Arduino Mega 2560 Datasheet

Overview
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet).
It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog
inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-
to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed
for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.

Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip
Schematic: arduino-mega2560-schematic.pdf

Summary
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power
The Arduino Mega can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of
the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable.
If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.
The power pins are as follows:

● VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access
it through this pin.
● 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
● 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
● GND. Ground pins.

Memory
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for
the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode()
, digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

● Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX)
and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit
(TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
● External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5),
19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be
configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change
in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
● PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
● SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP
header, which is physically compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove and Diecimila.
● LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
 value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
● I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library (documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the
same location as the I2C pins on the Duemilanove or Diecimila.

The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

● AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
● Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication
The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs
for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one of these
over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines
will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port
automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when
data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but
not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega2560's digital
pins.
The ATmega2560 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation on the Wiring
website for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming
The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For details,
see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Mega2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is
connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this
line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino
software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload
button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter
timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Mega2560 is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via
USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Mega2560. While
it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code),
it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.
If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it
first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Mega2560 contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may
also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset
line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Mega2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to
the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is
removed.

Physical Characteristics and Shield

Compatibility
The maximum length and width of the Mega2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three
screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance
between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing
of the other pins.

The Mega2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Uno,
Diecimila or Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins),
analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations.
Further the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external
interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is available through the ICSP header on
both the Mega2560 and Duemilanove / Diecimila. Please note that I2C is not located on the
same pins on the Mega (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).
 Arduino Uno R3

INTRODUCTION
Arduino is used for building different types of electronic circuits easily using of both a physical
programmable circuit board usually microcontroller and piece of code running on computer with
USB connection between the computer and Arduino.
Programming language used in Arduino is just a simplified version of C++ that can easily replace
thousands of wires with words.
ARDUINO UNO-R3 PHYSICAL COMPONENTS
ATMEGA328P-PU microcontroller
The most important element in Arduino Uno R3 is ATMEGA328P-PU is an 8-bit Microcontroller
with flash memory reach to 32k bytes. It’s features as follow:
• High Performance, Low Power AVR
• Advanced RISC Architecture
o 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
o 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
o Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
o On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
o 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
o 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM
o 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM
o Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
o Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
o Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
o In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
o True Read-While-Write Operation
o Programming Lock for Software Security

• Peripheral Features
o Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
o One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
o Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
o Six PWM Channels
o 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
o Temperature Measurement
o 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
o Temperature Measurement
o Programmable Serial USART
 o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
o Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2 C compatible)
o Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
o On-chip Analog Comparator
o Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

• Special Microcontroller Features

o Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
o Internal Calibrated Oscillator
o External and Internal Interrupt Sources
o Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and
Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
o 23 Programmable I/O Lines
o 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage:
o 1.8 - 5.5V
• Temperature Range:
o -40°C to 85°C
• Speed Grade:
o 0 - 4 [email protected] - 5.5V, 0 - 10 [email protected] - 5.5.V, 0 - 20 MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
o Active Mode: 0.2 mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.1 µA
o Power-save Mode: 0.75 µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)
  Pin configuration

ATMEGA16u2- mu microcontroller
Is a 8-bit microcontroller used as USB driver in Arduino uno R3 it’s features as follow:

 High Performance, Low Power AVR

• Advanced RISC Architecture
o 125 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
o 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
o Fully Static Operation
o Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

• Non-volatile Program and Data Memories

o 8K/16K/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
o 512/512/1024 EEPROM
o 512/512/1024 Internal SRAM
o Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/ 100,000 EEPROM
o Data retention: 20 years at 85˚C/ 100 years at 25˚C
 o Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
o In-System Programming by on-chip Boot Program hardware-activated after reset
o Programming Lock for Software Security
• USB 2.0 Full-speed Device Module with Interrupt on Transfer Completion
o Complies fully with Universal Serial Bus Specification REV 2.0
o 48 MHz PLL for Full-speed Bus Operation: data transfer rates at 12 Mbit/s
o Fully independent 176 bytes USB DPRAM for endpoint memory allocation
o Endpoint 0 for Control Transfers: from 8 up to 64-bytes
o 4 Programmable Endpoints:
– IN or Out Directions
– Bulk, Interrupt and Isochronous Transfers
– Programmable maximum packet size from 8 to 64 bytes
– Programmable single or double buffer
o Suspend/Resume Interrupts
o Microcontroller reset on USB Bus Reset without detach
o USB Bus Disconnection on Microcontroller Request
• Peripheral Features
o One 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode (two 8-bit PWM
channels)
o One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare and Capture Mode(three 8-
bit PWM channels)
o USART with SPI master only mode and hardware flow control (RTS/CTS)
o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
o Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
o On-chip Analog Comparator
o Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• On Chip Debug Interface (debug WIRE)
• Special Microcontroller Features
o Power-On Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
o Internal Calibrated Oscillator
o External and Internal Interrupt Sources
o Five Sleep Modes: Idle, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
o 22 Programmable I/O Lines
o QFN32 (5x5mm) / TQFP32 packages
• Operating Voltages
o 2.7 - 5.5V
• Operating temperature
o Industrial (-40°C to +85°C)
• Maximum Frequency
o 8 MHz at 2.7V - Industrial range
o 16 MHz at 4.5V - Industrial range

 Pin configuration
OTHER ARDUINO UNO R3 PARTS

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode (),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

o Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
o External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
o PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
o SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
o LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e.1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
ARDUINO UNO R3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM