Introduction To Ashrae Standard 184
Introduction To Ashrae Standard 184
Introduction To Ashrae Standard 184
Uncertainties in Compressor Performance and Field
Performance of Liquid‐Chilling Systems
An introduction to field
testing of liquid chillers and
ASHRAE Standard 184
Ian Spanswick
O2RC Solutions LLC
[email protected]
+1 713 447 5618
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Learning Objectives
• Understand the challenges to conducting a field
performance test of a liquid chiller compared to a
manufacturer’s test at the factory.
• Understand the purpose & scope of ASHRAE Standard 184.
• Understand the key features of the ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Acknowledgements
Past and present members of ASHRAE SPC‐184.
The University of Maryland Facilities Department
for the Beta test site for the Uncertainty Calculation
Spreadsheet.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Outline/Agenda
•Purpose of ASHRAE Standard‐184.
•Scope of ASHRAE Standard‐184.
•What measurements are required for a
test.
•Challenges of field‐testing liquid chillers.
•Combining measurements to characterize
chiller performance.
•Introducing the ASHRAE Standard‐184
workbook.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Purpose of ASHRAE Standard‐184
• The industry has published standards that address
factory performance testing of liquid chillers.
• ASHRAE 30 / AHRI 550/590 (electric) or 560 (absorption)
covers many common chiller configurations.
• If new equipment performance verification is desired, then a
factory test can be performed under controlled conditions.
• Covers the majority of chillers sold, but not all.
• The industry did not have a published standard that
addresses the field performance testing of liquid
chillers.
• In most cases it is not possible to apply a factory testing
standard to field installations where instrument accuracies and
installation locations may not be optimal.
• ASHRAE 184, first published in 2016
• Covers field performance testing.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Scope of ASHRAE Standard‐184
This standard includes the following:
• Types of liquid‐chilling systems.
• Vapor compression cycle.
• Absorption cycle.
• Water cooled, air cooled, heat recovery, etc
• Chillers that cannot be factory tested.
• Any energy source
• Electricity
• Steam / hot water
• Gas
• Waste heat
• Does not include systems with a net refrigeration
capacity less than 10 tonR [35 kW].
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Scope of ASHRAE Standard‐184
• This standard does not include a specification of
standardized test conditions under which the liquid‐
chilling system must operate.
• Test conditions typically reflect the expected operating conditions
and are customer specified.
• They maybe the original design conditions but don’t have to be.
• Plant can be in any condition:
• Any chilled water temperature, design or otherwise
• Any cooling water / ambient temperature, design or otherwise
• Any percentage load,
• Clean or fouled heat exchangers,
• etc..
• For an effective test the chiller operation should be
“stable”.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
What measurements might need to be taken?
TT
84
Heated Liquid Supply
Heat Recovery
Condenser PDT TT FT
Example: (Option)
83 82 81
Heated Liquid Return
Water cooled
electrically
powered “Heated Liquid” is for a
TT
Chiller 24 Heat Pump application:
Cooling Liquid Return
(with the PDT TT FT
(Heated Liquid Supply)
Condenser
optional 23 22 21
Cooling Liquid Supply
(Heated Liquid Return)
heat recovery)
Motor Starter Power Analyzer
Motor 3 CT’s
Motor Starter PT
Volts, Amps, kW
NOTE
Compressor The use of starter CT’s and PT is dependent upon the operating voltage of the
starter and the input rating of the power analyzer device. This is a
measurement method to be determined based on the limitations of the devices
involved.
TT
14
Chilled Liquid Supply
Evaporator PDT TT FT
13 12 11
Chilled Liquid Return
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
What measurements might need to be taken?
ID / Tag # Description of Measurement
FT‐11 Evaporator liquid flow
TT‐12 Evaporator inlet temperature
PDT‐13 Evaporator pressure difference
TT‐14 Evaporator outlet temperature
FT‐21 Condenser liquid flow
TT‐22 Condenser inlet temperature
PDT‐23 Condenser pressure difference
TT‐24 Condenser outlet temperature
No ID Power consumption for the Chiller, including any auxiliary systems included in the
test boundary and includes voltage balance measurement.
If heat recovery is included:
FT‐81 Heat recovery condenser liquid flow
TT‐82 Heat recovery condenser inlet temperature
PDT‐83 Heat recovery condenser difference
TT‐84 Heat recovery condenser outlet temperature
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Challenges of field‐testing liquid chillers.
• Performance measurement requires measuring
several parameters and combining these
• Capacity result; kWR, tonR, Btu/hr, etc.
• Performance result; COP, kW/tonR, EER, etc.
• Nothing about measurement is certain….
• Need to characterize uncertainty
• eg 932 ± 5.2 kWR, 1,050 ± 32.4 tonR, 5.21 ± 0.45 COP.
• Two basic types of uncertainty
• Random
• Systematic
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Challenges of field‐testing liquid chillers.
• Random is the variation in the actual measurement
• “Real” variation in the measured values
• Plant operational stability This is what it is….
Can only try to stabilize
operation during testing
• Systematic is the accuracy of the measuring system /
devices The most challenging
• Calibration accuracy of the device characterizations to
determine.
• Device accuracy
• Eg 0.2%
• A to D resolution of the data logger
• Non‐ideally installed device
• Flow transmitter not installed with required up and downstream
straight lengths. Workbook provides some assistance here…
• Temperature stratification leaving an evaporator
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Combining measurements to develop a conclusion.
COP derived from (for example)
COP = Gross evaporator capacity
Total input power
= m.cp.∆T + m.∆P/ρ
∑W
But mass flow is not typically measured directly, volume flow is:
= V.ρ. cp.∆T + V.∆P
∑W
There might be more than one power source…
Even measuring power usually involves current transformers.
• All measurement devices involve uncertainty
• Don’t forget this extends to the recording device / data‐logger which
is itself has a discrete accuracy:
• Analog to Digital eg 12 bit = 1/212 = 1/4096 = 0.00024.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Introducing the ASHRAE Standard‐184 workbook.
• The mathematics behind calculating uncertainty can
be challenging.
• In support of ASHRAE Standard 184 a workbook has
been developed.
• Published with Addendum A December 7 2018
• Aim is to provide an accessible working calculation
of the methods included in the standard.
• Leads the user through the required steps.
• Provides an auditable workbook of the calculations.
• User selectable systems and configurations.
• Includes the pre‐test estimates
• Establish agreement of expected outcome prior to
testing.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Introducing the ASHRAE Standard‐184 workbook.
Addendum a contains link to files
Files:
• An empty workbook / template
• An example calculation
• Instruments ‐ Uncertainty examples
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook ‐ Overview
Tab color key
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook – Input Configuration Tab
General
Date of Test 19‐Mar‐2015
Set the system (ERW) Electric water cooled
(SRW) Steam water cooled
Unit Identification 123456789‐0000
Remark 1 This is remark 1
(GRW) Gas engine water cooled Remark 2 This is remark 2
& testing (HAW) Hot water absorption water cooled
(SAW) Steam absorption water cooled
Remark 3 This is remark 3
Site Owner
Testing agent
Parameters (GAW) Gas absorption water cooled
(ERA) Electric air cooled
Job Name Worksheet Development
Uncertainty Confidence Level 95%
This sets the visible tabs
System
System Type (ERW) Electric water cooled
Instrumentation
Units of Measurement Type of Flow Measurements
Temperature °F Evaporator Liquid Flow Volume
Length ft Condenser Liquid Flow Volume
Pressure psig Hot Water Volume
Pressure Differential ftH2O(at60°F) Steam Volume
Gas (Fuel) Volume
Volume Flow Rate gal/min
Input Mass Flow Rate lbm/s
Input Power Measurements
Power kW
Number of Electrical Measurements 2
Cooling capacity tonR
Heating capacity tonR
Density lbm/ft³ Set the units of measurement
Specific Heat Capacity Btu/(lbm∙Δ°F)
Output
Cooling efficiency kW/tonR & flow measurement type
Heating efficiency COP
Fluid Properties Includes water properties
Evaporator (cold) Fluid AHRI water properties
Condenser (hot) Fluid AHRI water properties
Allows for input of other fluids
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook – Measurement Tabs
One tab per measurement position Only blue cells require input
Random uncertainties
captured here
Estimation of systematic uncertainties
• Provides worked examples of how to convert &
combine instrument “accuracies”
• Includes suggestions for non‐ideal flow installations Pre‐test Test – up to 6 points
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook – Measurement Tabs
Paste test data, Estimate of
up to 6 instruments A to D resolution
Pre‐test and Test
visualization of
sample mean and
associated
uncertainty
Visualization of test data
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook – Interim Results Tabs
Results for
Pre‐test and
Test
Pre‐test and
Test Interim
visualization results tabs
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Workbook – Final Results Tabs
Summary for Pre‐test
and Test
Typically:
• Evaporator …and the
• Condenser performance
• Input power summary
• Heat balance
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Conclusion
• Field performance testing of chiller cannot be
defined like factory chiller testing since the test
environment is not controlled.
• ASHRAE Standard 184 covers field performance
testing of chillers along with provision for the
related influences & issues.
• Standard 184 now includes a workbook to embody
the methods and testing covered in the standard.
• Currently covers water cooled electrically powered
chillers.
• Other types to follow….
• Reminder: It is necessary to identify the objectives
between all parties prior to conducting any
measurements.
• Embodied in the Pre‐Test calculation.
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Bibliography
• ASHRAE Standard 184, Method of Test for Field
Performance of Liquid Chilling Systems
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184
Questions?
Ian Spanswick
[email protected]
Introduction to field testing of liquid chillers and ASHRAE Standard 184