1.

1 Reference crop evapotranspiration, ETo

For determination of ETo there are different empirical methods. The accuracy of the methods is
depending on the parameter in which the methods are required. In this project penman method is
selected as it includes more climatic factors.

Table 3.1 ETO computation

Min Max
Month Temp Temp Humidity Wind Sun Rad Rain Eff rain ETo
°C °C % km/day hours MJ/m?/day mm/month mm/month mm/day
January 11.9 24.6 71 72 6.5 16.8 34 32.2 3.05
February 12.2 26.3 63 77 8.2 20.5 24.7 23.7 3.8
March 13.9 27.5 64 85 7.9 21.3 75.3 66.2 4.17
April 15.8 29.4 63 81 8 21.9 97.9 82.6 4.47
May 16.7 31.2 51 80 10 24.5 34.3 32.4 5.07
June 18.2 31.8 45 97 8.2 21.4 38.3 36 4.93
July 18.2 30.3 59 112 6.7 19.3 182.2 129.1 4.54
August 17 29 68 90 7.1 20.2 217.2 141.7 4.32
September 15.8 29 65 63 7.2 20.2 147 112.4 4.17
October 12.6 27.7 60 54 9 21.9 34 32.2 4.12
November 10.4 26.3 60 61 9.7 21.4 40.4 37.8 3.77
December 10.1 25 65 67 8.1 18.5 19.4 18.8 3.23
Average 14.4 28.2 61 78 8.1 20.7 944.7 745 4.14

1.2 Crop water and irrigation water requirement

Monthly irrigation water requirement was calculated using the mean monthly rainfall data of bati
station and the proposed crop data. This calculated irrigation water requirement is the basis for
determination of system capacity. A summary of irrigation water requirement analysis is presented
in table 3.2. The maximum duty calculated for 14 hour daily irrigation period is 2.2 l/sec/ha, which
is the bases for the design of system capacity. For additional information, please refer irrigation
agronomy report where the detail analysis of crop water requirement is explained.

1
 Table 3.2 Crop water requirement for dry season and wet season
Precipitation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
deficit
1. Teff 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 0 11.1 90.2 25.3 0
2. Sesame 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 2.4 22.7 51.5 0 0
3. Haricot bean 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 5 29.7 59.6 0 0
4. Ground nut 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 0 27.7 106.8 26.3 0
5. Maize 1.7 55.1 83.4 68.4 37.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6. Onion 38.7 74.9 51.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.1
7. Pepper 26.6 68.3 66.4 39.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.9
8. Sweet potato 24.8 88.1 79.9 45.5 8.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Net scheme
irr.req.
in mm/day 0.7 2.5 2.3 1.3 0.5 0 0.1 0.1 0.7 2.5 0.5 0.2
in mm/month 21.2 68.6 69.8 38.6 14.4 0 1.6 1.6 21 77.7 14.1 5.6
in l/s/h 0.08 0.28 0.26 0.15 0.05 0 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.29 0.05 0.02
Irrigated area (%
of total area) 100 100 100 70 50 0 100 45 100 100 55 50
Irr.req. for actual
area (l/s/h) 0.08 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.11 0 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.29 0.1 0.04

1.3 Irrigation methods and distribution system

The method of application of irrigation water is depending on the topography, beneficiaries’ attitude,
economy, type of soil, water quality and quantity and other factors.
Referring to the above factors, surface irrigation method for furrow irrigation has been selected. To
decrease the erosion of irrigated area, the furrow length is as much as possible short for easy management
and the irrigation should be applied along the contour rather than across it.

From economy, safety and easily operation criteria, the water distribution system of the project is as follow.

 The main, secondary and tertiary canals are designed to operate continuously and the field canals
within a tertiary block are rotational for irrigation hours proportional to the area.
 To facilitate the rotation system, there should be water association in the project area. This
association controls and manages the duration of each field canal within the block unit size.
 The position of each turn out of the field canal should be as shown on the plan unless it is not on
the ridge part.

2
2 Irrigation Infrastructure systems

2.1 Irrigation canals

2.1.1 General canal Alignment

The conveyance system consists of two main canals to irrigate total command area of 65ha.The main canal
starts from water abstraction site (diversion weir) on both right and left side and conveys water for a length
of 621.56m. Main canal on the right side is aligned along contours and supplies to two tertiary canals while
the left supplies to one secondary unit and one tertiary canals.

2.1.2 Hydraulic design of canal system

2.1.2.1 Main canal design

The main canal run for 252m and 369.52m length starting from the diversion intake up to inlet of SC-1-1
& TC-2-2 in the left and right side respectivly. The canal capacity was determined based on crop water
requirements prepared for the proposed cropping pattern. The maximum design capacity of the main canal
adopted for 50.5ha and 14.5 ha is 111.1 l/sec and 31.9 l/sec to the left and right sides of the river respectivly
based on the a duty of 2.2 l/sec/ha for 14hr daily irrigation cycle. The main canal starting from the intake
is masonry lined canal with rectangular section.
The hydraulic parameters for each variable are calculated using flow master.

Figure 4.3 Typical sections for masonry canal

Table 4.1 Hydraulic parameters of the main canal

Q Fb(m
Canal (m3/s) B(m) d(m) ) A (m2) Pw R=A/P m S n V(m/s)
MC-1 0.111 0.500 0.430 0.170 0.215 1.360 0.158 0.000 0.001 0.018 0.510
MC-2 0.032 0.400 0.210 0.290 0.084 0.820 0.102 0.000 0.001 0.018 0.380

3
 2.1.2.2 Secondary canal design

There is only one secondary canal, SC-1-1, that emerge from the left main canal. The capacity of secondary
canal is determined by multiplying the irrigable area under their supply tertiary canals and the duty of
irrigation, i.e. it supplies water to the command area, (42.7 ha), with the design capacity of 93.94 l/sec.
They are designed to be trapezoidal section constructed from earthen. The design principle is the same like
that of main canal.

The irrigation canal sections are designed according to manning’s formula as follow. The hydraulic
variables are calculated by flow master program.

Q= 1
n
AR 2 / 3 S 1 / 2
Where
Q = Design discharge, m3/s
R = Hydraulic radius of the canal, m
A = Wetted cross sectional area of canal, m2
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
S = Bed slope of the canal

Table 4.2 Hydraulic parameters of secondary canals

Q
(m^3/s
Canal ) B(m) d(m) Fb A (m^2) Pw R=A/P m S n V(m/s)
SC-1-1 0.094 0.500 0.270 0.330 0.208 1.264 0.165 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.450

2.1.2.3 Tertiary canal design

There are five tertiary canals in the design layout. In all cases, the tertiary canals (TC) as much as possible
run along the contour direction. The capacities of each TC were determined based on the areas they serve
using the duty of 2.2 l/sec/ha .The irrigation canal sections are designed according to manning’s formula
as follow. The hydraulic variables are calculated using flow master.

Q= 1
n
AR 2 / 3 S 1 / 2 , Where
Q = Design discharge, m3/s
R = Hydraulic radius of the canal, m
A = Wetted cross sectional area of canal, m2
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

4
 S = Bed slope of the canal

The shape of the canal cross section, is trapezoidal with 1 to 1 side slope as shown below
FB

d 1

1
B

Figure 4.2 Typical sections for earthen channel

A=b*d+md2 , P=b+2d(m2+1)
R=A/P
Where;
b = Bed width of the canal, m
d = Water depth of the canal, m
FB = free board of the canal, m
p = wetted perimeter of the canal, m

Using the above formula the hydraulic parameters of each canal are computed and tabulated in table 4.3
below.

Table 4.3 Hydraulic parameters of tertiary canals

Canal Q Water
descriptio des(m^3 Depth A R=A/ V(m/s
n /s) B(m) d(m) Fb (m^2) Pw P m S n )
TC-1-1 0.017 0.300 0.130 0.320 0.056 0.668 0.084 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.290
TC -1-1-
1 0.056 0.400 0.220 0.300 0.136 1.022 0.133 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.400
TC -1-1-
2 0.038 0.400 0.18 0.300 0.104 0.909 0.115 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.360
TC -2-1 0.015 0.300 0.120 0.300 0.050 0.639 0.079 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.280
TC -2-2 0.017 0.300 0.130 0.300 0.056 0.668 0.084 1.000 0.001 0.025 0.290

2.1.2.4 Field Canal

5
Field canals run almost perpendicular to the contour lines; this implies that it is necessary to construct drop
structures where it is required. The design discharge of the fields’ canals is similar to the tertiary canal
corresponding to each field canals. The differences between field and tertiary canal lay on the fact that, the
field canals will supply to the plots whereas the tertiary canals feed to a number of field canals. A farm
block served by a field canal is bounded by field canal and tertiary drain. Almost a design furrow length of
50-150 meters was selected as the maximum feasible after examination of the ground slopes, soil types and
infiltration rate and their irrigation practices.

2.2 Drainage canals

2.2.1 General canal alignment

Field drains are provided within the system. In most cases parallel to field canals and them directly collect
drained water from field and dispose to the river. But in case of water drained from the field canals that
emerges from tertiary canal, TC-1-1-2, after it has been collected by field drain it has no ways to dispose
to the river, so tertiary drains constructed from stone pitching are designed to dispose the drained water to
the river.

2.2.2 Hydraulic design of drainage canals

The rational method is applied in design discharge determination and also with ten years of recurrence
interval, the Gamble Powell method is used to calculate the rainfall intensity.
Taking a return year of 10 years, the design rainfall is computed as shown below:
YT−Yn
XT = Xm + KT ∗ σn − 1 Where KT = Sn
Yn= Reduced mean in Gamble’s extreme value distribution
For N sample size from table;
Sn= Reduced standard deviation in Gamble’s extreme
Value distribution for N sample size from table;
T=Return period, for diversion 10 years;

σn − 1 = Standard deviation of annual rain fall; and

Xm= Mean of all values annual rain fall.
For sample size N=53, Yn =0.5497, and Sn =1.1658

T
YT=-(ln (ln((𝑇−1)))) =-(ln (ln (10/10-1))) =2.25
Therefore KT=(2.25-0.5497)/1.1658=1.458

XT=55.73+1.458*12.13=73.42mm

Taking 50% of the daily rainfall obtained as one hour rainfall intensity (i.e. I = Qt * 50%) = 36.71 mm/hr)
in which the design discharge is calculated, that is

6
 CIA
Qr1 = =0.4*36.71*0.09/3.6=0.370m3/sec.
3 .6

CIA
Qr2 = =0.4*36.71*0.172/3.6=0.70m3/sec.
3 .6
Where
Qr = Design discharge, m3/s
C = Runoff coefficient
I = Rainfall intensity, mm/hr=36.71mm/hr
A = Catchment area, km2

2.2.2.1 Tertiary drain design

The discharge capacity of the canal is determined from rational formula as shown above. The drainage
canal sections are designed according to manning’s formula as follow. The hydraulic variables are
calculated using flow master.

Q= 1
n
AR 2 / 3 S 1 / 2 , Where

Q = Design discharge, m3/s

R = Hydraulic radius of the canal, m
A = Wetted cross sectional area of canal, m2
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
S = Bed slope of the canal

The shape of the canal cross section, is trapezoidal with 1 to 1 side slope as shown below
FB
1
d
1
B

Figure 4.3 Typical sections for earthen drain channel

A=b*d+md2, P=b+2d (m2+1)

R=A/P Where;
b = Bed width of the canal, m
d = Water depth of the canal, m
FB = free board of the canal, m
p = wetted perimeter of the canal, m

7
Table 4.4 Tertiary drain hydraulic parameters
Hydraulic parameter

Q= CIA/3.6(m3/sec)
Rainfall intensity,I
Runoff coefficient

P=B+2*D*2^.5
A=(B+D)*D
Drain name

Chainage

A (km2)

(mm/hr)

B (m)

R=A/P
Fb (m)
D (m)

N
S
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.9
0+0-0+61 0.17 0.4 36.71 0.37 1 0.3 9 1 0 0.12 0.077 0.02
0.6 0.2 0.5 2.0
0+61-0+300 0.17 0.4 36.71 0.37 0.3 1 4 6 2 0.27 0.001 0.02
0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2
0.17 0.4 36.71 0.37 0.3 2 0.16 0.015 0.02
TD-1

0+300-0+759.98 8 0 1
0.8 0.1 0.9 2.5
0+759.98-0+1160 0.09 0.4 36.71 0.73 0.3 1 9 0 9 0.35 0.001 0.02
0.3 0.1 0.2 1.1
0+1160-0+1321.33 0.09 0.4 36.71 0.73 0.3 2 8 0 9 0.17 0.063 0.02
0+1321.33- 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2
0+1437.26 0.09 0.4 36.71 0.73 0.3 3 7 1 3 0.17 0.029 0.02
This typical section is only provided if drainage canal is required during implementation within the
command area.

2.3 Access road network

In this project command area farm road is not proposed mainly because of small and strip nature of the
command area which can be managed easily. As far as foot path is required farmers themselves can
construct using local materials for easy moment. There is one foot path that cross Sc-1-1 and Tc-2-2 so at
that point farmers themselves can do simple crossing structures from woods.

3 Hydraulic and structural design of irrigation structure

The introduction of modern irrigation scheme should strive for high efficiency of water distribution and
application on the farms. This can be achieved through provision of appropriate irrigation structures in the
system. The main types of structures which are designed on this project are drop, division box, and turnout
structures. They should be designed as simple as much as possible to be operated by the farmers.

3.1 Drop structure

The drops are provided at places where the ground slope is steeper than the canal bed slopes. For irrigation
canals vertical drop structure of U.S.B R type standard is selected to convey water from higher to lower
elevation of the ground. The design procedures are shown below:
a. Critical hydraulic
1. Design discharge, Q (m3/s)
2. Height of drop, h (m)

8
 0.734Q
3. Width of drop, bc = ( m)
d 3/ 2
Where d = water depth of the canal, m
4. Critical discharge, q = Q/bc
1/ 3
 q2 
5. Critical depth, dc =  
 g 
6. Lip height, a = dc/2, a  0.15

b. Stilling basin
18.46 Q
1. Basin width, B = ,m
Q  9.91
1.1dc  dc  
3

2. Basin length, L = 2.5    0.7   hdc , m

 h  h  

The standard drawing for all the drops to be constructed is found in the irrigation infrastructure drawings
on which the above parameters used to code each of the dimensions of the drops are used.
All the hydraulic parameters computed using the above procedures with the type of canals are shown on
table 5.1below.

9
 Table 5.1Hydraulic characteristic of drops.

Basin
width of width,B
drop,bc w >=bc
Design >=0.3m unit Critical Lip =(18.46*
water discharge Drop (m)=0.734 discharge, depth, height,a= Basin Q^.5)/(Q
Canal Chaina depth, ,Q ht,h(m *Q/(d1^1.5 q=Q/bc dc=(q^2/g) dc/2,>0.1 length,L +9.91) Lup( Ldp( Lw(
name ge (m) d1 (m) (m3/sec) ) ) (m3/s/m ^(1/3) (m 5m b (m) (m) m m) m)
MC-1 0+93 0.60 0.111 0.6 0.30 0.370 0.241 0.15 1.14 0.61 0.4
SC-1-1 0+187 0.60 0.094 1.20 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 1.37 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+201 0.60 0.094 1.2 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 1.37 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+232 0.60 0.094 1 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 1.27 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+254 0.60 0.094 1 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 1.27 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+436 0.60 0.094 1.2 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 1.37 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+521 0.60 0.094 0.5 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 0.99 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
0+586 0.60 0.094 0.5 0.30 0.313 0.215 0.15 0.99 0.57 1.66 1.66 0.4
TC-1-1 0+001 0.45 0.017 0.5 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.49 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
0+201 0.45 0.017 1.5 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.82 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
0+221 0.45 0.017 1.5 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.82 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
0+288 0.45 0.017 1 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.68 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
0+323 0.45 0.017 1 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.68 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
0+439 0.45 0.017 0.6 0.30 0.057 0.069 0.15 0.54 0.30 1.40 1.40 0.4
TC-1-1-1 0+012 0.52 0.056 1.2 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.13 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+052 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+090 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4

10
 0+106 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+145 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+361 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+468 0.52 0.056 1 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.04 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+563 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+624 0.52 0.056 0.8 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 0.95 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
0+760 0.52 0.056 1.5 0.30 0.186 0.152 0.15 1.25 0.44 1.55 1.55 0.4
TC-1-1-2 0+010 0.48 0.038 0.8 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 0.82 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
0+110 0.48 0.038 1.5 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 1.09 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
0+602 0.48 0.038 1 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 0.90 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
0+681 0.48 0.038 1.2 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 0.98 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
0+750 0.48 0.038 1 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 0.90 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
0+778 0.48 0.038 1 0.30 0.127 0.118 0.15 0.90 0.36 1.49 1.49 0.4
MC-2 0+174 0.50 0.032 1 0.30 0.106 0.105 0.15 0.85 0.33 0.4
TC-2-1 0+120 0.42 0.015 0.7 0.30 0.049 0.062 0.15 0.54 0.30 1.38 1.38 0.4

11
 3.2 Division box
The proportional division of water among receiver canal and delivery canal is effected by
providing division box. The principle of designing of the division opening width is computed based
on the rectangular notch weir formula as follow.
Q=1.71*L*H^3/2

Where, Q = discharge on main or secondary or tertiary canal

L = opening width
H = of water over the crest
Cd = discharge coefficient, 0.62
The computed hydraulic parameters using the above proportionality so shown in table 5.2

Q1 L1 L3 Q3

L2

Q2
Q1 = Q2 + Q3

Figure 4.4 Typical division box

Table 5.2 Hydraulic parameters of division boxes

L (box length)

sill hight (Hs2

sill hight (Hs3

D1 (d+fb) (m)
Canala name

Q3 (Lit/sec)
Q2 ( lit/sec)
Q1 (lit/sec)

B=L1(m)

Ldp(m)
D2(m)

D3(m)
B2(m)

B3(m)
L2

L3
)

)
MC-1&
SC-1-1& 111.1 17.16 93.96 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.3 0.45 0.3 0.420 0.5 0.60 0.5 0.407 3 0
TC-1-1-1
SC-1-1&
TC-1-1-1& 93.96 38.06 55.88 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.3 0.48 0.4 0.252 0.3 0.52 0.4 0.247 3 2
TC-1-1-2
MC-2&
31.9 14.63 17.27 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.42 0.3 0.121 0.3 0.43 0.3 0.120 2.5 0
TC-2-1

N.B Protection work is needed for tertiary and secondary canal only

12
 3.3 Off takes (Turn out)
Off takes are used to direct water from supply canal (tertiary) in to laterals (field canals); Usually
this structure consists of an inlet, conduit to convey water beneath the canal bank and outlet,
whereas in this situation canal breaching system of off take is proposed for simply to be operated
by the farmers and from economic point of view. In this project 23 off take exist on the tertiary
canal.

4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

4.1 General
The main objective of the operation and maintenance aspect of an irrigation scheme is to facilitate
the timely delivery of the required irrigation water to farms and to keep the irrigation system in an
optimum operating condition. This section therefore, discusses the main functions of the subject
matter under consideration for the scheme.

4.2 Operation of the Head Works

Operation at the diversion weir mainly focuses on the diversion of a controlled flow of river water,
timely cleaning of floating debris in front of intake and removal of sediment deposits in front of
the weir and intake structures. The design discharge of the main canal is 111.1 l/sec and 31.9 l/sec
to the left and right respectively for continuous flow of 14 hour irrigation period during dry season
irrigation.

4.3 Irrigation System Operation

The operation of the irrigation system depends mainly on the method of water delivery at farm
level. Surface irrigation method is the recommended type of water distribution and application
method for Melka-Gobera irrigation Scheme.

The farmers would organize themselves and form groups in order to handle the water management.
Rotational water distribution would be applied within the group. The rotational distribution is then
to distribute water by turn to the whole scheme according to the timely need of crop water
requirement. For better and efficient water management, crop diversification should be avoided
within a group. This would reduce the complexity of water distribution system of the scheme
during one irrigation season. At farmers’ level of operation, a constant flow and variable irrigation
time is advisable.
The operation of the irrigation system is continuous for 14 hours per day in main and tertiary canals
where as field canals within a tertiary block are operating in rotational system with each other for
irrigation hours proportional to their size. Since the tertiary canal discharges are within the
manageable range and the irrigation canal structures are accordingly designed for simple operation,
the farmers can open and close easily whenever they required.
Table 6.1 Irrigation rotation system

13
 Required Q Volume of water per
Command Irrigation time
Rotation ID Duty (L/sec) for 14 day for 14hr
area for rotation(hr)
hr irrigation in liter
Supply canal TC-2-1 6.65 2.2 14.63 737352 14.00
Rotation 1 Fc-2-1-1 1.8 2.2 3.96 199584 3.81
Rotation 2 Fc-2-1-2 2.64 2.2 5.808 292723.2 5.59
Rotation 3 Fc-2-1-3 2.17 2.2 4.774 240609.6 4.60
Supply canal TC-2-2 7.85 2.2 17.27 870408 14.00
Rotation 1 Fc-2-2-1 2.8 2.2 6.16 310464 5.08
Rotation 2 Fc-2-2-2 2.4 2.2 5.28 266112 4.35
Rotation 3 Fc-2-2-3 2.52 2.2 5.544 279417.6 4.57
Supply canal TC-1-1 7.8 2.2 17.16 864864 14.00
Rotation 1 FC-1-1-1 1 2.2 2.2 110880 1.84
Rotation 2 FC-1-1-2 0.5 2.2 1.1 55440 0.92
Rotation 3 FC-1-1-3 1.3 2.2 2.86 144144 2.39
Rotation 4 FC-1-1-4 1.25 2.2 2.75 138600 2.30
Rotation 5 FC-1-1-5 3.56 2.2 7.832 394732.8 6.55
Supply canal TC-1-1-1 25.4 2.2 55.88 2816352 14.00
FC-1-1-1-
Rotation 1 1 4 2.2 8.8 443520 2.21
FC-1-1-1-
Rotation 2 2 4.01 2.2 8.822 444628.8 2.22
FC-1-1-1-
Rotation 3 3 4.7 2.2 10.34 521136 2.60
FC-1-1-1-
Rotation 4 4 6.1 2.2 13.42 676368 3.37
FC-1-1-1-
Rotation 5 5 4.5 2.2 9.9 498960 2.49
Rotation 6 Fc-1-1-1-6 2 2.2 4.4 221760 1.11
Supply canal TC-1-1-2 17.3 2.2 38.06 1918224 14.00
FC-1-1-2-
Rotation 1 1 3.4 2.2 7.48 376992 2.83
FC-1-1-2-
Rotation 2 2 3.3 2.2 7.26 365904 2.75
Rotation 3 Fc-1-1-2-3 2.63 2.2 5.786 291614.4 2.19
FC-1-1-2-
Rotation 4 4 2.3 2.2 5.06 255024 1.91
Rotation 5 Fc-1-1-2-5 2.4 2.2 5.28 266112 2.00
FC-1-1-2-
Rotation 6 6 2.8 2.2 6.16 310464 2.33

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 4.4 Maintenance Requirement
The canal system of the project is earthen canal except main canal, which is susceptible to siltation,
erosion, growth of weeds and or breaching problems. Though the canal sections are designed for
non- silting and non scouring conditions, the above mentioned problems are unavoidable and
hence periodical and yearly inspection and maintenance of canals and structures are obligatory in
order to fulfill the design objective of the project area.

The maintenance tasks are categorized into two types: - routine activities, and repairs. The routine
maintenance activities that are carried out periodically include:-
 Regular cleaning of sediments and weeds from canals and drains;
 Inspection and lubrication of gates; and
 Maintenance of cracked lined canals, regulating and control structures.
Repair works include task carried out more frequently and quickly, and include those task that are
generally unpredictable. They also include emergency works. The activities included in this
category are:-
 Repairing overtopped or breached canals, drains, and flood protection dykes;
 Repairing jammed gates;
 Filling holes made by wild animals; and
 Reduced free board due to walking over by people and livestock.
Regular inspection of the irrigation facilities should be carried out as part of the maintenance
activities. These tasks could be carried out immediately after the end of the main rains in
September and during the rainy season. This could concentrate on the interceptor drains and the
flood protection dykes, the main canal and the field drains. The inspection of the other works like
the tertiary canals, field drains, and the water control and regulating structures could be carried out
as part of routine operation activities.

5 BILL OF QUANTITY AND COST ESTIMATION

The cost to perform the whole infrastructure design work is quantified as shown in table 7.1. The
quantities of the various items have been worked out as per the final design and final drawings
prepared for the scheme. The unit rates analysis carried out based on the data available in the
vicinity of the project area.

Table 7.1 Cost summary of irrigation infrastructure

UNIT QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT
S.NO ITEM OF WORK E Y PRICE (ETH. BIRR)
1 Main canal
1 Main canal(MC-1)

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 UNIT QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT
S.NO ITEM OF WORK E Y PRICE (ETH. BIRR)

1.1 Earth work -

1.1.1 Excavation m3 358.74 31.71 11,375.65

1.1.2 Back fill m3 0.05 22.06 1.10

1.2 Masonry work m3 158.76 1,000.21 158,793.34

1.3 Plastering m2 579.6 62.39 36,161.24

sub total 206,331.33

2 Main canal(MC-2)

2.1 Earth work -

2.1.1 Excavation m3 393.8 31.71 12,487.40

2.1.2 Back fill m3 77.4 22.06 1,707.44

2.2 Masonry work m3 221.71 1000.21 221,756.56

2.3 Plastering m2 849.9 62.39 53,025.26

sub total 288,976.66

3 Secondary canals(Sc-1-1) -

3.1 Earth work -

3.1.1 Excavation m3 742.54 31.71 23,545.94

3.1.2 Compacted fill m3 161.44 22.06 3,561.37

sub total 27,107.31

4 Tertiary canal(tc-1-1)

4.1 Earth work -

4.1.1 Excavation m3 224.4 31.71 7,115.72

4.1.2 Compacted fill m3 338.12 22.06 7,458.93

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 UNIT QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT
S.NO ITEM OF WORK E Y PRICE (ETH. BIRR)

sub total 14,574.65

5 Tertiary canal(tc-1-1-1) -

5.1 Earth work -

5.1.1 Excavation m3 1078.76 31.71 34,207.48

5.1.2 Compacted fill m3 393.45 22.06 8,679.51

sub total 42,886.99

6 Tertiary canal(tc-1-1-2)

6.1 Earth work -

6.1.1 Excavation m3 585.33 31.71 18,560.81

6.1.2 Compacted fill m3 812.06 22.06 17,914.04

sub total 36,474.86

7 Tertiary canal(tc-2-1) -

7.1 Earth work -

7.1.1 Excavation m3 224.57 31.71 7,121.11

7.1.2 Compacted fill m3 32.99 22.06 727.76

sub total 7,848.87

8 Tertiary canal(tc-2-2) -

8.1 Earth work -

8.1.1 Excavation m3 119.99 31.71 3,804.88

8.1.2 Compacted fill m3 233.72 22.06 5,155.86

sub total 8,960.75

9 Drop -

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 UNIT QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT
S.NO ITEM OF WORK E Y PRICE (ETH. BIRR)

9.1 Excavation m3 153.97 31.71 4,882.39

9.2 Masonry m3 58.42 1000.21 58,432.27

9.3 Plastering m2 188.58 62.39 11,765.51

9.4 Stone pitching m3 78.11 122.29 9,552.07

sub total 84,632.24

10 Division box(DB-1) -

10.1 Excavation m3 3.75 31.71 118.91

10.2 Masonry m3 2.93 1000.21 2,930.62

10.3 Plastering m2 6.07 62.39 378.71

10.4 Stone pitching m3 4.47 122.29 546.64

10.5 Gate -
10.5.
1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 0.52 261.67 136.07
10.5.
2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 6.01 200 1,202.00
10.5.
3 Concrete(c-10) m3 0.19 1612.24 306.33
10.5.
3 ф10mm bar for handling kg 0.79 39.11 30.90

sub total 5,650.16

11 Division box(DB-2) -

11.1 Excavation m3 3.75 31.71 118.91

11.2 Masonry m3 2.93 1000.21 2,930.62

11.3 Plastering m2 6.19 62.39 386.19

11.4 Stone pitching m3 6.92 122.29 846.25

11.5 Gate 0 -

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 UNIT QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT
S.NO ITEM OF WORK E Y PRICE (ETH. BIRR)
11.5.
1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 0.495 261.67 129.53
11.5.
2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 5.4 200 1,080.00
11.5.
3 Concrete(c-10) m3 0.121 1612.24 195.08
11.5.
3 ф10mm bar for handling kg 0.789 39.11 30.86

sub total 5,717.43

11 Division box(DB-3) -

12.1 Excavation m3 2.9 31.71 91.96

12.2 Masonry m3 2.1 1000.21 2,100.44

12.3 Plastering m2 4.21 62.39 262.66

12.4 Stone pitching m3 1.55 122.29 189.55

12.5 Gate -
12.5.
1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 0.333 261.67 87.14
12.5.
2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 4.441 200 888.20
12.5.
3 Concrete(c-10) m3 0.091 1612.24 146.71
12.5.
4 ф10mm bar for handling kg 0.789 39.11 30.86

sub total 3,797.52

Grand total 732,958.77

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 The infrastructure of this project area is designed to irrigate about 65 ha of land by taking
its supply from the Melka-Gobera diversion weir irrigation project. The maximum duty of
the command area for 14 hours per day irrigation with overall project efficiency of 45 %
is 2.2 l/s/ha. The method of irrigation of the project area is furrow surface irrigation in
which the main and tertiary canals are working continuously where as the field canals
within a tertiary block are working rotational system.

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  As the dominant soil type is silty loam soil, the main canal and secondary canal system is
designed to be masonry.

 The reason in which the main canal is lining up to the end is to avoid the siltation problem,
time saving to reach at the tail part, reduce maintenance cost.

 On the tertiary unit of the irrigation systems, some are associated with drops. They are
designed as far as possible to be partially filled and cut. The layout is designed as far as
possible to avoid cross-structures within them.

 The design of the canal dimensions of the irrigation canal is done by applying the
manning’s uniform flow equation. The variable of the hydraulic parameters are calculated
using iteration or flow master program.

 The design discharge of the drainage canals are determined using rational formula and
Gamble Powell method.

The following recommendations are drown:

1. The turnout is located on the layout which shall be modified during actual work.
2. For better performance and long service year of the project regular inspection and
maintenance is highly required.
3. Farmers training how to operate and maintain the project as a whole and available land water
resources has a paramount important
4. The irrigation hours per day and per week should be flexible based on base
flow amount of each week or month.
5. Detail supervision of the construction should be made to modify each
components of irrigation system.

7 REFERENCE

1. FAO (1977) guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. No 24, Rome Italy
2. Design of small Canal structures , USBR
3. Soft copies of hydraulic structure publishing
4. IDD manual
5. ESRDF manual

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