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Safe Slinging Practices
www.prothermindia.com
Types of Slings
1) Wire Rope Slings
2) Chain Slings
3) Synthetic Web Slings
Ropes, chains, and slings
• Primary hazard is structural failure due to:

– Overloading (“the weakest link”)
– Deterioration and/or wear
– Environmental exposure
– Improper rigging
– Abuse
Natural fibre ropes
IS: 1084—1969 Manila Rope

IS: 1321—1970 Sisal Rope
MANILA — Black Yarn
Grade-I SPECIAL QUALITY ALL THE THREE
STRANDS
Grade-II STANDARD QUALITY ALL THE TWO
STRANDS
Grand-III MERCHANT QUALITY ONE STRAND
SISAL Red or Green YARN in one strand

SWL of Fibre ropes
Value Condition SWL

ONE Rope of which Same as per new
original Fibre strength Rope
is not reduced
TWO Rope which has been 80% of the New

used and shows
slight external wear
and chafe
THREE Rope which has fair NOT TO BE USED

amount of usage,clear FOR HOISTING
indication of internal
and external wear,
loosening of strands
Fibre ropes
Once a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cut

with a knife so as to ensure that it should not be
used again.
Fibre ropes
Causes of Deterioration
ROUGH USE Rubbing against sharp edges
Damaged groves of sheaves
Dragging from under the load
HARMFUL CONTACT With water, oil, chemicals and

heat
BAD STORAGE Heap on wet floor, poorly

ventilated godown
Internal wear by Repeated Flexing

Synthetic Fibre ropes
IS: 4572– 1968 Polyamide (Nylon Filament Rope)
IS: 5175– 1969 Poly Propylene Rope
IS: 8674– 1978 Polyethylene Rope
Advantages
• Light in Weight
• Higher Strength
• Increased Resistance to Repeated Bending, Flexing
and Abrasion
• Resistance to water and
• Choice of Selection
Wire Rope and Wire Rope
Slings
Components of Wire Rope
Left Lay
Right Lay
Crushing
Because of loose winding on drum,
rope was pulled in between
underlying wraps and crushed out of
shape. www.prothermindia.com
Birdcaging
The sudden release of a load cause
birdcaging.Here individual strands open
away from each other, displacing the
core.
Locking of strands
Premature breakage of wires resulted
from "locking" of strands, which was
caused by insufficient lubrication.
Abrasion
Neglect of periodical inspection left this
rope in service too long, resulting in
considerable abrasion.
Kinking
Kink or "dog leg“ was caused by improper
handling and/or installation. A kink causes
excessive localized or spot abrasion.
Reverse bending
Running this rope over one sheave and
under another caused fatigue breaks in
wires.
Pitting
Too much exposure combined with
surface wear and loss of lubrication
caused corrosion and pitting.
. www.prothermindia.com
Wear
Too long in service. Repeated winding
and overwinding of this rope on a drum
while it was under heavy stress caused
the unusually severe wear.
Wire Rope
Wire Rope Sling Identification
Rated Load (rated capacity)

•Load test date
•Manufacturer’s name
•Periodic inspection due date
•Broken wires (10 in one lay or 5 in one strand)
•Severe corrosion
•Localized wear
•Reduction in outer wire
•Damaged end fittings
•Distortion, kinking, etc…
Wire rope – Permissible Stretch
6 strand wire rope 6 in. for 100 ft. length
8 strand wire rope 9 to 10 in. for 100 ft.

length
Wire rope
Dia of rope Permissible reduction in
dia. (inch)
3/4 3/64
7/8 to 11/8 1/16
11/4 to 11/2 3/32
Wire Rope Slings
single-rope legs
Wire Rope Slings
sling with single-rope legs, Torpedo

loop-locks and choker hook
TWO LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS
THREE LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS
FOUR LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS
Chain and Chain Sling
Parts of Chain Sling

Single Chain Sling
Double Chain Sling
Triple & Quadruple Chain Sling
Adjustable Chain Sling
Chain Sling Identification
•Chain Size
•Manufacturers Grade
•Rated load and angle
•Reach
•Number of legs
•Manufacturers name and
trademark
•Next inspection
What should you avoid while
using chain slings?
• impact loading: do not jerk the load when lifting or
lowering the sling. This increases the actual stress
on the sling.
• Do not drag chains.
• Do not splice a chain by inserting a bolt between
two links.
• Do not shorten a chain with knots or by twisting.
• Do not force a hook over a link.
• Do not use homemade connections. Use only
attachments designed for the chain.
• Do not heat treat or weld chain links: the lifting
capacity will be reduced drastically.
Various defects in chain slings
Wear Cut
Twist or Stretched
Bend www.prothermindia.com Links
Periodical inspection
• Clean sling before inspection.
• Hang the chain up or stretch the chain out on
a level floor in a well-lighted area. Remove all
twists. Measure the sling length. Discard if a
sling has been stretched.
• Make a link-by-link inspection and
discard if
a. Wear exceeds 15% of a link diameter.
b. Cut,, cracked,, burned, or corrosion pitted
c. Twisted or bent
d. Stretched-- Links tend to get longer
Chain Sling Inspection Items
 Cracks, stretches, or deformed master links,
coupling links, chains or other components.
 One leg of a double or triple chain sling is longer

than the others.
 Hooks have been opened more than 15% of the

normal throat opening measured at the narrowest
point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the
plane of the unbent hook.
 Chain size at any point of any link is less than

stated in the chart on the next slide, the sling
shall be removed.
Chain Slings
Only chain slings purchased from
the manufacturer are allowed.
No homemade slings allowed!!
Special Precautions
• It is important to realize that the

capacity of a sling decreases as the
angle at which it is used to lift increases.
Rigging Devices
• Shackles
• Hooks
• Wire Rope Clips
• Wedge Sockets
• Eyebolts
• Spreader Beams
• Slings
Shackles
Recommended Not Recommended Recommended
Proper Use of Shackles
Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt
The load will bend the bolt
Avoid eccentric
loads
Bad Good
Proper chocking
of shackles.
Bad Good
Shackle Inspection
Hooks
• Manufacturers’
identification.
• Never weld on hooks.
• Working safety latch.
Wire Rope Clips
•The most common use of wire rope

clips on cranes is at wedge and
socket-end fittings.
•The clip does not provide strength to
the wedge and socket connection.
•It is there to prevent the wedge from
accidentally being released.
Installing Wire Rope Clips
Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.
Wedge Sockets
•Most common
method of
terminating ropes
on cranes.
•All parts must
match in size.
•Measure rope
diameter to ensure
proper size.
Wedge Socket - Correct Rope Installation
•Live end of the

rope, the straight
side of the
socket and the
pinhole all line
up.
WINDING WIRE ROPE
Rigging
Basic Rules of Rigging
• Know the Weight

• Know the Capacity
HITCHES
STRAIGHT PULL
HITCHES
CHOCKER HITCH
HITCHES
BASKET HITCH
• Marked with the
capacity and proof
tested to 125
percent of that
capacity.
• Load should not

be left suspended
or unattended
How Horizontal Angle Affects Sling Capacity
Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling

angles from going below 60 degrees
Sling Angle Factor
Sling Angle Factor

= L/H
Where:
L = Length of the
sling.
H = Height of the
connection point
from the horizontal
plane of the load.
Sling Angles
Hook load increases on brake application during lowering
Loading lowering Stopping distance (ft)

speed (ft/ min) 10 5 2
100 0.4 0.7 2.2
150 1.0 1.6 4.9 Increase
200 1.7 2.9 8.6 in hook
load
250 2.7 4.5 13.5
(%)
300 3.9 6.5 19.4
350 5.3 8.8 26.4
450 6.9 11.5 34.5
Avoid rapid acceeration or deceleration of load

Hand Signals
An illustration of the signals must be posted at the job site

Sheave grooves may become grooved if
cable’s nominal diameter is reduced,
indicating wear.
Safe Usage Practices
 Slings should be stored off  Never drag slings across the
the floor and hung on racks floor.
whenever possible in a clean,
dry environment.
Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)
 Never shock load slings.  A sling should not be pulled
from under a load when the
load is resting on the sling.
 Keep loads balanced to
prevent overloading slings.
 Make sure the hook is always
over the center of gravity of
 Always lift loads straight up. the load before lifting it.
 Never rest a load on a sling,  Do not apply a load to a

or pinch a sling between the twisted, knotted or kinked
chain.
load and the floor.
 Do not force or hammer

hooks or chains into position.
Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)
• Hands and Fingers shall • Never shorten a sling with
not be placed between the knots, bolts or other
sling and the load while makeshift devices.
the sling is being tightened
around the load. • Protect the chain’s surface
from contact with sharp
• Clean chains regularly as corners, which can cause
dirt and grit can cause permanent damage
excessive wear at the link through gouging or
bearing points. abnormal stress and wear.
• Factors affecting load capacity
– Hitch type
– Leg angle from vertical
• Other issues
– Hook deformation (maximum 10° twist, 15%
throat opening)
– Rope wear
• Consider replacement if more than 12 randomly
distributed broken wires within a single strand
within a single lay (ANSI B30.2)
– Chain deformation
• Selected controls
– Proper selection of rigging materials
– Proper use
– Keeping loads within limits
– Regular inspection/testing of rigging
components
– Training of riggers
• Other issues
– Hook retainers
– Load capacity charts for field use
Review
Select the right sling for the job.

Inspect slings prior to use,
removing from service any in
question.
Remember the effect of sling
angles on load capacities.
Properly store slings when finished
to avoid damage.
Conclude
 Associates in the direction of travel
should be warned to move and remain
clear of a lifted load at all times.
 Loads should not be suspended over personnel
below.
 Under no circumstances may anyone ride the hook
or load.
 Directional movement should be made smoothly
and deliberately. Avoid rapid movements in any
direction. www.prothermindia.com
Conclude
Locate the hoist directly above the lifting
point of the load before lifting.
Lower loads directly below the hoist.
Keep hoisting ropes vertical. Do not pull
or push the load.
 Maintain two full wraps of cable on the
hoisting drum.
 Never pull a hoist by the
pendant cable

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Safe Slinging Practices

1) Wire Rope Slings

3) Synthetic Web Slings

• Primary hazard is structural failure due to:

IS: 1084—1969 Manila Rope

SISAL Red or Green YARN in one strand

Value Condition SWL

TWO Rope which has been 80% of the New

THREE Rope which has fair NOT TO BE USED

Once a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cut

HARMFUL CONTACT With water, oil, chemicals and

BAD STORAGE Heap on wet floor, poorly

Internal wear by Repeated Flexing

Components of Wire Rope

Rated Load (rated capacity)

6 strand wire rope 6 in. for 100 ft. length

8 strand wire rope 9 to 10 in. for 100 ft.

7/8 to 11/8 1/16

11/4 to 11/2 3/32

sling with single-rope legs, Torpedo

Parts of Chain Sling

Single Chain Sling

Double Chain Sling

Triple & Quadruple Chain Sling

Adjustable Chain Sling

 One leg of a double or triple chain sling is longer

 Hooks have been opened more than 15% of the

 Chain size at any point of any link is less than

No homemade slings allowed!!

• It is important to realize that the

Recommended Not Recommended Recommended

Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt

The load will bend the bolt

• Never weld on hooks.

• Working safety latch.

•The most common use of wire rope

Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.

•Live end of the

• Know the Weight

• Load should not

Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling

Sling Angle Factor

Loading lowering Stopping distance (ft)

Avoid rapid acceeration or deceleration of load

An illustration of the signals must be posted at the job site

 Never rest a load on a sling,  Do not apply a load to a

 Do not force or hammer

Select the right sling for the job.

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