Outcomes Upper Intermediate Vocabulary Builder  Unit 15

15 FOOD
Pages 134–135 lid  /lɪd/ Noun
a lid is a cover for a container
blend  /blend/ Verb
Collocates:  close/open a lid | put a lid on something
to blend things means to mix them together so that they
become one substance you need a flat lid to help turn the omelette over | put a
lid on the pan | keep the lid on while the potatoes are
Collocates:  blend something together
cooking | I lifted the lid | a tight-fitting lid | a saucepan lid
blend the whole mixture until it’s smooth | blend the | the dustbin lid
butter and sugar together | they can blend the colours
for you | the different instruments blend together really melt  /melt/ Verb
well if something melts or if you melt it, it becomes soft or
Noun:  blend turns to liquid after being frozen or hard
a delicious blend of flavours | the perfect blend of sun, melt the chocolate and mix in the raisins | the snow had
sea and sand | our own blend of coffee (using different all melted by the morning | my ice-cream’s melting! | melt
sorts of coffee beans) the butter in a small saucepan
Adjective:  melted
crush  /krʌʃ/ Verb
brush the top with melted butter | put the melted
to crush something means to press it with a lot of force
chocolate in a bowl
so that it becomes flat or breaks into small pieces
crush the almonds and sprinkle on top of the cake | add overnight  /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈnaɪt/ Adverb
some crushed garlic | the grapes were crushed and the if something happens overnight, it happens during the
juice poured off | his leg was crushed | he was crushed night or throughout the night
to death | your car will be taken away and crushed soak the chickpeas overnight | they kept him in
hospital overnight | we decided to travel overnight | are
finely  /ˈfaɪnli/ Adverb
you going to stay overnight? | don’t leave the TV on
if you chop or shred something finely, you chop it or cut
overnight
it into very small pieces
Adjective:  overnight
chop the herbs really finely | finely shredded cabbage |
fill each half with a finely chopped tomato | a tablespoon Collocates:  an overnight stay | overnight
of finely chopped parsley | finely grate the ginger accommodation
the overnight ferry (you travel through the night and
finish  /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ Noun singular arrive in the morning) | overnight parking is not allowed
if something you eat or drink has a sweet finish, a sour here | the price included an overnight stay in Paris |
finish, etc it leaves a sweet or sour taste in your mouth meals and overnight accommodation are extra
after the other flavours are forgotten
a squeeze of orange will give it a sweet finish | a white pour  /pɔː(r)/ Verb
wine with a crisp, sweet finish | a refreshing fruity and if you pour a liquid from a container, you hold the
delicately sour finish | the 2008 vintage has strong container at an angle so that the liquid comes out of it
flavours and a meaty, savoury finish Collocates:  pour something off/away | pour something
over something
flesh  /fleʃ/ Noun singular
pour away the oil from the pan | pour the mixture over
the flesh of fish or meat is the part that you can eat, not
the biscuit pieces | she poured the sauce over the fish |
the bones or fat. You can also talk about the flesh of fruit
remove the meat from the oven and pour off most of the
or vegetables to describe the inside part, not the skin or
fat (leave some fat in the container) | he poured the tea
the stone
into large metal mugs
the flesh should come away from the bones easily | the
fruit has a pale yellow flesh | fish should smell fresh and soak  /səʊk/ Verb
have firm flesh | the flesh was sweet and juicy if you soak something, you put it into water or another
Adjective:  fleshy liquid and leave it there for a time, often as part of food
preparation
fleshy fruits about the size of a small olive | the berries
are deep red and fleshy when fresh Collocates:  soak something in something | soak in
something
float  /fləʊt/ Verb soak the chickpeas overnight | leave them to soak for
if something floats, it rests on the surface of a liquid and a few hours | soak them in cold water for two hours | I
does not sink could spend hours soaking in the bath | I got absolutely
it will float to the surface | a plastic bag floated in the soaked (very wet from the rain) | in another pot, soak the
water | don’t struggle – just relax, and you’ll float | the salted fish
logs floated down the river Noun:  soak

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they cook very quickly after a soak overnight | I spent an Nelson won the battle, but had disobeyed direct orders |
hour having a soak in the bath those who appeared to disobey were quickly arrested |
don’t you dare disobey me! | his instructions were
sprinkle  /ˈsprɪŋk(ə)l/ Verb disobeyed by the whole class | he would never dare to
to sprinkle something means to shake a small amount of disobey his father
it over something else
Adjective:  disobedient | Noun:  disobedience ||
Collocates:  sprinkle something with something | sprinkle Opposites: Verb:  obey | Adjective:  obedient |
something over something Adverb:  obediently | Noun:  obedience
crush the almonds and sprinkle over the cake | sprinkle Collocates:  civil disobedience | complete/blind/
the cake with sugar | drain thoroughly and sprinkle unquestioning obedience
lightly with salt | serve the pears warm, sprinkled with a
as a child, he was naughty and disobedient | a
chocolate topping
mischievous and disobedient child | the time has come
Noun:  sprinkling | Noun:  sprinkle for non-violent civil disobedience (when lots of people
add the milk and a sprinkling of salt | a sprinkling of peacefully break the law as a way of protesting against
chopped parsley | now add a sprinkle of grated cheese something) | an act of disobedience | he reluctantly
obeyed his father and took a job in the family firm | if you
squeeze  /skwiːz/ Verb don’t obey, you will be punished | their orders must be
if you squeeze something, you press it very firmly obeyed without question | he is very obedient and never
Collocates:  squeeze something out of something gets into trouble | she had never been an obedient
Noun:  squeeze child | Patrick rose obediently and went to the door |
Obediently, I took a few steps forward | she demanded
I gave her hand a squeeze | a squeeze of lemon juice |
complete obedience from her staff | unquestioning
we all got in, but it was a bit of a squeeze (there wasn’t
obedience to the regulations of the army | I want co-
much room)
operation, not blind obedience (complete obedience
stir  /stɜː(r)/ Verb that does not involve any thought)
if you stir food while it is cooking, you use a spoon or
disqualified  /dɪsˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/ Adjective
other tool to move it around in its cooking container so
if you qualify for a competition, you have the right level
that it all mixes together and so that it does not burn or
of ability or you have done well enough in a preliminary
stick
competition to be allowed to take part. If you break the
Collocates:  stir something with something | stir rules while you are competing, then you are disqualified
something into something and are not allowed to carry on taking part
you have to keep stirring so that it doesn’t burn | stir Collocates:  be disqualified for something | be
constantly with a wooden spoon | stir the oats into the disqualified from something
warm milk | slowly add water while stirring to avoid
he and three others were disqualified for failing a drugs
lumps | stir the mixture until the sugar has dissolved
test | if neither attend, both will be disqualified | after a
Noun:  stir third false start, she was disqualified from the race
give the soup a stir Noun:  disqualification
a third warning will mean instant disqualification | he
Pages 136–137 faced disqualification for late registration
chuck  /tʃʌk/ Verb fancy  /ˈfænsi/ Adjective
if you chuck something somewhere, you throw it there if you refer to something as fancy, you mean that it looks
carelessly fashionable or expensive
Collocates:  chuck something off something | chuck he drives a fancy car | a fancy hotel in Mayfair | the
something out of something | chuck something on/in/into sandwiches were quite plain, nothing fancy | a fancy
something jacket with gold buttons
he chucked it in the bin | think before you chuck things
in the garbage | chuck another log on the fire, will you? | flick through  /ˈflɪk θruː/ Phrasal verb
I saw him chuck something off the bridge | don’t chuck it if you flick through a magazine or newspaper, you turn
out of the window! | just chuck it in the boot the pages over quickly, looking to see if there is anything
interesting, but not reading any of it closely. If you flick
come across  /ˈkʌm əkrɒs/ Phrasal verb through the channels on a television, you go quickly
if you come across something or someone, you see from one channel to another, watching for only a short
them or meet them without having intended to time, trying to find a programme that you want to watch
I came across the film “Ratatouille” | she came across properly
him while researching her family history | I started she was flicking through the channels | he spent an
looking online and came across your site | I came across hour flicking through sports websites | she was curled
this recipe a few years ago | I’d never come across up in the armchair, flicking through a book | I’d been
anyone else with the same family name as me before flicking through a couple of magazines when he arrived |
Christina flicked through her diary
disobey  /ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/ Verb
Noun:  flick through
if you disobey someone or disobey an order, you do not
do what you have been told to do

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I was just having a quick flick through | I went into the subtle  /ˈsʌt(ə)l/ Adjective
library for a flick through of the morning paper | a quick something that is subtle is difficult to see or notice
flick through of the channels suggested there was unless you pay very careful attention
nothing interesting on Collocates:  a subtle difference | a subtle change | very/
incredibly/extremely subtle | a subtle hint of something
judgement  /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/ Noun
your judgement is your opinion about the quality of there’s a subtle difference between the two pictures | I
something. If you pass judgement on something, you say didn’t add enough pepper and the effect was too subtle |
publicly what your opinion is if there really is a difference, it’s incredibly subtle | there
was a subtle hint of lemon in the dish | the change of
Collocates:  pass judgement (on something) | make a
colour scheme was too subtle to attract much notice
judgement | in my judgement
Adverb:  subtly | Noun:  subtlety
he came to the restaurant to pass judgement on the
food | in my judgement, two hours practice a day is not British policy has already shifted subtly | the two symbols
enough | just use your own judgement to decide whether are subtly different | Ron’s version of events changed
to buy it or not | he showed very poor judgement in his subtly with every retelling | the film lacks subtlety (it is
choice of partner | it’s too soon to make a judgement too direct and obvious) | she wrote exceptionally well,
about the school | it’s a judgement call (a decision with great subtlety and depth
which you have to make yourself using your judgement
because there is no right or wrong way to decide) Pages 138–139
Adjective:  judgemental
accusation  /ˌækjʊˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ Noun
I’m tired of listening to all these judgemental parents if you make an accusation, you say that something bad
(parents who are very quick to make critical comments) has happened or that someone has done something
wrong
outperform  /ˌaʊtpə(r)ˈfɔː(r)m/ Verb
to perform well or badly in an activity means to do it well Collocates:  make an accusation | level an accusation
or badly. If you outperform people in an activity, you do against someone | deny an accusation | a
it better than them, and if something outperforms other serious accusation | a wild accusation
things, it does it better than them accusations of poor food hygiene | she made a
computers now outperform humans at chess | some serious accusation against her boss | both groups
organisations significantly outperform others in their levelled accusations against each other | officials denied
industry | at school, he consistently outperformed his all accusations that they were responsible | I want to
older brother | traditionally, girls have outperformed address the serious accusations that were made against
boys in reading and writing me | do you have any evidence to support these wild
accusations?
random  /ˈrændəm/ Adjective Verb:  accuse | Noun:  accuser
random events or choices happen without planning, so
Collocates:  accuse someone of (doing) something
they cannot be predicted
several clubs were accused of using unregistered
Collocates:  a random sample | seemingly random |
players | the two men were accused of murder |
purely/totally random
opposition leaders regularly accuse the government
the results turned out to be random | take a random of mismanagement | he plans to pursue legal action
sample of 20 people | the robbery seemed to be entirely against his accusers | you need to face your accusers
random | the lottery machine picks random numbers |
a seemingly random attack | the patterns we observed alert  /əˈlɜː(r)t/ Verb
were purely random to alert someone means to tell them or warn them about
Noun:  random | Adverb:  randomly | Noun:  randomness something
Collocates:  at random | randomly generated Collocates:  alert someone to something | be alerted of
something
each contestant picks numbers at random | here are two
examples taken at random | the program will randomly this will alert farmers to any emergency | a website that
choose the next four numbers | randomly generated alerts users to special offers | we immediately alerted
passwords | seek to achieve randomness in your the police | none of the residents had been alerted of
sampling | there’s a lot of randomness to life the danger
Noun:  alert | Adjective:  alert
so-called  /ˈsəʊ kɔːld/ Adjective
Collocates:  issue an alert
you use so-called to refer to people or things when you
think that a description of them is wrong. So if you refer an alert has been issued as more storms are expected |
to someone as a so-called expert, you mean that you a fire alert (a warning of a fire) | a flood alert | hospitals
think they are not an expert at all have been placed on high alert (warned that they need
to be prepared for a lot of activity) | he’s very alert
even prizes judged by so-called experts were clearly
(aware of what is happening)
random | our so-called civilised society | he denied
committing so-called crimes against the state | Chile’s appalling  /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/ Adjective
so-called economic miracle if you say that something is appalling, you mean that it
shocks you because it is so bad or unpleasant

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this wastefulness is appalling | children were forced to the scam only came to light by chance | other little facts
work in appalling conditions | the number of mosquitoes came to light one by one | the missing reports came to
here is appalling | you behaved in an absolutely light last Thursday | I will keep you updated as further
appalling manner last night | the stories they told were information comes to light
simply appalling
confess  /kənˈfes/ Verb
Adjective:  appalled | Verb:  appal
if you confess to something wrong or illegal, you admit
an appalled expression crossed her face | the prospect that you did it
of another night outdoors appalled her | I was absolutely
Collocates:  confess to (doing) something | confess that
appalled by what I saw | the whole village was appalled
and angry | the decision to release him will appal a lot of Walters confessed to the murder of his brother | she
people confessed to having taken the money | he confessed
he’d been out late | Julia tearfully confessed that she’d
bid  /bɪd/ Noun been seeing Mike after work | I accused him straight out,
a bid is an attempt to do something and he confessed
Collocates:  a bid for something | a bid to do something Noun:  confession
a bid to tackle rising obesity rates | launch a takeover torture was used to extract confessions (make someone
bid (an attempt to take over a company) | he made a confess) | his confession came after a month of denial |
bid for freedom (tried to escape) | the prime minister he signed his confession and handed it back to the
appeared on TV in a bid to win public support policeman

big data  /ˈbɪɡ ˌdeɪtə/ Noun uncount contaminated  /kənˈtæmɪˌneɪtɪd/ Adjective

big data is the very large amount of information that is something that is contaminated is no longer clean or
now available because of the number of documents that pure because something has been added to it that is
can be searched on the Internet, and that needs special dirty or harmful
computer programs in order to be successfully analysed the company has apologised for selling contaminated
governments, too, are interested in big data | the meat | drinking contaminated water can cause infection |
promise of big data in health care is potentially a heavily contaminated field | you should obviously
revolutionary | many organisations are developing a big avoid contaminated food and water | the hole had been
data strategy filled in with contaminated waste
Verb:  contaminate | Noun:  contamination | Opposite: 
categorically  /ˌkætəˈɡɒrɪkli/ Adverb
uncontaminated
if you say something categorically, you say it very firmly
and definitely the water was contaminated with radioactive waste |
they believed the factory had been contaminating the
Collocates:  categorically deny/reject/refuse something |
river | a report on ground contamination levels | no
categorically state something
contamination was detected during the tests | the cause
the firm categorically denied any involvement in the of the contamination remained under investigation | the
scandal | he categorically refused to let me speak to need for access to uncontaminated drinking water
her | we want to state categorically our opposition to
the plan | drivers are categorically prohibited from using data analysis  /ˈdeɪtə əˌnæləsɪs/ Noun uncount
phones while driving data analysis is the examination of large amounts of
Adjective:  categorical information in order to discover specific and detailed
facts about something
a categorical assurance that taxes would not be
increased | Klein issued a categorical denial of all the computers play a very important role in statistical
accusationss data analysis | the idea behind data analysis is to look
for patterns | further data analysis may reduce this
clash  /klæʃ/ Verb uncertainty
when people clash, they fight or argue very strongly with
each other discard  /dɪsˈkɑː(r)d/ Verb
if something is discarded, it is carelessly thrown away
Collocates:  clash with someone
rather than being used or recycled
protestors clashed with government forces in the
a huge quantity of food is simply discarded | be sure to
city centre | violence occurred when police and
discard the water you soaked the beans in | he sorted
demonstrators clashed | on Thursday afternoon the two
through the box, selecting and discarding various items |
groups clashed again
the knife and cloth were both discarded
Noun:  clash
Adjective:  discarded
Collocates:  a violent clash
discarded electrical or electronic devices | a discarded
the police fired 50 plastic bullets during the clashes | plastic water bottle
violent clashes between rioters and the police | in other
clashes yesterday 27 people were injured dismay  /dɪsˈmeɪ/ Noun uncount
dismay is sadness and disappointment about something
come to light  /ˌkʌm tə ˈlaɪt/ Phrase bad or unpleasant that has happened
if something comes to light, it becomes known about
Collocates:  with/in dismay | voice your dismay | to
after being secret or unknown for a long time
someone’s dismay

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the minister voiced her dismay | the look on her face poor food hygiene | his personal hygiene is terrible! (he
expressed dismay | his death caused dismay among his doesn’t wash or brush his teeth enough) | good dental
friends | Ruth shook her head in dismay | to everyone’s hygiene | very high standards of hygiene | hygiene
dismay, the singer failed to arrive training for food handlers | good standards of hygiene in
Verb:  dismay | Adjective:  dismaying | Adverb:  dismayed the canteen are crucial
his decision to leave dismayed his family | what is it that Adjective:  hygienic | Opposite:  unhygienic
dismays you about the situation? | they were dismayed poor hygienic conditions helped the disease spread |
by what they saw | it was a dismaying experience | I everything in the kitchen should be clean and hygienic |
found it all very dismaying | Peggy was too dismayed to this is not a very hygienic system of food preparation |
speak many restaurants in the city were found to be unhygienic |
living in cold, unhygienic conditions
establishment  /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ Noun
an establishment is a business such as a restaurant or insanity  /ɪnˈsænəti/ Noun uncount
shop insanity is a serious mental condition in which
a high-end establishment (one that is very expensive) | someone’s behaviour is very strange and prevents them
most establishments on this street sell basic goods from living normally
such as foodstuffs | around 155 shops and eating he pleaded not guilty on the grounds of temporary
establishments | restaurants, retail establishments insanity | legal insanity is a very narrowly defined state |
and residential accommodation| the first commercial the divide between insanity and criminality | there is a
establishments here probably opened around 1905 | fine line between genius and insanity
other establishments sell watches and cheap jewellery Adjective:  insane
exclusive  /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/ Adjective no person who is insane may give evidence in court | a
somewhere or something that is exclusive is available year later he was certified insane
only for a small number of people, is usually very
invariably  /ɪnˈveəriəbli/ Adverb
expensive, and is considered to be desirable or
if you say that something invariably happens or is
fashionable
invariably the case, you mean that it always happens or
an exclusive restaurant | an exclusive range of cosmetics | is always the case
exclusive clubs for the city’s wealthy residents | an
they would invariably waive any charge | power
exclusive neighbourhood in the south of Mexico City
invariably means both responsibility and danger |
Noun:  exclusiveness | Noun:  exclusivity smoking is invariably associated with low scholarship |
this degree of comfort gives the customer a feeling he invariably wore grey trousers | this invariably
of exclusiveness | production is limited to 375 units to happens when we go to Margate
maintain exclusivity Adjective:  invariable
fraud  /frɔːd/ Noun uncount the speed of light is invariable (it never changes, so is
fraud is the crime of telling lies or deceiving people in always the same) | this is not an invariable rule
order to gain money for yourself
obesity  /əʊˈbiːsəti/ Noun uncount
Collocates:  commit fraud obesity is the serious physical condition of someone
a victim of fraud | he was sent to prison for tax fraud | being so heavy that it has a dangerously bad effect on
credit card fraud | identity fraud (pretending to be their health
someone else to get money) | he admitted to committing Collocates:  obesity rates | childhood obesity | the obesity
fraud in his suicide note | the missing businessman was epidemic
being hunted by the fraud squad (the police department
there is an obesity epidemic in this country | rising
that investigates cases of fraud) | the fraud was detected
obesity rates are a major concern | childhood obesity is
in early 2014
a global health concern | worldwide obesity has more
Adjective:  fraudulent | Adverb:  fraudulently | than doubled since 1980
Noun:  fraudster | Verb:  defraud
Adjective:  obese
Collocates:  defraud someone of something
her mother is morbidly obese (so obese that her life is at
she made a fraudulent insurance claim | fraudulent risk) | very often, obese patients have anxiety problems |
business activities | he fraudulently claimed for train currently 10% of children worldwide are either
fares | a convicted fraudster | remember: the fraudsters overweight or obese | none of these women is clinically
are very skilled at answering your every objection | he obese (obese according to the medical definition of the
had been accused of defrauding church members in word)
New Jersey | clients of the firm had been defrauded of
around £40 million persistent  /pə(r)ˈsɪstənt/ Adjective
persistent activity carries on even though people don’t
hygiene  /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ Noun uncount want it to. Someone who is persistent carries on what
hygiene is keeping things clean in order to prevent they are doing, even if it is difficult or if people don’t
illnesses want them to
Collocates:  good/proper hygiene | oral/dental hygiene | one of the city’s most persistent fraudsters | he still
personal hygiene heard the persistent rain splashing outside | he refused

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to answer her persistent questions | I felt under constant, –ISE

persistent threat | persistent offenders face losing their
licence Some verbs are formed by adding –ise to nouns or
adjectives. In American English, these verbs are usually
Adverb:  persistently | Noun:  persistence | Verb:  persist
spelled with –ize. For example: her public image /
the weather during June was persistently bad | she publicise an event.
pursued Harding persistently, until he reluctantly
add emphasis / emphasise your point; legal complications
confessed | polite persistence can be very effective |
/ legalise soft drugs; an industrial area / the country is
your persistence and local knowledge proved invaluable |
being industrialised; special treatment / specialise in
the problem persisted for weeks | if the symptoms
furniture design; people in authority / it was authorised by
persist, see your doctor
my boss; write a summary / summarise the book
plead  /pliːd/ Verb
in a court, when someone pleads guilty or pleads not sponsorship  /ˈspɒnsə(r)ʃɪp/ Noun uncount
guilty to a crime, they formally tell the judge whether sponsorship is money provided for a particular event
they are guilty or not guilty or activity, usually by a company in exchange for being
allowed to advertise at the event
Collocates:  plead guilty/not guilty (to something)
Collocates:  a sponsorship deal | corporate/commercial
he will be pleading not guilty | how do you plead – guilty
sponsorship
or not guilty? | he had already pleaded guilty to the
charges BP is providing £1m of sponsorship | commercial
sponsorship of women’s football is growing | companies
Noun:  plea
enter into sponsorship agreements for many reasons |
Collocates:  enter a plea corporate sponsorship is a popular marketing tool | they
neither defendant entered a plea | his guilty plea was were unable to attract major sponsorship | the company
withdrawn and all charges were dropped has sponsorship deals with two separate cricket clubs
Noun:  sponsor | Verb:  sponsor
prohibit  /prəʊˈhɪbɪt/ Verb
if the authorities prohibit something, they officially say it Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips |
cannot be done or cannot be allowed to happen Samsung has sponsored the team since 2000 |
some sponsors are large national and multinational
Collocates:  strictly/expressly prohibit something
companies | original corporate sponsors included two
smoking is prohibited in public places | the law prohibits local banks
marriage under 16 years of age | the government
prohibited all unofficial political activities | alcohol is substitute  /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/ Verb
strictly prohibited anywhere on the premises | a recent to substitute one thing for another means to replace the
law prohibits the use of mobile phones while driving first thing with the second thing
Adjective:  prohibited | Noun:  prohibition Collocates:  substitute something for something | be
murder is a prohibited act everywhere in the world | substituted with something
the current smoking prohibition applies to all staff and gangs were substituting the cheaper meat at one stage
students of the process | you can substitute honey for sugar (use
honey instead of sugar) | the goalkeeper was substituted
publicity  /pʌbˈlɪsəti/ Noun uncount (replaced by another player) | the cabbage leaves can
publicity is attention that is given to something in be substituted with peppers
newspapers and magazines
Noun:  substitute | Noun:  substitution |
Collocates:  a publicity campaign | a publicity stunt | Adjective:  substitute
favourable/good publicity | bad/negative/unfavourable/
oil that has been mixed with cheap substitutes | you can
unwelcome publicity
use yogurt as a substitute for cream | a sugar substitute |
negative publicity could do a lot of damage | there’s vitamin supplements are no substitute for a healthy
no such thing as bad publicity (it’s better for people to diet | he was brought on at half time as a substitute
hear something about you, even if it is bad, than to hear (to replace another player) | there is an urgent need
nothing about you) | the incident exposed the college to for substitution of faulty products | the need to place
some unwelcome publicity | the advance publicity for the children in substitute families
show was very effective | parents mounted a publicity
campaign to save the school from closing | it was just a swift  /swɪft/ Adjective
cheap publicity stunt (a silly event that that was intended something that is swift happens very quickly and with no
only to draw attention to something) delay
Verb:  publicise swift medical treatment was provided | the response
Collocates:  be widely/highly/heavily publicised was swift and effective | he took a swift glance at the
newspaper | swift action is needed if we are to stay in
she was in Liverpool, publicising her latest book |
business | the robbery was well organised and swift
news of the Royal visit was widely publicised | a highly
publicised speech by the prime minister Adverb:  swiftly | Noun:  swiftness

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he looked swiftly around the room | Tina ran out, swiftly urge  /ɜː(r)dʒ/ Verb
followed by Peter | the storm arrived with terrible if you urge someone to do something, you encourage
swiftness | the swiftness of his decline was unexpected them very strongly to do it
Collocates:  urge someone to do something | urge that
tackle  /ˈtæk(ə)l/ Verb
if you tackle a problem, you do something in a shoppers have been urged to change their habits |
determined way to solve it or to make a situation better parents who smoke are strongly urged to quit | we
strongly urge you to vote “no” | we urge our best
Collocates:  tackle a problem/challenge | effectively/
students to consider graduate study | he urged that
successfully tackle something
peace talks should start | he urged calm (told people to
a programme that aims to tackle childhood obesity | stay calm in a difficult situation)
institutions capable of effectively tackling 21st-century
Noun:  urge
challenges | how should the school tackle this problem? |
Andrew will talk about how to tackle the various Collocates:  feel an urge (to do something)
challenges of the course | a few industries seem to be Annie felt an urge to phone her mother (wanted very
successfully tackling this challenge much to phone)

trace  /treɪs/ Noun volume  /ˈvɒljuːm/ Noun

traces of something are very small quantities of it a volume of something is a quantity or amount of it
Collocates:  a trace of something | traces of something Collocates:  a huge/large volume (of something) | the
the product contained traces of horse meat | the air we total volume | the sheer volume of something
breathe contains traces of carbon | nearly all fish contain analysis of large volumes of data | daily trading volumes
traces of mercury | tiny traces of blood were found at the are another measure of activity | Japan sees huge
scene volumes of winter snow | the total volume of illegally
downloaded music rose again last year | the road could
transmit  /trænzˈmɪt/ Verb not absorb the sheer volume of traffic (a surprisingly
to transmit data or information means to send it through large amount of traffic)
the air, like radio waves or television signals
a device that can transmit information about the animals | waive  /weɪv/ Verb
his interview was transmitted live | pictures of the if someone in authority waives a rule, they say that it
disaster were rapidly transmitted around the world | does not need to be followed in a particular case
state radio broadcasts are transmitted across the island | they would invariably waive any charge | some
radio operators and transmitting stations have to be universities waive tuition fees | the restrictions would be
licensed waived in an emergency
Noun:  transmission | Noun:  transmitter Noun:  waiver
highly reliable data transmission | a radio transmitter the waiver was signed by the governor (a document
officially stating that someone does not have to follow a
uncover  /ʌnˈkʌvə(r)/ Verb rule in a particular case)
to uncover something bad or illegal means to discover
it, especially when people have been trying to keep it
secret or hidden
an attempt to uncover illegal activity | he kept
investigating and eventually uncovered another crime |
security forces uncovered 60 tunnels | police uncovered
two explosive devices outside the palace | serious
financial misconduct was uncovered

© 2016 National Geographic Learning  7

 Outcomes Upper Intermediate Vocabulary Builder  Unit 15

EXERCISES Word building

E Complete the sentences with adjectives formed
Prepositions from the verbs in the box.
A Complete the sentences with the correct melt disobey prohibit
preposition. contaminate discard appal
1 Keep the lid while the rice is cooking.
1 He’d always been a child.
2 I think you’d better chuck that the bin.
2 Drinking water is very dangerous.
3 Soak the beans water for a few hours.
3 Cover the top with chocolate.
4 She sprinkled the cake sugar.
4 Smoking is in public buildings.
5 You can substitute lemon lime in this recipe.
5 They were found living in
6 There have been accusations misconduct. conditions.
7 He came to the restaurant to pass judgement 6 There was a bicycle lying on the
the food. pavement.
B Choose the correct preposition.
1 He was disqualified from/for the competition. Collocations
2 It’s too soon to make a judgement for/about the
new government. F Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in the box. Look up the words in bold if
3 Sprinkle the top by/with herbs.
you need help.
4 The dog made a bid for/at freedom.
5 He was dismayed by/for what he heard. put pass issue deny
6 Through/In my judgement, two days won’t be 1 the lid on the pan.
long enough.
2 You shouldn’t be so quick to
judgement.
Word families 3 She categorically being involved.
4 The weather office has an alert as
C Complete the expressions with the correct form
more snow is expected.
of the word in bold.
1 publicise an event attract a lot of G Match the two halves of the collocations. Look
up the words 1–6 if you need help.
2 good personal hygiene an kitchen
1 plead a) not guilty
3 sprinkle with salt a of sugar
2 a fraudulent b) stunt
4 be disqualified from face
the race 3 a sponsorship c ) claim
5 a subtle difference it lacks 4 a publicity d) a problem
6 he confessed to make a 5 tackle e) deal
the crime
H Complete the collocations with nouns and
7 a persistent threat the weather was adjectives from the unit.
bad
1 a subtle c _ _ _ _ e
D Tick the words which are both a noun and 2 a random s _ _ _ _ e
a verb.
3 a w _ _ d accusation
1 waive
4 an overnight s _ _ y
2 squeeze
3 plead
4 soak
5 urge
6 stir

© 2016 National Geographic Learning 8