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    (Further Mathematics) - (FP1 - Section - 2.3) (Edexcel) (A Level)

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    Devin Ky
    Leibnitz's Theorem states that for any positive integer n, the nth derivative of the product of two functions f and g is equal to the sum of all possible products of the derivatives of f and g with orders that add up to n. This generalized the product rule to higher order derivatives. The theorem can be proved using mathematical induction. As an example, the theorem is used to find the second and third derivatives of the function y = sin(x)cosh(x) by identifying f(x) = sin(x) and g(x) = cosh(x) and using the derivatives of these functions.

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    (Further Mathematics) - (FP1 - Section - 2.3) (Edexcel) (A Level)

    Uploaded by

    Devin Ky
    150 views3 pages
    Leibnitz's Theorem states that for any positive integer n, the nth derivative of the product of two functions f and g is equal to the sum of all possible products of the derivatives of f and g with orders that add up to n. This generalized the product rule to higher order derivatives. The theorem can be proved using mathematical induction. As an example, the theorem is used to find the second and third derivatives of the function y = sin(x)cosh(x) by identifying f(x) = sin(x) and g(x) = cosh(x) and using the derivatives of these functions.

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    [Further Mathematics] - [FP1_Section_2.3] [Edexcel] [a Level]

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    Leibnitz's Theorem states that for any positive integer n, the nth derivative of the product of two functions f and g is equal to the sum of all possible products of the derivatives of f and g with orders that add up to n. This generalized the product rule to higher order derivatives. The theorem can be proved using mathematical induction. As an example, the theorem is used to find the second and third derivatives of the function y = sin(x)cosh(x) by identifying f(x) = sin(x) and g(x) = cosh(x) and using the derivatives of these functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    150 views3 pages

    (Further Mathematics) - (FP1 - Section - 2.3) (Edexcel) (A Level)

    Uploaded by

    Devin Ky
    Leibnitz's Theorem states that for any positive integer n, the nth derivative of the product of two functions f and g is equal to the sum of all possible products of the derivatives of f and g with orders that add up to n. This generalized the product rule to higher order derivatives. The theorem can be proved using mathematical induction. As an example, the theorem is used to find the second and third derivatives of the function y = sin(x)cosh(x) by identifying f(x) = sin(x) and g(x) = cosh(x) and using the derivatives of these functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Edexcel Further Mathematics [A Level]

    Further Pure Mathematics 1

    [Further Calculus]: [Topic 2.3]


    [Leibnitz’s Theorem]
    2.3 Leibnitz’s Theorem

    Leibnitz’s Theorem is a generalized version of the product rule for higher order derivatives. It states
    that for any positive integer 𝑛:
    𝑛
    𝑑𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−𝑘 𝑘
    (𝑓𝑔) = ∑ ( )𝑓 𝑔
    𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑘
    𝑘=0
    where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions of 𝑥, and 𝑓 𝑖 denotes the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝑓. (Take note that this
    equation is very similar to the binomial theorem)

    Proof
    We will use mathematical induction, a method learnt in Pure Core. When 𝑛 = 1, the formula gives:
    1
    𝑑 1 1 1
    (𝑓𝑔) = ∑ ( ) 𝑓 1−𝑘 𝑔𝑘 = ( ) 𝑓 1 𝑔0 + ( ) 𝑓 0 𝑔1 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 + 𝑓𝑔′ ,
    𝑑𝑥 𝑘 0 1
    𝑘=0
    which is the product rule. Hence, the statement holds for 𝑛 = 1.
    Assume that the statement holds for some positive integer 𝑟, where 𝑟 ≥ 1. Then when 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 1:
    𝑟
    𝑑𝑟+1 𝑑 𝑟
    𝑟+1
    (𝑓𝑔) = [∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘 𝑔𝑘 ] (Induction
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 hypothesis)
    𝑘=0
    𝑟 𝑟
    𝑟 𝑟
    = ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑔𝑘 + ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘 𝑔𝑘+1
    𝑘 𝑘
    𝑘=0 𝑘=0
    𝑟 𝑟−1
    𝑟 𝑟
    = 𝑓 𝑟+1 𝑔0 + ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑔𝑘 + ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘 𝑔𝑘+1 + 𝑓 0 𝑔𝑟+1 (Writing out two
    𝑘 𝑘 terms)
    𝑘=1 𝑘=0
    𝑟 𝑟
    𝑟 𝑟
    = 𝑓 𝑟+1 𝑔0 + ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑔𝑘 + ∑ ( ) 𝑓 𝑟+1−𝑘 𝑔𝑘 + 𝑓 0 𝑔𝑟+1 (Re-indexing)
    𝑘 𝑘−1
    𝑘=1 𝑘=1
    𝑟
    𝑟 𝑟
    = 𝑓 𝑟+1 𝑔0 + ∑ [( ) + ( )] 𝑓 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑔𝑘 + 𝑓 0 𝑔𝑟+1
    𝑘 𝑘−1
    𝑘=1 (Use the identity)
    𝑟
    𝑟 + 1 𝑟+1 0 𝑟 + 1 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑘 𝑟 + 1 0 𝑟+1 𝑟 𝑟
    =( )𝑓 𝑔 + ∑ ( )𝑓 𝑔 +( )𝑓 𝑔 ( )+( )
    𝑘 𝑘−1
    0 𝑘 𝑟+1 𝑟+1
    𝑘=1 =( )
    𝑟+1 𝑘
    𝑟 + 1 𝑟−𝑘+1 𝑘
    = ∑( )𝑓 𝑔
    𝑘
    𝑘=0

    Thus, the statement also holds for 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 1. By the principle of mathematical induction, the result is
    true for all positive integers 𝑛.

    Example
    𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
    Given that 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 3 .

    Solution
    Take 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥. Then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥), and:
    𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥
    𝑔(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 → 𝑔′ (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 → 𝑔′′ (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 → 𝑔′′′′ (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
    By Leibnitz’s theorem:
    𝑑2 𝑦 2 2 2
    2
    = ( ) 𝑓 ′′ 𝑔 + ( ) 𝑓 ′ 𝑔′ + ( ) 𝑓𝑔′′
    𝑑𝑥 0 1 2
    = − sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
    = 2 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
    𝑑3 𝑦 3 3 3 3
    3
    = ( ) 𝑓 ′′′ 𝑔 + ( ) 𝑓 ′′ 𝑔′ + ( ) 𝑓 ′ 𝑔′′ + ( ) 𝑓𝑔′′′
    𝑑𝑥 0 1 2 3
    = − cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
    = 2 cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

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