CHAPTER 3:

RESEARCH DESIGN
AND
METHODOLOGY
 III. Research Design and Methodology

Various methods and approach was employed in this study in order to collect the relevant

data which can give a solution to the problem. It covers the research design, areas of the study, the

sample of the study population and the sampling techniques. It also includes a description of the

data gathering instruments and the data analysis plan.

This research study uses descriptive-interpretative methodology. In order to gather

relevant information, the researchers will give survey questionnaire to selected students of Abuyog

National High School from Junior High School that will serve as the respondents of this study.

The researchers believe that this method will be effective in obtaining information needed for the

study of understanding the impacts of using smartphones during class hours.

By this, the researcher will be able to prove the cause, effect and impacts truancy in school

and what is the possible methods to mitigate and address this problem.

Quantitative methods were used to investigate the major issues. Participants were selected

through purposive or judgmental sampling methods, to provide an in-depth account of the

experiences of the student within a particular context. The chapter commences with a description

of the research paradigm.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The survey research design was adopted for the study. The technique is used for obtaining

the necessary data from a group through the use of questionnaire, observation and interview.

(Jamwal, 2012).
 The study was conducted by using the quantitative approach. An observation study design

was employed. This is because the nature of the study was to generate knowledge from a critical

investigation of social, economic factors contributing to truancy in a schools. Such approach

required a natural setting for clear observation and analysis of all possible factors as well as

assessment of collective outcomes. Also the study used some elements of quantitative analysis,

example when want to know how many students attend school regularly within a week, then the

number were provided. The study was relied mostly on observation in the attendance list. Also

some information were obtained from structured questionnaires for targeted group such as some

students. Some more information from observation.

In this study the researchers used the Descriptive Interpretative Survey Research

Design. Descriptive for identifying and knowing the different reasons, effects of truancy among

junior high school students and its ill effects on their school performance and how many percent

are being truant in class in Abuyog National High School and for interpreting the data gathered

from the survey the has been conducted by the researchers, Interpretative will be used.

POPULATION

The target population which were used to get information were students of Abuyog

National High School specifically the Junior High School Students. The respondents of this

research study are composed of (50) fifty students from Junior High School Grade 7 to Grade 10.

The researchers use Purposive or Judgmental Sampling, by which respondents are easily

identified.

Table 1
 RESPONDENTS

Respondents F %
Grade 7
Grade 8
Grade 9
Grade 10
Total

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

In this study the selection of participants will be done through purposive sampling

techniques. This sampling techniques will enable the researcher to select the people who meet the

requirements for the research. The study was conducted in Abuyog National High School the

sample size used was 50 students. From the sample obtained the respondent will be responsible to

actively engaged in answering the survey questionnaire prepared by the researchers.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

There are two instruments were employed for data collection in this research study: An

interview and a survey questionnaire. A survey was designed by the researcher to help identify the

age and reason why they stopped studying. An interview design was applied to investigate the

research questions. The “survey questionnaire is the easiest and effective way of gathering data

from chosen respondents. Our survey questionnaire is composed of seven questions corresponded

with choices related to our topic that will fulfil and answer our research problem.
 The study used two data gathering methods to collect information. These include,

observation and questionnaires. The use of many methods of data collection help to collect the

information’s with high validity. The information obtained will give strong facts than the

information from just one source which can be bias during researcher investigation (Cohen et al

2000).

Observation

Observation is a method which is also used in all qualitative research in order to

discover the complex interactions in natural social settings (Marshall and Rossman, 1995).

It enables a researcher to have an opportunity to look at what is taking place in the situation

rather than second information (Patton,1990).In this study the observation of the schools

environment helped to reveal some of the possible factors that contributing to truancy. The

observation were considering the school infrastructure, social interaction of teachers and

the students and even the interaction of students themselves. Further observation was made

in the teaching situation in the class room. Attendance of teachers in the classroom by

considering the class journals list. All these helped to collect informations related to the

factors which contributing to truancy such as social-economic related factors. The

researcher observed the attendance register books in order to know to what extent do the

students truant.

Questionnaires

Questions were administered/given to the some students. The questionnaires were

seeking information of why most students are always truant at school. The respondents
 were given questions which they were have to fill by themselves at their environmental

setting in order to tell what real cause truancy at their school. The open questions are

probing questions which were trying to focus on the possible causes of truancy in schools.

The question were given and the respondents were supposed to read and tick yes if the

factor is true or and not if the factor is not true.

SOURCES OF DATA

The study considered several sources of data. The responses of the students on the

questionnaire about their experiences and problems they encountered have a great contribution to

the study, also their records on their performance task and the attendance list that will be beneficial

for the researcher to select for a respondents.

Data collection was done through both primary and secondary sources. Primary

data sources included key informants for each case study also the respondents itself. Secondary

data covered different sources and provided an essential preparation for the interviews. Secondary

data helped to cross-check official information, learn about major events, technical details,

historical decisions and main organizational players and roles. They also supported the exploring

of particular responses during interviews and survey.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

The questionnaires were administered on the school premises after class hours and other

times that the school administration thought will not affect the normal school programs. To ensure
maximum reliability and validity of the study the questions were clearly stated, variety of wording

of the sentences were employed and respondents were allowed to tick the response which they fill

that it’s appropriate answer from the given selection and set of choices for the factors provided.

Respondents were also assured that their responses would be confidential. The regular observation

was made by the permission of the advisers for a researcher to get in the class and observe and

record the information which are relevant while the teacher is teaching. The information which

were recorded were about teaching situation, methods of teaching, teachers personality, percent of

students missing and the lesson interaction and also to know if there if some known reason for

those students who are missing the particular lesson. Further information were obtained from the

class attendance register for the each class and trying to see to what extent students are truant.

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Data analysis is a process that implies editing, coding, classification and tabulation of

collected data (Kothari,1990). Since the study is quantitative in nature, content analysis will be

used where by data need to be generalized that means the data from questionnaire and observation

will be tabulated and computed in to graphs to show the variations of findings. Also some

explanation will be given for more analysis of the obtained findings.

To begin the data analysis process, descriptive statistics were calculated on the independent

variables to summarize and describe the data collected. Survey results were measured by category.

After gathering data through questionnaire, the researchers, give deep interpretation and have critic

analysis from the given data and information from the respondents