Bab

4
Sumber: Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, 2000
Berbagai jenis kapasitor yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan muatan listrik.

Medan Listrik, Potensial

Listrik, dan Kapasitor
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dalam berbagai penyelesaian

masalah dan produk teknologi.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

memformulasikan gaya listrik, kuat medan listrik, fluks, potensial listrik, energi
potensial listrik, serta penerapannya pada keping sejajar.

:
-(+
?52
D6?DE
D6=29
>6>A6=2;2B:
>6?86?2:
=:CDB:<

':CDB:<
CE529 A. Muatan Listrik
252
C6;2<
;282D
B2I2
:?:
=29:B

'652<2?
A6D:B
>6BEA2<2?
4@?D@9
<636B2522?
=:CDB:<
<2B6?2
A6D:B
252=29
92C:=
A6=6A2C2?
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
5:
2G2?
B. Medan Listrik
2?I2<
C6<2=:
2A=:<2C:
=:CDB:<
52=2>
<69:5EA2?
C692B: 92B:

.6=6F:C: C. Energi Potensial
B25:@
<@>AED6B
52?
2=2D 2=2D
6=6<DB@?:<
=2:?
>6?88E?2<2?
=:CDB:<
C63282:
Listrik dan
CE>36B
6?6B8:?I2

-6D6=29
5:D6>E<2??I2
=:CDB:<
32?I2<
5:D6>E<2?
D6<?@=@8: D6<?@=@8:
32BE

-63282:
4@?D@9
=:92D=29
328:2?
52=2>
C63E29 Potensial Listrik
B25:@

:
52=2>?I2
?52
52A2D
>6=:92D
36B>242> >242>
<@>A@?6? D. Kapasitor
=:CDB:<

2A2D<29
?52
>6?I63ED<2?
?2>2 ?2>2
<@>A@?6?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
B25:@
:
2?D2B2
C6<:2?
32?I2<
<@>A@?6?
I2?8
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
B25:@
?52
A2CD:
>6?6>E<2?
<2A2C:D@B

A2<29
<2A2C:D@B
:DE
A2
<68E?22?
<2A2C:D@B
282:>2?2
42B2
<6B;2
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
?52
A2CD:
:?8:?
>6?86D29E:
;2G232?
52B:
A6BD2?I22? A6BD2?I22?
D6BC63ED

/?DE<
:DE
D6>E<2?
;2G232??I2
56?82?
>6>A6=2;2B:
323
:?:

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 75

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 Tes Kompetensi Awal
"*'*192
2*25*1&/&6.
0437*5
*)&3
.786.0
!48*37.&1
.786.0
)&3
&5&7.846
0*6/&0&31&-
74&174&1
'*6.098
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

A2<29
C6D:2A
36?52
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
=:CDB:< 
A2
I2?8
?52
<6D29E:
D6?D2?8
<2A2C:D@B
A2

A2
C2;2<29
A6?IECE?
52B:
C63E29
2D@>
%6=2C<2? C2;2<29
7E?8C:?I2
282:>2?2
AB:?C:A
52C2B
<6B;2?I2
A6?IECE? A6?IECE??I2
D6BC63ED

A2
I2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
>652?
=:CDB:<

A. Muatan Listrik
+B@C6C
5EA=:<2C:
?2C<29
@=69
>6C:?
7@D@<@A:
>6BEA2<2?
C2=29
C2DE
4@?D@9
2A=:<2C:
<@?C6A
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
52=2>
<69:5EA2?
C692B: 92B:

+6>36?DE<2?
C2=:?2?
92C:=
7@D@<@A:
<2B6?2
A6?6>A6=2?
C6B3E<
2D2E
D@?6B
I2?8
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
A252
A6B>E<22?
<6BD2C

@?D@9
=2:?
86;2=2
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
I2?8
=63:9
C656B92?2
252=29
>6?6>A6=?I2
B2>3ED
2D2E
A@D@?82?
<6BD2C
A252
A6?882B:C
A=2CD:<
I2?8
D6=29
5:8@C@<
<2:?
G@=

&65E2
86;2=2
!:C:<2
D6BC63ED
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
5E2
3E29
36?52
52A2D
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998 C2=:?8
>6?2B:<

282:>2?2
A2B2
29=:
7:C:<2
>6?;6=2C<2?
86;2=2
D6BC63ED
Gambar 4.1 +6B92D:<2?
<65E2
A6B:CD:G2
A252
&2'&6

52?
&2'&6


Mesin fotokopi &6D:<2
C63E29
32D2?8
<2B6D
5:8@C@<
56?82?
<2:?
G@=
<6>E5:2?
5:56<2D<2?

A252
32D2?8
<242
I2?8
5:8@C@<
<2:?
CEDB2
D6B?I2D2
<65E2
32D2?8
D6BC63ED
D2B:< >6?2B:<

-632=:<?I2
C63E29
32D2?8
<2B6D
I2?8
5:8@C@<
56?82?
<2:?
G@=
52?
5:56<2D<2?
56?82?
32D2?8
<2B6D
I2?8
=2:?
D6B?I2D2
<65E2
32D2?8
<2B6D
D@=2< >6?@=2<

/?DE<
>6?;6=2C<2?
86;2=2
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:2?882A
329G2
A6?88@C@<2?
<2:?
G@=
52?
<2:?
CEDB2
A252
32D2?8
>6>36B:<2?
batang karet batang kaca >E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
32D2?8
D6BC63ED

Gambar 4.2
6B52C2B<2?
86;2=2
7:C:<2
D6C63ED
;6=2C
329G2
>E2D2?
A252
<242
Setelah batang karet digosok kain 52?
>E2D2?
A252
32D2?8
<2B6D
36B3652
;6?:C?I2

*3/&2.3
6&301.3
wol dan batang kaca digosok kain  O 
>6?I63ED<2?
329G2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
32D2?8
<242
C63282:
sutra kedua batang tersebut tarik-
menarik.
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7

52AE?
>E2D2?
A252
32D2?8
<2B6D
5:C63ED
>E2D2?
?682D:7

6?52
D6BCECE?
2D2C
B:3E2?
329<2?
;ED22?
2D@>

D@>
D6BCECE?
2D2C
AB@D@?
?6EDB@?
52?
6=6<DB@?

+B@D@?
52?
?6EDB@?
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
:?D:
2D@>
C652?8<2?
6=6<DB@?
D6B52A2D
5:
<E=:D
2D@>

%E>=29
AB@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
52=2>
C63E29
2D@>
252=29
C2>2

$DE=29
C6323?I2
2D@>
36BC:72D
?6DB2=

-63282:
4@?D@9
2D@>
9:5B@86?
>6?82?5E?8
C2DE
AB@D@?
52?
C2DE
6=6<DB@?

D@>
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
252=29
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
=63:9
32?I2<
52B:
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?
C652?8<2?
2D@>
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
252=29
batang karet batang karet
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
=63:9
C65:<:D
52B:A252
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?

Gambar 4.3 6?52
36B>E2D2?
?6DB2=
D6BCECE?
2D2C
2D@> 2D@>
I2?8
D:52<
36B
Setelah kedua batang karet digosok
kain wol dan didekatkan, kedua >E2D2?
?6DB2=

D@>
?6DB2=
252=29
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
batang karet tolak-menolak. C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?
>:C2=?I2
2D@>
9:5B@86?
C6A6BD:
D6B=:92D
A252
&2'&6


1. Interaksi Elektrostatis antara Dua Muatan Listrik

%6?:C
:?D6B2<C:
6=6<DB@CD2D:C
252

>242>
I2:DE
2
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2?D2B2
>E2D2? >E2D2?
D:52<
C6;6?:C
3
D@=2< >6?@=2<
2?D2B2
>E2D2? >E2D2?
C6;6?:C

-&61*7
9,978.3
49142'
 O 
>6?8E<EB
36C2B?I2
D2B:<

2?
52?
D@=2<2?
=:CDB:<
C642B2
<E2?D:D2D:7

$2
;E82
>6?I:>AE=<2?
9E<E>
Gambar 4.4
Pada atom hidrogen terdapat I2?8
>6?82DEB
D2B:<2?
52?
D@=2<2?
=:CDB:<
D6BC63ED

#E<E>
D6BC63ED
satu proton dan satu elektron. 5:<6?2=
56?82?
1'1)
+1(+)
#E<E>
@E=@>3
>6?I2D2<2?
329G2

76 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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 5
0.%')!*.%'
01
0+(')!*+('
*0.
1
1$
)10*
(%/0.%' F F
!/.*5
!.* %*#
(1.1/
!*#*
$/%(
'(%
!/.
'! 1
)10*
0!./!10
* q1 q2
r
!.* %*#
0!.(%'
!*#*
'1 .0
&.'
*0.
'! 1
)10*
0!./!10

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6

52?
&2'&6


-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
82I2 Gambar 4.5
Interaksi muatan listrik berlainan
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2D2E
D@=2< >6?@=2<
82I2
@E=@>3
52=2>
F2<E>
52A2D jenis akan tarik-menarik
5:DE=:C
C63282:
36B:<ED


- -- F F
,  
-


2D2E


F2<E>  '   O  q1 q2

 . F F
q1 q2
"2I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
D6B;25:
52=2>
CE2DE
>65:E>
2D2E
3292?
>6>:=:<: r

A6BC2>22?
82I2
@E=@>3
C63282:
36B:<ED

Gambar 4.6
Interaksi muatan listrik sejenis
-
-  akan tolak-menolak
3292? 
O
  . 
%:<2
+6BC2>22?
O 2
52?
+6BC2>22?
O 3
5:823E?8<2?
5:52A2D
F2<E> 
  . O2
3292?  
-69:?882
5:52A2D
9E3E?82?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
3292?
52?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
F2<E>
C63282:
36B:<ED

3292?  F2<E> 
O3
.
&6D6B2?82?
  82I2
@E=@>3
)
-  >E2D2?
=:CDB:<

'  
<@?CD2?D2
5:6=6<DB:<
'


P

)>
 
   A6B>:D:F:D2C
BE2?8
92>A2
   

P
O 
)>
 r  A6B>:D:F:D2C
B6=2D:7
3292?
.  ;2B2<
2?D2B>E2D2?
>

Contoh 4.1 Tugas Anda 4.1

Anda masih ingat alat yang
E2
<6A:?8
=@82>
I2?8
D6B3E2D
52B:
3292?
C2>2
5:36B:
>E2D2?
C2>2
36C2B
dinamakan dengan elektroskop?
2
6B2A2<29
>E2D2?
5:
C6D:2A
<6A:?8
;:<2
5:<6D29E:
82I2
@E=@>3
C636C2B

)
52? Apakah fungsi alat tersebut?
;2B2<
2?D2B<6A:?8
=@82>

> Bagaimanakah cara kerjanya? Coba
3
%:<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
36B252
5:
52=2>
3292?>65:E>
56?82?  . 

36B2A2<29 Anda cari informasi dari internet
atau buku-buku referensi.
36C2B
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
&:&'
:<6D29E:



)
.



>
- - 
2


'

56?82?
-

-

-
.

. . 
-

-
' '
 
)
- 
.


>


P
O


  
'     )>   

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 77

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 -

-

-

  
%25:
36C2B
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6D:2A
<6A:?8
252=29

 

3
3292?   F2<E> 

)   )


B  

%25:
36C2B
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
252=29
)

2. Resultan Gaya Coulomb

F12 q1 q2 F23 F21 F32 q3
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


"2>32B
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:56C<B:AC:<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

 
252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
r1 r2 2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
Gambar 4.7 -
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
Resultan gaya Coulomb >E2D2?
-
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-

,6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
5:BE>EC<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

       

  * O
6B2BD:
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
A252
&2'&6

252=29
- 




- -  --
2=2>
92=
:?:
  ' 

52?
  '   

. .

Contoh 4.2
.:82
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B252
A252
C2DE
82B:C
=EBEC
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
  
  
52?
 

?D2BA2BD:<6=
36B;2B2<
C2>2
I2:DE

4>

Tokoh 2
.6?DE<2?
36C2B
2B29
82I2
A252
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
 

3
:
>2?2
A2BD:<6=
 
5:=6D2<<2?
282B
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED
?@=
Charles Coulomb &:&'
(1736– 1806) :<6D29E:
-
   
-
   
-
  
2
'6D2<
>E2D2?
- 
-
52?
-
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

%2B2<
2?D2B2
<65E2
A2BD:<6=
C2>2
36C2B
I2:DE
. 

.


4>

52AE?
 
>6BEA2<2?
82I2
@E=@>3
92C:=
:?D6B2<C:
D2B:< >6?2B:<
-
52?
-
C652?8<2?

>6BEA2<2?
82I2
@E=@>3
92C:=
:?D6B2<C:
D2B:<
>6?2B:<
-
52?
-

6?82?
>6>AB65:<C:<2?
 


>2<2
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
>6>6?E9:
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED

r12 = 10 cm r23 = 10 cm

F12 F23
q1 q2 q3

Coulomb adalah ahli Fisika - -  --



 
O


' 
 '  
kelahiran Angouleme, Prancis. Dia .  .
merupakan orang pertama yang
menunjukkan perilaku bahwa ' -
 

-  -  
muatan listrik saling tolak satu sama .
lain. Namanya kemudian digunakan
sebagai satuan muatan listrik.
  
)>     
     

Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, 1995 
             
)


> 

78 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
3
82B
?:=2:
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
5:
-
C2>2
56?82?
?@=
>2<2
36C2B
 
92BEC
C2>2
56?82?

C69:?882
A6BC2>22??I2
>6?;25:
Kata Kunci
'- - '- - . - • proton
              • elektron
.  . .  - • neutron
• atom netral
. 
     .    .  • gaya Coulomb
.  
(:C2=<2?
>E2D2?
-
5:=6D2<<2?
4
>
52B:
>E2D2?

- 
>2<2
. 

4
> 52? .


O
4
>
.

 
. 



O
4

 
4

4


>
%25:
282B
82I2
@=@E>3
A252
-
C2>2
56?82?
?@=
>E2D2?
-
5:=6D2<<2?

>
52B:
>E2D2?
-

Contoh 4.3
E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
 
5:82?DE?8
A252
D2=:
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B

%:<2
D2=:
5:2?882A
D:52<
36B>2CC2
D6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2
2
D682?82?
D2=:

3
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
;:<2
#


>C
T 60° T

&:&'
:<6D29E:
- 
-
-

P
O

#


>C
'


P

)>
q
30 cm
q

%:<2
82I2 82I2
I2?8
36<6B;2
A252
A2BD:<6= A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED

5:82>32B<2?
2<2?
D6B=:92D
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

30° T T cos 30°

F
T sin 30°

w
?52
52A2D
>6?6?DE<2?
36C2B
D682?82?
D2=:

52?
>2CC2
)
92?I2
56?82?
>6?:?;2E
C6D6?829
328:2?
52B:
C:CD6>

2
-:CD6>
5:<2D2<2?
52=2>
<62522?
C6D:>32?8
;:<2
4


2D2E



C:?
L
' -
2B:
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:<6D29E:
329G2


>2<2 Tantangan
.
untuk Anda
' -
2<2?
5:A6B@=69

C:?
L


. Perhatikan gambar berikut.
q





    Nm2 / C 2    O C  

  m
r r







)
3
 5


52?

4@C
L

)
#
–q +q

 
)

)

>C

)


<8


Hitunglah resultan gaya F yang
%25:
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
252=29

<8
bekerja pada muatan q.

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 79

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

6B2A2<29
36C2B
82I2
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2?D2B2
AB@D@?
52? 
(E2D2?

I2?8
36C2B?I2
  
5:=6D2<<2?
A252
82B:C
6=6<DB@?
52=2>
C63E29
2D@>
9:5B@86?
I2?8
36B;2B: ;2B: 9E3E?8
2?D2B2
>E2D2?

I2?8
36C2B?I2
O  
52?
2D@>

K

P O 
>
 >E2D2?


I2?8
36C2B?I2
  

(E2D2?

D6B=6D2<


+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
4>
52B:

52?

4>
52B:


%:<2
;2B2<



4>
q1 q2 q3 D6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2
B6CE=D2?
82I2
I2?8
36<6B;2
A252
a a 2
>E2D2?


B
3
>E2D2?


%:<2
5:<6D29E:
- 
-
  
-
O  
52?



>

D6?DE<2?
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
-


.:82
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B252
52=2>
C2DE
82B:C
=EBEC
>2C:?8
A C
>2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
O    
   
52?
O  

?D2BA2BD:<6=
>6>:=:<:
;2B2<
I2?8
C2>2

>

-63E29
36?52
36B>2CC2

8
52?
36B>E2D2?
-

  
2
.6?DE<2?
36C2B
52?
2B29
82I2
A252
A2BD:<6= 5:82?DE?8<2?
A252
C6ED2C
D2=:
B:?82?
I2?8
>2CC2?I2
36B>E2D2?
  
52A2D
5:232:<2?

.6A2D
5:
C636=29
<2?2?
36?52
A252
3
:
>2?2
A2BD:<6=
I2?8
36B>E2D2?
   ;2B2<

4>
5:=6D2<<2?
-

O  
I2?8
>6?I6323<2?
5:=6D2<<2?
282B
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
A2BD:<6= A@C:C:
36?52
>6?;25:
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

D6BC63ED
36B?:=2:
?@=

E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
  
T
5:82?DE?8
A252
D2=:
:C@=2D@B
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

.2=:
5:2?882A
D:52<
36B>2CC2

.6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2 q q'
T
74° 2
D682?82?
D2=:
 15 cm
3
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
;:<2
+q +q #


>C

%:<2


P 
)>
52?
#


>C
90 cm 
D6?DE<2?=29

282:>2?2<29
;2B2<
2?D2B2
5E2
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2? 2





36C2B
CE5ED


52?
92BEC
5:E329
282B
82I2
D@=2<
<65E2?I2
>6?;25: 3





36C2B
D682?82?
A252
D2=:

2





<2=:
C6>E=2 3






<2=:
C6>E=2

B. Medan Listrik
?52
>E?8<:?
A6B?29
>6?56?82B
329G2
C6D:2A
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
CE2DE
526B29
2<2?
>6>:=:<:
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B?I2

%:<2
C63E29
>E2D2?
E;:
-
5:=6D2<<2?
A252
526B29
D6BC63ED
>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
2<2?
>6?82=2>:
82I2
@E=@>3

&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
82I2
@E=@>3
A6B
C2DE2?
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:2=2>:
@=69
C63E29
>E2D2?
5:
D:D:<
D6BC63ED

-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED


 O
-
'-- 
56?82?
 
.
>2<2
- -
' 

2D2E
  O
.   . 

80 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
&6D6B2?82?
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
)
- 
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

. 
;2B2<
2?D2B>E2D2?
>
' 

P

)>

1. Garis-Garis Gaya
2
/?DE<
>6?882>32B<2?
>652?
=:CDB:<
52A2D
;E82
5:=E<:C<2?
52=2>
36?DE<
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
(%*!/
+"
"+.!

#E3E?82?
2?D2B2
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
52?
F6<D@B
>652?
=:CDB:<
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

2
06<D@B
<E2D
>652?
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
A252
82B:C
82I2
>6?I:?88E?8
82B:C
82I2
5:
D:D:<
D6BC63ED

3
2?I2<?I2
82B:C
A6B
C2DE2?
=E2C
A6?2>A2?8
I2?8
D682<
=EBEC
56?82?
82B:C 82B:C
D6BC63ED
252=29
C632?5:?8
56?82?
36C2B?I2
>652?
=:CDB:<

3

Contoh 4.4
+2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
   52?
36B>2CC2

>8
D6B2AE?8
3632C
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

q
4

%:<2
#


>C
D6?DE<2?=29
36C2B?I2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6>6?82BE9:
A2BD:<6=

D6BC63ED

&:&'
:<6D29E:
)


>8

O
<8
#



>C 5
-


   

P
O

Gambar 4.8
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
(a) Garis-garis gaya listrik untuk
2=2>
<62522?
C6D:>32?8 partikel bermuatan positif;






3 (b) Garis-garis gaya listrik untuk
F partikel bermuatan negatif;
E -


)# (c) Garis-garis gaya untuk dua
w
)#
  <8 

>C  muatan yang sejenis;
   
) (d) Garis-garis gaya untuk dua
-      muatan yang berbeda jenis.

Contoh 4.5
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

v
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!

O 
P
O 

)


P
O
<8
elektron
36B86B2<
D2?A2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
52B:
A6=2D
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
>6?E;E
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
I2?8
36B;2B2<

4>
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?



)

#:DE?8=29
2
A6B46A2D2?
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
6=6<DB@?
E 3
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
>6?42A2:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
4
=2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
D:32
5:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 81

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 &:&'
*=69
<2B6?2
>2CC2
6=6<DB@?
C2?82D
<64:=
82I2
36B2D
)#
52A2D
5:232:<2?
D6B9252A
82I2
@E=@>3


-


:<6D29E:
- 
!

O 
P
O 

) 

P
O
<8


4>


>
 

)
2
2B:
#E<E>
$$
)6GD@?
5:A6B@=69
  )  -  )
-
       
 
) 
       >C
)     <8
D2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
A6B46A2D2?
I2?8
5:2=2>:
6=6<DB@?

3
12<DE
D6>AE9
6=6<DB@?
5:A6B@=69
52B:
A6BC2>22?
"'
I2:DE
/

20
 0

56?82?
2


/



 0  
>


P
 
>C
0
 
0 

P
O
C6<@?

4
'2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
>6?I6?DE9
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
A6BC2>22?
20 
2


/





P
 
>C

>
20 

P

>C

2. Resultan Kuat Medan Listrik

q1 q2
(652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
36C2B2?
F6<D@B

*=69
<2B6?2
:DE
E2 p E1
A6?;E>=292??I2
>6?8:<ED:
2DEB2?
A6?;E>=292?
F6<D@B

?52
52A2D
r1 r2 >6?882>32B
F6<D@B F6<D@B
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B
>E2D2?
CD2D:C
I2?8
>6?E?;E<<2?
36C2B
52?
2B29
>652?
=:CDB:<
A252
D:D:< D:D:<
5:
C6<:D2B
Gambar 4.9
Titik p dipengaruhi oleh muatan >E2D2?
D6BC63ED

,6CE=D2?
36C2B
<E2D
>652?
5:
D:D:<
,
252=29
C63282:
q1 dan q2. 36B:<ED

     

 * O
&6D6B2?82?
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<
,
2<:32D
>E2D2?
-


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<
,
2<:32D
>E2D2?
-
(652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
36C2B2?
F6<D@B

*=69
<2B6?2
:DE
E?DE<
>6?89:DE?8
B6CE=D2?
52B:
>652?
=:CDB:<
52A2D
5:=2<E<2?
56?82?
42B2
>6D@56
2?2=:C:C
>6?88E?2<2?
F6<D@B
C2DE2?
2D2E
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
>6D@56
8B27:<

(6D@56
8B27:<
52A2D
5:=2<E<2?
56?82?
CI2B2D
C6D:2A
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:<6D29E:
2B29
F6<D@B?I2

Contoh 4.6
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

5 cm 5 cm
P

0,2  C 0,05 C

.6?DE<2?
2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<

3
82I2
A252
>E2D2?
O
P O

5:
D:D:<


82 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
&:&'
2
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

q1 P E1 E2 q2 Pembahasan Soal
0,2  C 0,05 C Pada titik-titik sudut B dan D
r1 = 5 cm r1 = 5 cm sebuah bujur sangkar ABCD
masing-masing diletakkan sebuah
(E2D2?
E;:

3:2C2?I2
5:2?882A
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
partikel bermuatan +q. Agar kuat


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
2<:32D
- medan listrik di titik A = nol, maka
di titik C harus diletakkan sebuah


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
2<:32D
-
partikel bermuatan sebesar ....
- -
  ' 
52?
  '  a. – q
. . b. + q
c. q 2
 - - 
 ,   '   '  

*=69
<2B6?2
. 
.

.
>2<2 d. q 2
 . . 
e. 2q 2
'    )>  
UMPTN 1991
 , 

-  -                
.
    >  Pembahasan:
EBD EAD
    )>   

          )

    >  EAB A B(+q)

%25:
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<

252=29

P

)

3
(E2D2?

O
P
O
>6?82=2>:
82I2
C63282:
36B:<ED

, 
,
P
-


P

)

O
P
O


O
)

D(+q) C
.2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
,
2B29?I2
<6
<:B:

kq
EAB = EAD = =E
q2

EBD = E 2 AB  E 2 AD = 2E 2
Contoh 4.7
kq
EBD = E 2  2
+252
D:D:< D:D:<
CE5ED

52?

C63E29
A6BC68:
 
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
5:=6D2<<2?
C63E29 q2
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
-

82B
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<


?@=
D6?DE<2?
36C2B EAC = EBD
>E2D2?
I2?8
92BEC
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
D:D:<


B C k
qC  kq
&:&'
AC 
2

q2
2
*=69
<2B6?2
-

-

-
52?




.
>2<2 qC q
 2
- 2
q2




' 
q 2 
. qC q
&E2D
>652?
5:
D:D:<

@=69
>E2D2?
5:

52?
 EAD A  2
2q2 q2
252=29 D
qC = 2q 2
' -  ' - 
            EBD EAB Jawaban: e
. .
82B




92BEC
C2>2
36C2B
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
2B29
56?82?
 

/?DE<
:DE
-
92BEC
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7

  
 
O

- -
 
'    '  
. 
- -
' 

'  

.   .
- -

 
.  .
-  
 -
?682D:7
%25:
36C2B
>E2D2?
I2?8
92BEC
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
D:D:<

252=29
 -

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 83

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 3. Hukum Gauss
Luas = A #E<E>
"2ECC
5:52C2B<2?
A252
<@?C6A
"(1'/

!=E<C
252=29
<E2?D:D2C
I2?8
>6?882>32B<2?
36B2A2
32?I2<
F6<D@B
>652?82B:C 82B:C
82I2
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
CE2DE
A6B>E<22?
52=2>
2B29
D682<
=EBEC

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


%:<2
D6B52A2D
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
52B:
CE2DE
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
D682<
=EBEC
CE2DE
3:52?8
C6=E2C

;E>=29
82B:C
>652?
I2?8
E >6?6>3EC
D682<
=EBEC
3:52?8
D6BC63ED
C2>2
56?82?
A6B<2=:2?

52?


+6B<2=:2?
2?D2B2

52?

:?:
5:?2>2<2?
"(1'/
(%/0.%'



-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

Gambar 4.10   O

Garis-garis gaya yang
menembus bidang permukaan.
&6D6B2?82?

7=E<C
=:CDB:<
)>
2D2E
G636B
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
)
 
=E2C
3:52?8
I2?8
5:D6>3EC
>652?
=:CDB:<
>
n %:<2
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
D6BC63ED
>6?6>3EC
3:52?8
D:52<
C642B2
D682<
=EBEC
7=E<C
=:CDB:<?I2
252=29
E   4@C
O

56?82?


252=29
CE5ED
2?D2B2
F6<D@B
>652?
52?
=E2C
A6B>E<22?
I2?8
5:D6>3EC
>652?
=:CDB:<

2B:
<@?C6A
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
:?:=29
"2ECC
>6?86>E<2<2?
9E<E>?I2

I2?8
5:?I2D2<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

71)($
#.%/
#5
5*#
'!(1.
.%
/101
,!.)1'*
0!.0101,
/!* %*#
Gambar 4.11 !*#*
&1)($
)10*
(%/0.%'
5*#
%(%*#'1,%
+(!$
,!.)1'*
0!.0101,
0!./!108

Garis gaya yang menembus -642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C

suatu permukaan
membentuk sudut
. -
A6B>E<22? D6BDEDEA 
 O 

Contoh 4.8
#:DE?8=29
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
A252
CE2DE
3:52?8
A6BC68:
I2?8
36BE<EB2?


P

4>
;:<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?
C636C2B

)
52?
2B29?I2
2
C6;2;2B
3:52?8
3
>6>36?DE<
CE5ED
L
D6B9252A
3:52?8
4
D682<
=EBEC
D6B9252A
3:52?8

&:&'
:<6D29E:
'E2C
3:52?8
A6BC68:



4>
P

4>


4>


P
O
>
&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<



)

!=E<C
=:CDB:<
52A2D
?52
A6B92D:<2?
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

2
3
4

n n
n

37°
E
E

2
/?DE<
CE5ED



L
  4@C
L


)

P
O
>




84 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
3
/?DE<
CE5ED


L
  4@C L



)

P
O
>



13

Kata Kunci
4
/?DE<
CE5ED


L • medan listrik
  4@C L


)

P
O
>
 


13
• garis-garis gaya
• fluks
• fluks listrik
• keping sejajar
4. Perhitungan Medan Listrik dengan Menggunakan Hukum • bola konduktor
• permukaan Gauss
Gauss
a. Medan Listrik pada Keping Sejajar
(652?
=:CDB:<
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D
C6;2;2B
52A2D
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
>E529
>6?88E?2<2?
#E<E>
"2ECC

E2
3E29
A6=2D
<6A:?8
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
=E2C  

>2C:?8 >2C:?8
5:36B:
>E2D2?
C2>2
D6BC632B
>6B2D2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C
I2:DE
-
52?
O-
C6A6BD:
A252
&2'&6



,2A2D
>E2D2?

D:2A
<6A:?8
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
>E2D2?
-
A6B
C2DE2?
=E2C

-642B2 E
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

-
 O 
 Gambar 4.12
Medan listrik antara dua keping
&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

A252
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:D6?DE<2?
36B52C2B<2? sejajar dengan rapat
muatan  dan  .
<@?C6A
#E<E>
"2ECC

2B2?I2
56?82?
>6>3E2D
CE2DE
A6B>E<22?
D6BDEDEA
C6A6BD:
C:=:?56B
E?DE<
>6>E529<2?
A6B9:DE?82?

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
A252
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA

D6BC63ED
252=29
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 
 
 

 4@C
L

4@C
L

4@C
L E1 E2
E3

*=69
<2B6?2







>2<2 A2 A3

A1
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 







6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:52A2D<2?
A6BC2>22?
-
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 


C69:?882 Gambar 4.13
Perhitungan kuat medan listrik
- -





E pada pelat konduktor
    menggunakan permukaan
tertutup (silinder) berdasarkan
- Hukum Gauss.
*=69
<2B6?2   B2A2D
>E2D2?
>2<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

I2?8

5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
C2DE
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:?I2D2<2?
56?82?
A6BC2>22?

 O 
 
6?82?
56>:<:2?
36C2B?I2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
5E2
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:?I2D2<2?
56?82?
A6BC2>22?

 O 

&6D6B2?82?
 
B2A2D
>E2D2?
>
  
A6B>:D:F:D2C
BE2?8
92>A2

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)>

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 85

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 b. Kuat Medan Listrik pada Bola Konduktor Berongga
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



%:<2
<6
52=2>
<@?5E<D@B
3@=2
36B@?882
R I2?8
36B;2B: ;2B:

5:36B:
C6;E>=29
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
2D2E
>E2D2?
?682D:7
r>R >E2D2?
D6BC63ED
2<2?
D6BC632B
>6B2D2
92?I2
5:
A6B>E<22?
3@=2

52AE?
r<R 5:
52=2>
3@=2
D:52<
D6B52A2D
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

6B52C2B<2?
#E<E>
"2ECC
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
36C2B
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
52=2>
>2EAE?
5:
=E2B
3@=2
I2?8
36C2B?I2
- -
permukaan Gauss I  
2D2E
  O 
permukaan Gauss II   
Gambar 4.14 :
328:2?
52=2>
3@=2
56?82?
.


36C2B?I2
>652?
=:CDB:<




#2=
Bola konduktor berongga
yang memiliki jari-jari R. D6BC63ED
5:C6323<2?
36C2B?I2
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:=:?8<EA:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$
r = jarak titik ke pusat bola. -



52AE?
E?DE<
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
56?82?
.


36C2B?I2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:=:?8<EA:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
3@=2
D6BC63ED

6?82?
56>:<:2?
>652?
=:CDB:<

5:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
252=29
R
a
- - -
  ' 
 .     .  .

E &E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
=E2B
3@=2
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
>6?82?882A
3@=2
q
E =k
R2 C63282:
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
D6B=6D2<
5:
AEC2D
3@=2

%25:
C642B2
<6C6=EBE92?
q >652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B
3@=2
36B@?882
252=29
E=k
r2 M 5:
52=2>
3@=2



<2B6?2
-


E=0
0 -
r=R r M 5:
A6B>E<22?
3@=2
  ' 
Gambar 4.15 
Grafik E terhadap r untuk -
bola konduktor berongga. M 5:
=E2B
A6B>E<22?
3@=2
  ' 
.

Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:D6>32<<2?
56?82?
<646A2D2?
2G2= 
E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
D6B=6D2<
A252
C2DE
82B:C

P

>C
C62B29
56?82?
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8 =EBEC
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

36C2B?I2

P

)

.6?DE<2?=29 14 cm
2
<2A2?
6=6<DB@?
2<2?
36B96?D:
3
;2B2<
I2?8
5:D6>AE9?I2

–4q –24q

+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

%:<2
;2B2<
2?D2B2
A2BD:<6=

4>
5:
>2?2<29
=6D2<
D:D:<
I2?8
<E2D
>652?
>28?6D:<?I2
?@=

+252
<66>A2D
CE5ED
C63E29
A6BC68:
5:=6D2<<2?
6>A2D
E
F d
3E29
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
    
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

4 C 4 C

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!

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P
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P
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<8 20 cm

5:=6A2C<2?
D2?A2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
52B:
C:C:
A6=2D
<6A:?8
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
52?
5:A6B46A2D
>6?E;E
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
4 C 4 C
%:<2
;2B2<
2?D2B2
A6=2D

4>
52?
>652?
=:CDB:<



)
D6?DE<2?=29
.6?DE<2?
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
AEC2D
A6BC68:
;:<2
2
36C2B
A6B46A2D2?
6=6<DB@?
2
<66>A2D
>E2D2?
:DE
A@C:D:7
3
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
6=6<DB@?
E?DE<
>6?42A2:
3
D2?52
A@C:D:7
52?
?682D:7
<66>A2D
>E2D2?
:DE
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
36BC6=2?8 C6=:?8

4
=2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
D:32
5:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7

86 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)

#:DE?8
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
3:52?8
A6BC68: 
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
AEC2D
C63E29
<6A:?8
C:C:


4>
;:<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
C636C2B

) =@82>
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7

=6<DB@?
D6BC63ED
5:
I2?8
2B29?I2 A6B46A2D
>6?E;E
<6A:?8
=@82>
A@C:D:7
5:
56<2D?I2
2
C6;2;2B
56?82?
3:52?8 C636C2B

P
 
>C

%:<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
>6>:=:<:
3
D682<
=EBEC
3:52?8 B2A2D
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6?DE<2?
?:=2:
B2A2D
4
>6>36?DE<
CE5ED
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D6B9252A
3:52?8
>E2D2??I2
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C. Energi Potensial Listrik dan Potensial Listrik

1. Energi Potensial Listrik
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



-63E29
>E2D2?
E;:
-
5:56<2D<2?
56?82?
>E2D2?
-

<:32D?I2
D6B;25:
:?D6B2<C:
2?D2B2
>E2D2?
-
52?
-
36BEA2 q2 q1
Fc
q1
F
82I2
4@E=@>3
I2?8
2B29?I2
D@=2< >6?@=2<

/?DE<
36BA:?529
52B:
A@C:C: + – –
(2) (1)
.
<6
A@C:C:
.
>E2D2?
-
92BEC
>6=2<E<2?
EC292

6C2B?I2
EC292
I2?8 r1
92BEC
5:=2<E<2?
252=29
C632?5:?8
56?82?
36C2B?I2
82I2
@E=@>3
52? r2
A6BA:?5292??I2
r

    
O 
Gambar 4.16
.2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
EC292
>6=2G2?
82I2
@E=@>3

%:<2
EC292 Interaksi antara muatan q1 dan q2.
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
-
>6=2=E:
A6BA:?5292?
I2?8
C2?82D
<64:=
>2<2
EC292
-
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
42B2



O

.
    

.
.
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-
- 
    
.
.
.
'
-
-  .
  
. .

 
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-
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-6CE2:
56?82?
567:?:C:?I2
EC292
252=29
AB@C6C
DB2?C76B
6?6B8:
2D2E
36C2B?I2
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
2D2E
52=2>
36?DE<
>2D6>2D:C?I2
C6A6BD:
36B:<ED

   ,   ,   , O 
2A2D
<:D2
C:>AE=<2?
329G2
A6BC2>22?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
252=29
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-
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,  O 
.
&6D6B2?82?
 
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;2B2<
2?D2B2
-
52?
-
>

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 87

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 2. Potensial Listrik
+@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
252=29
36C2B?I2
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
A6B
C2DE2?
>E2D2?

+252
&2'&6


A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
@=69
-
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

 , -
-  '
- 
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- -
. .

-642B2
E>E>
A6BC2>22?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
I2?8
36B;2B2<
.
52B:
>E2D2?
CE>36B

252=29
'

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.
%:<2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6?82<:32D<2?
>E?4E=?I2
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
q1 ;E>=29?I2
=63:9
52B:
C2DE
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
C63E29
D:D:<
>6BEA2<2?
+ ;E>=29
2=;232B
A@D6?C:2=
D6B9252A
C6D:2A
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

6C2B?I2
>E2D2?
A@D6?C:2=
5:
D:D:<
,
I2?8
5:C6323<2?
@=69
>E2D2?
D:D:<
- 
-


-*
252=29
q2
– -*
r1 ,   *  ' O 
.*
r2
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



%:<2
92?I2
252

>E2D2?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
P r3
q3
5:
D:D:<
+
252=29
+
- - - 
Gambar 4.17 ,  '       O
Potensial listrik oleh 3 muatan,  . . . 
q1, q2, q3 di titik P.

3. Hubungan Usaha dan Beda Potensial Listrik

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



/C292
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2?
-
52B:
A@C:C:
.
<6
A@C:C:
.
52B:
2B29
>E2D2?
252=29
Q     ,   ,   ,
2 r2
'
-
 '
-

   
. .
r1
 '
 '
 
   -  
 . . 
1 q

Gambar 4.18    -
    O

Muatan q, bergerak dari titik 1 ke
titik 2 dipengaruhi muatan Q. 56?82?

O
 
252=29
3652
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
2?D2B2
D:D:<

52?
D:D:<


Contoh 4.9
-63E29
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
-


P
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5:86B2<<2?
>6?E;E
C63E29
:?D:
2D@>
I2?8
36B>E2D2?


%2B2<
A:C29
2G2=
<65E2
A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED
252=29

P
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>
52?
;2B2<
A:C29
2<9:B?I2
252=29

P
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>

%:<2
EC292
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?

P
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%
D6?DE<2?
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2D@>
D6BC63ED

&:&'
:<6D29E:
- 

P
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P
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>
. 

P

> O
  

P
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%

88 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)

56?82?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:A6B@=69
 

'-

   Tantangan
  . 
.
untuk Anda

P
 %


P
 
 
P
 
 
O 
 O 


   

   > 
 Hitunglah usaha yang diperlukan




P


O  untuk memindahkan muatan positif
yang besarnya 10 C dari suatu titik
%25:
>E2D2?
:?D:
2D@>
252=29

P
O 

yang potensialnya 10 V ke suatu titik
yang potensialnya 60 V.

Contoh 4.10
-68:D:82
 
C:<E C:<E
5:

56?82?



4>
52?




4>

-63E29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
-

O O 

2<2?
5:A:?529<2?
52B:
D:D:<

<6
D:D:<

I2?8
D6B=6D2<
A252
A6BD6?8292?


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>E2D2?
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52?
>E2D2?
-

O O 

2?882A
<6925:B2?
-
D:52<
36BA6?82BE9
D6B9252A
A@D6?C:2=
5:

D6?DE<2?=29
2
A@D6?C:2=
5:


@=29
-
52?
- 
3
A@D6?C:2=
5:


@=29
-
52?
- 
4
EC292
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
E?DE<
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>E2D2?
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<6


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-

  
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10 cm
2
+@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
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52?
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252=29 6 cm
- -
  




' ' A B
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252=29


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4. Hukum Kekekalan Energi Mekanik dalam Medan Listrik

#E<E>
<6<6<2=2?
6?6B8:
>6<2?:<
AE?
36B=2<E
A252
86B2<
A2BD:<6=
C6A6BD:
86B2<
AB@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
5:
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<

#2=
D6BC63ED Ingatlah
36B=2<E
<2B6?2
>652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
>652?
<@?C6BF2D:7

?6B8:
D@D2=
C63E29
A2BD:<6=
56?82?
>2CC2
)
52?
>E2D2?
-
I2?8 Hukum kekekalan energi mekanik
partikel dalam medan listrik berlaku
36B86B2<
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
252=29 jika pada partikel tersebut tidak ada
,

'

,

' gaya lain yang bekerja selain gaya
Coulomb.
2D2E

-  )2  -  )2 O
 
(6?8:?82D
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
,

-
52?
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
'

)2
;:<2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
A2BD:<6=
2


!*67&2&&3
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>6?;25:


-   )2  O

!*67&2&&3
 <
>6?E?;E<<2?
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
>6?;25:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 89

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 Kata Kunci Contoh 4.11
• energi potensial listrik +6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

• potensial listrik 652
A@D6?C:2=
5:
2?D2B2
5E2
A6=2D
C6;2;2B
A252
82>32B
D6BC63ED

• volt V 252=29

0

-63E29
AB@D@?
2G2=?I2
5:
<6A:?8


%:<2
5:
2?D2B2
<65E2
A6=2D
92>A2
E52B2
9:DE?8
<646A2D2?
AB@D@?
C636=E>
>6?I6?DE9
<6A:?8


(2CC2
AB@D@?
)


P
O
<8
>E2D2?
AB@D@?
-


P
O 


&:&'
(6=2=E:
#E<E>
&6<6<2=2?
?6B8:
(6<2?:<
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:A6B@=69
?6B8:
>6<2?:<
5:


6?6B8:
>6<2?:<
5:

A B

-  )2  -  )2  
2  2    -
   
  
  -
2   2 
   
)
6B52C2B<2?
36C2B2?
I2?8
5:<6D29E:
A252
C@2=
52A2D
5:A6B@=69

      

  2    0 
    <8
2       >C       >C
&646A2D2?
AB@D@?
C636=E>
>6?I6?DE9
A6=2D

252=29
     >C

5. Potensial di antara Dua Keping Sejajar

%:<2
5E2
3E29
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
CE>36B
D682?82?
32D6B2:
>2<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
2<2?
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C

/C292
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
82I2
=:CDB:<


-
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2? >E2D2?
C6;2E9

252=29
C636C2B




52AE?
52=2>
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
36C2B?I2
EC292
252=29


- 
d
6?82?
>6?8823E?8<2?
<65E2
A6BC2>22?
EC292
D6BC63ED
5:A6B@=69
 
- 
E
- 
- 
 

A B

O


 O
V &6D6B2?82?

;2B2<
2?D2B2
<65E2
<6A:?8
>
Gambar 4.19  
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
0>
Dua buah keping sejajar dan
terpisah sejauh d diberi 652
A@D6?C:2=
 
O

52A2D
5:?I2D2<2?
C63282:
3652
A@D6?C:2=
muatan yang sama. 
2?D2B2
<65E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B

90 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
Contoh 4.12
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!
5:D6>32<<2?
>2CE<
5:
2?D2B2
5E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
56?82?
<646A2D2?
2G2=
2
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

x
%:<2
3652
A@D6?C:2=
<65E2
<6A:?8
252=29

52?
;2B2<
2?D2B2
<6A:?8

D6?DE<2?
1d 2
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
6=6<DB@?
9:?882
2 V
d >6?I6?DE9
<6A:?8
C636=29
2D2C
3
;2B2<
>6?52D2B
4
I2?8
5:D6>AE9
6=6<DB@?
;:<2
A6?82BE9
A6B46A2D2?
8B2F:D2C:
5:232:<2?

Tantangan
&:&'
untuk Anda
2B:
#E<E>
$$
)6GD@?
52?
!*67&2&&3

<

5:A6B@=69 Sebuah elektron dengan massa
  )  -  ) 9,11 × 10–31 kg dan muatan listrik
-
 –1,6 × 10–19 C, lepas dari katode
-   )   
56?82?
2B29
<6
2D2C
menuju anode yang jaraknya 2 cm.
)
Jika kecepatan awal elektron = 0 dan
2
-6CE2:
A6BC2>22?
"'
329G2 beda potensial antara anode dan
/ -
 katode = 200 V, hitunglah kecepatan
0
 
C652?8<2?




>2<2
E?DE<
/



2<2?
5:A6B@=69 elektron ketika sampai di anode.
 ) 

0  )
-
 -

)
3
2B:
A6BC2>22?
4

2
0
56?82?
4


5:A6B@=69

4

2  ) 

2 )
 -
  
-


Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
.6?DE<2?
A@D6?C:2=
D:D:<
5:
AEC2D
A6BC68:
:DE
;:<2
2
-

-

-

-

  
3
-

  
-

O  
q q -

  
-

O  

r = 50 × 10–10 m

E2
3E29
>E2D2?
D:D:<
A252
<@@B5:?2D
2BD6C:EC
56?82?
<@@B5:?2D
C63282:
36B:<ED

-

  
5:
%:<2
5:<6D29E:
.


P
O 

>
52?
-


P
O 
 D:D:<


52?
-

O   
5:
D:D:<
O


.6?DE<2?
52?
C63E29
AB@D@?
D6B=6D2<
5:
D:D:<

D6?DE<2?=29
6?6B8: A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<



A@D6?C:2=
AB@D@?

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:D6>32<<2?
56?82?
<646A2D2?

E2
>E2D2?
D:D:<
-

O
*
52?
-


*
D6BA:C29  
>C
>2CE<
<6
52=2>
5E2
<6A:?8
C6A6BD:
82>32B

A252
;2B2<

4>

.6?DE<2?
A@D6?C:2=
5:
D:D:<
D6?829 %:<2
<E2D
>652?
2?D2B2
5E2
<6A:?8


P

)
82B:C
9E3E?8
2?D2B2
<65E2
>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
D6?DE<2?
;2B2<
>6?52D2B
4
C2>A2:
6=6<DB@?

>A2D
3E29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
- 
-
-
52?
-
D6B=6D2< >6?E>3E<
<6A:?8
I2?8
2D2C

)6


P
 O
<8
A252
D:D:<
CE5ED
A6BC68:
I2?8
A2?;2?8
C:C:?I2

4> -6


P
O 

52?
#


>C

C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

q1 q2

x=?
E y = 1 cm
V
q4 q3

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 91

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 D. Kapasitor
1. Muatan pada Kapasitor
+6B?29<29
?52
>6>6B92D:<2?
<@>A@?6? <@>A@?6?
I2?8
252
5:
e–
E
52=2>
2=2D
6=6<DB@?:<
C6A6BD:
D6=6F:C:
52?
B25:@
&2A2C:D@B
2D2E
<@?56?C2D@B
252=29
C2=29
C2DE
<@>A@?6?
6=6<DB@?:<
I2?8
252
5:
52=2>?I2

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
 
<2A2C:D@B
2D2E
<@?56?C2D@B
252=29
5E2
3E29
A6?892?D2B
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
I2?8
5:A:C29<2?
@=69
CE2DE
%/+(0+.
2D2E
J2D
%!(!'0.%'
E?DE<
>6>A6B@=69
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C

&2A2C:D@B
36B7E?8C:
E?DE<
>6?I:>A2?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

?52
52A2D
>6>32I2?8<2?
C63E29
EC292
E?DE<
>6>36B:<2?
>E2D2?
A252
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
42B2
<EDE3
A@C:D:7
32D6B2:
>6?2B:<
6=6<DB@?
A252
<6A:?8
C636=29
<:B:
9:?882
<6A:?8
D6BC63ED
>6?;25:
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
52?
>6?5@B@?8
6=6<DB@? 6=6<DB@?
D6BC63ED
<6
<6A:?8
C636=29
<2?2?
>6?;25:
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
9:?882
<65E2
<6A:?8
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
C2>2
– + 92?I2
;6?:C?I2
I2?8
36B3652

+B@C6C
A6BA:?5292?
6=6<DB@?
52B:
<6A:?8
<:B:
<6
<6A:?8
<2?2?
>6=2=E:
6?6B8:
&:>:2
52B:
32D6B2:
I2?8
36B=2?8CE?8
Gambar 4.20 D6BEC >6?6BEC
C2>A2:
3652
A@D6?C:2=

2?D2B2
<6A:?8
C2>2
56?82?
3652
Proses pengisian muatan
pada kapasitor. A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
32D6B2:

-2>A2:
2<9:B?I2
<2A2C:D@B
D6=29
A6?E9
>E2D2?
52?
D:52<
52A2D
5::C:
=28:

&2A2C:D@B
5:C:>3@=<2?
56?82?

&2A2C:D@B
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
2
>6?I:>A2?
>E2D2?
2D2E
6?6B8:
=:CDB:<
3
C63282:
C2=29
C2DE
<@>A@?6?
52=2>
B2?8<2:2?
A6?2=2
I2?8
36B8E?2
E?DE<
>6>:=:9
7B6<E6?C:
A252
A6C2G2D
B25:@
52?
4
>6?46829
=@?42D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
B2?8<2:2? B2?8<2:2?
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
<E>A2B2?
;:<2
D:32 D:32
2BEC
=:CDB:<
5:AEDEC<2?

2 3
keping
konduktor

isolator keping
konduktor
Gambar 4.21
(a) Jenis kapasitor;
(b) Skema kapasitor.

2. Kapasitas Kapasitor
?52
>E?8<:?
A6B?29
>6=:92D
<2A2C:D@B
D6BED2>2
52=2>
A6B2=2D2?
6=6<DB@?:<

%:<2
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
CE>36B
3652
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
36BE329 E329
>2<2
>E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
5:
52=2>?I2
AE?
36BE329 E329

- -  -  - *
   
<@?CD2?
   *

+6B32?5:?82?
-
52?

D6BC63ED
5:?2>2<2?
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8

92B82?I2
<@?CD2?
E?DE<
D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C69:?882
52=2>
36?DE<
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C
C63282:
36B:<ED

92 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 - Tugas Anda 4.2


O
 Berdasarkan kepolarannya, dikenal
dua jenis kapasitor, yaitu kapasitor
&6D6B2?82? polar dan kapasitor non-polar. Coba
- 
>E2D2?
 Anda cari informasi mengenai
perbedaan di antara keduanya.
 
3652
A@D6?C:2=
0
 
<2A2C:D2?C:
0
2D2E
!
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
D:52<
5:A6?82BE9:
@=69
A6BE3292?
>E2D2?
52?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

52
D:82
;6?:C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
32?I2<
5:8E?2<2?
I2:DE

2
,/%0+.
'!.0/

&6BD2C
A252
<2A2C:D@B
:?:
36B7E?8C:
C63282:
A6?I6<2D
5:
2?D2B2
<65E2
A6=2D
=@82>
3
,/%0+.
2.%!(

&2A2C:D@B
:?:
5:8E?2<2?
52=2>
B2?8<2:2?
A6?2=2
A252
A6C2G2D
B25:@
4
,/%0+.
!(!'0.+(%0
!(+

&2A2C:D@B
;6?:C
:?:
>6>:=:<:
<2A2C:D2?C:
A2=:?8
D:?88:
I2:DE
C2>A2:
56?82?


A!

keping
bergerak
kertas

Gambar 4.22
(a) Kapasitor kertas;
(b) Kapasitor variabel;
lempeng logam kapasitor elektrolit (c) Kapasitor elektrolit.
keping tetap
2 3 4

Contoh 4.13
-63E29
<2A2C:D@B
5::C:
@=69
32D6B2:

F@=D
C69:?882
36B>E2D2?

  

.6?DE<2?=29
2
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
D6BC63ED
3
>E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
;:<2
5:>E2D:
32D6B2:

F@=D

&:&'
:<6D29E:
 

F@=D

-


P
O


2
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
!*67&2&&3
 <
-
   
     
!
 
0
3
(E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
A6BC2>22?
-




P
O
!

0

  

3. Kapasitor Keping Sejajar

+252

.(-&*1
&6&)&;
>6=2<E<2?
A6?6=:D:2?
D6?D2?8
A6?82BE9
A6?8:C:2?
BE2?8
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D A6=2D
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<

&6&)&;
>6?88E?2<2?
5E2
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
:56?D:<

:
C2=29
C2DE
<2A2C:D@B
5:D6>A2D<2?
CE2DE
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
C652?8<2?
<2A2C:D@B
=2:??I2
36B:C:
E52B2
A252
D6<2?2?
?@B>2=

&6>E5:2?
<65E2
<2A2C:D@B
D6BC63ED
5:36B:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
I2?8
C2>2
36C2B?I2
C6A6BD:
5:DE?;E<<2?
@=69
&2'&6


(6=2=E:
6<CA6B:>6?
D6BC63ED
&6&)&;
>6>A6B@=69
92C:=
CA6<D2<E=6B

(E2D2?
5:
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
5:6=6<DB:<
;2E9
=63:9
36C2B
52B:A252
>E2D2?
5:
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
E52B2

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 93

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 *=69
<2B6?2
>E2D2?
-
=63:9
36C2B
E?DE<

I2?8
C2>2
A252
<2A2C:D@B
-
udara I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
5:6=6<DB:<

6B52C2B<2?
A6BC2>22?



5:A6B@=69

92C:=
329G2
<2A2C:D2C
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
2<2?
36BD2>329
36C2B
2<:32D
bahan dielektrik A6?6>A2D2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D A6=2D
<2A2C:D@B

2
#&'*1


-:72D C:72D
52B:
636B2A2
:6=6<DB:<
*09&8&3
.*1*086.0
&-&3 4378&38&
.*1*086.0







0%22
02<E> 

3
/52B2  
Gambar 4.23
(a) Baterai B menyebabkan
:B  O
perbedaan potensial yang sama &6BD2C  
pada setiap kapasitor; kapasitor (:<2
>6B29
56=:>2  
dengan bahan dielektrik memiliki ,E33I
>:42
muatan yang lebih banyak.
(b) Kedua kapasitor mengangkut
+@BC6=6?  
muatan yang sama. Kapasitor &G2BC2
I2?8
5:=63EB  
dengan bahan dielektrik memiliki "6=2C
A:B6H  
perbedaan potensial lebih rendah, 2<6=:D  
seperti ditunjukkan oleh
pembacaan alat ukur.
+@=:6D=6?  
>36B  
.67=@?  
)6@AB6?  
(:?I2<
DB2?C7@B>2D@B  
.:D2?:E>
5:@<C:52  
+@=:CD:B6?  
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001

 -:72D C:72D
:?:
252=29
<:B2 <:B2
A252
D6>A6B2DEB
<2>2B
52?
E?DE<
<@?5:C: <@?5:C:

C656>:<:2?
BEA2
C69:?882
>652?
=:CDB:<

5:
52=2>
5:6=6<DB:<
D:52<
36BE329
56?82?
G2<DE

 $?:=29
8B25:6?
A@D6?C:2=
>2<C:>E>
I2?8
>E?8<:?
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
5:6=6<DB:<
D2?A2
D6B;25:?I2
<68282=2?
=:CDB:<
!(!0.%(
.!' +3*

:6=6<DB:<
C6B:?8<2=:
5:D6>A2D<2?
5:
2?D2B2
A=2D A=2D
A6?892?D2B
E?DE<
>6?8:B:><2?
CE2DE
A6B36522?
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
=63:9
D:?88:
E?DE<
5:A2<2:<2?
5:
2?D2B2
A=2D A=2D
D6BC63ED
52B:A252
A6B36522?
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
>E?8<:?
5:52A2D
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
E52B2
C63282:
5:6=6<DB:<

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
 
<2A2C:D@B
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
D6B5:B:
2D2C
5E2

<6A:?8
=@82>
I2?8
D6BA2C2?8
C6;2;2B
A252
;2B2<
A:C29

>6D6B
I2?8
;2E9
=63:9
<64:=
52B:
=E2C
<6A:?8

>

&65E2
<6A:?8
D6BC63ED
5:36B:
>E2D2?
-
E
+q
A
–q I2?8
C2>2
36C2B
D6D2A:
D:52<
C6;6?:C

%:<2
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
252=29
E52B2F2<E>
<2A2C:D2?C:
<2A2C:D@B
>6>6?E9:
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED

d 


  O

V &6D6B2?82?
Gambar 4.24  
=E2C
<6A:?8
>
Kapasitor keping sejajar
dihubungkan dengan 
;2B2<
2?D2B<6A:?8
>
sumber tegangan V.   
A6B>:D:F:D2C
F2<E>
E52B2


P
O 
)>

94 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
4. Dielektrik pada Kapasitor Tugas Anda 4.3
:
2?D2B2
5E2
A6=2D
<6A:?8
A252
<2A2C:D@B
3:2C2?I2
5:C:C:A:5:A2C2?8 Mengapa dielektrik tidak
CE2DE
3292?
:C@=2D@B
I2?8
5:C63ED
%!(!'0.%'

292?
:?:
5:8E?2<2?
<2B6?2 menggunakan bahan konduktor?
Coba tanya pada guru Anda atau cari
52A2D
>6>A6B36C2B
?:=2:
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B

@?D@9
3292?
5:6=6<DB:< informasi dari internet.
252=29
<242
>:<2
<6BD2C
52?
<2B6D

292?
5:6=6<DB:<
>6>:=:<:
92B82
A6B>:D:F:D2C
I2?8
36B3652
56?82?

92B82
A6B>:D:F:D2C
F2<E>

6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
52A2D
5:<6D29E:
329G2
A6B>:D:F:D2C
3292?
   .  
C69:?882
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?88E?2<2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
252=29
 
 
2D2E


 .   O

6?82?
>6>6B92D:<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
52?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:52A2D
9E3E?82?
<2A2C:D@B
D2?A2
5:6=6<DB:<
52?
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

   .  O

Contoh 4.14 Ingatlah

-63E29
<2A2C:D@B
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
=E2C
D:2A
<6A:?8


4>
52?
D6BA:C29

>>
C2DE


C2>2
=2:?

652
A@D6?C:2=
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8



F@=D

&6>E5:2?
<2A2C:D@B
5:=6A2C Jika permitivitas dielektrik
disisipkan di antara keping kapasitor,
52B:
CE>36B
D682?82?
52?
BE2?8
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8
5::C:
56?82?
5:6=6<DB:<I2?8
>6>:=:<:
kapasitas dan beda potensialnya
A6B>:D:F:D2C
B6=2D:7
3292?




#:DE?8=29 berubah, tetapi muatannya (q) tetap.
2
<2A2C:D2C
>E=2 >E=2

3
>E2D2?
-
A252
D:2A
<6A:?8
4
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

C636=E>
5:36B:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
5
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B

C6D6=29
5:C:C:A:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
6
A6B>:D:F:D2C
5:6=6<DB:<
I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
  
7
3652
A@D6?C:2=
<6A:?8

C6D6=29
5:36B:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
8
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

C6D6=29
5:36B:
>E2D2?
5:6=6<DB:<

&:&'
:<6D29E:
  

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>>


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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 95

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 -      
7
    
0
     !
5:A6B@=69
-

-
<2B6?2
9E3E?82?
56?82?
32D6B2:
5:AEDEC
C69:?882
D:52<
>6>:=:<:
;2=2?
=2:?

8
      
0  

0>
   
>

5. Kapasitor Bentuk Bola

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


E2
<E=:D
<@?5E<D@B
36B36?DE<
3@=2
I2?8
bola 2
5:A:C29<2?
BE2?8
F2<E>

&E=:D
328:2?
=E2B
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
56?82?
;2B: ;2B:
=E2B

C652?8<2?
<E=:D
I2?8
C636=29
52=2>
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
bola 1
56?82?
;2B: ;2B:


+@D6?C:2=
 
A252
3@=2
328:2?
52=2>
5:D:>3E=<2?
R1 @=69
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
-
52?
>E2D2?
3@=2
328:2?
=E2B
O-

52AE?
A@D6?C:2=

52B:
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
328:2?
=E2B
36B?:=2:
?@=
<2B6?2
5:D2?29<2?




R2 &:D2
<6D29E:
329G2
<E2D
>652?
52?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
@=69
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
5:
D:D:<

52?

>6>:=:<:
A6BC2>22?
- -
Gambar 4.25


'
52?
0  ' O 
Kapasitor bola konsentris  
dengan V2 dibumikan
6?82?
56>:<:2?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
2?D2B2
<65E2
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
36B>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
252=29
Informasi 


O

untuk Anda
 
 
'-    O
   

'


>6BEA2<2?
D6D2A2?
<6
C632?5:?82?
E?DE<
BE2?8
92>A2
'

 

P

)>O

6?82?
56>:<:2?
<2A2C:D2C

52B:
<2A2C:D@B
3@=2
252=29
- -  


 
   '
   
'-   
Sumber: Physics for You, 2001
   
Generator Van de Graaff adalah alat C69:?882
untuk mengumpulkan dan
menyimpan muatan listrik statik  


  O
dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.
Rambut wanita ini akan saling tolak-

   
menolak setelah memegang
generator Van de Graaff dan ujung- E?DE<
<E=:D
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
36B@?882
5:
>2?2



5:A6B@=69
ujungnya berdiri karena termuati
oleh muatan yang sama. 


O
'
Information for You
Van de Graff is a tool to collect and 6. Susunan Kapasitor
store statics electric charge
enormously in quantity. The woman’s a. Susunan Seri
hair could be repulsive each other 2=2>
AB2<D:<
?52
C6B:?8
<2=:
A6B=E
>6?8823E?8<2?
<2A2C:D@B
E?DE<
after held the Van de Graff generator
and a hair would be repulsives >6?52A2D<2?
?:=2:
<2A2C:D2C
I2?8
5::?8:?<2?

2B2
A6?8823E?82?
<2A2C:D@B
caused by loading the common I2?8
C2?82D
52C2B
252=29
42B2
A6?8823E?82?
56?82?
CECE?2?
C6B:
52?
charges.
A2B2=6=

96 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
 +6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


2=2>
CECE?2?
C6B:
<2A2C:D@B
36B=2<E
2DEB2?
36B:<ED
C1 C2 C3
 (E2D2?
A252
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C2>2
I2:DE
C2>2
56?82?
>E2D2? + – + – + –
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
V1 V2 V3
-D@D

-

-

-
- O
V
 652
A@D6?C:2=
A252
E;E?8 E;E?8
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
D@D2=
3652
A@D6?C:2=
E;E?8 E;E?8
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B

Gambar 4.26
D@D

  O Susunan seri kapasitor

2B:
!*67&2&&3
 <
5:<6D29E:
329G2

- -



2D2E



 
- - - -
  
  
  
C652?8<2?
D@D


   D@D
Tugas Anda 4.4
%:<2
92B82 92B82
 


52?

5:>2CE<<2?
<6
52=2>
!*67&2&&3
Ketika Anda sedang merangkai
 <
2<2?
5:A6B@=69
A6BC2>22? peralatan elektronik, kadang-kadang
sulit menemukan nilai kapasitas
  

kapasitor yang tepat dengan

D@D    O kebutuhan, maka teknik penyusunan
kapasitor bermanfaat sekali dalam
6C2B
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
E?DE<
*
3E29
<2A2C:D2D@B
I2?8
5:CECE? hal ini. Jika Anda hanya memiliki
C6B:
252=29 kapasitor bernilai besar, susunan
kapasitor apakah yang akan Anda
gunakan untuk mendapatkan
  


D@D    * O kapasitor bernilai kecil?

Contoh 4.15
.:82
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
>2C:?8 >2C:?8

!

!
52?

!
5:CECE?
C6B:
52?
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6
CE>36B
D682?82?

0

#:DE?8=29
2
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
3
>E2D2?
-
52?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B

&:&'
:<6D29E:



!



!



!
D@D


0
 
 Ingatlah
2
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
           ! • Kapasitas total dua buah kapasitor
D@D
D@D    
! 
! 
! 
! seri adalah

3
(E2D2?
<2A2C:D@B
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
!*67&2&&3
 < CS 
C1  C2
-D@D

D@D
D@D


!

0


 C1  C2
-D@D

-

-

-


 • Perbandingan potensial pada
kapasitas seri adalah
C69:?882
D682?82?
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
- - - V1 : V2 : V3 : ... : Vn  1 : 1 : 1 : ... : 1
   
  0     
  0     
  0 C1 C2 C3 Cn
 
!  
!  
!

b. Susunan Paralel
2=2>
CECE?2?
A2B2=6=
<2A2C:D@B
36B=2<E
92= 92=
36B:<ED

 652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
C2>2

D@D






 O

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 97

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
  (E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
D@D2=
>E2D2?
-D@D

-

-

- O
C1 C2 C3
V
+
– V1
+
V2
+ +
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


(E2D2?
A252
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
<2A2C:D@B
– – V3 –
252=29
- 
 
-


52?
-


C652?8<2?
-

D@D2=


%:<2
92B82 92B82
- 
-
-
52?
-
5:>2CE<<2?
<6
52=2>
!*67&2&&3
 <
2<2?
5:A6B@=69
Gambar 4.27
Susunan paralel kapasitor D@D





 O 
6C2B
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
E?DE<
*
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
5:CECE?
A2B2=6=
252=29
D@D








* O

Contoh 4.16
.:82
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
>2C:?8 >2C:?8

!

!
52?

!
5:CECE?
Tantangan A2B2=6=
52?
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6
CE>36B
D682?82?

F@=D

#:DE?8=29
untuk Anda 2
<2A2C:D2C
D@D2=
D@D
3
3652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
Perhatikan gambar rangkaian 4
>E2D2?
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
kapasitor berikut. 5
>E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B

y
C1 &:&'
3 F :<6D29E:



!



!



!
D@D


0

3 F 4 F
2
&2A2C:D2C
D@D2=?I2
252=29
D@D








!


!


!


!

5 F
4 F 3 F 3
+252
CECE?2?
A2B2=6=
36?52
A@D6?C:2=
5:
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C2>2
;E82
56?82?
4 F
C2 A@D6?C:2=
D@D2=?I2
C69:?882
D@D









0
x 4
>E2D2?
5:
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
Tentukan: -









!
P

0




a. kapasitas pengganti antara titik -







!
P

0




x dan titik y,
b. beda potensial antara titik x dan -







!
P

0



y jika muatan pada kapasitor 5
(E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
-D@D

-

-

-












5  F adalah 60  C. 




7. Energi yang Tersimpan dalam Kapasitor

&2A2C:D@B
;E82
36B7E?8C:
E?DE<
>6?I:>A2?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
V (V) 5:36B:<2?
52B:
CE>36B
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
D6BC63ED
5:8E?2<2?
<6D:<2
B2?8<2:2?
=:CDB:<
>E=2:
36<6B;2

-6;E>=29
>E2D2?
<6
52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
D6BEC
36BD2>329
C6=2>2
AB@C6C
A6?8:C:2?
D6BEC
36B=2?8CE?8
36BC2>22?
56?82?
A6BD2>3292?
A@D6?C:2=
A252
<65E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
9:?882
A6?E9
q
V -
C C636C2B
 


&6?2:<2?
D@D2=
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
A252
<2A2C:D@B
,
252=29
A6?;E>=292?
2D2E
:?D68B2=
>E2D2?
-!O
52B:
?@=
C2>A2:

A6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


dq Q q(C) 6?82?
>6>6B92D:<2?
!*67&2&&3
<


6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
Gambar 4.28 52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
C63282:
36B:<ED

Grafik perubahan potensial (V) -

sebagai fungsi perubahan muatan
,



-


-
selama proses pengisian 

berlangsung.
-
 ,  

-



,


O
 

98 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
Contoh 4.17 Kata Kunci
E2
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
   52?
   5:CECE?
C642B2
C6B: • kapasitas kapasitor
<6>E5:2?
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
D682?82?

0

.6?DE<2? • kapasitor kertas
• kapasitor variabel
2
<2A2C:D2C
D@D2=
• kapasitor elektrolit
3
6?6B8:
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
52=2>
C:CD6>
• farad
&:&' • kondensator
• isolator
:<6D29E:



   


   

0
• dielektrik
      
2

D@D2=  


     
•
•
katode
anode

 
D@D2=   
D@D2=     

   D@D2=        !

0       
%



3

  

Mari Mencari Tahu

?52
D6=29
>6?86D29E:
86?6B2D@B
F2?
56B
"B227
52B:
3+462&7.
93890
3)&

=2D
D6BC63ED
>6?892C:=<2?
>E2D2?
C6;6?:C
52=2>
;E>=29
36C2B

.E82C
?52
252=29
>6?42B:
:?7@B>2C:
>6?86?2:
42B2
<6B;2
2=2D
D6BC63ED
5:C6BD2:
56?82?
82>32B

+292>:
7E?8C: 7E?8C:
C6D:2A
328:2?
52=2>
2=2D
D6BC63ED

%:<2
D6=29
C6=6C2:
AB6C6?D2C:<2?
5:
56A2?
<6=2C

Tes Kompetensi Subbab D

*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

.:82
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
>2C:?8 >2C:?8 
-63E29
<2A2C:D@B
  !
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
C63E29
  !
  !
52?
  !
5:CECE?
C6B:
=2=E
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6 CE>36B
D682?82?

0
9:?882
D6B:C:
A6?E9

&6>E5:2?
CE>36B
D682?82?

F@=D

#:DE?8=29 <EDE3 <EDE3?I2
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6
<2A2C:D@B
  !
I2?8
2



<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D: D:52<
36B>E2D2?

#:DE?8=29
3



>E2D2?
-
52?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 99

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100 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

DIUNDUH DARI: WWW.BUKUPAKET.COM

Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
Peta Konsep

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu menjadi Pemasangan kapasitor pada sakelar-sakelar listrik
paham tentang listrik statis, medan listrik, potensial listrik, yang memiliki daya tinggi dapat menghilangkan
energi potensial listrik, kapasitor dan jenis-jenisnya, serta terjadinya percikan bunga api. Pemanfaatan ini berguna
bagaimana cara kapasitor bekerja. Dari semua materi sekali untuk keamanan. Coba Anda tuliskan manfaat lain
pada bab ini, bagian mana yang menurut Anda sulit untuk penggunaan kapasitor.
dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau
guru Fisika Anda.

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 101

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Sumber buku (bse.kemdikbud.go.id)
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102 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

DIUNDUH DARI: WWW.BUKUPAKET.COM

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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 103

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104 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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