Review of Related Literature

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
This Chapter highlights the Effect of Traffic Congestion. The materials

presented which includes in this research are the opinions, principles, and
theories of different people are obtained to relate and be used in the study.
According to a research titled “Employer Views on Traffic Congestion” (Policy

Brief 115 of the Reason Foundation, February 2014), traffic congestion is a problem not
just for individual commuters but for businesses as well. While commuters are greatly
concerned over rush hour traffic, businesses are also concerned with the off-peak hour
(non-rush hour) delivery of goods. It was pointed out in the research that because
businesses are concerned with congestion during both time periods, their views on
traffic congestion differ from those of commuters. Solving rush hour and off-peak
congestion is also more challenging than merely solving rush hour congestion.
The study stated that congestion affects employers in several ways. Primarily, it affects
impacts corporate activities such as shipping/receiving, logistics and distribution, client
meetings and other business activities. It also limits worker availability and productivity
by affecting employees’ commutes. In the Philippines, the effects of congestion on
workers and employees are a sore issue. Congestion leads to workers arriving late;
commuting hassles for workers, frustration/stress, long work commutes, long travel time,
and loss of personal time.
In the Philippines, street, traffic or system problems are major issues. These include
construction activities, accidents/incidents, inconvenient roads for customers and other
causes of traffic such as safety issues, poor road design, traffic signals, and on specific
roads.
According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), traffic

congestion cost the Philippines P2.4 billion every day in 2012. If remain unsolved, our
country can lose P6B daily by 2030. The National Center for Transportation Studies (UP
Diliman) explained that the cost of traffic are based on several factors, among them
are: value of time lost due to delay; fuel costs; vehicle operating costs; Impact on
health; and Greenhouse gas emissions.
Cristal Maramag, Digital Officer. There should be more means of public

transportation and the government needs to fix our roads especially in flood-prone
areas which worsen the traffic.
RaffyPedrajita, Tech blogger. Every barangay should create a mass parking

system for people who don’t have a garage. Limit car ownership per family or
company.
Joveth Ong, Entrepreneur. Traffic management should start with LTO, LTFRB and
MMDA. What are those colorum vehicles doing on the streets? For me that’s the basic
and that’s the easiest way to manage the traffic.
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines) — Traffic can be deadly. A new study by the
World Health Organization (WHO) reveals about 7 million people die every year due to
air pollution. In Southeast Asia, most of this air pollution comes from traffic in highly
urbanized areas. Air pollution is an "invisible killer," WHO Director Maria Neira said. It
accounts for a third of deaths from lung cancer and stroke, a quarter of deaths from
heart disease, and as much as half of child deaths from pneumonia. On top of that, she
said, air pollution can also give people chronic illnesses, which can be expensive to
treat and can decrease the quality of their lives for years. Jiao, C. (2016, September 14)
(Traffic is main source of deadly air pollution in Southeast Asia - WHO).
TUCP spokesperson Alan Tanjusay said"Since there are no dramatic changes

implemented by the government to enhance the mass transport logistics and scenario
in the past 14 years of the Arroyo and Aquino administrations, we can only imagine the
unquantifiable ordeal workers are going through,"
Cabuenas, J.V. (2015, December 11) Longer Commute, Equals Less Productivity
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and the Background
Introduction
Traffic is one of the biggest problem that our country is facing nowadays
especially on urban areas where the business industry is focused on. We can
view our traffic from different perspectives: longer commute time, employee
absences, stress, wasted man-hours, and added fuel expenses are just some of
them. But don’t take our word for it. Senator Ralph Recto estimates that the
Philippines suffers around a P2.6 billion (or $55.8 million) economic loss each day
created by traffic congestion. What’s more, this figure rises to P3 billion (or $64.39
million) at the peak of the rainy season. What’s more, the country loses around
0.8% of its gross domestic product because of this problem, with a productivity
loss of P800 billion ($18 billion) each year.
Traffic congestion has cost the economy quite heavily in terms of the
slowdown in the movement of goods and delivery of services, increased vehicle
operating costs, and otherwise productive man-hours consumed astravel time,
which may be quantified.
The daily strain on the quality of life of the urban populace, including the
labor force, students, and other regular commuters, may be difficult to quantify
but they cannot be ignored. Moreover, the negative impact of traffic
congestion on public health and the environment is expected to translate to
economic costs in the long run.
Kalibo, being a center of business industry at Aklan also suffers from the
problem caused by traffic congestion especially at Roxas Ave where the Kalibo
Public Market is located. In a daily basis, the intersection of Roxas Ave and
Toting Reyes St. experienced a heavy traffic during rush hours, illegaly parked
vehicles, high volume of both public and private vehicles, and massive amount
of population because it is a busy street. Traffic is so prevalent in this area,
particularly during weekdays were there are many commuters especially
employees of both public and private sector are affected but also for
businesses as well.
This implies the key factors involved in decongesting roads, is an effective

implementation body that will implement the necessary traffic rules and
ordinancesprovided by the local government. Hence, the study aims to provide
significant perceptions on the crucial role of an effective implementation of
traffic management, sights the problems in the implementation of traffic
management, recommend solutions and utilize future related issues in a
continuously changing setting, with the participation of the people to effectively
address the traffic problems and promote a progressive medium sized city and
a healthy environment.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study is to determine possible solutions and establish an

effective traffic control plan to lessen the following traffic condition:
*overcrowding and heavy traffic during rush hours
*tricycles make up a large amount of traffic in the area
*massive amount of population because it is a busy street
*alarming because many colorums tricycle units or those without franchise

are continuing to ply in the route
*high volume of trucks, private vehicles, and motorists are moving in the
area
*many illegal parked vehicles in the area that cause traffic
*tricycle drivers drop their passengers anywhere they want.
*violators don't receive any punishments
*Street foods vendors occupy the spaces that can be use for loading and
unloading area.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This Chapter highlights the Effect of Traffic Congestion. The materials

According to a research titled “Employer Views on Traffic Congestion” (Policy

According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), traffic

Cristal Maramag, Digital Officer. There should be more means of public

RaffyPedrajita, Tech blogger. Every barangay should create a mass parking

TUCP spokesperson Alan Tanjusay said"Since there are no dramatic changes

The Problem and the Background

This implies the key factors involved in decongesting roads, is an effective

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine possible solutions and establish an

*overcrowding and heavy traffic during rush hours

*tricycles make up a large amount of traffic in the area

*massive amount of population because it is a busy street

*alarming because many colorums tricycle units or those without franchise

*many illegal parked vehicles in the area that cause traffic

*tricycle drivers drop their passengers anywhere they want.

*violators don't receive any punishments

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