful go o d bys w e r e s a i d t o a numb e r o f

- .

you ng Fi li p in o s wh om h e h a d gathe re d a roun d h i m a nd

fo rm e d i nt o a club fo r the study o f th e h i sto ry o f the i r
count ry a nd th e di scu ss i on o f i ts p ol i t i cs .

Ri z a l n o w went to Pa ri s whe re h e wa s gl a d t o b e a ga i n
,

with h i s fri en d Va l enti n Ventu r a a w e a lthy Pa mp a n ga n ,

wh o h a d b ee n t ra i n ed fo r th e l aw H i s t a stes a n d i de a l s
.

we re ve ry much th o s e o f R i z a l a n d h e h a d s oun d s en s e
,

a n d a free dom f ro m a ffect a ti on whi ch especi a l ly a pp e al e d

t o R i z a l Th e re Ri z a l s rep r i nt o f M o rga s r a r e h i s
.
’ ’

to ry wa s m a de a t a gre at e r co st but a l s o i n b ette r fo rm

,

th a n hi s fi rst novel C op i ou s n o te s gave re fe rence s to

.

oth e r a uth o ri t i es a n d comp a red p res ent wi th p a st co ndi

t i on s a n d D oct o r Blument ri tt co nt r i but ed a fo rce ful i n
,

t r o du c t i o n .

Wh en R i z a l retu rned t o L ondo n t o co r rect th e p ro o f

sheets th e ol d o ri gin a l b o ok w a s i n use a n d th e co py
,

coul d n ot b e ch ecked Th i s l e d t o a numb e r o f e r ro rs

.
,

m i ssp el led a n d ch a nged wo rds a n d even om i s si ons o f s en

,

t e n ce s wh i ch w e re a fte rwa rds di scove red a n d ca re ful ly

,

l i sted a n d fi l e d a w ay t o b e co rrect e d i n a n oth e r e dit i on .

Po s s ib ly i t h a s b een m a d e cl e a r a l re a dy th a t wh i le ,

R i z a l di d n o t w o rk fo r s ep a ra t i on f rom Sp a i n h e wa s n o ,

a dm i re r o f th e C a sti l i a n ch a r a cte r n o r o f th e L a t i n typ e

, ,
’
fo r th a t m a tte r H e rem a rked o n Bl u m en t r i t t s comp a ri
.

s on o f th e Sp a n i sh rul ers i n th e Ph il i pp i n e s with the

 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

i n th e Ph i li pp i ne s th e s o n o f a we a lthy m e rch ant o f S i nga

,

po re h a d m a r ri e d a m emb e r o f th e G en a t o fa m ily o f
,
.
'

M a n i l a At th e i r vi ll a i n B i a r r i tz a n d a ga in i n th e i r
.
,
i

h ome i n B e l gi um R i z a l w a s a gu est l a t e r f o r M r B a u
, ,
.

stea d h a d t aken a gre a t l ikin g to h im .

Th e te a ch i ng i nsti nct th a t l e d h i m t o a ct a s mento r t o

th e Fi l i p i n o stu dent s i n Sp a i n a n d m a de h i m th e i n s pi ra

R i z l f c i g w i t h Lu
a en n na in P i ar s .

t i on o f a mutu a l i m p rovem ent club o f h i s youn g count ry

m en l n L ondo n sugge sted th e found a t i on o f a sch o ol i n
,

Pa ri s L a te r a Pa mp a n ga n youth off e re d h i m
.

w i th w hi ch t o foun d a Fi l ip in o coll ege i n H o ngko ng ,

wh e re m a ny youn g m en from th e Ph i l i ppi n e s h a d o h

t a i n e d a n e duca ti o n b ette r th an th e i r o w n l a n d coul d

a ff o rd but n o t ent i rely a da pte d t o th e i r n e e ds Th e .

sch em e a tt r a ct e d R i z al a n d a p ro sp ectu s fo r such a n

,

i n st itu ti on wh i ch w a s l a te r foun d a m on g h i s p a pe rs not

only p rove s h ow d e eply h e wa s i nt e r este d but reve a l s th e ,

fa ct th a t h i s i dea s o f educa t i on we r e e ss enti all y l ike th o se

 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

wo n the i r app e a l O f cou rs e th i s wa s i mp o s s ible a n d

.

s om e pes o s wo rth o f p rop e rty wa s conse qu ently

’

d est royed by th e cou rt a gent s wh o we r e wo rthy esta te ,

empl oyees Twenty o r mo re fa m i li e s w e r e m a de h om e

.

l e s s a nd th e oth e r ten a nts we re fo rbi d den t o sh elte r them

un de r p a in o f th ei r o w n evi ct i on Th i s i s th e p ro cee din g .

i n wh ich R et a n a suggests th a t the gove rn o r gene ra l a n d -

the l a ndl o rds we re l e gally wi th i n the i r r i ghts I f so .

,

Sp a ni sh l a w wa s a d i sgra ce t o th e n a ti o n Fo rtuna tely .

th e R i z a l M e rc a do f am i l y h a d a noth e r p i ece o f p rop e rty

-

a t L o s B an o s a n d the r e th ey m a de th e i r h om e
,
.

Weyl er s m ot ives i n th i s m atte r do n ot h a ve to b e su r

’

m i s e d fo r am o n g th e (fo rm e rly ) s ec ret r eco rds o f th e

,

gove rnm ent th e re exi sts a l ette r wh i ch h e w rot e wh en h e “

fi rst den i e d th e p et i ti o n o f th e Ka l amb a res i de nts It i s .

m a rke d co nfi denti a l a n d i s a dd res se d to th e l a n dl o rds ,

exp res si n g th e pl ea su r e wh i ch th i s a cti o n ga ve h im Th en .

th e o ffi ci a l a dds th at i t ca nnot h ave e sca p ed th ei r n oti ce

th a t the t im es dem a n d di p lom a cy i n h a n dl in g th e S i tu a t i on
but th a t sho ul d o cca s i o n a ri s e h e wi ll a ct with en e rgy
, ,

Ju st a s Weyle r h a d fa vo r e d th e l a n dl o rds a t fi rst s o h e ,

kept on a n d wh en h e h a d a ch a nce t o do s om eth i ng fo r

,

th em h e di d i t .

Fi n a l ly wh e n Weyle r l e ft th e I sla n ds a n i nve st i ga ti on

,

wa s o rde re d i nto h i s a dmi ni st ra ti on owin g t o rum o r s o f ,

exten s ive a n d syst em a t i c fra u ds o n th e gove rnm ent but ,

n o th ing m o re c a m e o f th e ca se t h a n th a t R et a n a l ate r ,
’ ’
R i za l s b i o gr aph e r w rot e a b o ok i n th e Gene ra l s de fens e
, ,

exten s ively docum ente d a n d a l so abu s ively a nti F i l i

,
”
-

p in o
. I t h a s b een u rged (n ot by R eta na h o w eve r ) th a t ,

th e Weyl e r r eg i m e wa s u nu su a l ly e ffi ci ent b eca u se h e ,

w ou ld a ll ow n o on e but h i ms el f t o m ake p ro fi ts out o f

th e publ i c a nd th e re fo re wh il e h i s ga i n s we re gr e a te r th a n
, ,

tho s e o f h i s p re decess o rs th e I sl a nds r e a lly r ece ive d m o r e

,

a ttent i o n f rom h im .

F
 THE PE R IOD OF P R OPAGANDA

Du r i n g th e K a l a mb a d i scu ss i on i n Sp a i n R et a n a u nti l , ,

1 89 9 a lw a ys scu r ri l ou sly a nt i Fi l i pi no m a de th e m i st ake -

,
’
o f h i s l i fe fo r he ch a rge d R i z a l s f a mi ly with n ot p a yi ng
,

t h e i r r en t W h i ch w a s n ot t ru e Wh i l e R i z a l b el i eve d th a t
'

,
.

duel l i n g wa s mu rd e r t o j u dge fro m a p a i r o f p i ctu res p re

,

s erve d i n h i s a lbum h e evi dently con si d e re d th a t h om i ci d e

,

o f o n e l i ke R et a n a w a s j usti fi ab l e A fte r th e Sp a n i sh .

cu stom h i s se co nd s i mm e di a tely ca ll e d u p o n the a uth o r o f

,
“ ”
th e l i bel R et a n a n otes i n h i s Vi da del D r R i z a l
. .

th a t th e i nci dent cl o se d i n a wa y h o n o r ab l e t o b o th R i z a l
a n d h i m s el f— h e Ret a n a publ i sh e d a n exp l i ci t re tra ct i o n
, ,

a n d a bj ect a po l o gy i n th e M a d ri d p a p e rs A n othe r t im e .
,

i n M a dr i d R i z al r i ske d a du el wh e n be ch a l lenge d Anton i o

,

L un a l a te r th e Gen e r a l b ecau s e o f a s l i ghti n g a llu s i on

, ,

t o a l a dy a t a publ i c b a n quet H e h a d a n i ce r sen s e o f .

h o n o r i n such m a tte rs th a n p reva i le d i n M a d r i d a n d L un a ,

p romp tly s a w th e m a tt e r f rom Ri z al s p o i nt o f v i e w a nd ’

wi th d rew th e o ffe n s iv e rem a rk Th i s s eco nd i nci dent .

com pl em ents th e fi rst fo r i t sh ows th a t R i z a l w a s a s

,

wi ll i n g t o ri sk a du el wi th h i s su p e ri o r i n a rm s a s w i th
o n e n ot s o ski l l e d a s h e R i z a l w a s a n exc e pt i o n a l p i sto l
.

sh o t a n d a f a i r s w o rdsm a n w h i l e R et a n a wa s i n fe ri o r
,

with e i the r swo r d o r p i stol but L un a w h o wo ul d h a ve , ,

h a d th e ch o i ce o f we a p on s w a s i mm e a su r ably R i z al s ,
’

su p e ri o r with th e swo rd .

O win g t o a sch i sm a ri v a l a ro s e a ga i nst th e ol d M a

s o n r y a n d fi n a lly th e o ri gi n a l o rga ni z at i o n succu mb ed t o

th e o ff sh o o t D oct o r M i guel M o r ay t a P ro fes s o r o f H i s

.
,

t o ry i n th e C ent r a l Un i ve rs ity a t M a d r i d w a s th e h e a d o f ,

t h e new i n sti tu ti on a n d it h a d gr own to be v e ry p o pul a r

a m o n g stu de nt s Do cto r M o r a yt a w a s fr i en dly t o th e F i l i
.

p i n o s a n d a l o dge o f th e s am e n a m e a s th e i r p a pe r w a s
o r ga n i z e d a m o ng th em Fo r th e i r o uts i d e wo rk th ey h a d
.

a s o c i ety n a m e d th e H i sp a n o Fi l ip i n o As s o ci a ti o n o f -
,

wh i ch Mo r ayt a w a s p r e s i dent wi t h conve n i ent club ro om s ,

16 6 LIFE AND LABOR S OF JOS E R IZAL

a nd a memb e rsh i p p ra ct i ca lly th e s a m e a s th e L odge L a

Sol i d a ri da d .

J u st b e fo re Ch ri stm a s o f 1 89 0 th i s H i sp a n o-Fi l i pi no
,

A ss o ci a ti on ga ve a l a rgely a ttended b a nqu et a t wh i ch

th e re w e re m a ny p rom i nent sp e ake rs R i z a l st a ye d a wa y
.
,

n ot b eca us e o f gro w i ng p ess i m i sm a s R eta n a suggests

, ,

but b eca u s e on e o f th e spe ake rs wa s th e s a m e B ece r ra wh o

h a d fe a red to a ct wh en the out ra ge a ga i n st th e b o dy o f
R i z a l s b roth e r -i n -l a w h a d b ee n rep o rted t o h i m
’
N ow .

out o f o ffi ce th e ex-m i n i ste r wa s a ga i n b ol d i n wo rds but

, ,

R i z a l fo r o ne wa s n ot a ga i n t o b e de ce i ved b y them .

Th e p rop a ga n d a ca r ri ed o n by h i s count rym en i n th e

Pen i n sul a di d not s eem to R i z a l eff ective a n d h e found ,

h i s sugge sti on s we re n o t well r ecei ve d by th o s e a t i ts

h e a d Th e s to ry o f Ri z a l s s ep a ra ti o n from L a S ol i d a r
.
’

i da d h oweve r i s re a lly n o t m a t e r i a l b u t the fo l lowin g

, , ,

quo ta t i o n f rom a l ette r w ri tten to C a rl o s O l i ve r sp e ak ,

i n g o f t h e oppo s i t i o n o f th e M a d ri d com mi ttee o f Fil i

’
p in o s to h i mse l f i s i nt e resti ng a s sh owi ng Ri z a l s a tt itu de
,

o f m in d
‘
I regret exce e dingl y th a t th ey wa r a ga i n st m e at ,

tempti n g to d i s credi t m e i n the Ph il ipp i n es but I sh a ll b e ,

co ntent p rovi d e d only th a t my su ccess o r keep s o n with

th e wo rk I a sk o nly o f th o s e wh o s a y th a t I c re a te d
.

di sco rd a mo ng the Fil i p in o s : Wa s th e re a ny e ffect ive

un i on b e fo re I ente re d p ol it i ca l l i fe ? W a s th e re a ny
chi e f w h o s e a uth o r i ty I wa nt e d to op p o s e ? I t i s a p i ty
th a t i n ou r sl a ve ry we sh oul d h a ve ri va l ri e s ove r le a de r
”
s h ip .

An d i n Ri z a l s l ett e r fro m Ho ngkong M a y 2 4 1 89 2

’
, , ,

to Zulueta comm ent ing o n a n a rti cl e by L eyte i n L a

,

S o l i d a r i d a d h e sa ys ,
“
A ga i n I rep e a t I d o n ot u n de rst a n d th e re a s on o f
,

th e a tt a ck s ince now I h a v e de di ca te d mysel f t o p r ep a ri ng

,

fo r ou r count rymen a s a fe re fuge i n ca s e o f p e rsecuti o n

 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Fa c i mil
s e of t he fi r st p age of t he MS . of El F i l i bu st er i sm o .
(P r o pe r t y o f
Mr . V l
a en t n i V tu en r a, o f B cl
ar e on a .
)

H e n ow occup i e d h i ms e l f i n fi n i sh i n g th e s equ el to
”
N ol i M e Ta nge r e th e n ovel E 1 F i l i bu st e r i sm o
, ,

wh i ch h e h a d b egu n i n O ctob e r o f 1 887 wh i le on h i s vi si t

to th e Ph i l i pp i ne s Th e b old e r p a i nt i ng o f the evi l effects
.
 THE PE R IOD OF P R OPAGANDA

o f th e Sp a n i sh cultu re u po n th e Fi l i p i no s m a y w el l h a v e
b een i n sp i re d by h i s un fo rtu nat e ex pe r i en ce s wi th h i s
cou nt rym en i n M a d ri d wh o h a d n ot s ee n a nyth i n g o f
E u r op e outs i de o f Sp a i n O n th e o the r h a nd th e co n fi
.
,

d en ce o f th e a uth o r i n th o s e o f h i s cou nt rym en wh o h a d

n ot b e e n cont a m in a t ed by the s o -c all e d Sp a ni sh c iv i l i z a
.

t i o n i s ev en m o re n o ti ce a bl e th a n i n N ol i M e Ta nge r e
, .

Cv
o er of t he MS . of El Fi l i bu st e r i smo .

R i z a l h a d n o w d o n e a l l th a t h e coul d fo r h i s cou nt ry
h e h a d sh o wn th em by M o rga wh a t th ey we re wh en Sp a i n
fou n d th em ; th ro u gh N o l i M e T a n ge re h e had
p a i nte d th e i r con di ti o n a fte r th ree hu n d r e d ye a rs o f Sp a n
i sh i n fl u en ce ; a n d i n El F i l i bu st er i sm o h e h a d p i ctu re d
wh a t th e i r futu re mu st b e i f b ett e r coun s e ls di d n o t p r e
v a i l i n th e col ony .

Th es e wo rks w e re fo r th e i n st ru cti o n o f h i s cou nt ry

m e n th e ful fi lm ent o f t h e t a sk h e s et fo r h i m s el f wh en he
,

fi rst re a d D o cto r Ja g o r s c rit i ci sm fi fte en y e a rs b e fo r e ;

’

t i m e o nly wa s n ow n e e de d fo r them to a ccom pl i sh th ei r

wo r k a n d fo r e du c a t i o n t o b r i n g fo rth i t s f ru i ts .
 VI I I

DE S P U J O L S D U PLICIT Y
’

S soon a s he ha d set i n m oti on wha t in flu en ce h e

p ossessed in E urop e for the rel i e f o f hi s re la ti ves ,

R i z a l hu r ri e d to H on gkong a n d f rom th e re wro te t o h i s

pa rents a skin g the i r perm i ss ion to j oi n them Som e t ime .

be fore h i s brother-i n law M a nuel H i da lgo ha d been de

,
-
, ,

porte d u pon the recomm en dation o f the govern or o f L a

L a gun a ,
to prove to th e Fi l i pi n os th a t they were m is
“

taken i n thinkin g tha t th e n ew C ivi l C ode gave them any

ri ghts in ca ses whe re the govern o r gen era l a gree d w i th -

h i s sub ord in a te s rea son for a skin g for th e deporta ti on

’

a s wel l a s in i ts desi rab i l i ty Th e off ens e wa s havin g .

buri e d a ch i l d who h a d die d o f cholera wi thou t chu rch

, ,

cerem on i es The l aw p rescribe d an d pub l i c he a lth de

.

m an de d i t B ut the l aw w a s a dea d l etter a n d the pub l ic

.

hea lth wa s n ever con si de re d when these cut in to chu rch

revenu es a s H i da lgo ou ght to h ave known
,
.

U p on Ri z al s a rri va l i n Ho ngk ong i n th e f a ll o f

’
,

1 89 1,
h e rece ived n oti ce tha t hi s b rother Pa ci a no ha d
been return e d from exi le in M in doro but tha t thre e o f ,

h i s s isters ha d been summ oned wi th the p rob ab i l i ty o f ,

deporta ti on .

A tr ap to ge t R i z a l in to the ha n ds o f th e government
by playin g upon h i s a ffecti on fo r h i s m othe r wa s plann ed
a t th i s tim e bu t i t fa i l ed M rs R i z a l an d one o f he r
,
. .

“
da ughte rs were a rrested i n M an i la fo r fa lsi fica ti on o f .

cedul a b eca use they n o l on ge r used the n am e R e al o n da ,

wh i ch the m othe r ha d dropp e d fi fteen ye a rs b e fore .

Then thou gh there w ere frequ ently boa ts runn in g to

,

Ka la mb a the two wom en were o rdere d to be taken the re

,

fo r tr i a l on foot As w hen M rs R i z a l h a d b een a pri s

. .

on e r be fo re the hum an e gu a rds d isobeye d the i r orders

,
1 72 LIFE AND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Sm i th o f th e H o n g k o n g Te l eg r ap h th e mo s t e nte rp r i s in g ,
’
o f th e d a il y n ewsp a p ers H e wa s th e m a ste r o f St J ohn s
. .

M a son i c lodge (Scotch con stituti on ) wh i ch R i z a l h a d ,

V i s i te d upon h i s fi rst a rri va l intensely dem ocra t i c a n d a ,

close stu den t o f worl d pol i ti cs The two b ecam e fa st .

fri en ds a n d R i z a l con tribute d to the Tel eg r ap h severa l

a rt icl es on Phi l ippin e m a tters These we re prin ted i n .

Sp a n i sh o stens ibly fo r th e b enefi t o f th e Fi l i p i n o c o lony i n

,

H o ngkon g but l a rge numb e rs o f the p a p e r we re m a il e d

,

Z
r:
DR J . . RI ZAL 5
F RO M 2 TO 6 P . M .

fl N0 2 R edaza x el a Ter r a ce
’

fi
.
, .

9 H ON G K O N G Q
.

a
“
fi I ! i f
R i za l
'

s p f i
r o e ss o n a l c d wh
ar en in H gk g
on on .

to th e Ph i l ipp in es an d thus a t fi rst e sca p ed th e V i gi l a nce

o f th e cens ors Fin a lly the scheme wa s d i scove re d an d
.

th e Tel eg r a p h pl aced on the prohib ited l i st but l ike m ost , ,

Sp an i sh a ct ion s th i s wa s j ust too l at e to prevent the ci r

,

cula ti on o f wha t R i za l h a d w i she d to say to h i s coun

t r ym en .

W ith the fi rst o f the ye a r 1 89 2 the f re e portion o f

’
R i z al s f am i ly ca m e to H ongkon g H e h a d b een li cens e d .

to pra cti ce m edi cin e i n the colony a n d opene d a n o ffi ce , ,

sp eci a l i z in g a s a n ocul i st wi th n otab le success .

An othe r con gen i a l com pan i on wa s a m a n o f h is own

p ro fessi on Docto r L P M a rqu ez a Portu guese who h a d
, . .
,

recei ve d h i s m e di ca l e du ca ti o n i n Dubl i n a n d wa s a n a t
u r al i ze d B r i ti sh subj ect H e wa s a l e a d i ng m emb e r o f
.
 DESPUJOL ’
S DUPLICIT Y

th e Po rtu g ue se club L u s it a n i a wh i ch w a s o f r a d i c all y r e , ,

pub l i can p rocl ivi ti es an d p ossesse d a n exce llent l ib ra ry o f

b ooks on m ode rn p ol i ti ca l con di t i on s An i nspect i on o f .

S t at u et t e mo d ll de e by R iz l a .

’
th e co lon i a l p r i son w i th h im i n sp i r ed R i z al s a rti cle A ,

Vi s i t t o Vi c t o r i a G a ol th ro u gh wh i ch run s a p a thet i c ,
”

con tra st o f the E n g l i sh system o f im p ri sonm en t for r ef o r

l ll llllllll ll l l ll lll l fllll lllll ll ll llll ll lllllll lllll lllll llll l lllllll lllllllll lllllll llllll lllfllll l [lllllll llll llllllllllIIll lIIIIll ll ll llllll llllfl l ll llllflll IIIIl[l lll ll lll l ll ll lllll lllll lllllllllll lIllfllll ll lIIllfllllll lllllllll l lfllll l ll lll lllll l l lli l Illl Illlllllll ll llIIl lIIIIllllll lllllll llllllll ll llll llll lIlllll l ll lIlll l lll ll llllll lll l Illfll llll llll l llllll Ill l Illl llll
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a ssured h im tha t h e woul d n ot b e m oleste d should he go

to M an i l a .

R i z a l th ere fore ma de up h is m in d to V is it h i s h om e
on ce mo re H e sti l l ch e r i sh ed th e p la n o f tran s ferrin g
.

those o f h i s rela tive s an d fri ends who were h om eless

throu gh the lan d troub les or di sconten te d w i th the i r ,

futu re in th e Ph i lipp i n es to th e d i str ict off ere d to h im by

,

the B ri ti sh N orth B o rn eo C om p any There un de r the .

,

p rotect i on o f th e B r iti sh fl a g but i n th e i r a ccu stome d ,

cl im a t e with fa m il i a r su r roun di n gs a m i d th e i r own p e o

,

ple a N ew Ka lamb a would b e estab l i shed

, F i l i p in os .

woul d there h ave a chance to p rove to the worl d wha t

they were ca pab l e o f an d the i r fre e con d iti on wou l d i n
,

ev i t a bl y rea ct on th e n e i ghbori n g Ph i l i pp in es a n d he lp to

brin g ab ou t b etter governmen t the re .

R i z a l ha d n o i ntenti on o f ren ounci n g h i s Ph il ip pin e

a ll egi a nce fo r h e a lways regretted th e n a t ura l i z a ti on
,

o f h i s count rym en ab ro a d co n si de ri ng i t a l o ss t o th e
,

country wh i ch n eede d numb ers to play the in fl uent i a l p a rt

he hop ed i t would play in awaken in g As i a All hi s a rgu .

m en ts w e r e f o r B r i ti sh j usti ce a n d E qu a l ity b e fore th e

'

L aw for he con s i dered tha t p ol iti ca l p owe r wa s on ly a

,
”

m ean s o f securin g an d a ssur in g fa i r trea tmen t for a ll an d ,

i n itsel f o f n o interest .

With such i de a s h e sa i le d for hom e bea r in g the Sp an ,

i sh con sul s p a s spo rt H e l e ft t w o lett e rs i n H o ngkong

’
.

wi th h i s fri en d D o ct o r M a rqu e z m a rke d To b e op ened ,

a fter my dea th an d thei r contents in di ca te tha t he wa s

,
”

n ot unm in d ful o f h ow l i ttle rega rd Spa i n ha d h a d i n h i s

country for h e r pl i ghte d hono r .

O n e w a s t o h i s b el ove d p a rents b roth e r a nd s i ste rs , ,

an d fr ien ds
Th e a ffecti on tha t I have eve r p ro fesse d for y o u su g
gests th i s step an d tim e a lon e can tell whether o r n ot i t
,

ii
 DESPUJOL S DUPLICIT Y
’

i s sen sib l e Th e i r outcom e deci des thin gs by results but

.
,

whethe r tha t b e favo rabl e o r un favorabl e i t m a y a lways ,

b e s a i d tha t duty u rged m e s o i f I d i e in do in g i t i t wi l l

.
,

n ot m a tter .

I re a l i z e h ow m u ch su fferin g I have cause d you sti l l ,

I do n ot regret wh a t I h av e don e R a ther i f I h a d to .

,

b egi n ove r a ga in sti l l I shoul d do j u s t th e sam e for i t

, ,

ha s b een only duty G la dly do I go to ex p ose mysel f to

.

pe ri l n ot a s a ny exp i a ti on o f m i sdeeds (for i n th i s m a t

,

te r I b el i ev e mysel f gu i ltless o f any ) bu t to com plete ,

m y wo r k a n d mysel f off e r the exampl e o f wh i ch I h ave

a lways p rea ch ed .

A m a n ou gh t to d i e fo r duty a n d h i s p ri nci ples I .

ho l d fa st to every i de a wh i ch I h a ve a dva nced a s to th e

con d i tion a n d future o f ou r country a n d sha ll wi ll i n gly ,

di e fo r i t a n d even m ore wi ll in gly to p rocu re for you

,

j usti ce an d p ea ce .

With p l e a su r e th en I ri sk l i fe t o s a ve s o m a ny
, ,

i nn o cen t p erson s— so m an y n i eces an d n e phews so m a ny ,

ch i ldren o f fr i en ds an d ch i l dren too o f others who

, , ,

a re n ot even fri en ds— wh o a re su ff eri n g on my a ccoun t .

Wh a t a m I ? A s in gl e m an p r act i ca l ly w ithou t fam i ly

, ,

a n d su ffi ci ently un decei ved a s to l i fe I h ave ha d m a ny .

d i sa ppo in tm en ts a n d th e futu re b e fo re m e i s gl oomy an d ,

w i ll b e gl oomy i f l i ght do es n o t i llum in a te i t the dawn o f ,

a bette r day fo r my n a tiv e l an d O n the oth e r h an d

“

,
.

th er e a re m any in d ivi du a ls fi lle d w i th hope a n d a mb iti on

, ,

who p erh a ps a l l m i ght b e h a ppy we re I dea d a n d then I ,

hop e my en em i es wou l d b e s ati sfi e d a n d stop pe rsecutin g

so m a ny en t i rely in n ocen t p eop le To a ce rta in extent .

th e i r h a tre d i s j usti fi a bl e a s to mysel f an d m y p a rents an d

,

r el a t ives
.

“
S hou l d fa te go a ga i n st m e y o u w i l l a ll un dersta n d
,

th a t I sh a l l di e h a p py i n th e thou ght tha t m y d ea th w i l l

 LIFE AND LA BO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

en d a ll you r troubl es R eturn to ou r country a n d m ay

.

you b e h appy i n i t .

Ti ll the l a st m om ent o f my l i fe I sh a ll be thi nkin g

o f you an d wi sh in g y o u a ll good fortun e a n d h app i n ess .

Th e oth e r l ett e r wa s d i rected To t he Fi l i p i no s , and

sa i d
Th e step whi ch I am takin g o r rather am a bout to
,

take i s undoubted l y ri sky an d i t i s unn ecessa ry to say

, ,

th a t I h ave con si d e re d i t s om e t i m e I und e rst a n d th a t

.

a lm ost every on e i s oppose d to i t ; but I know a lso th a t

ha rdly anyb od y e lse com prehen ds wh a t i s in my hea rt .

I cann ot l ive on see in g so m any suffe r unj ust p ers ecuti on s

on my a ccoun t ; I ca n n ot b ea r lon ger the s i ght o f my sis
ters an d th e i r n um erous fam il i es tre a ted l ike cr im in a ls .

I pre fer de ath an d ch eer fully sha ll re lin qu i sh l i fe to free

so m any inn ocen t person s f rom su ch unj us t persecuti on .

I a pp recia t e tha t a t p resent th e futu re o f our country

gravi ta tes in som e degre e a roun d m e tha t a t my dea th ,

ma ny wi ll feel tr iumph a n t a n d i n consequence m any a re

, , ,

wi shi ng fo r my fa ll B ut wh a t o f i t ? I h ol d dut i e s o f
.

consc i ence above a l l else I ha ve ob li ga ti o ns to the fam i

,

l i es who suffer to m y a ge d p a rents w hose s i ghs strike m e

' "

to the hea rt ; I know tha t I a lon e only wi th my de ath , ,

ca n m ake them h a ppy retu rn in g them to th e i r n ative lan d

,

an d to a p eac e fu l l i fe a t hom e I am a ll my p a rents h ave

.
,

but ou r count ry h a s m a ny m a ny m o re s o n s wh o ca n t ake

,

my pl a ce a n d even do m y wo rk b ette r .

B e si des I wi sh t o show those who deny u s p a tri oti sm

tha t we kn ow how to d i e fo r duty a n d p r inci ples Wh at .

m atters de ath i f o n e di es for wh at on e loves for n a tive

, ,

l an d an d b e in gs held dea r ?
“
I f I thou ght tha t I w e re the only resou rce fo r th e
p oli cy o f progress i n the Ph i l i pp in es an d we re I convi n ced
th a t my countrym en were goi n g to m ake u se o f my ser
 1 80 LIFE A ND .
L A B OR S OF JOS E R IZAL

th at R i z a l h a d b e en n a tu r al i z ed a s a G e rm a n subj ect a n d
,

i f s o wh a t eff ect woul d th at h a ve on the gov e rno r gen

,
-

e r a l s r i ght t o t a ke execut ive a ct i o n ; t h a t i s coul d h e

’
,

dep o rt p ro tecti on o f a st ron g n a ti o n wi th

d i s re ga rd fo r f o rm s o f j u st i c e th a t h e coul d

Th i s inqu i ry i s j oi n ed to an ord er to the loca l a u t h o r i

ti es i n the provi nces n e a r M an i la i nstructin g them to
wa tch th e com i n gs an d goin gs o f the i r prom in en t p eopl e

ul
 LIFE AND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

m i nute record o f the i r e v e ry a ct i s preserve d in th e r e

s erve d fi les n ow o f cou rse so only i n n ame a s they
”
, , , ,

a re n o lon ge r secret Imm ed i a tely a fter they l e ft a house

.

i t wou ld b e thorou ghly sea rch ed an d the occupan ts stri ctly

questi oned I n S p i te o f the p recaut ion s o f the o ffi ci a ls
.
,

R i z a l soon lea rn e d o f th is an d those whom th ey vi si te d,

were wa rne d o f wha t to expect In o n e h om e so m a ny .

forb i dden p a pe rs were on han d tha t R i z a l delayed h i s

j ourn ey t i ll th e fam i ly complete d the i r task o f ca rryin g
them u psta i rs an d h i d in g th em i n the ro o f .

At an othe r p la ce h e cam e across an in stance o f super

st i t i o n such a s tha t w h i ch ha d c ause d h i m to cease h is

sl ei ght o f h an d exhib i tion s on hi s forme r return to th e

- —

I sl ands Th ei r host wa s a m a n o f l i ttle e ducati on but

.

grea t h osp ita l ity an d the p a rty we re m ost ple a sa ntly en

,

t er t a i n ed Durin g the conversa ti on he spoke o f R i z a l

.
,

bu t d i d no t seem to know th a t h i s hero h a d com e b a ck to

the Phi l ipp in es H i s rem a rks dri fte d in to the wi ldest
.

sup ersti ti on an d a fter a ss ertin g tha t R i z a l b or e a cha rm ed

, ,

l i fe h e sta rtled h i s au dien ce by say in g tha t i f the a utho r

,

o f N ol i M e Ta nge r e ca r e d to do s o h e coul d b e w ith ,

them a t tha t very instan t At fi rst the three th ou ght .

them selves di scovere d by the i r h ost but w hen R i z a l m a de ,

himsel f known the ol d m an prove d th a t h e h a d h a d n o

,
’
susp i ci on o f h i s guest s i denti ty fo r h e p romptly b eca m e ,

busy prep a rin g h i s h om e for the se a rch wh ich he re a l i z ed

wou l d shortly follo w O n an othe r occa s i on thei r host
.

wa s a S tran ger wh om R i z a l trea te d fo r a tem pora ry i ll

n ess l eavin g a p rescripti on to b e fi lle d a t the drug store
,
.

The n am e si gne d to th e p a pe r w a s a revel at ion but the ,

fi rst result w a s a ctivi ty in clean i n g house .

N o fa ct i s m ore s i gn i fican t o f the utte r rotten n ess o f

the Sp an i sh ru le tha n th e un an im i ty o f the p eople i n the i r
di scon tent O n ly a f ew persons a t fi rst we re i n open o p
.

p os iti on but book s p am phlets a n d c i rcu la rs w ere e a gerly

, ,
 DESPUJOL S DUPLICIT Y ’

sou ght r e a d a n d p reserved w ith the kn owl edge gene r

, , ,

a l ly o f the wh ol e fam i ly desp i te the dan ger Of possess in g

, ,
’
t h em A t t im e s a s i n the ca se o f Ri z a l s n ovel s a n ent i r e
.
, ,

n e i ghb orhoo d wa s i n the secret ; th e b ook wa s bur i e d in

a ga rd en a n d du g up t o b e re a d fro m a t a ga th e ri ng o f
th e ol d e r m en fo r wh i ch a da n ce ga ve p ret ext I n fo rm e rs
,
.

we re s o ra re tha t t he po s sib i l i ty o f tre a ch ery am on g them

selves wa s h a r dly reckon ed i n th e ri sk .

Th e a u tho rit i es wer e con sta ntly se a rch i n g dw ell in gs ,

o ften en ti re n e i ghb orh oods a n d w i th a tho rou ghness ,

wh i ch enti rely di sre ga rded th e possib i l ity o f dam a gin g a n

inn ocen t p erson s p rop erty Th e se dom i ci l i a ry registra
’
.

t i ons were o f course sup po se d to b e un expec ted b ut

, , ,

in th e l ate r Sp a n i sh d ays the i nten de d v i ctim s usu a lly h a d

wa rn in g fro m s om e em ploye e i n t he o ffi ce whe re i t wa s
p la nn ed o r from som e domesti c o f th e o ffi ci a l i n ch a rge ;
,

ve ry o ften h o w eve r th e wa rn in g w a s so short a s to give

, ,

on ly ti m e fo r a h a sty destructi on o f i ncrim in a ti n g docu

m en ts a n d di d n ot p erm i t o f the i r b e in g tran s ferre d to
oth er h i di n g p l a ces Thus l a rge l osses we re incu rred an d
.
,

to the se m ust b e a dde d d am a ges from dam pn ess when a

hol e in th e groun d the in s i de o f a p ost o r cem enti n g u p
, ,

i n the wa l l fu rn i she d the m e an s o f con ce a lm en t Fi res .

,

too were fre qu en t an d such even ts a ttra cte d s o much

, ,
.

a tten ti on tha t i t wa s sca rcely sa fe to a ttem pt t o s ave any

th i n g o f a n i n cr im in a tin g n a tu re .

Si x Ye a rs o f w ar con di ti on s d i d th e i r p a rt towa r d de -

st royi n g wh at l ittl e h a d e s ca p ed a n d f rom th es e expl a n a ,

ti on s th e r e a d e r m a y u n de rst a n d h ow i t com es t h a t th e
’
ta n gl ed story o f Sp a i n s l a st h a l f century here p resents
“

a n h i stori ca l p rob lem m o re pu z z l in g tha n t ha t o f much

m ore r em ote t im es i n m o re favore d l an ds .

I t seem s a lm ost p rov i den ti a l th a t the pub l i sh e d sta te

m en t o f th e G overn or G en era l ca n b e ch ecke d n o t on ly
-

by a n a ccoun t wh i ch R i z a l se cretly s en t t o fr i en ds but ,

I
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a lso by th e can di d m em oran da con ta in ed in th e untruth fu l

executive s o w n secret fol i os Wh i le som e un essen ti a l de
’
.

ta i ls o f R i z a l s ca reer a re i n doub t n ot a p o in t v i ta l to
’
,

establ i sh in g h i s goo d n am e l acks proo f th a t h i s cha ra cte r

wa s exempla ry a n d th a t h e i s worthy o f th e h ero —worshi p
whi ch ha s com e to h i m .

A fte r R i z a l s r eturn to M an i l a from h i s r a i lway tri p

’

h e ha d th e p rom i sed i n tervi e w w i th the Govern o r Gen era l - .

At thei r p rev i ou s m eet i ngs th e di scu s si on s h a d b een qu it e

in form a l R i z a l i n complim en tin g the G en era l upon h i s
.
,

i nau gura ti on o f re f orms m enti on e d th at th e Ph i l i pp in e

,

system o f h av in g n o restra i nt wh ateve r upon the chi e f

executive h a d a t lea st the a dva nta ge th a t a well di sp osed -

gove rn o r gene ra l woul d fi n d n o re d t a pe h i ndra n ce s to h i s

- -

pl a ns fo r th e p u bl i c ben e fit But D esp u j o l p ro fess e d t o

.

bel i eve th a t th e b est o f m en m ake m i stakes an d tha t a

wi se governm en t woul d estab l i sh sa fegua rds a ga in st th i s
hum an fa lli b i l ity .

The fin a l an d fa ta l i ntervi e w b e ga n wi th th e Governo r

, ,

G en era l a skin g R i za l i f h e sti ll p ersi ste d in h i s pl an for

a Fi l ip in o co l o n y i n B r i ti sh N orth B o rn eo ; D e sp u j o l h a d
'

b e fo re rem a rke d th a t w i th s o mu ch Ph i l ipp in e lan d lyin g

i dle fo r wan t o f cultiva ti on i t di d n ot seem to h im p a tri oti c
to take l ab or n eede d a t hom e away for the devel opm en t
o f a for e i gn lan d R i z a l s form er reply h a d dea lt wi th
.
’

the d i ffi culty th e governm en t wa s i n respectin g the l an d

troubles s in ce the ten an ts who h a d taken the ol d ren ters
,
’

pl a ces n ow a lso m ust b e con si dere d an d h e p o inte d out ,

tha t there w a s b es i des a b ittern ess b etwe en th e pa rti es

, ,

wh i ch coul d n ot ea si ly b e forgotten by e ith e r s i de So .

th i s ti m e h e m er ely r em a rke d tha t h e ha d foun d n o rea son '

fo r ch an gin g h i s ori gin a l vi ews .

H ereupon the G en era l took from h is desk th e five l i ttl e

”
sheets o f the Poor Fri a rs h an db i ll wh i ch h e sa i d h a d ,

b e en foun d in the rol l o f beddin g sen t wi th R i zal s b a g ’

“l ll llll l llll lllllIl lIlllll ll lllllll UlIIIl IIIllllll l ll l lllIIll llIlIfll l IIflll l l l IlIIIlI llIl lIl | Il lllilUIIlfIl IlIIlllllllll lllllll lllllllllll IIll l lIIIIllll IfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIIlllllllll l lIIIIIl ll
.
l llllllllllllIllllllllllll lllllllll lllllJllIIIIl l llllIIlUlIIIIIIlllIIIIl lllIIIll[llIIl Illl lIIIIlfll IIIlflIIIIIlIIl llllIlllIIIlll IIIIIIllIIIIflIl IIIllll IIfllll lllllflllIIlIllll llllllllIlIl l llllll l llll l llll

1 88 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

m an a ged to work h im sel f in to somethi n g l i k e

D esp u j o l
a p a ssi on over th i s a lleged d i s respect to th e Pope an d ‘

ordered R i z a l to b e taken a s a p rison er to Fo rt Santi a go

by th e n ephew who a cted a s h i s a i de .

L ike m ost fa cts thi s vers ion runs a m i ddle cours e be

“

t w een the extrem e stori es wh i ch h ave b een current L ike .

ci rcu la rs m ay h ave b een pr inte d a t th e Asi lo de M a la

bon a s ha s be en a sse rte d ; th e se c erta in ly ca me from
,
”

H on gko ng a n d we r e not i nt ro duce d by a ny a rchb i sh o p s ’

n eph e w o n duty a t th e custom h ou se a s a n oth e r t a l e ,

suggests O n the othe r h an d th e ci rcul a r w a s the m erest

.
,

pretext a n d D e sp u j o l di d n ot a ct in goo d fa ith a s m any

, ,

cla im th a t he d i d .

I t m a y b e o f i nte rest t o r ep ri nt th e h a n d bi l l f rom a

f a cs im i l e o f a n o ri gin a l copy

P O BR E S F R A I L E S !
A c ab a de s u sp e n der su s p a gos un Ban c o , a a c ba de q
u b e r a r se e l
N ew O r i en t a l .

pé r di das en l a I n di a e n l a i sl a M a u r i c i o al su r de
G r an des ,

A f r i c a c i c l c mes y t em p est a des a c a b a r o n c o n su p o de r i o t r ag an do se

'

, ,

m as de de p eso s Est o s t r e i n t a y se i s m i l l o n es r e p r e .

sen t a b an l as e sp e r an z as l a s e c o n o m i a s el bi en est a r y el p o r v en i r de , ,

n u m er o so s i n divi du o s y f am i l i as .

En t r e l o s q u e ma s h an s u f r i do p o de m o s c o n t a r a l a R y da .

C o r p o r ac i o n de l o s P P D o m i n i c o s q u e p i er de n e n est a qu i e b r a . .
,

m uc h o s c i e n t o s de m i l es N o se sa b e l a cu en t a e x act a p o r qu e t an t o .

di n er o se l es en vi a de a qu i y t a n t o s dep Osi t o s h ac en q u e se n e cesi ,

t a r i a n m uc h o s c o n t a do r es p a r a c a lcu l a r el i m m e n so c a u da l de q ue

di sp o n e n .

P er o n o se a fl i j an l o s am i go s n i t r i u n f e n l o s en em i go s de l o s
,

sa n t o s m o n j e s q u e p r o f esa n v o t o de p o b r ez a .

A u n o s y o t r o s l es di r em o s q u e pu e de n est a r t r an qu i l o s La .

C o r p o r ac i o n t i en e au n m uc h o s m i l l o n es dep o si t ado s e n l o s Banc o s

de H o n gk o n g y a u n qu e t o do s qu eb r a sen y a u n qu e se der r u m b asen
, ,

su s m i l es de c asas de a l qu i l er s i em p r e q u e dar i an su s cu r a t o s y ,
 DESP U JOL S D UPLICIT Y ’

h ac i en das, l es qd i an l o s fil i p i n o s di sp u est o s si em p r e a ay u n a r
f

ue ar

p ar a dar l es una l i m osn a g Q u é so n c u at r o c i e n to s o qu i n i en t o s m i l ?

.

Q ue se t om en l a m o l est i a de c
r e o r r er l os p u e b l o s y p edi r l i m o sn a
y se r esar c i r an de pé r di da H ac e u m an o q
esa . ue p o r l a m al a ,

a dm i n i st r ac i o n de l os c a r de n al es e l P a pa p er di é,
del
d i n e r o de S an P e dr o ; el P ap a pa r a cu b r i r el défic i t acu de a n o so
, ,

t r o s y n o so t r o s r ec o g em o s de n u est r o s t a m p i p i s el ul t i m o r eal ,

p o r qu e sab em o s q u e el P a pa t i en e m uc h a s at en c i o n es ; h ac e c o sa de

c i n c o anos c asé a u n a so b r i n a su y a do t an do l a de u m pal ac i o y 3 00 ,

00 0 f r a nc o s a dem as H ac ed u n es f u er z o pu es gen er o so s fil i p i n o s
.
'

, ,

y so c o r r e d a l o s do m i n i c o s i g u al m e n t e l
A dem as eso s c en t an a r es de m i l es p e r di do s n o so n de e l l o s
, ,

se g un di c en : c ém o l o s i b a n a t en e r si t i en e n v o t o de p o b r e z a ?
g
H ay q u e c ree r l o s
p u e s c u a n do p a ra c u b r i rs e di c e n q
,
u e s o n de l o s ,

h u ér f an os y de l as vi u das M u y se g u r a m en t e p e r t en c e r i a n al g u n o s
.

a l as vi u das y a l o s h ué r f an o s de K al a m ba y qu i én sa b e si a l o s
‘

dester r a do s m a r i do s l y l o s m a n e j an l o s vi r tu o so s f r a i l es 5610 a
t i tu l o de dep o si t a r i o s p a r a dev o l v er l o s desp u es r e l i g i o sa m en t e c o n

to do s su s i n t er eses cu a n do l l e g u e el di a de r e n di r c u en t as l Q u i én
sa b e ? Q u i é n m ej o r q u e e l l o s p o d i a en c a r g a r se de r e c o g er l o s p o c o s

h a b e r es m i en t r as l as c asas a r di an h u i a n l as vi u das y l o s h ué r f a n o s
,

si n e n c o n t r a r h o sp i t a l i da d pu es s e h a bi a p r o h i bi d o d a r l es a l be g u e
,
r ,

m i en t r as l o s h o m b r es est a b an p r eso s O p er seg u i do s ? g Q u i én m ej o r

q u e l o s do m i n i c o s p ar a t en er t an t o v al o r ta n t a a u dac i a y t an t a
,

h u m a n i da d ?
P er o ah o r a el di a b l o se h a l l ev a do el di n er o de l o s h u é r f an o s y
,

de l a s v i u da s y es de t em er q
, u e se l l e v e t a m bi e n el r est o pu es ,

cu an do el di a b l o l a em p i ez a l a h a de aca b ar T en dr i a ese di n er o .

m a l a p r o c e den c i a
S i asi suc edi ese n o so t r o s l o s r ecom en dar i am os a l os dom i n i c os
,

q u e di j ese n c o n J o b : D es n u d o m l z d el v i en t r e d e m i m a d e (E s
’
‘

l
'

p a fi a ) y d em a d o l d i a bl o l di a bl o
’ ’

, v o l v er e a l l a ; l o di o e , e se o

m br e d el S e fi o r !
’

l l e t r o ; ben d i t o sea e l n o

FR .
JA C I N T O .

M a n i l a : I m p r en ta de l o s Am i g o s del P ai s .
 T I —I E DEP O R T A TIO N TO D A PIT A N

S soon a s R i z a l wa s l odge d i n h i s p ri son a ro om in ,

Fo rt S a nti a go th e G ove rno r G ene ra l be g a n t h e

‘

-
,

com po s i ti o n o f on e o f th e m o st ext r a o rd in a ry o ffi ci a l

do cum ents eve r i ssue d i n th i s l a n d w h e r e th e st ra ngest
governm ent a l a ct s h av e ab oun ded I t i s a pol o gy a rgu
“

.
,

m ent a n d a tta ck a ll i n on e a n d w a s pub l i sh e d i n th e 0175

, ,

efa l G a z e t t e wh e r e i t o ccup i ed m o st o f a n ent i re i s sue

'

.
,

Th e eff ect o f th e ri ghte ou s a n ge r i t di s pl a ys suff e rs som e

wh a t w h en on e kn o w s h o w a l l wa s pl a nne d fr om th e d ay
R i z a l w a s d e coyed from H on gkong u n de r th e fa i thless
s a fe con du ct An oth e r enl i ghten i n g fe a tu r e i s th e copy
- .

o f a l a te r l ette r p res e rve d i n th at i nvalu abl e s ec ret fi l e

, ,

w h e re i n D e s p u j o l w ri tes R i z a l s custo di a n a s j a i l e r t o
’
, ,

a ll ow the ex i l e i n n o ci rcumsta nce s t o s ee th i s numb e r o f

th e Ga z e t t e o r t o know i ts contents a n d su ggests s eve r a l
,

eva s i on s t o a s s i st th e sub o rd i na te s po w e r o f i nventi on

’
.

I t i s ce rta i nly a s t ra nge i ndi gna ti on w h ich fe a rs th a t its

Obj ect sh a l l l ea rn th e re a s o n fo r wra th n o r i s i t a c re di t ,

abl e sp ect a cl e w h en on e b eh ol d s th e ch i e f o f a gove rn

m ent gi vin g p ri va te les s on s i n lyi ng .

A copy o f th e Ga z e t t e w a s s ent t o th e S pa n i sh C on sul

i n H ongkon g a l so a cablegra m d i recti ng h i m t o give i t
,

publi city th a t Sp a i n s go o d n a m e m i ght n ot suff e r i n

’ ”

th a t col ony B y h i s b lun de r n ot kn owi ng th at th e L us i

.
,

ta n i a C lub wa s rea ll y a Po rtugues e M a s on i c l o dge a nd

’
full o f R i z a l s f ri end s a copy w a s s ent th e re a n d a st ron g
,

reply wa s c a ll e d fo rth Th e f ri en dly edit o r o f th e

.

H o n g k o n g Tel eg r a p h d evot e d colum n s to th e out ra ge

by w h i ch a m a n wh ose a cqu a intan ce i n the sci ent i fic w o rl d
re fl ect ed h o n o r u pon h i s n a ti o n w a s d ecoyed to wh a t wa s
,
'

i nten d e d t o b e h i s d e a th ex il ed to a n unh ea l th ful s av

, ,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

a ge sp o t th rou gh a pl ot o f wh i ch th e V e r y Bo r g i as
,
'

w oul d have b een a sham ed .

Th e B ri ti sh Con su l i n M an i la too m en ti on ed u n o ffi

, ,

c i a l l y to G ove rn or G en e ra l
- D esp u j o l tha t i t seem e d a
’
stran ge wa y o f showin g Spa in s o ften p ro fessed fr i en d
sh i p for Gr ea t B ri ta i n thu s to d isre ga rd th e ann oya n ce to
th e B r i ti sh co l ony o f N o rth B o r neo ca u s e d b y m aki n g
imp oss ible an en t irely un excepti on able pla n L ikew i s e in .
,

much th e sam e respect fully rem on stran t ton e wh i ch the

G re a t Powe rs a re won t t o u se i n rec all i n g t o sem i s av a ge -

sta tes thei r ob l i ga ti on s to civ i l i z at ion h e p o inte d out how

,

Spa i n s presti ge a s a n a dvan ce d n ati on woul d su ff er when

’
.

’
the e du ca ted world i n wh ich R i z a l wa s Sp a i n s b est
,

kn o w n rep resenta tive l ea rn e d th a t the m a n wh om th ey

,

hon ore d h a d b een tra ppe d out o f h i s securi ty un de r the

B ri ti sh fl a g a n d sen t into exi l e w i thout the sl i ghtest form
o f tri a l .

Almost th e l a st a ct o f R i z a l wh i l e a t l ib erty w a s the

establ ishmen t o f the L i ga Fi l ip in a a lea gu e o r a sso
“
,
”

c i a t i o n seekin g to un i te a l l Fi l i p inos o f goo d ch a ra cte r for

concerte d a cti on towa r d the econ om ic a dvancemen t o f

the i r coun try fo r a h i gher st an da rd o f m an ho od an d to
, ,

a ssur e oppo rtun iti es fo r educati on an d developm en t to

ta lente d Fi li pin o youth Resistan ce to oppress i on by law
.

fu l m eans wa s a lso urged for R i za l b e l i eved th a t n o on e

,

cou ld fa i rly compl a in o f b a d governm en t un ti l he ha d

exhau ste d an d foun d un ava i l in g a ll the l ega l r esou rces
p rovi de d fo r h i s p rotecti on Thi s wa s a n oth er exp ress i on
.

o f h i s constan t teach in g tha t slaves th os e who toa di ed to ,

powe r an d m en w i thout sel f resp ect m a de p oss ible an d

,
-

fo st e re d tyr a nny abu ses a n d d i s rega rd o f th e ri ghts o f

,

others .

The ch a ra cte r test wa s a lso a step forwa rd for the ,

pro fessi on o f p a tri oti sm ha s o ften b een m a de to clo ak

m ora l shortcom in gs in the Ph i l ipp i n es a s wel l a s elsewhe re .

51
'
L |
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l
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Il
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194 LIFE AND LABOR S OF JOS E R IZAL

b een p ros ecute d for any in fam ous cr im e wa s el i gibl e to

m emb ershi p i n the n ew organ i z a ti on .

The p lan su ggeste d by a Span i sh M a son i c soci ety ,

cal l e d C K a do sch y C i a o ri gi n a t e d wi th Jo s é M a ri a
. .
,

B a sa a t whose i nstanc e R i z a l dra fte d the constituti on

,

a n d re g u la ti on s Possibly a ll th e m emb ers we re Free .

m a son s o f the e duca te d an d b ette r-to -do cl ass an d m ost ,

o f them a dhere d to the doctrin e tha t p eaceab ly obta i ne d

re fo rm s an d p rogress by educa ti on a re su rest an d best .

R i z al s a rrest di scou ra ged thos e o f th i s h i gh er fa i th

’
.

for the pea ceabl e p ol icy s eem e d hopeless w hi le th e r a di ca l ,

elemen t free d from Ri z a l s restra in i n g i n flu en ce a n d

,
’

de em in g th e tim e fo r a cti on com e form e d a n ew an d ,

revolution a ry soci ety wh ich p rea che d force o f a rm s a s th e

on ly a rgumen t le ft to them an d sou ght its m emb ershi p ,

am on g the l ess en l i ghten ed a n d po o rer cla ss - .

Th e i r i nsp i r ati o n wa s And re s B on i fa ci o a s h i ppi n g

'

clerk fo r a fore ign fi rm who ha d re a d a n d r e rea d a c ,

-

counts o f the Fr ench Revolut i on t i l l he h a d com e to be

l i eve th a t b loo d a lon e c ou l d w i pe ou t th e wron gs o f a
country H i s organ i z a ti on The Son s o f the C oun try
.
, ,

m or e comm only ca lle d the Ka ti pun an wa s h oweve r fa r , , ,

f rom be ing a s b lo o dth i rsty a s m o st Sp a n i sh a ccou nts a n d ,

those o f m any credul ous writers who h ave got the i r i dea s
from them h ave a sserted To enl ist others i n the i r de , .

f e n se those who kn ew tha t th ey were the ca use o f di s

sa ti s fa cti on sp rea d the report tha t a r a ce wa r was i n
pro gress an d tha t the Kati pun eros we re p lann in g the
m a ssa cre o f a ll o f the wh i te ra ce I t wa s a su ffi ci ently .

absu rd sta t emen t but i t w as m a de even m ore r i di cul ous ,

l “
by i ts p ro o f for th i s wa s the d iscovery o f a n a p ron ,
”

l wi th a seve red hea d a ha n d hold in g i t by th e h a i r an d ,

l an othe r grasp in g th e da gge r wh i ch h a d don e the b loo dy

wo rk Th i s emb l em h a n de d down f rom a nci ent d a ys
.
,

a s a n obj ect l esson o f fa i th fu ln ess even to dea th h a s been ,

f ulfil l lllfll llllll lllllllllIIIl l llIl Hl lIIIlfl lIlIl flllllllffl lllllfl llllllfl l lllll lfll lllllli l lllll ll ll llllflll lflflllIII IIIlllflllllll llllltl lllllll llIIIIIfl IIIIIl l lJIIIl l IIIIIfl IIIMIll Illll lllllfl l lllli lIIIIHIIIIII IIIIl IIIIIl l IIlIIlfl lllllfl lllIll llllflfl lllllll lIllll lll l ll lllIHIIlIIIIIIfl IIIIII lllll ll l lllll llllll lllllllll llllll llllll llIllfl llll fllllll l Illlll l lllll llllll l lllll l l lllflllfl lll
19 6 LIFE A ND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

about the Sp an i sh s en t ries without hi s door who were

pl ace d there un de r orders to shoo t anyon e wh o m i ght
a ttempt to si gn a l to h im from the pla z a
'

O ne n i ght th e Governo r Gen er a l s n ep h ew a i d e ca m e

-
’
-

a ga in to the Fort an d R i za l emb a rke d on the steam er

wh ich wa s to take h im to hi s pl a ce o f ex i le bu t closely a s ,

he wa s gu a rded h e r iske d dropp in g a n ote wh i ch a Fi l i

pi no foun d a n d t o ok a s i t d i recte d to M rs R i z a l s co us in
, , .
’
,

Vi cent a L eyb a wh o l ive d i n C a ll e Jo s é T ro z o Thus

, ,
.

the fam i ly we re a dvi se d o f h i s depa rture ; th is inci den t

shows R i z al s p er fect con fidence i n h i s countrymen an d
’

th e exten t to whi ch i t wa s j usti fi ed ; he cou ld r i sk a chance

fin der to ta ke s o dan gerous a l ette r to i ts a ddress .

O n the ste am er h e occup i ed an o ffi ce r s cab i n a n d a lso ’

foun d a Fi l ip in o qua rterm a ste r o f whom he requ ested

,

a l i fe preserver for h is statero om ; ev i dently h e wa s n ot

enti rely confident th a t there wer e n o hosti l e desi gn s a ga inst
hi m Acci dents ha d r i d the Ph i l ipp in es o f troublesom e
.

person s be fore h i s t ime an d he wa s determ in e d th a t i f

.
,

h e sa cri fice d h is l i fe for h is country i t s houl d b e openly

,
.

H e rea l i z e d tha t th e tree o f L ib e rty i s o ften wa tere d w ith

the blood o f secret a s wel l a s op en m a rtyrs .

The sam e b oa t ca rr ie d som e soldi e r p r ison ers one o f ,

whom wa s to b e execute d i n M in dan ao a n d the i r ca se ,

was not pa rticul a rly credita ble to Sp an ish i dea s o f j ustice .

A Sp an ish o ffi cer ha d di shonorab ly in ter fe re d w ith the

dom esti c rela ti on s o f a sergean t a lso Sp an ish an d the
, ,

a ggr ieve d pa rty h a d infl icted pun i shm en t up on h i s sup e

ri or w ith the h elp o f som e other soldiers For a llowin g
, .

h imse l f to b e pun ished n ot for h is own di sgra ce fu l a ct

,
-
,

the o ffi cer w as di sm isse d from the service but the se rgea nt ,

wa s to go to the scen e o f h is a lleged cr i m e there to ,

”

suff er dea th wh i l e h i s comp an i on s who h a d a ss i ste d h im

,

i n prot ectin g th e i r hom es we re to b e wi tnesses o f th i s

“
j usti ce an d then to b e imp ri son e d .
”
J

THE DEPO R TATI ON TO D AP ITAN

A fter an u n even t fu l tri p the ste a me r r ea che d D a p i ta n ,

i n the n orth ea st o f the l a rge i sl an d o f M in da n a o on a ,

d a rk a n d ra i n y ev e n i n g Th e O ffi ce r i n ch a rge o f the

-
.

exp ed i ti on took D octo r R i z a l a shor e w i th some p a p e rs

.

rel a t in g to h im a n d del iver ed a l l to th e com m an da n t ,

R i ca rdo C a rn i ce ro Th e rece i p t taken wa s b ri e fe d O n e

.

”
coun trym an a n d two p a cka ges At th e s am e t im e l ea rn ed
.

m en i n E u rop e w er e b eginn i n g to he a r o f th i s outra ge

wo rthy o f th e D a rk Age s a n d w e r e r em a rk i ng th a t Sp a i n
h a d stopp e d the wo rk o f the m a n who wa s p ra cti ca lly he r
on ly rep res en ta tive i n m ode rn sci en ce for the Ca st i l i a n ,

l a ngu a ge h a s n o t b een th e m e di um th rou gh wh i ch a ny

’
con s i der ab l e a ddi ti on s h ave b een m a d e to th e w orld s s tore
o f sc i en ti fi c kn o w ledge .

R i z a l w a s to resi de e i th er w i th the com m an da nt or w i th

the Jesu i t p a r ish p ri est i f th e l atter wou l d take h im into
,
'

th e co nve nt o B ut wh i l e t h e ex i l e h a d l e a rn ed wi th p l e a s
.

u r e t ha t h e w a s to m eet p r i e sts who w e re refin e d a n d

.

l ea rn e d a s wel l a s a sso ci a te d w i th h i s h app i e r sch o ol days

, ,

h e di d n ot k n ow th a t these p r i e sts wer e pl ann i n g to restore

h im to h i s ch i ldh oo d fa ith a n d h a d m a pp ed out a p l an o f
a cti on wh i ch shou l d fi rst m ak e h im fee l h i s lo n el i n ess So .

h e wa s den i e d res i den ce w i th the p ri est un less he wou l d

decl a re h i m sel f gen u i n ely i n sym p athy w i th Sp a in .

O n h i s p revi ou s b ri e f vi s i t t o the I s l a n ds h e h a d b e en
r ep el l e d f ro m th e Ateneo with th e st a tem ent th a t t i l l h e
'

cea s e d t o b e a nti -C a th ol i c a n d a nt i Sp a n i sh h e w oul d n ot

-

b e welcom e Pa d re F a u r a t h e fa m o u s m et eo ro lo gi st
.
, ,

w a s h i s fo rm e r i n st ru cto r a n d R i z a l wa s h i s favo ri t e p u
p i l ; h e h a d te a r ful l y p re d i ct e d th a t th e you n g m a n wou l d
com e t o th e s ca ff ol d a t l a st u nle s s h e m en de d h i s w a ys .

B ut R i z a l c on fi d ent i n t h e cl e a rn e s s o f h i s own co n
,

s ci en ce wen t o ut chee r ful ly a n d wh en th e p o rte r t r i e d

, ,

t o b r in g b a ck th e m em o ry o f h i s ch i l dh o o d p i ety by r e
m i n di n g h i m o f th e i m a ge o f th e S a c re d H ea rt w h i ch
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

he h ad ca rved ye a rs be fo re R i z a l a n swe r ed O th e r
, ,

t imes othe r cu st om s B rothe r

,
I do n ot b el ieve t h a t
,
.

wa y a ny m o re .
”

So R i za l a goo d C a thol i c wa s com pelle d to boa rd

, ,

w ith the comm andan t in ste a d o f w i th th e p ri est because

he w as unw ill in g to m ake hypocri tica l pro fessi on s o f a d
m i r a t i o n for Spa in Th e comm an dan t an d R i z a l s oon
.
~

becam e goo d fri en ds bu t in o rd er to reta i n h i s p os i tion

,

C a rn i ce ro h a d to w ri te t o th e G ove rno r G ene ra l i n a d i f -

f e r en t stra in .

Th e co r resp on dence t ell s th e fa cts i n th e m a in but o f ,

cou rse they a re colore d throughout to con form to D esp u

j ol s cha ra cter The comm an da nt i s a l w ays represente d
’
.

a s deceivin g h i s pr ison e r an d ga in in g h is con fi den ce only

to betray h im but R i z al se em s n eve r to h ave experi ence d
,

a nyth in g bu t stra ight fo r w a rd dea l in g .

R i z a l s ea rl i est l etter f r om Da p ita n speaks a lm ost en

’

t h u si a st i c a l l y o f th e pl a ce describ in g the clim ate a s ex ce p

,

t i o n al for the trop i cs h is s i tu ati on a s a gre eab le an d sayin g

, ,

th a t he cou ld b e qu ite con ten t i f h is fam i ly an d h i s b ooks

w e re there .

Shortly a fte r occurre d th e ann iversa ry o f Ca rn i ce ro s ’

a rriva l i n th e to w n an d R i z a l celeb rate d the event w ith

,

a Sp an i sh poem reci tin g the i mp rovem ents m a de s ince h i s

,

com ing w r i tten in th e style o f the M a la y 10 a an d a s

, ,

though i t w ere by the ch i ldren o f Da p i ta n .

N ext R i z a l a cqu i re d a p i ece o f p rope rty a t Ta l is ay a ,

l ittle b ay close to D ap itan an d a t on ce becam e i nterested ,

i n h i s fa rm Soon he bui lt a house an d m oved into i t

.
,

ga the rin g a numb e r o f boy a ssistants about h im an d be ,

fore l on g h e h a d a school A hosp i ta l a lso w a s put u p .

for hi s pa ti ents an d these in ti me becam e a source o f _

revenue a s people from a distan ce cam e to the ocul ist for

,

treatm en t an d pa i d l ib era lly .

O n e fiv e hun dre d p eso fee from a ri ch E n gl i shm a n wa s

- -

E
a
E
E
5
a
a
fi ll
 THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

sha p e o f a da m fo r sto r i n g wa te r th a t wa s p i p ed to t he
houses a n d p ou l try ya rd ; the ove r fl ow from th e da m wa s
m a de t o fi ll a sw i mm i n g tan k .

Th e school i n clu d in g th e h ouse servants n umb ered , ,

ab ou t tw en ty a n d w a s ta u ght w i thou t b ooks by R i z a l ,

who con ducte d h i s reci ta ti on s fro m a h am mock C o n si d .

c rab le im p orta n ce w a s gi ven to m a th em a ti cs a n d i n l a n ,

gua ges E n gl i sh wa s tau ght a s wel l a s Spa n i sh th e ent i re ,

waki ng p e r i o d b ei n g devot e d
t o th e l a n g u a ge a ll otte d fo r th e
d a y a n d wh o eve r s o fa r fo rgot
,

a s t o utte r a wo r d i n a n y oth e r
to ngu e wa s pu ni sh e d by h a v
i ng t o we a r a ra tta n h a ndcuff .

Th e u s e a n d m e a n i n g o f th i s
m o d e rn p ol i ce devi c e h a d t o
b e expl a in e d t o th e b oys fo r ,

Sp a i n sti ll t i e d h e r p ri s one rs
t h rop e .

N a tu re stu dy co n s i st e d i n
h e l p i n g t h e D o cto r g a th e r
s pec i m en s o f fl owe rs s hell s F th S ch z S J
“

, , a er an e ,
. .

i n s ect s a n d repti l es wh i ch we re
p re p a re d a n d sh i pp e d t o G e rm a n m u s eum s R i z a l w a s .

p a i d fo r th es e sp eci me n s b y s ci ent i fi c b o oks a n d m a

t er i al Th e d i recto r o f th e R oya l Zo ologi ca l a n d Anthro
.

p o l o g i c al M us eum in Dresden Saxony Docto r Ka rl von , ,

Helle r w as a gr e a t fri en d a n d a dm i rer o f D octo r R i z a l

, .

’
Docto r H elle r s fa the r wa s tut o r to th e l a te Kin g Al fon so
! I I an d h a d m a ny fr i ends a t th e C ourt o f Sp a in Ev i .

den t l y Docto r H eller a n d othe r o f h i s E u rop ea n fr i en ds

di d n ot con s i de r R i z a l a Sp a n i sh in surrecti on a ry but ,

tre a t e d h im ra the r a s a re form e r seekin g p rogress by

p ea ce ful m e an s .

’
D octo r R i z a l rem un era te d h i s pup i l s work w i th gi fts

If Illlfl l llll llllfll llllllfflllllll llllflllllll Illllllllllllllll l lllllllfl l ll HIIIllHIIllllllll lllllllllllllllllll lll ll llllfl ll llll lllfllllll l lll lll l ll l l lllllllll lllll l llllll llllll l llflllllllll l lllll lllll llllllllllflllIIIl| IIIIN Illl l Illll ll llllll | llllll llIIIlllllIIll IIIll llllll llllll l llllfllllllll llllll lllll llIIIflllll l Illlfl lllll llllllllIIIIH IIIIIN
IIIIIllIIIIIHIl Illl IIIIN IllllfflllfllIIIH llllll llll
 fl
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II
an d xc v at i
E a o ns w h er e f un d
o .
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

M Y R E T R E AT
B y the sprea d in g bea ch w here th e san ds a re s o ft a n d fin e ,

At the foot o f the m oun t in i ts m antl e o f green ,

’
I have bu i lt my hu t i n th e p le asant grove s confin e ;
From the forest se ekin g pe ace an d a ca lmn ess d ivi n e ,

R est fo r the wea ry b ra i n an d si lence to my sorrow ke en .

I ts ro o f th e fra i l p a lm l e a f a nd i ts fl o o r the ca n e
-
,

I ts b eams an d posts o f the un he w n wood ;

L i ttl e th e re i s o f va lu e i n thi s hut so pla in ,

An d b etter by fa r i n the l ap o f the m oun t to h ave la in ,

B y the son g a n d the mu rm u r o f the h i gh se a s fl ood ’

.

A pu rl in g b rook from th e woodlan d gla de

D rops down o e r the ston es an d a roun d i t sweeps
’
,
’
When ce a fresh stream i s drawn by the rou gh ca n e s a i d ;
Tha t i n the sti ll n i ght i ts murmu r h as m a de
'

An d in the day s h ea t a crysta l foun ta in lea ps

’
.

Wh en the sky i s se ren e h o w gently i t fl ows ,

An d i ts z i the r uns een cea selessly plays ;

B ut wh en th e ra in s fa l l a to r rent it go es
B oi l in g an d foam in g through the rocky close ,

Ro a rin g u n ch eck d to the sea s wi de ways

’ ’
.

The howl o f the do g an d the son g o f the b i rd ,

An d on ly th e k al ao s h oa rse ca ll resound ;
’

N or i s th e voi ce o f va i n m a n to b e he a rd ,

My m in d to h a ra ss or my steps to b egi rd ;
Th e wo o dl a nds a l on e a n d th e se a w ra p m e roun d .

The se a ah th e sea ! fo r m e i t i s a ll
, , ,

As i t m a ssively s w eep s from the worlds a pa rt ;

I ts sm i l e in the m o m to my soul i s a call ,

An d wh en i n th e even my fa i th seem s to p a ll ,

I t brea thes w i th i ts sa dn ess a n echo to m y h ea rt .

2 08 LIFE AND LA B O R S OF JOS E R IZAL

’
I l i ve in the thou ght o f the lo y d one s le ft ,

An d o ft thei r n am es to my m in d a re b orn e ;
Som e h ave fo rsaken m e an d som e by dea th a re re ft
B ut n ow ti s a ll o ne a s th rough th e p a st I d ri ft
’
, ,

Th a t p a st wh i ch from m e ca n never b e torn .

Fo r i t i s the fri en d tha t i s w i th m e a lways

T ha t ever in sorrow keeps the fa i th i n my soul ;
Wh i l e throu gh th e sti ll n i ght i t wa tches a n d p rays ,

As he re i n my exi le i n m y lon e bu t i t stays ,

’
To stren gthen m y fa ith when doubts o er m e roll .

Tha t fa i th I keep an d I hope to see sh in e

Th e day wh en th e I dea p reva i ls ove r m i gh t ;
When a fte r th e fray an d de ath s slow decl ine ’

Some other voi ce soun ds fa r ha pp i e r than m in e

,

To ra ise the gl a d son g o f the t r iump h o f ri ght .

I see the sky gl ow r e fulgent an d clea r

, ,

A S when i t force d on m e my fi rst dea r i llusi on ;

I feel th e s a m e wi n d ki s s m y fo r eh e a d s e r e ,

An d th e fi re i s the sam e th a t i s bu rn in g he re
’
To sti r u p youth s b loo d i n bo i l in g con fusi on .

I b rea th e here th e win ds tha t perchan ce h ave p ass d ’

O er th e fi elds an d the r ive rs o f m y own n a ta l shore

’

An d m ayha p they wi ll b ri n g on th e retu rn in g bla st

’
The s i ghs tha t l o v d b ein g u pon them h a s ca st
M essa ges sweet from the love I fi rst b ore .

’
To see th e sam e m oon a ll si l v er d a s o f yore
, ,

I feel th e s a d th ou ghts wi th i n m e a r i s e
_

The fon d recollecti ons o f the troth we swore

/

O f th e fi e ld an d th e b ow e r a n d the wi de se a shore
“

Th e b lushe s o f j oy with th e si l en ce a n d s i gh s
, .
 "
3

THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

A bu t t er ff y se ekin g th e fl owe rs an d the l i gh t

O f oth er l an ds dre am in g o f va ster exten t ;
,

Sca rce a youth from hom e a n d l ove I took fl i ght

, ,

To wa n d er un h e e di n g fre e from doub t o r a ff ri ght

,

So in fore i gn l an ds we re my b ri ghtest days spen t .

An d wh en l ike a lan gui sh in g b i r d I w a s fa i n

To the h om e o f m y fathers a n d m y l ove to retu rn
O f a su dden th e fi erce tem p est r o a r d a m a i n ; ’

So I sa w m y w i n gs sh at t er d an d n o h om e rem a i n
’

M y tru st s ol d to othe rs a n d wrecks roun d m e bu rn .

’
H ur l d ou t i nto exi l e from th e l an d I a dore ,

My futu re a ll da rk a n d n o re fu ge to s e ek '

My rose a te dream s hove r roun d m e on ce m o re

Sol e tre a su re s o f a ll th a t l i fe to me b ore ;
Th e fa i ths o f youth tha t w ith s in ce r ity sp eak .

B ut n o t a s o f o ld fu ll o f l i fe a n d o f grace
, ,

Do you hol d ou t hop es o f un dy in g r ewa r d

Sa dde r I fin d y ou ; on you r l o v d fa ce ’
,

T hou gh sti ll s in cere th e p a l e l in es t race

,

Th e m a rks o f th e fa ith i t i s y ou rs t o gu a r d .

You o ffe r n ow dre ams m y gloom to a pp e a s e

, , ,

A n d th e ye a rs o f m y youth a ga in to di scl ose ;

So I th a nk you O storm an d h e aven b orn b ree z e
, ,
-

Th a t you kn ew o f th e h ou r m y w i l d fl i ght to ea se
To ca s t m e b a ck down to the so i l wh en c e I ros e .

B y th e sp re a din g b e a ch wher e the san ds a re s o ft a n d fi n e

At th e fo o t o f th e m oun t i n i ts m a ntl e o f green ;
’
I h a ve foun d a h om e i n th e pl ea san t grove s con fin e
In th e s h a dy wo ods th a t pe a ce an d ca lm n ess d ivin e
,

Rest fo r th e we a ry b ra in a n d s i len ce to m y sorrow keen .

 "
A

THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

p ol i ti ca l d ays ove r they a gre e d to b ecom e husba n d a n d

,

w i fe .

T h e pr i es t w a s a ske d to pe r fo rm th e ce rem ony but ,

s a i d th e B i sh op o f C eb u m ust give h i s co n s ent an d Off ere d ,

to write hi m Rizal at
.

fi rst f e a r e d th a t s o m e
p o l i t i c a l r et r a ct i o n
w o ul d b e a sked b ut ,

wh en a ss u r e d t h a t o n ly
h i s rel i gi ou s b el i e fs
wou l d b e i nv e sti ga t e d ,

p romp tl y subm itt e d a

st a tem ent wh i ch F a th e r
O ba ch s a ys cove r e d
a b o ut th e s a m e gr ou n d
a s th e e a r l i est pub
l i sh e d o f th e r e t r a c
t i o n s s a i d t o h a v e b ee n
m a de o n th e eve o f
R i z a l s de a th
’
.

Th i s do cum ent , i n
cl o s e d wi th th e p ri e st s ’

l ett e r wa s re a dy fo r
,

th e m a i l wh en R i z a l C vi g f J fi B c k
ar n o o se na ra en .

c a m e h u rryi ng i n t o r e
cl a i m i t . The m a rr i a ge wa s o ff for M r Tau f e r h a d
,
.

t aken h i s fa m i ly a n d gon e to M an i l a .

Th e exp la n a ti on o f th i s su dden dep a rtur e w as tha t ,

a fte r th e bl i n d m a n h a d b een told o f the im possi b i l i ty o f

a nyth i n g b e in g don e fo r h i s eyes h e w a s in fo rm e d o f the
,

p rop ose d m a rr i a ge Th e tr ip h a d a l re a dy cost h im on e

- .

d au ghter h e ha d foun d th a t h i s bl i n dn e ss wa s i n curab le

, ,

a n d n ow h i s on ly rem a in in g dau ghte r wh o h a d fo r sev ,

en t e en ye a rs b een l ike h i s own ch i ld wa s p la nn in g to le ave

,

h i m H e wo ul d h a v e t o retu rn t o H o n gko n g h op el e s s
.

[IE
2 16 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

in Ta l i say Fa the r O bach sought to p rej ud ice p u b l i c fe el

.

”
i ng i n th e t own a ga i n st th e exi l e fo r th e sca n d al th ou gh “
1

othe r scan da lous ha ppen i n gs w ith less rea son were go ing
”
on unrebuked Th e p a ges o f Dap i tan wh i ch som e
. ,

have con s i dere d to b e th e fi rst ch apter o f a n unfin i she d

’
n ovel m ay rea son ably b e con si dere d n o m ore tha n R i z a l s
,

rej oin de r to Fa the r O ba ch w ri tten i n sa rcastic ve in a n d

,

prim a ri ly fo r Ca rn i cero s amu sem en t un l ess som e da te o f

’
,

w ri tin g e a rl ie r than th i s shoul d here a fter b e foun d f o r

them .

Josefin a wa s b ri ght vi vaci ous an d a welcom e a ddi tion

, ,

t o th e l i ttl e col o ny a t T a l i s a y but a t t im es R i z a l h a d

,

m i sgivin gs a s to how i t cam e tha t thi s forei gn e r shoul d

b e pe rm itt e d by a su spi c i ou s a n d ab s o lute gove rnm ent t o
j oi n hi m when Fi l i p in os ove r w hom the authori ti es cou ld
, ,

have exerci se d complete control w ere kept away Jose ,

.

fin a s frequ ent v i s its t o the convent o o nce b rought th i s

’

susp i ci on to a n open decl a ra t ion o f h is m i sgi vin gs by

R i z a l but two days o f w eepin g up on he r p a rt cause d h im
,

to avo i d th e su bj ec t t h er e a f t e r C ou ld the exi l e have seen

'

the confi denti a l co rresponden ce i n the secret a rch ives the

plan woul d h ave b een p la in to h im fo r there i t i s sug ,

ge ste d tha t h i s i mpressi on abl e cha ra cte r coul d b est b e

rea che d throu gh the su ff eri ngs o f h is fam i ly a n d tha t on ly ,

h i s m oth er an d si sters S houl d b e a llowe d to V i s i t him .

Steps in thi s pl ot w ere th e gra dua l pa rdon in g an d return

in g o f th e m embers o f h i s fam i ly to th e i r hom es .

Josefin a must rem a i n a myste ry to u s a s sh e wa s to

Rizal Wh i le sh e w a s i n a del i ca te con dit i o n R i z a l
.

playe d a p rank on he r h arm l ess i n i tsel f wh ich sta rtle d

, ,

her so tha t she spran g for w a rd an d struck a ga i n st a n i ron

stan d Th ough i t wa s pu r e a cci dent an d R i z a l w a s
.

sca rcel y a t fau lt h e b lam e d him sel f fo r i t a n d h i s la ter

, ,

devotion seems l a rgely to have b e en try in g to m ake

am en ds .
 THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

Th e b u ri a l o f t h e s o n o f R i z a l s om eti m e s r e fe r r e d
,

t o a s occu r r in g a t D a p i tan h a s fo r i ts foun da ti on the con

,

s e qu e nce s o f t h i s a cci dent A sk etch h a st i ly p en ci l e d i n

.

on e o f h i s m e di ca l b o oks dep icts a n unu su a l con d i ti on

a pp a ren t i n the i n fan t wh i ch h a d i t r egu l a rly m a de i ts
,

a pp e a ra n ce i n the wo rl d som e m on th s l a te r wou l d h a v e ,

b een ch er i sh e d by b ot h p a ren ts ; th i s loss w a s a grea t a n d

comm on gri e f w h i ch ba n ishe d therea ft e r a ll d istru st up on
h i s p a r t a n d a l l o cca si on fo r i t up on h e rs .

R i z a l s m oth e r an d s evera l o f h i s s i sters the l a tter

’
,

chan gin g from t i m e to t im e ha d b e en p resen t du rin g th i s

,

cr i t i ca l p e r i od An oth er Op era tion h a d b een p e r form e d

.

’
u pon M rs R i z a l s eyes but sh e w as resti ve an d di sr e
.
,

ga rde d the o rd in a ry pr eca ut i on s a n d th e son w a s i n de

,

sp a i r A l ette r to h i s b rothe r —i n l aw M anu el H i da l go

.
-
, ,

w h o wa s i ncl in e d to w a rd m ed i ca l stu di es s ays I n ow , ,

re a l i z e th e re a son why phys i ci a n s a re di rected n ot to p r ac

’
ti ce i n the i r own fa m i l i es .

A story o f h i s m other a n d R i z a l n ecessa ry to unde r ,

sta n d h i s pecu l i a r a tti tu de to w a r d h er m ay serve a s the ,

tra n s i t i on f rom th e h ero s sa d (la ter ) m a rr i e d experi en ce

’

to th e re a l rom a n ce o f h i s l i fe M rs R i z a l s ta len ts com

. .
’

’
m an de d h er son s a dm i ra ti on a s h er ca r e fo r h i m de
,

m an de d h i s gra t i tu de bu t desp i te th e com m on op i n i on

, , ,

h e n eve r h a d tha t sen se o f com p an i on sh i p w i t h he r tha t

.

h e enj oye d w i th h i s fa th er M rs R i z a l w a s a stri ct d i s

. .

ci p l i n ar i a n a n d a w om a n o f un excep ti on ab le cha ra cte r ,

bu t sh e a rroga te d to h erse l f a n i n fa ll i b i l i ty w h i ch a t ti m es
w a s t ryin g t o th o s e a b out h e r a n d sh e fo ret ol d b i tte r
,

f at e s fo r th o s e wh o d a r e d d i sp ut e h e r
'

Ju st b e fo re Jo s é went a b ro a d t o s t u dy wh i l e en ga ge d ,

t o h i s cou s in L eon o ra R ive ra M rs R ive r a a n d h e r

, , .

dau ghte r v i s i te d th ei r re l a tives i n Ka la mb a N a tu ra lly .

t h e youn g m a n wi sh e d t h e gu e st s t o h ave th e b e st Of
.

everyth in g ; on e d ay when th ey vi si te d a b a thi n g pl a ce

—
tl '

LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

’
n e a r by h e used the fam i ly s n ewest ca rr i a ge Though .

th i s h a d n ot been fo rbi dden h i s m other spoke ra ther

sh a rply ab out i t ; Jo s é ventu re d t o rem in d h e r th a t gu est s
w ere p resen t an d tha t i t woul d b e bette r to d iscuss the
m a tter i n p riva te An gry b eca use one o f her ch i ldren
.

ven ture d to di spute her she repli e d : You a re an u n du t i

,

fu l son Y ou w i ll n eve r a ccompl i sh anythin g w hi ch you

.

”
un dertake Al l you r pl ans w ill result i n fa i lu re
“

. These .

w ords cou l d n ot b e forgotten a s su cceedin g even ts seem ed

,

to m ake th ei r p roph ecy com e

t ru e a nd th e re i s p a th o s i n on e
,

o f R i z a l s l ette rs i n wh i ch h e
’

r em i nd s h i s moth e r th a t she h a d
fo r eto l d h i s fa te .

H i s th ou ghts o f a n e a rly m a r
r i a g e we r e o ve rrule d b eca u s e h i s

unm a r ri e d si ste rs di d n ot des i re

to h ave a s i st e r i n l aw i n the i r - -

hom e wh o woul d a dd t o th e
h ou sehol d ca re s but wa s n ot
P ci l k t c h f L
en s e o
t ra i ne d to
eo n o r a
b e a r he r s h a re o f
by R i z l athem a n d even Pa ci a n o who
.
, ,

w a s i n h i s fa vo r th ou ght th a t ,

h i s younge r b rothe r woul d m a r h i s ca ree r by m a r ryin g

ea rly .

So w i th ferven t p rom i s es a n d h i gh hop es R i za l h a d

, ,

sa i l e d a w ay to m ake the fortun e whi ch shoul d a l low h im

to m a rry h i s cou sin L eon ora She w as con sta ntly i n h i s
.

thou ghts an d h i s lon g letters w ere ma i l ed w ith regula r

frequen cy du rin g a ll h i s fir st yea rs i n E u rop e ; but on ly a
few o f the ea rl i est eve r re ached her a n d a s f ew repli es ,

ca m e into h i s h ands thou gh she w a s equ a lly fa ith ful a s a

,

co rrespon den t .

L eon ora s m oth er ha d b een tol d th a t it w a s for the

’

’
good o f her daughter s soul an d in th e interest o f her
 THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

l on ge r ex i l e wh en m o st i n sult i n gl y th e G o ve rn o r G en e ra l
, ,
-

re fuse d t he p e rm iss i on w h i c h R i z a l ha d h a d rea son to

rely u p on h i s gra nt in g Th e exi le wa s rem in de d o f h i s
.

dep o rta ti on an d ta un te d w it h tryi n g to m ake h im sel f a

k in g Th ou gh h e di d n ot kn ow i t th i s w a s pa rt o f the
.
,

pl a n wh ic h wa s t o b r e ak h i s sp i ri t so th a t when h e w a s
,

tou ch e d w i th th e su ffe ri n gs o f h i s fam i ly e woul d y i el d

to the i n fl u en ces o f h i s you th a n d m a k e com pl ete pol i tica l
ret ra ct i on ; thu s wo ul d b e r e
m ov e d th e m o st re a so n a b le a n d
,

th ere fo re th e m o st fo rm i d ab l e ,

op po n en t o f t h e u nn a tu ra l co n
d i r i o n s th e n ex i sti n g i n th e
Ph i l i p p i n e s a n d o f th e s el fi s h i n
t e r es t s wh i ch we re p ro fi ti n g b y

th em . B ut th e p lotte rs fa i le d
i n th e i r p l a n ; th ey h a d m i s
t a k e n t h ei r m a n .

D u ri n g a l l th i s t i m e R i z a l
h a d rep e a t e d ch a n ce s t o e sca p e ,

a n d p e rs o n s h i g h i n a uth o r i ty
s eem t O h ave u rge d fl l g h t up o n L t t t h i p h w Nl i i
e er o s ne e aur c o

him R u n n i n g a w a y h oweve r
C uz w tt
i f
r m D p t
-
r en ro a i an

by R z l
.
’
i a .

s e em e d to h i m a con fe s s i o n o f
gu i l t ; th e o p p o rtun i t i e s o f d o in g s o a lwa ys u n settled h im ,

fo r e a ch t i m e th e b a ttl e o f s el f sa cr i fice h a d t o b e fou ght

-

o ve r a ga i n ; but h e r em a i n e d fi rm i n h i s pu rp o s e To .

m e et de a th b r a vel y i s o n e th i n g ; t o s e ek i t i s a n oth e r a n d
h a r de r th i n g ; b ut t o re fu s e l i fe a nd ch o o s e d ea th ove r
a n d o ve r a ga i n du r i n g m a ny ye a rs i s th e r a rest ki n d o f
h e ro i s m .

R i z a l u se d to m a k e l on g tr i ps som eti m es cru is in g fo r

,

a w e ek i n h i s explo r a ti on s o f th e M i n da n a o coa st a n d ,

som e o f h i s fri en d s p rop o se d to ch a rte r a stea m e r i n

Si n ga p ore a n d p a ss in g n ea r D a p i ta n p i ck h im u p on on e
, ,
 LIFE A ND LABO R S OF JOSE R IZAL

wh i ch R i z a l b el i eve d were pla ced in i ts way throu gh som e

o f h i s o w n coun trym en i n the Pen in su la who fea re d h is
in fl u ence u pon the r evenu e w ith wh ich p ol iti cs wa s fu r
n i s h i n g them .

Anoth er prop osa l w a s to appo in t R i z a l di str i ct h eal th

o ffi cer for D a p i tan but th i s wa s m erely a cove rt govern
,

m en t b ribe Wh il e the exi l e exp resse d h i s wi ll i n gn ess to

.

“
a ccept th e po si ti on h e di d n ot m ake the une qu ivoca lly
,

Sp a n i sh ”
p ro fessi ons tha t were n eed e d to secu r e th i s
a ppoin tm en t .

Y et th e gove rnment coul d h a v e b een s a t i s fi e d o f R i z a l s ’

’
inn ocence o f any trea son abl e d esi gns a ga i nst Sp a in s
sovere i gnty i n th e I sl an ds ha d i t kn own how th e exi l e
ha d decl in e d an Oppo rtun i ty to hea d the m ovemen t wh i ch
ha d b een in iti ate d on the eve o f h i s depo rtat ion H is .

n am e h a d b een us ed to gather the m embe rs together an d

h i s p ortra i t hun g i n ea ch Ka ti pun a n l odge h a ll but a ll ,

thi s w a s w i thout R i z a l s consen t o r even h i s kn owledge

’
(
.

The memb ers who ha d b een payi n g fa ith fu l ly for fou r

,

yea rs fe lt tha t i t wa s tim e tha t som ethin g bes i des collect

,

in g m on ey wa s don e Th e i r restiven ess an d susp i cion s

.

le d And rés B o n i fa ci o i ts h e a d to reso rt t o R i z al fe el ing

, , ,

tha t a w ord from t h e exi le who h a d rel i gi ously h el d a loo f

,

from a ll p ol i tics s ince h i s depo rta t ion woul d give th e ,

Ka ti puna n lea ders m o re tim e to m a tu re the i r pl an s So .

he sent a m essen ge r to Dap itan Pi o Va len zu el a a doc , ,

tor w h o to conce a l h i s m i ssi on to ok wi th h im a bl in d

,

m an Thus th e doctor a n d hi s pa ti en t a pp ea re d a s on a
.

pro fession a l v is i t to the exile d ocul i st B ut th ough th e .

i nt ervi ew w a s su cce ss fully s ecu re d i n th i s wa y i t s r e sults ,

we re fa r from sa ti s factory .

Fa r f rom feel i n g gra te ful fo r th e cons i de ra t i o n fo r

th e p o s sibl e co nse qu ences t o hi m wh i ch Va l enz u el a p re
t en de d h a d p rompte d th e vi s it R i z a l i n di gna ntly i n ,

s i st ed th a t th e count ry cam e fi rst H e c it e d th e Sp a n i sh

.
 THE DEPO R TATI ON TO DAPITAN

r epub l i cs o f South Am e r i ca w i th the i r a ltern a ti n g revo ,

lu tion s an d desp oti sm s a s a wa rn in g a ga in st emb a rkin g

,

o n a ch an ge o f gove rnm en t fo r wh i ch th e peopl e were

n ot p re pa r ed E du ca t i on h e decla red w a s fi rst n eces
.
, ,

sa ry an d i n h i s Op in i on gen e ra l en li ghtenm en t wa s th e
,

on ly r o a d to p ro g r ess Va len zu ela cu t short h i s tri p gla d

.
,

to esca p e wi thout a nyon e re a l i z in g t h a t R i z a l an d he h a d

qu a rr ele d .

B on i fa ci o ca ll e d R i z a l a cowa r d when h e h e a rd h i s
’
em i ss a ry s rep ort a n d enj o i n e d Va len zu ela to sa y n oth in g
,

o f h i s tri p B ut the truth le a ke d ou t an d the r e wa s a

.
,

fa ll in g awa y i n Ka ti pun a n m emb e rsh i p .

Docto r R i z a l s o wn sta tem en t respe ctin g th e r eb ell i on

’

’
a n d Va l en zue l a s v i s it m a y fit l y b e qu ot e d h e r e
I ha d n o n otice a t a ll o f wh a t wa s b e in g pl ann e d
un ti l th e fi rst o r secon d o f Ju ly i n 1 89 6 when Pi o Va l en , ,

zu e l a cam e to se e m e -
sayin g th a t a n u pr is in g wa s be in g
,

a rra n ge d I to l d h i m tha t i t w a s a bsu rd etc etc a n d

.
,
.
,
.
,

he an swe re d m e tha t they coul d b e a r no m ore I a dvi se d .

'

h im th a t th ey sh oul d h ave p a ti en ce etc etc H e a dd e d ,

.
,
.

then th a t h e h a d b e en s en t b ecau s e th ey h a d com p a ss i on

o n m y l i fe a n d th a t p rob ably i t woul d co mp rom i s e m e .

I r ep l i ed th a t th ey s hou l d h ave p a ti en ce a n d tha t i f any

th in g h a pp en e d t o m e I wou l d th en p rove my inn ocence .

‘ ’
‘
B es i d e s s a i d I
’

,
do n t co n s i de r m e b ut ou r cou nt ry
, , ,

wh i ch i s th e on e th a t wi l l su ffe r I wen t on to show .

’

h ow a b su r d wa s the m ovem en t — Th i s la t e r Pi o Va len .

, ,

zu el a t e st i fie d — H e di d n ot tel l m e th a t my n a m e wa s

b e in g u s e d n e i th er d i d he su ggest tha t I wa s i ts ch i e f
, ,

o r a nyth in g o f th a t sort .

“
Th o s e wh o te st i fy th a t I a m th e ch i e f (wh i ch I do
n ot kn o w n o r do I kn ow o f h av i n g eve r trea te d w i th
,

them ) wh a t p roo fs do they p resen t o f my h av in g ac

,

c ep t e d th i s ch i e fsh i p o r th a t I w a s i n rela ti ons wi th th em

o r w ith the i r soci ety ? E i th er they h av e m a de use o f my

 LIFE AND LABOR S OF JOS E R IZAL

n am e fo r the i r own purposes or they h ave b een dece ived

by othe rs w h o h av e Wh ere i s th e ch i e f who di cta tes no
~

o rde r a n d m ake s n o a r ra n gem ent wh o i s n ot co n sulte d

'

i n a nythin g ab out so importan t a n enterp ri se u nti l th e

l a st m om en t an d then when h e deci d es a ga in st i t i s di s
,

ob eyed ? S in ce the seventh o f July o f 1 89 2 I h ave en

t i r e l y cea se d p ol iti ca l a ctivi ty I t seem s som e h ave w ished
.

to ava i l them selves o f my n am e for the i r own en ds .

Th i s wa s R i z a l s s econ d tem ptati on to en g age in p oli

’

ti cs the fi rst havi n g b een a tra p l a i d by hi s en em i es A

,
.

m an ha d com e to see R i z a l i n h i s ea rl i e r days i n D a p itan ,

cla im in g to be a re la ti ve an d seekin g letters to p ro m i n en t

Fi l ip in os Th e dece i t wa s to o pla in an d R i z a l denounced
.

the envoy to th e comm an dant whose i nvesti ga ti ons spe ed

,

i ly di sclose d the s ou rce o f the plot Fu rthe r p rosecut ion

.
,

o f course cea se d a t on ce
, .

Th e vi s i t o f s om e i m a ge ven do rs f ro m L a gun a wh o
n ever be fo re h a d vi si ted tha t regi on a n d w h o seemed ,

more in ten t on escap in g n oti ce th an i nte reste d i n bus in ess ,

a ppea red susp i ci ou s but up o n rep o rt o f th e Jesu its th e

,

m atter wa s inve sti gate d a n d n othin g re a lly susp i cious wa s

foun d .

R i za l s cha rm o f m ann er a n d a ttra ct i on fo r eve ry on e

’

h e m et i s b est shown by h i s r ela ti on s w ith the su ccess i ve

comm an dan ts a t Da pi tan al l o f w h o m ex ce p t C a rn i cero
, ,
’

we re n atu ra lly p redi sp o s ed a ga i n st h im but eve ry one be ,

cam e h i s fri en d an d champ i on O n e even a ske d rel ie f

.

on th e groun d o f th i s growi n g favorab le im p ressi on u pon

h i s pa rt towa rd h i s p ri son e r .

At t im es th e re we re rum o rs o f Ri zal s sp ee dy p a rdo n ’

,

an d he woul d think o f goin g regu la rly in to sci enti fi c work ,

coll ectin g for those E uropean museum s wh i ch h a d m a de

h im p rop osa ls tha t a ssured amp le l ivel i hoo d a n d con gen i a l
work .

Then Doctor B lum en tritt wrote to h im o f the ra va ges

 LIFE A ND LA B OR S OF JOS E R IZAL

O ften th e sorrowful pi l gr im i S en v i ed
'

C i rcl in g th e glob e l ike a se a gull above

- :

L i ttle a h l i ttle they kn ow w ha t a vo i d

, ,

Sa dd en s h i s sou l by the ab sen ce o f love .

Hom e m ay the pi l grim r etu rn in the futu re

B a ck to h i s loved on es h i s footsteps h e b ends :

N a ught will h e fin d but th e snow a n d th e ru i ns ,

Ashes o f l ov e an d the tomb o f h i s f r i en ds .

Pi lgrim beg o n e l N o r retu rn m o re h e re a ft e r

,

Stran ger thou a r t i n the la n d o f thy b i rth :

O thers m ay s in g o f the i r love w h il e rej o i cin g

Thou once a g a i n m ust roam o er the e a rth
’
.

Pi lgrim begon e ! N or retu rn m ore he rea fter

,

Dry a re th e tea rs tha t a wh ile for the e ran ;

Pilgrim beg o n e l An d fo rget thy a ffl i cti on
, ,

Loud la ughs w orld so rrows o

 CO N S U M M A T U M E s r '

O T I C E o f th e g ra nt i ng o f h i s r e que st cam e t o R i z a l
j u st wh en r ep e a t e d di s a pp o i ntm ents h a d cau s ed
h i m t o p rep a re fo r sta yin g i n D a p it a n I mm ed i a t ely he
.

d i sp o s e d o f h i s s al abl e p o ss es si o ns i n clu di n g a J a p a n ese

,

t e a s et a n d l a rge m i r r o r n ow a m on g th e R i z a l r el i cs p re
s e rve d by th e gove rnm ent a n d a p i ece o f outlyi n g l a n d
, ,

th e d ee d fo r w h i ch i s a l s o a m on g th e R i za l a n a I n th e
Ph i l i pp i n e s l i b r a ry S om e h a l f fin i sh ed b usts w e re th rown
.
-

i nto th e p o o l b eh i n d th e d a m .D es pi t e th e sh o rt n ot i ce
a ll w a s r e ady fo r th e t ri p i n t i m e a n d a ttend ed by s om e
, ,
’
o f h i s s ch o o lb o ys a s wel l a s by Jo s efi n a a n d R i z a l s n i ece ,

th e d au ght e r o f h i s yo unge st s i ste r S ol e da d wh o m J o s e

, ,

fin a wi she d t o a do pt t h e p a rty s et ou t fo r lVI a n i l a

,
.

Th e j o u rn ey wa s n ot a n u nevent ful on e ; a t Dum a gu ete

R i za l w a s th e gu est o f a Sp a n i s h j u dge a t di nne r ; i n
C ebu h e op e ra t e d su cce s s fully u p on th e eyes o f a fo re i gn
m e rch a nt ; a n d i n I l o i l o th e l o c a l n ews p a p e r m a de m u ch o f
“

h i s p r es en ce .

Th e st e a m e r f ro m D a p i t a n re a ch e d M a n il a a l ittle t o o
l a te fo r th e m a i l b o a t fo r Sp a i n a n d R i z a l obta i ne d p e r
,
'

m i s s i o n t o a w a i t th e next s a i l i n g o n b o a rd th e c rui se r
C a s t i l l a i n th e b a y
,
. H e re h e wa s t re a ted l ike a gu est
a n d m o r e th a n o nce th e Sp a n i sh ca pt a i n i nvi te d m emb e rs
o f R i z a l s f a m i ly t o b e h i s gue sts a t di nn e r— Jo se fin a
’

wi th l i ttl e M a ri a L u i s a th e n i ece a n d th e sch o olboys f o r

, ,

wh om p o s it i on s h a d b een Obt a i n e d i n M a n i l a ,
.

Th e a ll ege d u p r i s i n g o f th e Ka ti pun a n o ccu r re d du r i n g

th i s ti m e . A To n d o cu ra te with a n eye t o p ro m o t i on
, ,

p ro fe s s e d t o h a ve d i s cove re d a gi ga nti c c on s p i r a cy I n .

ci t e d b y h i m t h e l ow e r cl a s s o f Sp a n i a rd s i n M a n i l a m a de
,

dem o n st r a t i o n s a ga i n st B l a n co a n d t ri e d t o fo rce th a t
 2 30 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

o r di n a r i l y s en si bl e a n d hum a ne executi ve i nto bl o o dth i rsty

m ea su r es wh i ch sh oul d t e rro ri z e th e Fi l i p i no s
,
B l a nco .

h a d kn own o f th e Ka ti pun a n but r e a l i z e d th a t s o l on g a s

i nte reste d p a rt i es w e re u si n g i t a s a s ou rce o f r evenue
“

i ts a ct ivit i e s woul d n ot go much beyon d s p eechm a ki ng .

Th e rabbl e wa s n ot s o fa r s ee i ng a n d f ro m h i gh a uth o r
-
,

i t i e s c a m e a dvi ce th a t th e count ry wa s i n a feve r a nd

coul d only b e s a ved by bl o o d l ett in g -
.

Wh ol es a l e a r rests fi ll e d eve ry p o s sibl e pl a ce fo r p ri s

on e rs i n M a n i l a The gu ilt o f on e su spect co ns i sted i n
.

h avi ng vi si te d th e Ame ri ca n con sul t o secu r e th e a d d res s

o f a N ew Y o rk m e di ca l j ou rn a l a n d o th e r ch a rge s we re
,

j u st a s fr ivol ou s The re wa s a rei gn o f t e r ro r i n L u z on

.

a nd t o s a ve th em s elves memb e rs o f th e Ka t ipun a n r e

, ,

s o rt e d t o th a t op en wa r fa r e wh i ch h a d B l a n co s p ru dent
,
’

coun sel s b e en rega rd ed woul d p rob a bly h a ve b een

,

a vo i de d .

Wh il e th e excitement w a s a t i ts h e i ght wi th a numbe r ,

o f executi o ns fa il i n g t o s a t i s fy th e bl o o d hunge r R i z a l -
,

s a il ed fo r S p a i n be a ri n g l ette rs o f r ecomm end a t i on from

,

B l a n co T he s e vouche d fo r h i s ex em pl a ry co nduct du r
.

i n g h i s exi l e a n d sta te d th a t h e h a d i n n o wa y be en i m
p l i ca te d i n th e con sp i r a ci e s th e n di stu rb i ng the I s l a nd s .

Th e Sp a n i s h m a i l b o a t u po n wh i ch R i z a l fi n al ly s a i l e d
h a d a m on g i ts p a ssenge rs a s i ck Jesui t t o wh o se ca r e ,

R i z a l devo te d h i m s el f a n d tho ugh m o st o f th e p a s sen ge rs

,

we r e o penly h o stil e t o o n e wh om th ey supp o s e d r e sp o n

s ibl e fo r th e ex i sti ng outb reak h i s p ro fes s i o n a l s k il l l ed
,

s eve r al t o a va i l th em selv es o f h i s s e rvi ce s Th es e w e r e .

given w i th a de fe r en ce t o th e sh i p s do ct o r wh i ch m a de ’

th a t o fli ci a l a n a dm i rer a n d ch a m p i on o f h i s coll e a gue .

Th re e o nl y o f th e p a s sen ge rs h oweve r we r e re a l ly
, ,

fri endly— on e Ju a n U to r y Fe rn a n dez a p rom i n ent ,

M a s on a n d repub l i ca n a n oth e r ex o ffi ci a l i n th e Ph i l i p

,
-

fil
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

o ne r wa s t ra n s fe rre d t o M ontj u i ch C a stl e a po l iti c al

'

p ri so n a s so ci a t e d wi th m a ny cruelti es th e re t o a wa i t the ,

sa i l i ng tha t ve ry da y o f th e Ph i l ippi n e m a i l b o a t Th e .

C a pt a i n -G ene ra l wa s th e s am e D esp u j o l wh o h a d d ecoye d

R i z a l i nt o t he p o w e r o f th e Sp a n i a rds fou r ye a rs be fo r e .

’
A n i nte rest in g i nte rvi ew o f s om e ho u rs du ra ti o n too k
pl a ce b etween th e gove rno r a n d th e p ri s one r i n wh ich ,

th e cl ea r con sci ence o f th e l a tte r s eem s to h ave st i r re d

s om e sen s e o f sh am e i n th e m a n who h a d s o di sh o no r ably
decei ve d h im .

H e neve r h ea rd o f th e eff o rt o f L ond o n f ri ends t o d e

l ive r h im a t Si nga p o re b y m ea n s o f h ab ea s co rpu s p ro -

ce e di n g s M r Re gi do r fu rn i sh e d th e l ega l i nsp i ra ti o n
‘

. .

a nd M r Ba u st ea d th e fun ds fo r gett ing a n op i n i o n a s to

.

R i z a l s sta tus a s a p ri s on e r wh en i n B ri ti s h wa te rs f rom

’

S i r E d w a rd Cl a rke ex sol ici to r gene ra l o f G r e a t Br i t a 1n

,
- -
.

C a pta i n C amus a Fi l ip in o l iving i n S i nga po r e wa s c able d

, ,

to m oney w a s m a d e a va i l ab le i n th e C h a rte re d B a nk o f
,
’
Si nga po r e a s M r Bau st ea d s fa the r s fi rm wa s i n bu s i
, .
’

n es s i n th a t ci ty a n d a l a w ye r n ow S i r Hugh Fo rt K C
, , , . .
,

o f L on do n wa s r eta i ned S ecr etly i n o rde r th a t th e a t

, .
,

tempt i f u nsucces s f u l m i gh t n ot j eop a rdi z e the p r i son e r

, , ,

a peti t i o n wa s p res ented t o th e Su p rem e C ou rt o f th e

St ra i t s S ettlem ents reci t in g th e fa cts th a t D octo r Jo s é
R i z a l a cco rd ing t o th e Ph il i pp i n e p r a cti ce o f pu ni s h i ng
,

F reem a s o ns wi th out t ri a l w a s b e i ng d ep r ive d o f h i s l ib

,

er t
y wi th out wa r ra nt o f l a w up o n a sh i p th en w i thi n the
j u ri s di ct i o n o f th e cou rt .

Acco rdi n g t o S p a n i sh l a w R i z a l wa s b e i ng i llega lly h eld

o n th e S p a n i sh m a i l ste a m e r C o l o n fo r th e C o n st i t u ,

ti o n o f Sp a i n fo rb a de det ent i on except o n a j u dge s o rde r ’

,

but l ike m o st Sp a n i sh l a w s th e C on sti tuti o n wa s n o t m uch

resp ecte d by Sp a n i sh o ffi ci a l s R i z a l h a d neve r h a d a . .

h ea r ing b e fo re a ny j udge n o r h a d a ny ch a rge yet b een ,

pl a ce d a ga in st h im Th e wri t o f h ab e a s co rpu s wa s j us
.
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

ca nva s to p a n d col l a ps ibl e fra m e whi ch cl o se d up l en gth

w i s e H i s m e a ls w ere s ent i n by h i s fa m i ly b e i n g c a r ri e d
.
,

by on e o f h i s fo rm e r pupi l s a t D a pi t a n a n d su ch co okin g
,

o r h e a ti n g a s wa s ne ces s a ry wa s don e o n a n alcoh ol l a m p

wh ich h a d b een p res ente d to h i m i n Pa r i s by M rs Tave ra . .

A n unsuccess fu l eff o rt h a d b e en m a de e a rl i e r t o get

'

evi den ce a ga i n st R i z a l by t o rtu r i ng h i s b ro th e r Pa ci a n o .

Fo r h ou rs th e el der b rothe r h a d b een s e a t e d a t a t abl e i n

th e h ea dqu a rte rs o f th e p ol i ti ca l p o l i ce a t h u m bsc r ew o n
, .

one h a n d a n d p en i n th e oth e r wh i l e b e fo re h i m wa s a
,

con fe ss i on w h i ch woul d im pl i ca te Jo s é R i z a l i n the Ka ti

pun a n up ri si n g Th e p a p e r r em a i ne d uns i gn ed th ough
.
,

Pa ci a n o w a s hun g up b y the elbo w s ti l l h e wa s i n s en s ibl e ,

a n d th e n cut down th a t th e fa l l m i ght rev ive h i m Th r ee .

da ys o f th i s m a lt re atm ent m a d e h i m s o i l l th a t th e re wa s
n o po ss i b il ity o f h i s s i gn ing a nyth i n g a n d h e w a s c a rted
,

h om e .

I t woul d n o t b e st ri ctly a ccu r a te t o s a y th a t a t th e

clo s e o f th e n in eteenth centu ry th e Sp a n i a rds o f M a n i l a
w e re u s i n g th e s am e to rtu re s th a t h a d m a de th ei r n am e

a bh o r rent i n E u rope th ree centu r i es e a rl i e r fo r th e re wa s

,

s om e p rogress ; el ect ri ci ty w a s em p l o y e d a t ti m es a s a n
.

i mp rove d m eth o d o f ca u s in g a ngu i sh a n d th e thumb

,

sc rews w e re much m o re nea tly fi ni she d th a n th o se u sed by

th e Do n s o f th e D a rk A ge s .

Ri z a l di d n o t a pp rove o f th e r eb ell i o n a n d d e s i red

t o i s su e a m a n i fe sto t o th o s e o f h i s count rym en wh o h a d
be en dece i ved i nto b el i evi ng th a t h e wa s th ei r l e a d e r But .

th e p ro cl a m a t i o n wa s n ot p ol i ti c fo r i t co nt a i n ed n on e o f
,

th o s e ful s om el y fl a tte ri n g ph ra ses wh i ch p a s s e d fo r ‘

p a t ri oti sm i n th e feve ri sh d a ys o f 1 89 6 Th e a d d res s

.

w a s n o t al l o w e d to b e m a d e publ i c b ut i t wa s p a s s ed o n

to th e p ro s ecuto r to fo rm a n o th e r count i n th e i n d i ctm ent

o f Jo s é R i z a l fo r n ot est e em in g Sp a ni sh ci vi l i z a t i on
‘

1
 2 36 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZ AL

dem pt i on . I h ave written l ike w i s e (a nd I r ep ea t my .

wo rds ) th a t r e fo rm s to b e b ene fi ci a l must com e from

, ,

a bo v e th a t tho s e wh ich com e f rom b el ow a r e i r regul a rl y

,

ga i n ed a n d unce rta i n .

Hol di ng th e s e i de a s I ca nn ot do l ess th a n co n demn a n d

, ,

I do co n dem n thi s up ri s in g— a s a b su rd s ava ge a n d pl otted , ,

b eh i n d m y back— wh i ch d i sh on o rs u s Fi l ip i n o s a nd di scr ed
i ts th o se wh o coul d plea d ou r c a use I abh o r its c rim in al .

m eth o ds a n d di scl a i m a ll p a rt i n it p i tyi ng f ro m th e b ot ,

tom o f my h e a rt the unwa ry who h ave b e en dece ive d .

Retu rn th en t o you r h om e s a n d m a y G o d p a rdo n

, , ,

th o s e wh o h a ve wo rked i n b a d fa i th !
JOS E RIZ A L .

Fo rt S a nti a go Decemb e r 1 5 1 89 6
, , .

’
Fin a l ly a cou rt m a rti a l wa s co nven ed fo r Ri z a l s t ri al
-

i n th e Cu a rtel d e E sp a n a N o t ra i ne d cou nsel w a s a l

.

l owe d t o de fen d h i m but a l i st o f young a rmy o fli cer s wa s

,

p res ente d f rom wh i ch h e m i ght s el ect a nom i n a l de fen de r

Cu ar t e l de Es p c
a n a, s en e o f R i za l
’
s m ilit y t i l
ar r a .

Am on g the n a m es wa s on e wh i ch w a s fa m i li a r L u i s ,

Tav i el de An d ra d e a n d h e p rove d t o b e th e b roth e r o f

,
’
R i z al s comp a n i on du ri n g h i s vi s i t t o th e Phi l i pp in e s i n

E1
2 38 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JO S E R IZAL

Th e p ri s one r s a rms we r e t i e d co rded fro m elb ow t o

’
,
.

elb ow beh i n d h i s b a ck a n d thu s h e s a t th rough th e we a ry

,

t r i a l wh il e th e publ i c j ee r e d h i m a n d cl a m o re d fo r h i s
co ndemn a ti o n a s the bl o odth i rsty c rowds j ee red a n d
cl am o re d i n th e F re nch R e ign o f te r ro r .

Th en ca m e the v e r dict a n d the p r i so n e r wa s i nvit e d to

a ckn owl edge th e regul a ri ty o f th e p ro ceed i n gs i n th e
fa rci ca l t ri a l by s i gn i ng th e reco r d To th i s Ri z a l d e.

m u r r e d but a ft e r a va i n p rote st a ffi xe d h i s s i gn a tu re

, ,
.

H e w a s a t o nce t ra ns fe r re d t o the Fo rt ch a p el th e r e ,

to p a s s the l a st twenty fou r h ou rs o f h i s l i fe i n p rep a ri ng

-

fo r de a th The m il i t a ry ch a pl a i n off e re d h i s s e rvi ces

.
,

wh i ch we r e cou rteou sly d ecl ined b ut wh en the Jesu i ts ,

ca m e th o s e i nst ructo rs o f h i s youth we re e a ge rly wel

,

com e d .

R i z al s t ri a l h a d a wa k ene d gre a t i nte r est a n d a ccounts

’

o f eve ryth ing ab out the p r i s one r we re ca bl e d b y e a ge r

co rresp on dent s to th e M a dri d n ewsp a p e rs O ne o f th e .

n ewsp ap e r m en wh o vi s ite d R i z a l i n h i s c ell m ent i o ns the

cou rtesy o f hi s recepti on a n d rel a tes h ow the p ri son e r
,

pl a ye d th e h o st a nd i ns i st e d o n sh owin g h i s v i s ito r th o s e
a ttent i on s wh i ch Sp a n i sh p ol i ten e ss cons i de rs due t o a
guest s aying t ha t th es e mu st b e pe rm itted fo r h e wa s i n
, ,

h i s own h om e Th e i nte rvi ewe r foun d th e p ri s on e r p e r

.

f e ct l y ca lm a n d n a tu ra l se ri ous o f cou rs e but n ot a t a l l

, ,

ove r w helme d by the n e a r p ro sp ect o f de a th a n d i n di s

“

cu ssi ng h i s ca ree r R i z a l di spl aye d th a t di spa ss i o n a te a tt i

tude towa rd hi s own do i ngs th at wa s ch a ra ct e r i st i c o f h im .

A l mo st a s th ough spea king o f a st ra nge r h e m ent i o n e d

th a t i f A rchb i sh op N o z a l e da s s a ne V i ew h a d be en taken
’

a nd N ol i l\I e Ta nge re no t p re a che d a ga i nst h e woul d

/
,

n ot h a ve b een i n p ri s on a n d pe rh a p s th e r ebe l l i o n woul d

,

neve r h ave occu r red I t i s e a sy fo r u s t o reco gni z e th a t

.

th e a uth o r re fe rre d to the m i sco ncept i on o f h i s n ovel ,

’
wh i ch h a d a ri s en from th e pub l i ca t i o n o f th e cen s o r s
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL
’
H i s fa m il y w a i te d l on g outs i de th e G ove rn o r -G ene r al s
pl a ce t o a sk a p a rdo n but i n va i n ; G e ne ra l Pol av i ej a h a d
,

t o p ay the p ri ce o f h i s a pp o i ntm ent a n d r e fu sed to s e e

th em .

Th e m othe r a n d s i ste rs h oweve r were pe rm i tte d t o

, ,

s a y fa rewell t o R i z a l i n th e ch a pel u nd e r th e eyes o f th e ,

d e ath -wa tch Th e p r i son e r h a d .

b een given th e unusu a l p ri vi l ege

o f n ot b ei ng t i e d but h e wa s not ,

a l l owe d t o a pp ro a ch n e a r h i s
rel a tive s rea lly fo r fea r th a t h e ,

m i ght p a s s s om e wri ti n g to th em
— the p retext wa s m a de th a t
R i z a l m i g ht thu s obt a i n th e
m e a n s fo r comm i tt in g su i ci de .

To h i s s i ste r T ri n i da d R i z a l
spoke o f h a vi n g n oth ing t o give
h e r by wa y o f r em emb ra nce ex
cept th e a lcoh ol co oki ng l amp
wh i ch h e h a d b e en u s i ng a gi ft , ,

a s h e m ent i on ed f rom M rs Ta , .

ve ra Th en h e a dde d qu i ckly .
,
I ’ f th ” ” Wh i c h
gz l f w ll v w
n f or O e cc 1

I a
,
s are e
i n E ngl i sh s o th a t th e l i steni ng
e r ses er e
,

w it t
r en .
gu a rd woul d n ot u nde rst a nd ,
’
Th e r e i s so meth i ng i ns i de .

’
Th e oth e r events o f Ri z a l s l a st twenty fou r h ou rs fo r -
,

h e went i n t o th e ch a p el a t s even i n th e m o rn in g o f th e
da y p re ce di n g h i s ex ecuti on a re p e rpl exin g Wh a t pu r
, .

po rt e d to b e a det a il e d a ccount wa s p romptly publ i sh e d i n

B a rcel on a on Jesui t a uth o ri ty but on e mu st no t fo rget
, ,

th a t Sp a n i a rds a re n ot o f th e phlegm a t i c di sp o s it i o n wh i ch
m akes fo r a ccu ra cy i n m i nut e m atte rs a n d even when
w ri ti ng h i sto ry th ey a re d ra m a t i ca lly i ncl i ne d So wh i l e .

th e t ruth ful ness th at i s th e i ntent t o b e fa i r m a y n ot b e

, ,

qu esti on ed i t woul d n ot b e st ra nge i f th o se wh o w rot e o f

,
W
MMMWWWWWWWWWWWMWmWMMWWWWWWW“WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWmWWWWWWWWWWWWMmMWmWWWMWWWWWWWWMMWWMWWWMWWWW

CO N S U MMA TU M E ST

wh a t h a pp en e d i n th e ch a p el i n Fo rt S a nti a go du r in g
Ri za l s l a st h ou rs d i d n o t e sc a p e enti rel y fro m th e l n
’

fl u en ce o f th e n a t i on a l ch a r a ct e ri st i cs I n th e m a i n th e i r
.

n a r r a t i ve i s t o be a ccepte d but th e p o s s ib i l ity o f u n c o n

,

sc i o u s co l o ri n g sh oul d n o t b e di s r ega rded .

Y ME N O S P R E C I O D EL MU N D O

Ri za l
’
s we ddi n g gift to his w if
e .

I n sub st a n ce i t i s a ll ege d th a t R i z a l greete d h i s o l d i n

s t r u c t o r s a n d oth e r p a st a cqu a i nt a nce s i n a f ri endly w a
y .

H e a ske d fo r co p i e s o f the G o sp el s a n d th e wri t i ngs o f

Th om a s a Kem p i s de s i re d t o b e fo rm al ly m a r ri e d t o
- -
,

Jo s e fi n a a n d a ske d to b e al l owe d t o con fes s

, Th e Je su i ts .

re sp o n d ed th a t fi rst i t wo ul d b e n e ce s s a ry t o i nv e sti ga te

IWWMMWWWWMWWWWWWWWWMWWWWMWWWMMWWMWWWWMWWWWMMWWWWWMWWWWMWWWWMWWWWWWWWWMMWWMMWWWWWMWWWWMMM
W e
2 44 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

Th e fo rego i ng m i ght su ggest s om e di sbel ie f but i n ,

fa ct th ey a re onl y p ro o fs o f th e rem a rks a l re a dy m a de

a b out th e Sp a n i sh ca rel essn ess i n det a i l s a n d l i ki ng fo r
th e d r am a t ic .

Th e write r b eli eves R i z a l m a de a r et ra ct i on , wa s m a r

ri e d ca n on i ca lly an d w a s gi ven w h a t wa s i nt en de d to be
,

C h ri st i a n bu ri a l .

Th e groun ds f o r thi s b el i e f rest up o n th e fa ct th a t h e

s eem s n eve r t o h a ve be e n est r a nge d i n fa i th f rom th e R o
m a n C ath ol i c Chu rch but h e obj ected only to ce rta i n p ol it
,

i ca l a n d m e rcen a ry abu s e s Th e fi r st ret ra ct i on i s w rit

.

ten i n h i s styl e a nd it ce rt a i nly co nt a in s n oth i n g h e coul d

,

n ot h a ve S i gned i n Da p i ta n I n fa ct Fath e r Obach s ays

.
,

t h a t w h e n h e wa nted t o m a r ry Jo s efi n a o n h e r fi rst a r
_

r i va l th e r e R i z a l p repa red a p r a cti ca ll y s im i l a r st at ement

, .

Po s s ibly the r epo rt o f th a t p ri est a i de d i n o utl i ni n g th e

’
d ra ft wh i ch the Jesu i ts subst itut e d fo r th e A rchb i shop s
fo rm Th e re i s n o m ent i o n o f eva s i on s o r m ent a l res e r
.

va r i on s a n d R i z a l s renunci a t i o n o f M a s on ry m i ght h ave

,
’

b een qu a l i fi ed by th e qu ibbl e th a t i t wa s th e M a so n ry
wh i ch wa s a n enemy o f the Chu rch tha t h e w a s r en o u n c
i ng Th en s i n ce h i s a s s oci a ti on (n o t a ffi l i a ti o n ) h a d b een
.

w ith M a s on s n ot h o sti l e to rel i gi on h e wa s n ot ab a n ,

doni ng th ese .

Th e p o s si b i l i ty o f th i s l i n e o f th ought h a vi n g suggested
i tsel f to h im a pp e a rs i n h i s eva s i o n s o n th e wit n es s st an d -

a t h i s t ri al Th ou gh h e a nswe re d with ab s olute fr ank

.

n es s wh at eve r conce rn e d h im sel f a n d i n eve ryd ay l i fe wa s

a l m o st qu ixoti call y t ruth ful wh en cro s s ex a m i ne d ab out
,
-

oth e rs wh o w oul d b e j eo p a rdi z e d by a dm i tt i ng h i s ac

qu a i nta nce w i t h t h em h e u se d th e subt e r fu ge o f the sym
.
.
,

bo l i c n a m es o f h i s M a son i c a cqu a i nta nces Thu s h e .

woul d s a y ,I kno w n o on e by th a t n a m e S i n ce ca re w a s,
”

a lwa ys t ake n to em pl oy th e symb o l i c n a me s i n i n t r o du c

t i ons a nd conve rs a ti ons .
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

p o s si bl e expl a n a ti on i s th a t s i nce Freem a s on ry p ro fe s ses

,

n ot to di stu rb th e dut i es w h i ch i ts m emb e rs owe t o Go d ,

thei r count ry o r th e i r f a m i l i es h e m a y h a ve co ns i de re d
,

h im sel f a s a go o d M a s on u nde r obl i ga ti o n t o do wh a t

eve r wa s dem a nd ed by th e s e su pe ri o r i nte rests a ll th ree ,

O f wh i ch w e re a t th i s t im e i nvolved .

Th e a rgum e nt th at i t wa s h i s p ri d e th a t rest r a i n e d h im
suggest e d to R i z a l the po s s ibi li ty o f h i s b ei ng unco nsc i ou s
l y und e r a n i n flu ence wh i ch du ri ng h i s w h o l e l i fe h e h a d
b een comb a ti ng a n d h e m ay h ave con s i de re d th a t h i s
,

duty t o w a r d G o d r equ i red the s a cr ifi ce o f thi s p ri de .

Fo r h i s count ry h i s s a cr i fi ce woul d h ave b een b lem

i s h e d w e r e a ny rel igi ou s st i gm a to a tt a ch to i t H e h im .

sel f h a d a l w a ys b een ca r e ful o f h i s o w n go o d n a me a nd ,

a s w e h a ve s a i d els ewh e re he t ol d h i s com p a ni on s th at i n

,

th e i r cou nt ry s c a u se wh a t eve r th ey off e r ed o n th e a lta rs

’

o f p a t ri ot i sm mu st b e a s spo tle ss a s the s a c ri fi ci a l l a mb s

o f L evit i ca l l a w .

Fu rth e rm o re h i s wo rk fo r a t ra n qu i l futu re fo r h i s
,

fa m ily woul d b e u n ful fill ed we r e he to d i e outs i de th e

Chu rch Jo se fin a s a nom a l ous st a tu s j ust i fi abl e whe n a ll
.
’
,

th e fa cts w e re known woul d b e su re to b ri n g crit i ci sm

,

up on h e r un les s co r recte d b y th e b ett e r defi ne d p o s it i on

o f a w i fe by a chu rch ma r r i a ge Th en th e a ge d p a rents
.

a n d t he num e rou s ch i ld r en o f h i s s i ste rs woul d by h i s a ct

b e s a ve d t h e sca n da l th a t i n a count ry s o m e di aevally p i ous
a s th e Ph i l i pp i n e s w oul d com e f rom h av in g th ei r rel a t ive
d i e a n un r epenta nt h e ret i c
R i z a l h a d re cei ved from the Je su i ts wh il e i n p ri s on , ,

s eve r a l r el i gi ou s b o oks a nd p i ctu res w h i ch h e u sed a s r e

,

m e m br a n ce s fo r m emb e rs o f h i s fa m i ly w r it in g b rie f ,

de d i ca ti on s u po n th em Th en h e s a i d go o d by to Jo s efi na
.
-
,

a ski n g i n a l o w vo i ce s om e qu esti on to w h i ch sh e a ns w e red

“
i n E ngl i sh , Y es yes a n d a l ou d i nqu i ri ng h o w sh e
, ,
’

w oul d b e a ble t o ga i n a l ivi ng s i nce a ll h i s p rope rty h a d

,
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

so o n a s h e le a rn e d h ow s ca nti ly th e i nsu rgents we r e

a rm ed h a rdly a s co re o f se rvi ce abl e fi r e a rms bei n g i n
,

the p o ss e ss i on o f th e i r enti re a rmy .

Th e fi ri n g s qu a d wa s o f Fi l ip i n o s ol di e rs wh il e b eh i n d ,

them b ette r a rm ed we re Sp a n i a rds i n ca s e th es e t ri ed to

, ,
’
eva de th e fra t ri ci d a l p a rt a ss i gne d th em R i z a l s com .

p o su r e a rou se d th e cu ri o si ty o f a Sp a n i sh m i li ta ry su rge on
“
sta n di ng b y a n d h e a ske d C oll e a gu e m a y I feel you r
, ,

pul s e ? With out oth e r reply th e p ri s o n e r t w i st e d one

”

o f h i s h a n ds a s f a r f rom h i s b o dy a s the co rds wh i ch

b oun d h im a ll o w e d s o t h a t th e oth e r do cto r coul d p l a c e
,

h i s fi nge rs on the wr i st Th e b e a t s we re stea dy a nd .

sho w ed n ei t h e r excitem ent no r fe a r w a s th e rep o rt m a de ,

l at e r .

H i s request t o b e al lowe d to fa ce h i s executi on e rs

w a s den i e d a s b ei ng out o f th e p o w e r o f th e comm a ndi ng

o ffi ce r to gra nt though R i z a l d ecl a re d th a t h e d i d not

,

des e rve such a d e a th fo r h e wa s n o t ra i to r to Sp a i n I t

,
.

wa s p rom i s ed h o w eve r th a t h i s he a d sh oul d b e resp ected

, , ,

a nd a s unb l in dfolde d a n d e rect R i z a l tu rne d h i s b a ck

to recei ve the i r bull ets h e t w i ste d a h a n d t o i n di cate u nde r
,

th e sh ould e r wh e re th e s old i e rs sh oul d a im s o a s to re a ch

h i s he a rt Th en a s th e vol ley cam e w ith a l a st sup reme
.
,

effo rt o f will p owe r h e tu rn e d a n d f ell fa ce u pwa rds

, ,

”
thu s r ece ivi ng th e subs equent sh ots o f gra ce w h i c h
ended h i s l i fe s o th a t i n fo rm a s well a s f a ct h e di d n ot
,

di e a tra i to r s d e ath ’
.

The S p a n i sh n a ti on a l a i r w a s pl a yed th at m a rch o f ,

C a di z wh i ch sh oul d h ave reca ll ed a vi ol a ted co nsti tuti on ,

fo r by th e l aws o f Sp a i n i ts el f R i z a l wa s i ll ega lly exe

cu t e d .

V iva s l a u ghte r a n d a ppl a u se we re h e a rd fo r i t h a d

, ,

b een th e s o ci a l event o f th e d ay wi th b reak fa st ing p a rti e s ,

on th e wa lls a n d on th e ca rr i age s full o f i nte rest ed ,

m
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CON S U MMA TU M E S T

o nl o o k e rs o f b oth s ex e s l i n e d u p conven i ently n e a r fo r

,

th e s i ghts ee in g .

Th e t ro o p s defil e d p a st th e de a d b o dy a s t h ough r e ,

vi ewe d b y i t fo r th e m o st comm a n di ng fi gu re o f a ll wa s
,

th a t wh i ch l a y l i fele s s bu t th e cente r o f a l l eyes An

, .

o ffi ce r re a l i zi n g th e d ec ency due t o de a th d rew h i s h an d

, ,

k e rch i e f f ro m t h e d e a d m a n s p o cket a n d s p rea d th e s ilk ’

o ve r t h e ca lm f a ce A c ri m s o n sta i n s o o n m a rked
.

E x cu t i
e on of R iz l f
a ,
ro m a ph ot o g ph
ra .

wh i t en es s embl em a t i c o f th e p u re l i fe th a t h a d j ust en de d
a n d wi th th e gl o ri o u s blu e ov e rh e a d th e t r i col o r o f ,

L ibe rty wh i ch h a d j u st cl a i m e d a n othe r m a rtyr wa s r e

, ,

ve a l e d i n i t s r i ch est b e a uty .

S i r Hu gh C l i ff o r d (n ow G ove rn o r o f C eyl o n ) i n ,

Bl a c k w o o d s M a g a z i n e
’ “
Th e St o ry o f Jo s é R i z a l th e
, ,
”
F i li p i n o ; A Fr a gm ent o f R ecent A s i a t i c H i sto ry com _
,

m ents a s fol l ows o n th e d i s gra ce fu l d o i ng o f th a t d a y

It w as, he wr arl y mo r n i n g D ec em b er 3 0 1 89 6 an d
i tes
,
e , , ,

t h e b r i gh t s u n sh i n e o f t h e tr o p i c s st r e am e d do w n up o n t h e o p en

sp a c e c ast i n g h a r d f a n ta st i c sh a do w s an d dr en c h i n g w i t h i t s spl e n
, ,

do r t w o c r o w ds o f s i gh t seer s T h e o n e w as c o m p o sed o f F i l i p i n o s
.
,

c ow e d m el an c h o l y s u l l en g a z i n g t h r o u gh h o p e l ess ey es a t t h e fi nal
, , ,

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 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

c
s en e in t he i g r eat c o u n t r y m an— t h e m an w ho h a d
l i fe of the r

dar ed t o c ha m p i o n t h e i r c u se an d t o t el l t h e w o r l d t h e st o r y o f
a ,

t h e i r m i ser i es ; t h e o t h e w as b l i t h e o f a i r g a y w i t h t h e u n i f or m s o f
r ,

o ffic er s an d t h e b r i g h t d esses o f S p a n i sh l a di es t h e m en j e st i n g an d
r ,

l a u gh i n g t he w omen sh am l ssl y a ppl au di n g w i th w vi n g h an dker

, e e a

c h i e f s an d cl a pp i n g p a l ms l l a l i k e t r i u m p h i n g o p en l y i n t h e death
,
a

o f t h e h at e d I n di a t h b o t her o f t h e w a te r b u ff l o w h o se i n
n ,
’
e r -
a ,
’

s o l n ce h a d w o u n ded t h e i r p r i de
e .

fi
T u r n i n g aw ay si c k at h ea r t f r om t h e c o n t em pl at i on o f
, ,

t h i s bi t t er t r a g edy i t i s w i t h a t h r i l l o f a l m ost v i n di c t iv e sat i sfac

,

t i o n t h at o n e r em em b er s t h at l ess t h an ei ght een m n t h s l ater t h e o

L u e t a ec h o e d o c e m o
n t o t h e so u n d o f a m i gh t i er f u i l l a de— t h e
n re s -

r o a r o f t h e g r e at g u n s w i t h w h i c h t h e b a ttl e o f M a i l a Ba
y w as n

f ugh t an d w on
o .

A d i f i t h e m m e t o f h i s l ast su prem e g o y t h e p o w er
“E
n n o n a n

t o p o b e t h e f utu r e h d b e n v o uc h s f ed t o J o sé R i a l w o u l d h e
r a e a z ,

no t h a v e di ed h a pp y n t h e k n o w l e dg e t h a t t h
I l an d h e l o v ed s e

d ea r ly so o t a n s f er r e d i n t o suc h sa f ek ee p i n g ?
n e r
 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

eve o f M a n i l a s su rren de r a n d who s e b o dy by the A rch

’
,

b i sh o p s pe rm i s s i on w a s sto re d i n a Pa co n i ch e t il l i t
’
,
’
coul d b e rem oved to th e Prote sta nt (fo r e i gn e rs ) ceme
t er y a t Sa n Pe dro M aca t i .

Th e da y o f Ri z a l s executi on th e d a y o f h i s b i rth a n d
’
,

the da y o f h i s fi rst l ea vi n g h i s n a t ive l a nd w a s a We dn es

d a y All th a t n i ght a n d th e n ext d a y th e cel eb ra ti on
.
, ,

cont inu e d th e voluntee rs wh o were p a rti cul a rly r esp o n

, ,

s ibl e l i ke th e i r fel l ows i n Cub a fo r th e a t ro ci ti e s whi ch

, ,

it ha
tt

if fr w ti n g(fi n
o n/ a
l
,
it

Bu i l c d
r a re or O f R iz l i
a n t he Pc i
a o r eg s t e r .
(F ac si m i l e )

di sg r a ce d Spa i n s rul e i n th e Ph il i pp i n es be i ng e speci a lly

’
,

i n evi dence It wa s th ei r cl a m o r th a t h a d m a d e th e b ri ng
.

I n g b a ck o f R i z a l p o ss ibl e th ei r d em a n ds fo r h i s de ath
,

h a d b een m o st p rom i n ent i n h i s so ca lle d t ri a l a n d n ow -

,
”
th ey we re p r a i s i ng th em s elve s fo r th ei r p a t r i ot i sm .

Th e l a ndl o rds h a d obj ected t o h a vi ng the i r l a n d t itl es

questi on ed a n d the i r t ax es r a i sed Th e oth e r f ri a r o r .

de rs a s well a s th e s e we re o p po s ed t o a ca m p a i gn wh i ch
, ,

s ought th e i r t ra ns fe r from p ro fi t able p a ri she s t o s el f

s a c ri fi ci n g m i ss i on a ry l ab o rs B ut p rob ably n o ne o f th em .

’
a s o rga ni z at i on s des i re d Ri z a l s de a th .

Ri z a l s O l d t ea ch e rs wi sh ed fo r th e r esto ra t i o n o f th e i r
’

fo rm e r pupi l t o th e fa ith o f h i s ch il dh o o d f rom wh i ch ,

th ey bel i ev ed h e h a d dep a rte d Th rough Desp u j o l th ey .

 THE A F TE P - LIFE I N ME MO R Y

s e em t o h a ve wo rke d fo r a n o ppo rtun ity fo r i n fl uenci n g

h i m yet h i s d e a th w a s ce rt a i nly n o t i n the i r pl a n s
, .

S om e F il i p i n o s t o s a ve th em selves t r i ed to com pl i ca te
, ,

R i z a l wi th th e K a t i pun a n up ri s i n g by p a l pa bl e fa l s eh o o ds .

B ut n ot eve ry m a n i s h e ro i c a n d th e s e ca n h a rdly b e
bl a m e d f o r i f a ll th e a ll e ge d co n fes s i on s we re n ot s ecu re d
,

b y a ctu a l t o rtu re th ey we r e m a de th r ou gh fe a r o f i t s i nce

, ,

i n 1 89 6 t h e r e wa s i n M a n i l a the l ega l pra ct i ce o f ca u s i n g

b o di ly su ff e ri ng b y m ed i ae va l m eth o d s suppl em ente d by
t o rm ents d evi s e d by m o d e rn sci e nce .

'

Am o n g th e Sp a ni a rds i n M a n i l a th en re en fo rce d by ,

th o s e wh o m th e u p ri s in g h a d f ri ghten e d o ut o f the p rov

i n ces we re a few wh o re a l i z e d th a t th ey b el onge d a m on g
,

th e cl a s s e s ca r i ca tu red i n Ri z a l s n ovel s— s o m e i n co m
’

p et ent o th e rs di sh o n e st c ru e l o n e s th e i ll it e r a te w retche d
, , , ,

sp eci m en s th a t h a d m a r ri e d o ut s i de th ei r r a ce t o get
m o ney a n d fi n d wi ve s wh o woul d n ot kn ow th em fo r wh a t
th ey we r e o r d ru nken hu sb a nd s o f v i r a go e s Th ey c a m e
,
.

t o th e Ph i l i pp i ne s beca u s e th ey we r e b el ow th e st a n da rd
o f t h e i r h o m el a n d Th es e t a lke d th e l ou d est a nd thu s
.

dom i n a t e d th e un d i sci pl i ne d vo lunte e r s With n othi n g .

di v i n e ab ou t th em s i n ce th ey h a d n o t fo rgotten th ey d i d
, ,

“ ”
n ot fo rgi ve .S o wh e n th e To n d o di scove re r o f th e
Ka t ipu n a n fa n ci e d h e s a w op po rtu n i t y fo r p ro m ot i o n i n
fa nn i ng t h e i r fl a m e o f w r a th th ey cl a im e d th ei r V ict i m s
, ,

a n d n e ith e r th e p a n i c -st r i cken po pul a ce n o r t h e w e a k

kn e e d g o ve rnm ent co ul d w ith st a n d th em .

O n ce m o r e i t m u st b e r epe a te d t h a t Sp a i n h a s n o m o
n o p o l y o f b a d ch a ra ct e rs n o r suffer s i n the comp a r i so n
,

o f h e r h on o r ab l e ci t i z ensh i p wi th th a t o f othe r n a t i o n
a l i t i e s b u t h e r syst em i n th e Ph i l i pp i n e s p e rm i tte d a bu s es
,

wh i ch go o d gov e rnm ents s eek t o a vo i d o r i n th e ra re ,

o cc a s i o n s wh e n th i s i s i m p o s s ibl e a i m to pu n i sh
, H e re .

w a s th e Sp a n i sh sh o rt com i n g f o r the s e we r e th e d e fect s

,
 2 54 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

whi ch m a de po s s ibl e s o st r a nge a sto ry a s th i s b i o gra phy

un fold s Jo s é R i z al
.
“
s a i d a recent Sp a n i sh wr ite r
,
”
,

’
wa s th e l iving i ndi ctm ent o f Sp a i n s wretch ed col o n i a l
system .

R i z al s fa m il y we r e s ca tt e r e d a m on g th e h om e s o f
’

f r i ends b ra ve en ou gh t o r i sk th e p o pul a r re s entment

G v
ra e o f R iz la in Pc ca o e m et e r y , Man i l a . Th e re ma i n s ar e n ow p r ese r vd
e

in an u r n

a ga i nst eve ryon e i n a ny wa y i d ent i fi e d wi th th e v i ct im o f

th ei r p r ej u d i ce .

’
As N e w Y e a r s eve a pp ro a ched th e b a n ds c e a s e d pl a y ,

i ng a nd th e m a rche rs stopp e d p a ra ding Th e i r e n t h u s i .

a sm h a d wo rn i tsel f out i n th e two conti nu ou s d a ys o f

celeb r a ti on a n d th er e wa s a l e s s en i ng o f th e h o sp i ta l ity
,

wi th wh i ch the s e h e ro es wh o h a d s a ve d th e f a the r
l a n d a t fi rst h a d b een ente rt a i n ed Th ei r gr e a t d ay o f .

th e yea r b e c a m e o f m o re i nte r e st t h a n fu rth e r r em em

b r a nce o f th e bl o o dy o ccu r rence o n B a gumb aya n Fi el d .

To th o s e wh o m o u rn ed a s o n a n d a br oth e r th e ch a nge
mu st h ave com e a s a w el co m e r el i e f fo r even s o r row h a s
'

a l l]
 THE AFTE R LIFE- I N ME MO R Y

L et th e m o o n b e a m ove r m e s o ft a n d s e r en e ,

L et th e d a wn sh e d ove r m e i ts r a d i a nt fl a sh es ,

L e t th e w i n d w i th s a d l a m ent ove r m e keen :

An d i f o n my cr o s s a b i r d sh oul d b e s ee n ,

L et i t t r i ll th e re it s hym n o f p e a ce t o m y a sh es .

L et th e su n d ra w th e va p o rs u p t o th e sky ,

An d h e av e nwa r d i n pu r ity b e a r m y t a rdy p ro test ;

L et s o m e k i n d s o u l o e r m y unt i m ely fa t e si gh
’

An d i n t h e st ill ev en i ng a p r aye r b e l i fte d o n h i gh

F ro m th e e O m y co unt ry th a t i n G o d I m a y re st
, ,
.

Pra y fo r a l l th o s e th a t h a pl es s h a ve d i e d ,
’
Fo r a l l wh o h a v e su ff e red th e u n m ea su r d p a i n ;
Fo r ou r m o th e rs t h a t b itt e rly t he i r wo es h a ve c ri e d
Fo r wi do ws a n d o rph a ns fo r c a pti ve s b y t o rtu r e t ri ed
,

An d th en fo r thy sel f th a t r e dem pt i o n th o u m a yst ga i n .

An d wh en th e d a rk ni ght w r a p s th e g r a veya r d a rou n d

Wi th o nl y th e d e a d i n th e i r vi gi l t o se e ;
B r e a k n o t m y r ep o s e o r t h e m yste ry p r o fou n d ,

An d p e rch a nc e th o u m a yst h e a r a s a d hym n res oun d

Ti s I O m y co unt r y r a i s in g a s o ng unt o th ee
’
, ,
.

Wh en ev en my g r a ve i s rememb e re d n o m o re ,

U n m a r k d b y n eve r a c ro s s n o r a st o n e ;
’

L et th e pl o w sw e e p th r ou g h i t t h e s p a d e tu rn i t
,
0

Th a t m y a she s m a y c a rp et thy e a rthly fl o o r ,

B e fo re i nt o n o th i n gn e s s a t l a st th e y a re bl own .

Th e n wi l l obl iv i o n b ri n g t o m e n o ca re ,

As ove r t h y va l e s a n d pl a i n s I swe ep ;
Th robb i n g a n d cl e a n s e d i n t hy s pa ce a n d a i r ,

W i th c ol o r a n d l i ght wi th s on g a n d l a m e nt I fa re
,

E ve r rep e a t i n g th e f a i th th a t I keep .
2 58 LIFE AND LABO R S OF JOS E R IZAL

M y Fa th e rl a n d a do r d th at s a dn e s s t o my s o r row l en ds
’
, ,

B el ove d Fi l i pi n a s h ea r n ow m y l a st go o d -by l
,

I gi ve th e e a ll : p a rents a n d ki nd re d a n d fr ie nds :

Fo r I go whe re n o sl a ve b e fo re the o pp r ess o r b en ds ,

Wh e re fa i th ca n n eve r k i ll a n d G o d re i gns e e r o n h i gh !
,
’

Fa r ewell t o you a ll from m y s oul t o rn a wa y ,

F r i ends o f my ch il dho o d i n th e h om e d i sp o s s es s e d !
G ive th a nks th a t I rest f ro m th e we a ri s om e d a y !
Fa rewell t o th ee t o o s w eet f ri en d th a t l i ghten e d my wa y ;
, ,

B el ove d c re atu re s a ll fa rewell ! I n de a th th e re i s rest !

,

Fo r s om e t i m e such b el o n gi ngs o f R i z a l a s h a d b e en
i nt rusted t o Jo sefi n a h a d be en i n th e c a r e o f th e Am e ri ca n
C on sul i n M a n i l a fo r a s th e a dopt e d da u ght e r o f the
,

Am e ri ca n Ta u f er she h a d cl a i me d h i s p rote cti o n Sto ri es .

a re t old o f h e r a s a s econ d Jo a n o f A rc b ut i t i s n ot l ike ,

l y th a t o n e o f the few ri fl e s wh i ch th e i nsu rgents h a d

R i zal
’

s f arewe ll to h i s mo t h er ju t b f
s i g
e o r e se t t n ou t to his e x cu t i
e on .

woul d b e tu rn ed ove r t o a wom a n A fte r a sh o rt ex p er i .

ence i n th e fi el d m uch o f i t spent i n nu rs in g h e r s i st e r

,

i n -l aw th rou gh a f eve r M rs R i z a l retu rn e d t o M a n il a

, . .

The n ca m e a b ri e f i nte rvi ew wi th th e G ove rn o r -G ene r a l .

 LABO R S F JOS E R IZAL

M o n u me n t at t he c o r n er of R iz l v
a a e n ue , M an i l a .

t r ibute d a m on g th e cro wd b e a ri ng Ri z a l s l a st ve rs e s
,
’
,

h i s p o rt ra it a n d th e ch a rge th a t t o Pol avi ej a wa s du e th e

,

l o s s o f th e Ph i l i pp i n es t o Sp a i n .

Th e Ka t i pun a n i n su rgents i n t im e we r e b ou g ht o ff b y
G en era l Pri mo de R ive r a o nce m o r e retu rn e d to th e
,
 TH E MO N K E Y TO R TOI S E

¢1 4 v u n ~ o u —4 a ~ 4 v ~ b o
/uw h
i o

db éu mm é d a dz
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WWMMMMWWWMWMW
L

I N DE !

Bu i l r a of R i za l , 2 51 ; r e or c d of , 2 52 . C hu ch r ,
R i za l
’
s ar t w or k f o r th e
Bu g r o s, V ery R ev .
Ja s .
,
D D . .
, 81 ; 2 11 ; an d c v on en t o of K a a l m b a,

ex ecu t i o n of , 83 .
76 ; an d st a t e, 45 .

Bu st of F t h Gu i c
a er er r o, 1 01 . Citiz en s
’
r i gh t s, 6 .

Bu st of hi f th c v d
s a er ,
ar e by R i Ci ty o f R o me, R i za l
’
s j u o rne y in
za l , 68 . t h e, 1 43 .

Bu st a m en t e, G v o er n or , 45 . Cl k S i E d w d 2 3
ar e, r ar ,
2 .

Cl y m d l f D p i t w m
a o e o a an o an , 1 03 .

C A A LL ERO FRI A R J U A N 3
B , ,
0 . Cl y m d l i g 6 8 9 9
a o e n , ,
.

C j bi t Th 3 8
a a a er a,
”
e, . Cl iff d S i Hu g h
or Ri l , r ,
on za
’
s ex e

C l l d l D ct R i z l 4
a e e o or a ,
. cut i o n , 2 49 .

C l l Il y m u m t 9 3
a e a a on en ,
1 . Clu b P h i l i pp i
, n e so ci l a ,
in M a d r id ,

C mu C a p t i 3
a s, a n, 2 2 . 12 1 .

C di h T h m
an s 5 ,
o a s, 1 . C l l t F th R fi 65
o a n es, a er u n o, .

C t th M q
a n e e, u i d 58 e ar s e, . C l l g p j ct d F i l i p i
o e e, 6 ro e e n o, 1 0 .

C i g G g 5
an n n , eo r e, 1 . C l Riz l
o on , th 2 32 a on e, .

C p i t l f t h P h i l i pp i
a o o 65 e n es, 2 . C lu mb u t B c l
o 4; C s, a ar e o n a, 1 er

C pt a i J u
a 84 n an ,
. v t d Ri z l 4
a n es an a ,
.

C Ri
a r ee r l ch ic f , 5 za
’
s o e o a, 10 . C c d i Clu b V i
on or 33 a ,
en n a , 1 .

C l i t i t h P h i l i pp i
ar s s 94 n e n e s, . C o n su mm a t u m e st ,
”
2 2 9 .

C i Ric d
a r n cer o, 97 ar o, 1 . C or t es, r e p r esen t a t o n i of Fi l i pi n os

C i d 3
ar r e o, 1 . in t h e, 47 .

C vi g f t h S c d H t
ar n o e a re ea r ,
1 00 . C t z d hi m
or e 8 an s en , 1 .

C F t h P d 65
a s a n a s, a er e r o, . C tum 6
os e, 2 .

C ti l l Riz l b d th C u t f M t C i t Th ”
as a, 9 a on oar e, 2 2 . o n o on e r s o, e, 95 .

C t l p l i tic
a a an 7 o s, 1 1 . C u t m ti l
o r Ri z l
-
36 ar a on a ,
2 .

C bu R i z l t 9
e ,
a a ,
2 2 . C i t i D n M i 63
r s n a, o a ar a, .

C l l i w h ich f w l l v
e ,
n
“
ar e e
”
e r s es C i t v l d l T i id d 3
r s o a e a r n a ,
2 .

w w itt
er e 4 ; i w h ich R i z l
r en , 2 0 n a C uz J u t i i
r , Aq ui 77 s n an o n o, .

w i mp i d 3 3
as r so n e ,
2 . Cu t l d E p n 3 6
ar e e s a a, 2 .

C v t C lu m b u
er a n es, d Riz l 4 o s an a ,
2 . Cub t t mpt d
a, al af 53 e e s e o ,
.

Ch g th e fi l g i t Ri z l
ar es, na ,
a a ns a , Cu t m P h i l i pp i
s o 8 s, n e, 1 2 .

2 37 .

Ch a r t er e d B k an of Si g p n a o r e, t h e, D A L RYM P L E H L 7 , . .
,
1 1 .

2 32 . D mp i t h
a vi g a ter , e na or ,
1 6 .

Ch Ri
e s s, l kil l i 4 za
’
s s n, 12 . D pit
a d p t ti t
an , e or a on o, 1 90 ; gi l r ,

C h i c h w D i t i ct 2 7
n e s r , . he d f 9 ; w m
a o , 1 o an , mo d l e of ,

C h i c A ugu t i 3
n o, s n, 1 . 1 03 .

Chi n ese , c t y f Ri z l 3 an es r o a ,
2 ,
D p t ti
e or a on to D pit a a n, 1 90 .

F m r ee y 4 ; i mm i g t i
a so n r ,
2 r a on , D by h i
er s r e, Ch l a r es, t r an s at on s l i
th 3e, 2 5; p 2 d c f th
,
r ec e en e o e, by , 1 0 7, I I 9. 12 7. 1 57 . 2 0 5. 2 55
13 8; tt l m t 7se e e n s, 2 . Eul g i 74
D e sp u j o l , D o n o o, 1 .

C h i t i g f R i z l 64
r s en n o a ,
. D pu j l d upl i c i t y 7 fi l
es o
’
s ,
1 0, na ih
C h i t i b u i l f R i z l 44
r s an r a o a ,
2 . t i w w ith Ri z l
er v e 86 a ,
1 .

C h i t i a i z i g i fl u ce
r s n n n en s, 10 . D i g i t y f R i a l s c h a ct e 7
n o z
’
ra r , 0 .
 I H
ll
l

ll
ll
l
ll

I N D E!

Lu A t i a 6 5 ; J u
n a, n on , 1 an , 12 4; at M o n k ey an d th e T o r t o se, i ”
t h e,
h m w i t h 59
o e ,
1 . 1 59 , 2 69 .

Lu i t i Cl u b t h
s an a 73 ,
e, 1 ,
1 90 . M o n r o e D oc t r i n e ,
t h e, 50, 52 , 53 .

Luz C e t l 7
on, n ra , 2 . M o n t j u i c h C a st l e , 4, 2 32 .

M o n u me n t m o d e l ,
for, 2 64 ; t o R i
M C K I N L EY WI LL I A M 1 3 , ,
. al , 2 60 .

M a d r i d U n iv e r s i t y , R i z a l a t 1 1 8 ,
. M o r ay t a P r o f M i g u el 1 2 3 1 6 5
, .
, ,
.

M a g d a l en a V e r g a r a 3 2 ,
. M o r g a t h e h i st o r i a n 1 6
, ,
.

M a ge l l a n , 1 3 , 1 5 . Mo r g a s H i s to r y 1 50 1 58
’
, , .

M a g i c l a n t e r n e n t e r t a i n m en t s, 6 9
-
. M o r o s r e l i cs o f t h e e a r l y 2 04
, ,
.

M a k i l i n g M o u n t, a sc en t o f , 1 3 7
, . M o t h e r o f R i z a l 56 ; l a st p o r t r a i t ,

M a l a y P o l y n es i a n l a n g u a g e 1 67
-
,
. of . 2 63 .

M a n i l a C h i n ese se t t l e m e n t i n 2 6 ;
, ,
“
M o t h er ’
s Re v nge e, Th e, 2 03

the d f e e n ses o f ol d, 2 ; l a st j u o r 2 04 .

n ey t o, 2 2 9 ; p ar t n i g i V ew of, 1 1 1 ; My L a st F a r ew e ll ,
”
by R iz l a ,

R i za l
’
s h o me i n , 86 ; R i za l s
’
t e 2 56 .

t u rn t o, 1 3 6 ; w at e r s st e m y of , M y R et r e a t ,
2 04 .

M u n st e r b e r g ,
P f Hu gro . o, 12 9 .

M a r g a ] P r es id en t P i y 1 2 4
, ,
.

Mar q u es D r 1 72 ; l e t t e r s t o
,
.
, ,
1 76 . N A PL ES , 1 1 5 .

M ar q u e z F r i a r Fr a n c i sco , 3 0
,
. N ew b K a am l a, a, 7 5, 2 1 91 .

Mar iq u i t a Oc h o a 59 , ,
. N li M T g
o e an e r e, 66, 1 3 0 , 1 3 7,
M a r r i a g e, o f M e r c a d o 4 5 ; o f ,
Ri 238; m pl t i co e on and p i ti g
r n n of,

za l, 2 41 ; c an on ic l a ,
2 44 ; o b st a 13 ; m u c i pt
0 an s r of, 1 32 .

cl es t o, 2 14 . N o r den f e l d t , Dr .
,
1 33 .

M a r r i e d l if e o f R i z a l , 2 1 5 . N m a S i H y 82
or n, r en r ,
1 .

M a r se i l l es, R i z a l a t 1 1 6 ,
. N v l s up i i g t h e 6
o a e r s n , ,
0 .

M a r t i n e z A r c h bi sh o p 80 ; m a r t y r
, ,
N l d A c h bi h p 2 3 8
o za e a, r s o , .

do m of 1 87 2 , 83 .

M emo r i a l t o J o sé A l b e r t o 9 3 ,
. O BA CH F A TH E ,
R, 2 0 0, 2 44 .

M em o r y t h e a f t e r l if e i n 2 51
, ,
. Och a b o ch f r an o R i za l
’
s f am ily t r ee,

M e n d o z a F a t h e r A u g u st i n 6 3
, ,
.

M e r c a d o Cl e me n t e 4 6 ; f a m i l y
, , ,
t h e, Ocul i st, R iz l a as an, 1 36 .

54 , 55 ; F r a n ci c s o, ma r r i g a e of O /fici a l G a ze t t e, 1 90 .

45 ; F r an ci c s o an d
“
B ut h c er Oi l p a i t i g by n n R iz l a ,
1 06 .

W yl e er ,
161 : J u an , 4 6 . 4 7, 53 : O p h t h l mo l g y a o , R i zal
’
s st u di es i n,
mea n i g n of t h e n a me , 33 . 12 6 .

M e r ch a n t R i z a l as a 2 2 2 , , . ig y R y C u l
Or t a 3 ; D e e s, ons e o, 1 2 on

M exi c o a n d t h e P h i l i pp i n es
, ,
1 1, 14 ; P bl a3 o, 12 .

tr a d e w t ih ,
1 7. O L dy f P c
ur d S f T v
a o ea e an a e r a

M ey e r D r A ,
1 31 . . B .
,
. cl , 75 .

M i l i t a r y c a p a c i ty of Fi l i p i n o , 85 .

M i r a b e a u R i z a l s h e r o 40
,
’
,
. PA C I FI C O C EA N SP H ERES OF I N F LU

M o d e l h e a d o f D a p i t a n gi r l , 91 . EN CE , 52 .

Mo n i c h a B e r n a r d a , 4 5
,
. P cia a n o, e xi l d e ,
1 70 ; t o r t u d re ,
2 34 .
'
1

I N DE!

P i ti g
a n n ,
R i za l
’
s ear l y ucc s es s in, R A CH A L TH E FI L I PI N O 4 ,
1 0.

R f l J ci t 3 2
a ae a a n a, .

P am p g i mm i g t i t h
an an r a on , e, 61 . R flla L ib y S i g p
es th r ar , n a o r e, e, 1 46 .

Pa n , J é d l 79 os e ,
. R di g R i l
ea n l y 74
,
za
’
s ea r ,
.

P ar a d Riz l d y
e, 6 a a a ,
2 1 . R l ea ond d pt i f t h m a, a o on o e na e, 57 ,
P a r s, i Ri z l i 2 6 a n, 1 .

P ar k M Lu t h 6
er ,
r . er ,
1 . Re g id o r ,
Dr . A n ton i o M a r io , 9 4,
P a ssen g F ch m i l ter s o n r en a s ea me r , 143 , 1 52 ,
2 32 .

11 3 . Re- i n ter me n t of iz l R a , 2 52 .

P p t
a ss or S f c d uct or 79
“
a e- o n ,
1 . Re l x ti
a a on s in Eu p ro e, 1 18 .

P e a san t y th Sp i h 6
r ,
e an s ,
12 . Re l i gi on ,
th e ly
ea r , of R iz l a , 75 .

P l Hu bb l l C 57
ee e, e o .
,
. Re p r es en t a t o n i in the C o r t es, 47 .

P en m na f Ri z l 56
es o 45 a ,
1 ,
2 . R et a n a , 3 9, 1 64 , 1 6 5, 1 82 .

P i d f p p ti c
R e t r a t i o n s, ll g d Ri zal
'
th 6;
‘

er o ,
o re ar a on , e, 1 1 a e e , 2 39 ; s

f p p g
o rod th 3 6 a an a, e, 1 . l a st , 2 42 .

P cu t i
er se f Ri l p
on t 6 o za
’
s a r en s, 1 2 . R y e e s, Cl k er of C u o r t of Fi r st I n

Ph i l i p p i i gi f th w d 3 ;
n e s, o r n o e or ,
1 st a n c e, 61 .

t t mp t d
a e l f e sa e o , R iv e r a, G en e r a l P im r o d e, 2 60 ;
P h i l i pp i th ti
n e s, 9 ; th f e, a n a on , e, or L eo n o r a , t h e s o r t y f o ,
2 1 7; p ci l
en

th Fi l i p i
e 53 ; i B c l n o s, n ar e o n a, k tch
s e of, 2 1 8; p t it or r a at 1 5, 2 2 0 .

1 16 Ri z l M a ,
rs .
,
an d h er tw o d u gh ta e r s,

Pi , F th a er P i o, 2 43 .

P i l M c l H d 55
ar , ar e o, . e, 1 . R oo sev lt Th d e Ri z l ,
eo o r e, on a ,
1 9 .

P b F i l ! 8 86 88
o r es r a es 1 2 ,
1 ,
1 . R I z d l 3
o sa , ne e a, 1 .

P m t Mi R y
oe o4 ss e es, 1 2 . R x o F ci c 94 3 ;
a s, r an s o, ,
2 1 ex e c u

P t Riz l
oe , 7 a as a, 10 . ti f
on 59 o ,
2 .

P l vi j G
o a l 23 24
e a, en e r a ,
1, 0 . R t D
os R i h ld
, 44 r . e n o ,
1 .

P l i cy f t h U S A
o o e . . .
,
12 . R u ti A c h bi h p 4 5
n o, r s o , .

P oo rFi S P b F il !
r ar s . ee o r es r a es Ru l l Stu g i
sse C , 57 r s o .
,
.

P c M i
on e, 55 6 ar an o, 1 ,
2 2 .

P p e th e, d F m y 38
e, an r ee a so n r ,
. S A C RED H EA R r C A RV I N G OF TH E

P t R i c t t mp t d l f 53
or o o, a e e sa e o ,
. 1 00i g ; ma e Of t h e, 1 9 8 .

P t it f Ri z l f ti pi c
or ra s o a ,
r on s e e, 1 , S f c d uct
a e- o n
”
or p a ss p o r t, 1 79 .

3 5 ; k t c h by h i m l f St J h M a so n i c l dg
’
2 1, 5 S e se ,
10 . . o n s o e, 1 72 .

P pa t i
re p i d of 6
ra on ,
er o ,
1 1 . St . M l a o, t h e sa il o r s of , 49 .

P im G
r ,
l 92 en e r a ,
. S lv d M i
a a or , o s e, e x cut i e on of , 2 59 .

P i z p m Ri l
r e 7
oe ,
za
’
s, 10 . S ch z F t h
an e ,
a er , S .
J .
,
2 01

P pag d t h p i d f 3 6
ro an a, e er o o ,
1 .
S a n g l ey es, or Chi n ese, 2 3 .

P v bi l yi g T g l 5
ro er a sa n s, a a ,
1 2 . S an J é C ll g
os o e e, 82 .

Py Mr or 74 ,
r .
,
1 . Sa n Ju d L tan e e r an , 86 .

Pu ch r f b k a se 8 o oo s, 1 1 . S an Pd Me ro
,
a c at , i 60 .

Puzzl T g l 53 es , a a ,
1 . S a n ta A n a , t h e, 1 5 .

S a n t a R o sa C ll g o e e, 63 .

Qu i N Tos, B RI GI D A D E, 57 , 6 3 ; M an S at u i rn n a, p t it i or r a n o il s by R iz l a ,

u el d e , 59 . 1 06 .