ASSIGNMENT -01

BUILDING SERVICES

SOUND

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR.SURJEET SINGH PUNEET CHHONKER
B.ARCH,4TH YEAR, 7TH SEM.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. TOPIC P.No.

01. SOUND 01
02. PRODUCTION OF SOUND 01
03. PROPAGATION OF SOUND 02
04. SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL 03
05. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE 04-05
06. Reflection of Sound 06
07. ECHO 07
08. REVERBERATION 07
09. USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION OF SOUND 08
10. Applications of Ultrasound 09
11. SONAR 09
 SOUND

Everyda y we h e a r s o u n d s from v a r i o u s
s o u r ce s like h u m a n s , bi rds, bells, m a c h i n e s ,
vehicles, telev isio ns , r a d i o s et c. S o u n d is a
form of en er gy w h i c h p r o d u c e s a s e n s a t i o n
of h ea ri n g in o u r ea r s. There a r e als o ot h er
forms of energy like m ec h a n i c al energy, h e a t
energy, light energy etc. We have talked a b o u t
m ec ha ni c al energy in t h e prev ious c h a p t e rs .
You h ave b ee n t a u g h t a b o u t co n servation of
energy, which s t a t e s t h a t we c a n n e i t h e r
c r e a t e n o r d e s t r o y e n e r g y . We c a n j u s t
c h a n g e it f r om o n e f o r m t o a n o t h e r . W h e n
you clap, a s o u n d is p r o d u c e d . C a n yo u
p roduce s o u n d with out utilising you r energy?
Which form of energy did yo u u s e to p r o d u c e
Vibrating tuni ng fork just touching t he
s o u n d ? In t hi s c h ap t e r we a r e going to l e ar n s u s p e n d e d table tennis ball.
how s o u n d is p r o d uc ed a n d how it is
t r a n s m it t e d t h r o u g h a m e d i u m a n d received
by o u r e ar.

Production of Sound
In t h e f i g u r e s we h a v e p r o d u c e d s o u n d
b y s t r i k i n g t h e t u n i n g f o r k . We c a n a l s o
produce s o u n d by plucking, scratching,
ru bbing, blowing or s h ak i n g different objects.
As pe r th e above activities w h a t d o we do to
t h e objects? We s e t t h e objects vibrating a n d
p r o d u c e s o u n d . V i brat io n m e a n s a k i n d of
r a p i d t o a n d f ro m o t i o n of a n o b j e c t . T h e
s o u n d of t h e h u m a n voice is p r o d u c e d d u e
to vibrations in th e vocal cord s. Wh e n a bird
flaps its wings, do you h ea r an y s o u n d ? Think
how t h e buzzing s o u n d ac co mp an yi n g a b ee One of th e prongs of the vibrating
tuning fork touching the wat e r surface.
is p rod uc ed . A s t re t c he d r u b b e r b a n d wh e n
 Propagation of Sound
S o u n d is p r od u c e d by vibrating objects. The
m a t t e r or s u b s t a n c e t h r o u g h w h i c h s o u n d
is t r a n s m i t t e d is called a m e d i u m . It c a n b e
solid, liquid or gas. S o u n d mo ves t h r o u g h a
m e d i u m from t h e point of g en eration to t h e
listener. W h en a n object vibrates, it s e t s t h e
particles of t h e m e d i u m a r o u n d it vibrating.
The p ar t i cl e s do n o t travel all t h e wa y f rom
t h e vi brat i n g object t o t h e e a r . A p art i c le of
th e m e di um in contact with th e vibrating
object is first disp laced from its equ ilibriu m
position. It t h e n exerts a force o n t h e adjacen t
p a r t i c l e . As a r e s u l t of w h i c h t h e a d j a c e n t
p a r t i c l e g e t s d i s p l a c e d f r o m i t s p o s i t i o n of
res t. After displacing t h e ad j acent particle t h e
first particle c om e s b a c k to its original
position. This p r oc es s c o n t i n u e s in t h e
m e d i u m till t h e s o u n d r e a c h e s y o u r ear. The Propagation of Sound
d i s t u r b a n c e cr eated by a s o u r c e of s o u n d in

Can sound make a light spot dance?

Take a t in c a n . Remove b o t h e n d s to m a k e it a hollow cylinder. Take a balloon a n d s t r e t c h it over t h e c a n ,
t h e n wr a p a r u b b e r b a n d a r o u n d t h e balloon. Take a sm all piece of mirro r. Use a d r o p of glue to s t ick t h e
piece of mirror to t h e balloon. Allow t h e light t h r o u g h a slit to fall o n t h e mir ror. After reflection t he light
s p ot is s ee n on t h e wall, a s s h ow n in Fig.
. Talk or s h o u t directly into t h e o p e n e n d of t h e c a n a n d observe t h e d an cin g light s p ot
o n t h e wall. Di s c u s s with y o u r friends w h at m a k e s t h e light s p o t d a n c e.

A b e am of light from a light source is m a d e to fall on a mirror. The reflected light is falling on the wall.

t h e m e d i u m travels t h r o u g h t h e m e d i u m a n d n o t th e particles of t h e m e d iu m .
A w a v e i s a d i s t u r b a n c e t h a t m o v e s t h r o u g h a m e d i u m w h e n t h e p a r t i c l e s of t h e m e d i u m s e t
n e i g h b o u r i n g p a r t i c l e s i n t o m o ti on . They in t u r n p r o d u c e similar m ot io n in o t h e r s . The particles of t h e
m e d i u m d o n o t m o v e f o r w a r d t h e m s e l v e s , b u t t h e d i s t u r b a n c e i s c a r r i e d f o r w a r d . Th i s i s w h a t
h a p p e n s d u r i n g p r o p a g a t i o n of s o u n d i n a m e d i u m , h e n c e s o u n d c a n b e v i s u a l i s e d a s a wave. S o u n d
waves a re c ha r ac t eri s ed by t h e mo tio n of particles in t h e m e d i u m a n d a re called m ec h a n ica l waves .
Air is t h e m o s t c o m m o n m e d i u m t h r o u g h wh ich s o u n d travels. W h en a vibrating object moves forward,
it p u s h e s a n d comp res ses t h e
a i r i n f r o n t of i t c r e a t i n g a r e g i o n of h i g h p r e s s u r e . T h i s r e g i o n i s c a l l e d a c o m p r e s s i o n (C), T h i s
c o m p r e s s i o n s t a r t s to move away from t h e vibrating object. W h e n t h e v ib rat ing object m o v e s b a c k w a r d s ,
it c r e a t e s a r e gi o n of low p r e s s u r e ca ll ed r ar efact ion (R). As t h e object mo v es b a c k a n d f o rt h rapidly, a
series of c om pr e s s io n s a n d rarefactio ns is creat ed in t h e air.
 SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO
TRAVEL
S o u n d i s a m e c h a n i c a l wa v e a n d n e e d s a
mater ia l m e d i u m like air, water, steel etc. for
i t s p r o p a g a t i o n . It c a n n o t t r a v e l t h r o u g h
v a c u u m , w hi ch c a n be d e m o n s t r a t e d by t h e
following experimen t.
Take a n electric bell a n d a n airtig ht glass
bell jar. The electric bell is s u s p e n d e d ins ide
t h e airtight bell jar. The bell jar is c o n ne ct e d
to a v a c u u m p u m p , a s s h o w n i n Fig. If y o u
pr e s s t h e switch y ou will b e able to h e a r th e A v i b r a t i n g o b je ct c r e at i ng a s e r i e s o f
b e l l . Now s t a r t t h e v a c u u m p u m p . W h e n c o mp r e s si o n s (C) a n d rarefactions (R) in
the air in t he jar is p u m p e d out gradually, th e med ium.
th e s o u n d becomes fainter, a l t ho ug h t h e
s a m e c u r r e n t i s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e b ell .
After s o m e t i m e w h e n l e s s a i r i s left i n s i d e
t h e bell jar you will h e a r a very feeble s o u n d .
W h a t w i l l h a p p e n if t h e a i r i s r e m o v e d
completely? Will you still be able to h e a r t h e
s o u n d of t h e bell?

(a)

Bell jar experiment s howi ng s o un d cannot

Longitudinal w a v e in a slinky. travel in va c u u m.

The reg io ns w he re t h e coils b e c o m e clo ser a r e called c o m p r e s s i o n s (C) a n d t h e r eg io n s w h e r e t h e

coils a r e f u r t h e r a p a r t a r e called r ar e fa c ti o n s (R). As we a lr e a d y k n ow , s o u n d p r o p a g a t e s i n t h e
m e d i u m a s a s e r i e s of c o m p r e s s i o n s a n d r a r e f a c t i o n s . Now, we c a n c o m p a r e t h e p r o p a g a t i o n of
di st u r b a n c e in a sl inky w ith t h e s o u n d p r o p a g a t io n i n t h e m e d i u m . These waves a r e called
longitudinal
w av es . In t h e s e w a v e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s of t h e m e d i u m m o v e i n a d i r e c t i o n p a r a l le l t o t h e
d i r e c t i o n of p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e d i s t u r b a n c e . T h e p a r t i c l e s d o n o t m o v e f r o m o n e p l a c e t o
a n o t h e r b u t t he y simply oscillate b a c k a n d fo rth a b o u t t h e i r p os it io n of re s t . Th is is exactly ho w a
s o u n d wave propagates, h e n ce s o u n d waves a re longitudinal waves.
The r e is al s o a n o t h e r t yp e of wav e, called a t r a n s v e r s e w a v e . I n a t r a n s v e r s e w a v e p a r t i c le s
d o n o t os c i l la t e a l o n g t h e lin e of w av e p r o p a g a t i o n b u t o s ci l l a t e u p a n d d o w n a b o u t t h e i r m e a n
position a s t he wave travels. T h u s a t ra n s ve rs e wave is t h e o n e i n w h i c h t h e in d ividu al p art icl es of
t h e m e d i u m move a b o u t t h e i r m e a n p o s i t i o n s i n a di r e ct i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of
w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n . L i g h t i s a t r a n s v e r s e w a v e b u t f o r l i g h t , t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e n o t of t h e
m e d i u m particles or th eir p r e s s u r e or d ens ity
– it i s n o t a m e c h a n i c a l wav e . You will c o m e t o k n o w m o r e a b o u t t r a n s v e r s e w a v e s i n h i g h e r
cl as s e s .
.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE

We c a n describe a s o u n d wave by its
 fr equency
 am p l i t ude a n d
 speed.
A s o u n d wave i n g raph ic form is s h o wn in Fig., w hich r e p re s e n t s ho w d ensi ty a n d p r e s s u r e
c h a n g e wh e n t h e s o u n d wave moves in t h e m e d i u m . The d ensity a s well a s t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e
m e d i u m a t a given time varies with di s ta nc e, abo ve a n d below t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e of d e n s i t y a n d
pressure.

S o u n d pro p ag at es a s d e n s i t y or p r es s u re variations a s s h o w n in (a) a n d (b), (c) re pr e se nt s

graphically the d e n s i t y a n d pr ess ure variations.

Frequency tells u s how frequently a n

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz event occurs. Suppose you are beating a
w a s b o r n o n 2 2 F e b ru ar y d r u m . How m a n y t im e s you a r e b ea tin g t h e
1857 in Hamburg, d r u m p e r u n i t t i m e i s c a l l e d t h e f r e q u e n c y of
G erm an y a n d e d u c a t e d a t yo ur beat ing t he d r u m . We k no w t h a t w h e n
t h e University of Berlin. He sou n d is propagated through a medium, the
c o n f i r m e d J . C . M axwell’s d e n s i t y of t h e m e d i u m o s c i l l a t e s b e t w e e n a
electro mag netic theory by ma xi m u m value a n d a m i n i m u m value. The
his experiments. He laid the c h a n g e i n d e n s i t y from t h e m a x i m u m v al u e to
H. R. Hertz
f o u n d a t i o n for f u t u r e
t h e m i n i m u m value, ag ain to t h e m a x i m u m value,
development of radio, telep hone, telegraph
m a k e s o ne com plete oscillation. The n u m b e r of
a n d even television. He also discovered th e
s u c h oscillations p er u n i t tim e is t h e frequency
p h o to el ect ri c effect w h i c h w a s l a t e r
of t h e s o u n d wave. If we c a n c o u n t t h e n u m b e r
e xp la i ne d by Albert E i n s t e i n . T h e SI u n i t
of f r e q u e n c y w a s n a m e d a s h e r t z i n h i s of t h e c o m p r e s s i o n s o r ra re f a ct i o n s t h a t c r o s s
hon our. u s p e r u n i t t i m e , we will g e t t h e f r e q u e n c y of
t h e s o u n d wave. It is u s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d by 
(Greek l ett er, n u ) . Its SI u n i t i s h e r t z (s ymbol,
Hz).
 T h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e m a x i m u m
d i s t u r b a n c e in t h e m e d i u m o n eith er side of
t h e m e a n valu e is called t h e am p li t u de of t h e
wave. It is us u al ly re pr e se n t e d by t h e letter
A, a s s h o w n i n Fig. Fo r s o u n d i t s u n i t will
A violin a n d a flu t e m a y b o t h b e p l a y e d b e t h a t of dens ity or p r e s s u r e .
at the sa me time in a n orchestra. Both T h e l o u d n e s s o r s o f t n e s s of a s o u n d i s
s o u n d s travel t h r o u g h t h e s a m e m e d i u m , d e t e r m i n e d ba s ic a l ly b y i t s a m p l i t u d e . Th e
t h a t is, air a n d arrive a t o u r e a r a t t h e s a m e am p l i t u de of t h e s o u n d wave d e p e n d s u p o n
time. B oth s o u n d s travel a t t h e s a m e s p e ed t h e fo rce w i t h w h i c h a n o b j e c t i s m a d e t o
i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e s o u r c e . B u t t h e s o u n d s vibrate. If we str ike a table lightly, we h e a r a
we receiv e a r e d ifferen t . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e soft s o u n d b e c a u s e we p r o du ce a s o u n d wave
different char acteris ti cs ass o ci ated with t h e of less energy (amplitude). If we hit t h e table
s o u n d . Pitch is on e of t h e ch arac ter is ti cs. h a r d we h ea r a loud s ou n d . C a n you tell why?
How t he b ra i n i n t e r pr et s t h e frequen cy of Loud s o u n d c a n travel a larger d is t a n c e a s it
a n emitted s o u n d is called its pitch. The faster is ass o ciated with high er energy. A s o u n d
t h e v i b r a t i o n of t h e s o u r c e , t h e h i g h e r i s wave s p r e a d s o u t from its s o urc e. As it moves
th e frequency a n d the higher is t he pitch, a w a y fr om t h e s o u r c e it s a m p l i t u d e a s well
a s s h o w n i n Fig. T h u s , a h i g h p i t c h s o u n d a s i t s l o u d n e s s d e c r e a s e s . Fig. s h o w s t h e
corresp onds to more n u m b e r of wave s h a p e s of a l o u d a n d a soft s o u n d of
comp ressi on s a n d rarefactions passi ng a t h e s a m e frequency.
fixed p oi n t p e r u n i t t ime.
Objects of different sizes a n d con di tions
v i b r a t e a t d if fer en t f r e q u e n c i e s t o p r o d u c e
s o u n d s of different p i tch.

Soft s o u n d h a s small ampl i tude a n d

louder s o u n d h a s large amplitude.

T h e q u a l i t y o r t i m b e r of s o u n d i s t h a t
Low pitch s o u n d h a s low f req uency characteristic which enables us to
a n d high pitch of s o u n d h a s high d i st ing u i sh o n e s o u n d from a n o t h e r having
frequency. the s a me pitch a n d loudness.
Speed of sound in different
media at 25 ºC

Sonic boom: W h e n t h e sp e ed of a n y object

Reflection of Sound exce eds t h e s p e e d of s o u n d it is s a i d to be
travelling a t s u p e r s o n i c s p eed . Bu llets , jet
S o u n d b o u n c e s off a solid o r a liquid like a
ai rc r a ft s etc . often travel a t s u p e r s o n i c
rubber ball boun ces off a wall. Like light, s ou n d speeds. When a s ou n d, producing source
gets reflected a t t h e s urface of a solid or liquid moves wi th a s p e ed h ig her t h a n t h a t of
a n d follows t he s a m e laws of reflection a s you s o u n d , it p r o d u c e s s h o c k waves i n a ir.
have s tudi ed in earlier classes. The directions Th e se s h o c k waves car ry a large a m o u n t of
in which t h e s o u n d is incident a n d is reflected energy. The air p r e s s u r e variation
m a ke equal angles with the norma l to t he as s o ci a t e d with t h i s t ype of s h o c k waves
reflecting surface a t t h e point of incidence, a n d p r o d u c e s a very s h a r p a n d l o u d s o u n d
t h e three are in t h e s a m e plane. An obstacle of called t h e “sonic boom”. The s h o c k waves
large size which m a y b e polished or ro u g h is p r o d u c e d by a s u p e r s o n i c aircraft h a v e
ne eded for t h e reflection of s o u n d waves. e n o u g h energy to s h a t t e r g l as s a n d even
d a m a g e buil dings

Reflection of s o u n d
 E CHO
If we s h o u t or clap n e a r a s u it able reflecting
REVERBERATION
object s u c h a s a tall build in g or a m o u n t a i n , A s o u n d c r e a t e d i n a big h all will p e r s i s t by
we will h e a r t h e s a m e s o u n d a g a i n a little re pe at e d reflection from t h e walls un t il it is
later. This s o u n d wh i ch we h e a r is called a n r e d u c e d to a v a lu e w h e r e it is n o lo ng er
echo. The s e ns a t i o n of s o u n d p e r si s t s in o u r au dible. The re pe at e d reflection t h a t r e s u l t s
b r a i n for a b o u t 0 . 1 s. To h e a r a d is tin ct echo i n t h i s p e r s i s t e n c e of s o u n d i s c a l l e d
t h e tim e interval b et wee n t h e original s o u n d rev erberatio n. In a n au d i t o r i u m or big hall
a n d t h e reflected on e m u s t b e a t leas t 0 .1 s .
If we t a k e t h e s p ee d of s o u n d to b e 3 4 4 m / s
a t a given t e m p e r a t u re , sa y a t 2 2 º C in air,
t h e s o u n d m u s t go to t h e ob stacle a n d r e a c h
b a c k t h e e a r of t h e listener o n reflection after
0 .1s. Hence, t h e total di st an ce covered by t h e
s o u n d f r o m t h e p o i n t of g e n e r a t i o n t o t h e
reflecting surface a n d b a ck s h o u l d b e a t least
(344 m / s )  0. 1 s = 3 4 . 4 m . T h u s , for h ea ri n g
dis tinct echoes, th e m i n i m u m d i st ance of t h e
o bs tacle from t h e s o u rc e of s o u n d m u s t b e
h a l f of t h i s d i s t a n c e , t h a t is , 1 7 . 2 m . Th i s
d is t a nc e will c h an g e with t h e t e m p e r at u r e of
air. Echoe s m a y be h e a r d mor e t h a n once
d u e to successive or multiple reflections. The
rolling of t h u n d e r i s d u e t o t h e s u c c e s s i v e
r efl e ct i o ns of t h e s o u n d f r o m a n u m b e r of
reflecting s ur fac es, s u c h a s t h e clo u d s a n d
t h e la nd .
 USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION OF SOUND

1. M egap ho nes or loudhailers, h o r n s ,

musical i n s tr u m e n t s s u c h a s t r u m p e t s
a n d s h e h a n a i s , a r e all d e s ig n e d to
s e n d s o u n d i n a p a r t i c u l a r di r e ct i o n
with ou t s pread in g it in all directions,
a s s h o wn in Fig .

Megaphone

Horn A m ega pho ne a n d a horn.

In t h es e i n s t ru m e n ts , a t u b e followed
b y a c o n i c a l o p e n i n g re fl ec t s s o u n d
successively to guide mo st of t h e s o u n d
waves from t h e s o ur c e in t h e forward
direction t o war d s th e au d ience.
2. Stetho scop e is a medical i n s t r u m e n t
u s e d for listening to s o u n d s p ro d u ce d
within t h e body, chiefly in t h e h e a r t or
lungs . In s tethoscopes t h e s o u n d of t h e
patient’s h eart beat reaches t h e doctor’s
e a r s by multiple reflection of s o u n d , a s
s h o w n in Fig.

Curved ceiling of a conference hall.

Fig.12.13: Stethoscope

3. Generally t h e ceilings of concert halls,

conference halls a n d c i ne m a halls a r e
curved so t h a t s o u n d after reflection
reaches all corners of the hall, a s shown
i n Fig . S o m e t i m e s a c u r v e d

s o un d b o a r d m a y be placed b e h i n d t h e
stage so t h a t t h e s o u n d , after reflecting
from t h e s o u n d b oa rd , s p r e a d s evenly
S o u n d board u s e d in a big hall.
acro s s t h e width of t h e hall .
Applications of Ultrasound SONAR
Ultrasounds are high frequency waves. T he a c r o n y m SONAR s t a n d s for S O u n d
U l t r a s o u n d s a r e a b l e t o t r a v e l a l o n g wel l- N avig at io n An d R a n g i n g . S o n a r i s a device
d e fi n e d p a t h s e v en in t h e p r e s e n c e of
t h a t u s e s u l t r a s o n i c w a ve s to m e a s u r e t h e
obs tacles. U l t r as o u nd s a re u s e d extensively
d is tan ce, direction a n d sp ee d of u n d e rw a t e r
in i n d u s t ri es a n d for medical p u rp o s es .
objects. How does t he s o n a r w ork? S o n a r
 U l t ra s o u n d is generally u s e d to clean cons ists of a t ran sm i tt er a n d a detector a n d is
p a r t s located in h a r d - t o -r e a c h places, installed in a b o a t or a s hi p , a s s h o w n in Fig.
for example, spiral t u b e, o d d s h a p e d
p a r t s, electronic c o m p o ne n t s etc .
Objects to be clean ed a re p laced i n a
cleaning solution a n d ultrasonic
waves ar e s e n t into t h e so lu tion. D u e
to t h e high frequency, t h e p articles of
d u s t , grease a n d dirt get d et ac he d a n d
drop out. The objects t h u s get
t hor oughly cle aned .
 Ultrasoun d s c a n be u s e d to detect
c r a ck s a n d flaws in metal blocks.
Metallic c o m p o n e n t s a r e generally
u s e d in cons tr uct io n of big s t r u c t u r e s
like buildings, b ridges, m a c h i n e s a n d
also scientific e q u i p m e n t . The c r a c k s Ultrasound s e n t b y th e transmitter a n d
or holes inside t h e metal blocks, which received b y the detector.
a r e invisible from o ut si d e r e d u c e s t h e
s tr e n g t h of t h e s t r u c t u re . Ultrasonic
waves are allowed to p a s s t h ro u g h t h e
The t r a n s m i t t e r p r o d uc e s a n d t r a n s m i t s
m etal block a n d d etecto rs a r e u s e d to
u ltrason ic waves. These waves travel t h ro u g h
d etect th e t r a n s m i t t e d waves. If t h er e
wat er a n d after s trikin g t h e obj ect o n t h e
is even a small defect, t h e u l t r a s o u n d s e a b e d , g et r efl ected b a c k a n d a r e s e n s e d
gets reflected b a c k i nd ic ati ng t h e by t he detector. The detector converts t h e
presence of t h e flaw or defect, a s shown u lt ras o n i c waves into electrical signals whi ch
in Fig. a r e a p p r o p ri a t e ly i n t e r p r e t e d . T h e d i s t a n c e
of t h e o b ject t h a t r efl ected t h e s o u n d w ave
c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d b y k n o w i n g t h e s p e e d of
s o u n d in water a n d t he time interval b etween
t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d r e c e p t i o n of t h e
u l t r a s o u n d . Let t h e t i m e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n
t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d r e c e p t i o n of u l t r a s o u n d
signal be t a n d t h e s p e ed of s o u n d t h r o u g h
seaw at er b e v. The total di stan ce, 2 d travelled
by t h e u l t r a s o u n d is t h e n , 2 d = v  t.
The above m e t h o d is called echo-ranging.
The s o n a r t echn i q ue is u s e d to d eterm in e t h e
d e p t h of t h e s e a a n d t o l o c a t e u n d e r w a t e r
hills, valleys, s u b m a r i n e , ic eb er g s , s u n k e n
Ultrasound is reflected b a c k from t h e s h i p etc.
defective locations inside a metal block.