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    Communication Systems Overview

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    Ashish Gupta
    The document provides an overview of communication systems, discussing the differences between analog and digital signals and how they are represented, the components of a basic communication system including source encoding, transmission, reception and decoding, examples of different communication channels, how analog signals are converted to digital through sampling and quantization, and the performance metrics used to evaluate communication systems such as data rate and error probability.

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    Communication Systems Overview

    Uploaded by

    Ashish Gupta
    60 views18 pages
    The document provides an overview of communication systems, discussing the differences between analog and digital signals and how they are represented, the components of a basic communication system including source encoding, transmission, reception and decoding, examples of different communication channels, how analog signals are converted to digital through sampling and quantization, and the performance metrics used to evaluate communication systems such as data rate and error probability.

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    The document provides an overview of communication systems, discussing the differences between analog and digital signals and how they are represented, the components of a basic communication system including source encoding, transmission, reception and decoding, examples of different communication channels, how analog signals are converted to digital through sampling and quantization, and the performance metrics used to evaluate communication systems such as data rate and error probability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views18 pages

    Communication Systems Overview

    Uploaded by

    Ashish Gupta
    The document provides an overview of communication systems, discussing the differences between analog and digital signals and how they are represented, the components of a basic communication system including source encoding, transmission, reception and decoding, examples of different communication channels, how analog signals are converted to digital through sampling and quantization, and the performance metrics used to evaluate communication systems such as data rate and error probability.

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    of 18

    Communication Systems Overview

    Lathi & Ding Chapter 1

    ◮ Information representation

    ◮ Communication system block diagrams

    ◮ Analog versus digital systems

    ◮ Performance metrics

    ◮ Data rate limits

    Next week: signals and signal space (L&D chapter 2)


    Types of Information
    ◮ Major classification of data: analog vs. digital
    ◮ Analog signals
    ◮ speech (but words are discrete)
    ◮ music (closer to a continuous signal)
    ◮ temperature readings, barometric pressure, wind speed
    ◮ images stored on film
    ◮ Analog signals can be represented (approximately) using bits
    ◮ audio: 8, 16, 24 bits per sample
    ◮ digitized images (can be compressed using JPEG)
    ◮ digitized video (can be compressed to MPEG)
    ◮ Bits: text, computer data
    ◮ Analog signals can be converted into bits by quantizing/digitizing

    The word “bit” was coined in the late 1940s by John Tukey, co-inventor of Fast Fourier Transform
    Analog Messages
    ◮ Early analog communication
    ◮ telephone (1876)
    ◮ phonograph (1877)
    ◮ film soundtrack (1923, Lee De Forest, Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner)
    ◮ Key to analog communication is the amplifier (1908, Lee De Forest,
    triode vacuum tube)
    ◮ Broadcast radio (AM, FM) is still analog
    ◮ Broadcast television was analog until 2009
    Digital Messages
    ◮ Early long-distance communication was digital
    ◮ semaphores, white flag, smoke signals, bugle calls, telegraph
    ◮ Teletypewriters (stock quotations)
    ◮ Baudot (1874) created 5-unit code for alphabet. Today baud is a unit
    meaning one symbol per second.
    ◮ Working teleprinters were in service by 1924 at 65 words per minute
    ◮ Fax machines: Group 3 (voice lines) and Group 4 (ISDN)
    ◮ In 1990s the accounted for majority of transPacific telephone use. Sadly,
    fax machines are still in use.
    ◮ First fax machine was Alexander Bains 1843 device required conductive ink
    ◮ Pantelegraph (Caselli, 1865) set up telefax between Paris and Lyon
    ◮ Ethernet, Internet

    There is no name for the unit bit/second. I have proposed claude.


    Communication System Block Diagram (Basic)

    ◮ Source encoder converts message into message signal (bits)


    ◮ Transmitter converts message signal into format appropriate for channel
    transmission (analog/digital signal)
    ◮ Channel conveys signal but may introduce attenuation, distortion, noise,
    interference
    ◮ Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal
    ◮ Source decoder decodes message signal back into original message
    Communication System Block Diagram (Advanced)

    Source Channel
    Source Encrypt Modulator
    Encoder Encoder

    Channel Noise

    Source Channel
    Sink Decrypt Demodulator
    Decoder Decoder

    ◮ Source encoder compresses message to remove redundancy


    ◮ Encryption protects against eavesdroppers and false messages
    ◮ Channel encoder adds redundancy for error protection
    ◮ Modulator converts digital inputs to signals suitable for physical channel
    Examples of Communication Channels
    ◮ Communication systems convert information into a format appropriate
    for the transmission medium
    ◮ Some channels convey electromagnetic waves (signals).
    ◮ Radio (20 KHz to 20+ GHz)
    ◮ Optical fiber (200 THz or 1550 nm)
    ◮ Laser line-of-sight (e.g., from Mars)
    ◮ Other channels use sound, smell, pressure, chemical reactions
    ◮ smell: ants
    ◮ chemical reactions: neuron dendrites
    ◮ dance: bees
    ◮ Analog communication systems convert (modulate) analog signals into
    modulated (analog) signals
    ◮ Digital communication systems convert information in the form of bits
    into binary/digital signals
    Physical Channels
    ◮ Physical channels have constraints on what kinds of signals can be
    transmitted
    ◮ Radio uses E&M waves at various frequencies
    ◮ Submarine communication at about 20 KHz
    ◮ Cordless telephones: 45 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 1.9 GHz
    ◮ Wired links may require DC balanced codes to prevent voltage build up
    ◮ Fiber optic channels use 4B5B modulation to accommodate time-varying
    attenuation
    ◮ CD and DVD media require minimum spot size but position can be more
    precise
    ◮ The process of creating a signal suitable for transmission is called
    modulation (modulate from Latin “to regulate”)
    AM and FM Modulation
    (a) Carrier

    (b) Signal

    (c) Amplitude modulated

    (d) Frequency modulated


    Analog vs. Digital Systems

    ◮ Analog signals
    Values varies continously

    ◮ Digital signals
    Value limited to a finite set
    Digital systems are more robust

    ◮ Binary signals
    Have 2 possible values
    Used to represent bit values
    Bit time T needed to send 1 bit
    Data rate R = 1/T bits per
    second
    Sampling and Quantization, I
    To transmit analog signals over a digital communication link, we must
    discretize both time and values.

    2mp
    Quantization spacing is ; sampling interval is T , not shown in figure.
    L
    Sampling and Quantization, II
    ◮ Usually sample times are uniformly spaced.
    ◮ Higher frequency content requires faster sampling. (Soprano must be
    sampled twice as fast as a tenor.)

    0.2

    0.1

    −0.1

    −0.2
    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

    ◮ Quantization levels are usually uniformly spaced (linear). Logarithmic


    compression is useful for greater dynamic range.
    Digital Transmission and Regeneration
    Simplest digital communication is binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

    (a) binary signal input to channel; (b) signal altered by channel;


    (c) signal + noise; (d) signal after detection by receiver
    Channel Errors
    If there is too much channel distortion or noise, receiver may make a
    mistake, and the regenerated signal will be incorrect. Channel coding is
    needed to detect and correct the message.
    2

    0
    A

    −1

    −2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    0
    B

    −2

    −4
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    1
    C

    −1

    −2
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    t
    Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

    To communicate sampled values,


    we send a sequence of bits that
    represent the quantized value.
    For 16 quantization levels, 4 bits
    suffice.
    PCM can use binary
    representation of value.
    The PSTN uses 8-bit companded
    PCM (similar to floating point)
    Performance Metrics
    ◮ Analog communication systems
    ◮ Metric is fidelity, closeness to original signal
    ◮ We want m̂(t) ≈ m(t)
    ◮ A common measure of infidelity is energy of difference signal:
    Z T
    |m̂(t) − m(t)|2 dt
    0

    ◮ Digital communication systems


    ◮ Metrics are data rate R in bits/sec and probability of bit error

    Pe = P{b̂ 6= b}

    ◮ Without noise, we never experience bit errors


    ◮ With noise, Pe depends on signal power, noise power, data rate, and
    channel characteristics.
    Data Rate Limits
    ◮ Data rate R is limited by signal power, noise power, distortion
    ◮ Without distortion or noise, we could transmit at R = ∞ and error
    probably Pe = 0
    ◮ The Shannon capacity is the maximum possible data rate for a system
    with noise and distortion
    ◮ Maximum rate can be approached with error probability approaching 0
    ◮ For additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels,
     P
    C = 12 B log(1 + SNR) = 21 B log 1 +
    N
    ◮ The theoretical result does not tell how to design real systems
    ◮ Shannon obtained C ≈ 32 Kbps for telephone channels
    (B = 3700 − 300 = 3400 Hz)
    ◮ Modern modems achieve higher rates by using more bandwidth
    Next
    SDR (software-defined radio) lab on Friday
    ◮ We will give you your RTL SDR’s
    ◮ Bring your laptops, and headphones
    ◮ We’ll get you up and running!

    Next week
    ◮ (Very brief) review of EE 102A
    ◮ Fourier series and Fourier transforms in 2πf
    ◮ Vector space perspective on signal processing
    ◮ L&D Chapter 2 (skim this, most should look very familiar)

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