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    Ferranti Effect

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    Vaibhav Singh Rajput
    Ferranti effect occurs when the receiving end voltage of a long transmission line is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions. This effect is caused by the distributed capacitance of the transmission line, where the capacitor charging current is greater than the load current. As this current flows through the distributed inductance of the line, it causes a voltage drop that increases additively along the line towards the receiving end, resulting in a receiving end voltage that exceeds the sending end voltage. The Ferranti effect is more pronounced for longer lines due to the direct proportionality between the voltage rise and the square of the line length.

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    Ferranti Effect

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Singh Rajput
    224 views2 pages
    Ferranti effect occurs when the receiving end voltage of a long transmission line is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions. This effect is caused by the distributed capacitance of the transmission line, where the capacitor charging current is greater than the load current. As this current flows through the distributed inductance of the line, it causes a voltage drop that increases additively along the line towards the receiving end, resulting in a receiving end voltage that exceeds the sending end voltage. The Ferranti effect is more pronounced for longer lines due to the direct proportionality between the voltage rise and the square of the line length.

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    Transmission Line

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    Ferranti effect occurs when the receiving end voltage of a long transmission line is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions. This effect is caused by the distributed capacitance of the transmission line, where the capacitor charging current is greater than the load current. As this current flows through the distributed inductance of the line, it causes a voltage drop that increases additively along the line towards the receiving end, resulting in a receiving end voltage that exceeds the sending end voltage. The Ferranti effect is more pronounced for longer lines due to the direct proportionality between the voltage rise and the square of the line length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    224 views2 pages

    Ferranti Effect

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Singh Rajput
    Ferranti effect occurs when the receiving end voltage of a long transmission line is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions. This effect is caused by the distributed capacitance of the transmission line, where the capacitor charging current is greater than the load current. As this current flows through the distributed inductance of the line, it causes a voltage drop that increases additively along the line towards the receiving end, resulting in a receiving end voltage that exceeds the sending end voltage. The Ferranti effect is more pronounced for longer lines due to the direct proportionality between the voltage rise and the square of the line length.

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    FERRANTI EFFECT

    In general practice we know, that for all electrical systems current flows from the region of
    higher potential to the region of lower potential, to compensate for the potential difference that
    exists in the system. In all practical cases the sending end voltage is higher than the receiving
    end, so current flows from the source or the supply end to the load. But Sir S.Z. Ferranti, in the
    year 1890, came up with an astonishing theory about medium or long distance transmission lines
    suggesting that in case of light loading or no load operation of transmission system, the receiving
    end voltage often increases beyond the sending end voltage, leading to a phenomena known as
    Ferranti effect in power system.

    Why Ferranti effect occurs in a transmission line?

    A long transmission line can be considered to composed a considerably high amount of


    capacitance and inductance distributed across the entire length of the line. Ferranti Effect occurs
    when current drawn by the distributed capacitance of the line itself is greater than the current
    associated with the load at the receiving end of the line (during light or no load). This capacitor
    charging current leads to voltage drop across the line inductance of the transmission system
    which is in phase with the sending end voltages. This voltage drop keeps on increasing additively
    as we move towards the load end of the line and subsequently the receiving end voltage tends to
    get larger than applied voltage leading to the phenomena called Ferranti effect in power system.
    It is illustrated with the help of a phasor diagram below. Thus both the capacitance and
    inductance effect of transmission line are equally responsible for this particular phenomena to
    occur, and hence Ferranti effect is negligible in case of a short transmission lines as the
    inductance of such a line is practically considered to be nearing zero. In general for a 300 Km
    line operating at a frequency of 50 Hz, the no load receiving end voltage has been found to be
    5% higher than the sending end voltage.

    Now for analysis of Ferranti effect let us consider the phasor diagrame shown above.

    Here Vr is considered to be the reference phasor, represented by OA.

    Thus Vr = Vr (1 + j0)

    current, Ic = jωCVr

    Now sending end voltage

    Vs = Vr + resistive drop + reactive drop.

    = Vr + IcR + jIcX

    = Vr+ Ic (R + jX)
    = Vr+jωcVr (R + jω L) [since X = ωL]

    Now Vs = Vr -ω 2 cLVr + j ωcRVr

    This is represented by the phasor OC. Now in case of a long transmission line, it has been
    practically observed that the line resistance is negligibly small compared to the line reactance,
    hence we can assume the length of the phasor Ic R = 0, we can consider the rise in the voltage is
    only due to OA – OC = reactive drop in the line.

    Now if we consider c0 and L0 are the values of capacitance and inductance per km of the
    transmission line, where l is the length of the line.

    Thus capacitive reactance Xc = 1/(ω l c0)

    Since, in case of a long transmission line the capacitance is distributed throughout its length,

    the average current flowing is, Ic = 1 /2 Vr/Xc = 1 /2 Vrω l c0

    Now the inductive reactance of the line = ω L0 l

    Thus the rise in voltage due to line inductance is given by,

    IcX = 1 /2Vrω l c0 X ω L0 l

    Voltage rise = 1 /2 Vr ω2 l2 c0L0

    From the above equation it is absolutely evident, that the rise in voltage at the receiving
    end is directly proportional to the square of the line length, and hence in case of a long
    transmission line it keeps increasing with length and even goes beyond the applied sending end
    voltage at times, leading to the phenomena called Ferranti effect in power system.

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