Role of Organic

Acid in Poultry

By, Buis Ebbinge

MD Daavision BV, Holland
Place- CTICC Cape Town
Date- 6th December 2014

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 Topics Covered
Introduction of Organic Acid

Reason for antibiotic ban

Usage,application,mode of action & efficacy of feed acidifiers

Experimental Trial of Acidifiers

Factor affecting consistency in results , Risk Factor & Solution

Overview of global feed acidifiers market

Summary & Conclusion

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 Organic Acid

What is an
Organic Acid

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 What is Organic Acid

• Organic Acid is an Organic Compound

with Acidic properties associated with
their Carboxyl group –COOH

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 Organic Acid
• In General Organic Acid are
considered to be any carboxylic acid
including fatty acid & amino acid.
Organic Acids are weak Acid & do not
disassociate completely in water.

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 Usage of Organic Acid

• Organic Acid usage started initially

for Oil & Gas well stimulation
treatments be cause of their much
less reactive properties with metal
than the strong mineral acids like HCL
& HF Acid, for this reason, organic
acid are used at a high temperatures
when long contact times between acid
& pipe are needed.

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 Application

Oil & Gas

Food
Organic Acid industry

Nutrition & Animal

feed

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 Antibiotics

Reason of Antibiotic Ban

EU, Banned Prophylactic use

of AGP in January 2006

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 Reason behind ban of antibiotic
in Animal Feed

Indiscriminate
use of antibiotic

Bacterial
resistance
International
Environmental food trade
Concern
Every class of Animal
antibiotic used welfare

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 Antibiotic Usage History in
Animal Nutrition
• In Germany 1,734 Mt.of Antibiotic used for
animals in 2011 compare to 800 MT in humans
• In Netherlands- Antibiotic usage to treat disease
has significantly increased after the ban.
• USA- in 2011, 80% of the antibiotic went to
livestock production.
• China- China Producers consumes the most
antibiotic
• India- in 2012, India manufactured about a third
of the total antibiotics in the world.

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 Effect of growth-promoting antibiotics

Physiological Physiological
Feed transit time.
Nutrient absorption. Gut Wall diameter.
Feed intake. Gut wall length.
Nutritional Nutritional
Energy retention. Gut energy Loss.
Nitrogen retention. Vitamin Synthesis
Metabolic Metabolic
Liver Protein synthesis. Ammonia production.
Others Toxic amine production
Immunity. Fatty acid oxidation
Others
Secondary disease by E coli

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 Reason behind Organic Acid
introduction in Animal Feed
• Europe- 1980 first reported bacterial resistance to
Vancomycin.
• CC398- Methicllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
was produced by the use of antibiotic in livestock.
• The appearance of Carbapenem resistant
enterobacteriaceae.
• Appearance of resistant E Coli causing blood stream
infection.
• Study released by CSE India found antibiotic residue
in chicken.
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria have been found in
Brazillian Cattle.

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 Feed Acidifiers

Usage

Mode of Action
Classification &
efficacy

Application

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 Commonly used Acidifiers

g/mol form pKa solubility

Formic 46 liquid 3.75 +++
Acetic 60 liquid 4.76 +++
Propionic 74 liquid 4.88 +++
Butyric 88 liquid 4.82 +++
Lactic 90 liquid 3.83 ++
Sorbic 112 solid 4.76 -
Benzoic 121 solid 4,17 -
Fumaric 116 solid 3.02 -
4.38
Malic 134 solid 3.40 ++
5.10
Tartaric 150 solid 2.93 ++
4.23
Citric 192 solid 3.13 ++
4.76
6.40
Phosphoric acid 98 solid 2.15 +++
7.10
12.32

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Usage of various Acid & Salts

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 Application in Poultry

Application
Sprayed as a liquid
directly in to feedstuff
& compound feed

Powder form are

added directly or via
premix

Liquid form via

drinking water

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 Specific Target of Organic acid usage in Poultry

Disease Control

• E Coli,Salmonella,Clostredia,Entrococcus

Growth
• High growth,Low FCR,High Egg production,Homogenesity

Improved Metabolism

• Can be used for various metabolic pathways for

energy generation

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 Effect of Acid
Acid effect on various functions

Antimicrobial
Nutritive pH lowering taste corrosivity
gram-

Formic Acid (C1) +++ ++ +++ ---- ---

Acetic acid (C2) +++ ++ ++ ++ --

Propionic acid ++++(Y+M) + + ± -

Lactic acid ++ +++ ++++ ++ +

Fumaric acid (C7) -- ++ ++ ± ±

Sorbic acid +++++

Benzoic acid +++++

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 Effect of organic acids
Yeasts Fungi Gram– Gram+ Stafylo- /
Bacteria Bacteria Streptococ

Formic acid +++ 0 ++++ 0 0

Acetic acid + - +++ 0 0

Propionic acid ++ ++++ 0 0 0

Sorbic acid ++++ +++ +++++ 0 0

Benzoic acid +++ +++ +++++ 0 0

Lactic acid - - ++? 0 0

Caprylic- and
++ ++ +++ +++++ ++++
caprinic acid

Lauric acid –
+++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++++
GML90
 Effects beyond

Improve
digestive
enzyme
activity

Growth of
Microbial Phytase
gastrointestinal
activity
mucose

Increased
pancreatic
secreation

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 Purpose of adding acidifiers in poultry

Inhibit the
growth of To reduce
To Lower harmful the
the pH bacteria buffering
below 5 capacity of
directly & feed
indirectly

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 Role of Acidifiers in Animal production

Role in
Role in Feed Role in
Intestinal
Hygiene Metabolism
Tract

Improve
Reducing pH pH reduction nutrient
digestibility

Inhibit Improve
Antimicrobial
Microbial Enzyme
Action
growth secretion

Improves
Reduction in
pepsin
BC
activity

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 Which Acid to be used

Short • Formic,Acetic,Propionic. Reduces

pH & affect directly gram- bacteria

Chain
• Fumeric,Citric,Malic,Lactic
• Indirect effect on the b. population by
pH reduction, acting mainly on
Fatty acid stomach.

• Capric, Caprylic, Lauric acid

MCFA • Direct & strong antimicrobial effect on

Gram+ and Gram- bacteria.

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 Or the Combination

SCFA MCFA ESSENTIAL OIL

+ +
1-Formic Acid 1-Capric Acid 1-Oregano
2-Acetic Acid 2-Caprylic acid 2-Cinamon
3-Propionic Acid 3- Lauric Acid 3-Thymol

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 Daavision unique approach

Unique approach of combining SCFA & MCFA to

control both Gram+ & Gram- bacteria

Two year scientific study of literature

Study of 2 years in Vivo,In Vitro study

Hoffman KL, Han IY, Dawson PL Accenture Nomination

(2001).
Ouattar B, Simard RE, Piett G, Equivalence of Lauric Acid and
Bégin A, Holley RA (2000). Nominated for 2 category (2013),
Glycerol Monolaurate as Inhibitors
PL Dawson, GD Carl, JC Acton, and 1- Green Sustainability.
IY Han (1 May 2002). 2-Consumer goods & services.
Clostridial Enteric infections in pigs.
J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 17 (528-536) Combination effect of scfa & GML
90 against Gram- & Gram+
bacteria.

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 Mode of Action
• At low pH un-dissociated acid are lipophilic and
can diffuse across cell membranes including
bacteria & molds.
• Once in the bacterial cell,The higher pH of
cytoplasm cause dissociation of the acids, and
the resulting reduction in pH due to the release of
H+ disrupt the enzymatic reactions & nutrient
transport system.
• Molecule of organic acid also attacks the DNA of
bacteria resulting it to death.

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 Mode of action
R-COOH
Essential Oils - +
Increasing RCOO + H
membrane
Organic Acid (at low pH
permeability
Organic Acid at high pH

R-COOH
RCOO- H+
pH

H+
H+
Bacterial Cell Wall

DNA

28
 Antibacterial activity & growth
promoting effect of acid in poultry

Growth
promoting
effect
Of Acidifiers

Improving
pancreatic
Improving gut secretion,
Reduction of the
Inhibit growth health by the increases Reduce the
buffering
of pathogenic promoting digestibility, formation of
capacity of the
microbes beneficial absorption & Biogenic Amines
feed
bacterial growth retention of
protein & amino
acid

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 Acid Effect on growth

Growth promoting effect

Reduction in
the formation
of biogenic
amines,
particularly in
Increase the high protein
Digestion,absorption of and containing
the Nutrients. added
Increase the retention synthetic
Reduction of pH. of protein, amino acid & amino acid
minerals.
Inhibit bacterial
growth. Improvement in gut
Morphology.
Improve gut
health.

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Experimental
Trial

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 Practical trial with Daacid

• Daacid is a special mixture of acidifiers to ensure a broad

anti-microbial spectrum in the gut of poultry

Plate counts of C. Perferenges after 24 hours in

Daacid
Conclusions:
Daacid reduces the C.
Perferenges effectively in vitro
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Overview 11 broiler farms with chronic Salmonella problems (1
mil. broiler places) using Daacid

No. positive farms (2 After 4 rounds

farms stopped trial) After 3 rounds
After 2 rounds
After 1 rounds
Before study
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

compl
farms

negati
etely
No.

ve
• Total approach, including Daacid® and management measures
(HACCP)
• Continuous care leads to success
Daavision 2009 + Veterinair service
 Commercial field trials with Daacid

A total of 200,000 broilers was tested in 4 identical rooms. Birds

where on feed with 2kg/ton, 1kg/ ton and 1kg/ton Daacid in starter,
grower resp. finisher feed; the other room were on control feed
without growth promoter. Data are for period 0–40 days.

105
% diff. compared to control

100

95 Control

Daacid
90

85
ADG FCR Mortality
Comm. broiler operation, Netherlands,2005
Conclusion:
In field trials proven efficiency
 Daacid and pH reduction

850 6.0
pH 5.8
800
750 5.6
BC, mEq/kg

5.4
700

pH
5.2
650
5.0
600 4.8
550 4.6
500 4.4
Control low dosage mid dosage high dosage
Daacid Daacid Daacid
 Technical trial data Daacid in
poultry
Broiler trials with Daacid ® (and Daacid ® + Daafit ® plus) in different countries
Trial duration: 7- 42 days
Feed : standard commercial feed
Control : average data generated from KWIN-V 2011-2012

100%
Dosage Daacid ® :
Set point = 100%.

Total period D0-D42 : 2 kg/ Mt dry

feed (88% DM)
ADG
Dosage Daacid ® + Daafit plus®
Feed conversation Starter : Daacid : 2 kg/
Mt dry feed (88% DM)
Mortality
Grower : Daacid : 1 kg/ Mt dry feed
(88% DM)

Finisher : Daafit Plus plus: 0,5

kg/ Mt dry feed (88% DM)

Trial data 2008-2011, data summary overview Daacid trials world wide
 Factor affecting consistency in result

Factor’s
contributes
inconsistency

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 Factors affecting Acidifiers benefits

Substrates Others
Buffering capacity Type/pKa/dose of
supplemented acid

Colonization & activity resulting in

Composition of diets
acid production

Receptors for bacterial colonization on

Qty of fermentable carbohydrates
the epithelial villi

Presence of toxic metabolites such as Immunity level

biogenic amines

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Risk factor of using Acidifiers

Risk
Factor

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 Risk Factor

Diet •When added at

Palatability excessive level

Lower feed
intake or •Due to the strong
odor & flavor
feed refusal

• Corrosive to cement
Corrosive
& steel equipment

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 Solution’s

Solution’s

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 Solution’s

Solution’s Evaluate the natural BC of feeds

to determine the minimum
amount of acid required

Use of slow release form of acid

Use of organic acid with fatty

acid and mono- and diglycerides
mixes to form micro granules

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 Global overview of feed acid market

Overview of Global Market

Current Status

Growth Drivers

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 Acid Market

1,949.9
Million
USD

2,616.7
Million
USD

Projected

5.2
CAGR %

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 Growth Drivers

Cost effective &

eco-efficient
solution A growing global
population

Stable demand from

developed economies

Increased demand in
developing economies

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 Conclusion
1. Organic Acid are arguably are the most effective & eco-efficient feed
additives to date.
2. Short chain & MCFA have specific antimicrobial activity.
3. Antimicrobial activity of the acidifiers is pH dependent, Acidifiers plays
definite role in the pH reduction and inhibition of the harmful pathogens.
4. Reduction in the bacterial population are associated with feeding organic acid
which are effective against acid in-tolerent species,E coli, Salmonella etc.
5. Organic acid improve protein & energy digestibility by reducing microbial
competition with the host.
6. Effect of organic acid go beyond those of antibiotic, includes reduction of BC,
increased pancreatic secretion, effect on mucosa.
7. Lack of consistency in the benefits is related to uncontrolled variables, eg BC
of the Strata, presence of other antimicrobial compound, cleanliness of the
production environment & heterogeneity of the gut microflora.

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