EnglishGrammar & Composition 6

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&
COMPOSITION
for
Class VI
PUNJAB SCHOOL EDUCATION BOARD

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar
© Punjab Govternment
Edition 2016 ................. Copies
All rights, including those of translation, reproduction

and annotation etc., are reserved by the
Punjab Government
Written by : Ms. Shelija Sangar

Vetted by : Mrs. Surabhi Jaikwal
Cover Design by : Mr. Manjit Singh Dhillon
Proof Read by : Mr. Bhupinder Singh Rathi
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Price : ` 27-00
Published by : Secretary, Punjab School Education Board, Vidya Bhavan, Phase-8, Sahibzada
Ajit Singh Nagar-160062 & Printed by
FOREWORD
Punjab School Education Board has always been engaged in an endeavour
to ensure the dissemination of quality education and information to the students
of the state. English is both a national and an international language. It is therefore
important that our students do not lag behind in the matter of proficiency in
English language at any level or in any field. The Board is, therefore, constantly
engaged in revising and updating the teaching materials to be used in the schools
of Punjab. English, as is well known, is a compulsory subject from class 1 onwards.
The present book is a part of the series of textbooks in English prepared under
the direction of Mrs. Amreeta Gill, Director Academics (retired), Punjab School
Education Board. The book has been prepared by Ms. Sushmita Malik, revised
and edited by Ms. Surabhi Jaikwal, Lecturer in English, Punjab School Education
Board, S.A.S. Nagar and vetted by Dr. D.V. Jindal. It is hoped that the book revised
as per the recommendations of NCF 2005 and Punjab Curriculum Framework, 2013
will go a long way in helping our students to develop deep interest in the language
and use it in daily life with confidence. An attempt has been made to base the
books on the functional use of the language, taking care of pedagogical needs
of the children. An attempt has also been made to revise the content in such a
manner that it becomes interesting, graded and controlled at all levels.
We would gratefully welcome comments and suggestions from teachers,

experts and users of the book for any further improvement.
CHAIRPERSON
Punjab School Education Board
CONTENTS
I. GRAMMAR
1. The Noun 1-9
The Noun-Number 10-16
The Noun-Gender 17-20
2. The Pronoun 21-28
3. The Adjective 29-34
4. The Verb 35-39
5. The Adverb 40-44
6. The Tenses 45-58
7. The Preposition 59-62
8. The Conjuction 63-66
9. The Article 67-70
10. The Sentence 71-76
11. Punctuation 77-80
12. Vocabulary Enrichment 81-88
1. Occupations 81
2. Young Ones of Animals 83
3. Homes For All 83
4. Synonyms And Antonyms 84
5. Homophones 86
II. COMPOSITION
13. Letter Writing 89-96
14. Paragraph Writing 97-100
15. Story Writing 101-106
III. REVISION
1. Revision Test Paper -1 107-109
1 THE NOUN
A noun is a word which is the name of a person, place
or thing; as ––
India, Mohan, taxi, class, toy, boy, table, etc.
Look at these sentences :

1. The boys killed the snake.
2. Roses are beautiful flowers.
3. The fox is looking at the grapes.
The underlined words in the above sentences are all nouns be-
cause they are the names of some person, place, animal or thing.
There are four kinds of noun :

1. Common Noun 3. Collective Noun
2. Proper Noun 4. Abstract Noun
1. Common Nouns
A Common Noun is the name of every person, place or thing of
the same class; as ––
pen, cow, bird, man, animal, bridge

1. The boys are playing.
2. These oranges are juicy.
3. The birds are flying to their nests.
The underlined words in the above sentences are Common Nouns

because they are common to every person, place or thing.
1
EXERCISES
I. Underline the Common Nouns in the following sentences :
1. Keep the books on the table.

2. The shops are closed today.
3. The tiger lives in the forest.
4. The farmer bought a tractor.
5. This building has many offices.
6. There is a dairy near our house.
7. All birds do not build their nests.
8. A fish lives in water and not on land.
II. Add five Common Nouns in each set :
1. birds : parrot,
2. colours : red,
3. games : hockey,
4. animals : dog,
5. vegetables : potato,
6. fruits : mango,
7. In a school : library,
8. In a house : kitchen,
2
2. Proper Nouns
A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person, place
or thing; as ––
Delhi, Mumbai, Rama, Jamuna.

1. Moti loves to play.
2. My uncle lives in Delhi.
3. C.V. Raman was a great scientist.
4. The Janta Express has left just now.
The underlined words in the above sentences are proper nouns
because they are the names of particular persons, places or things.
Note that ––
 A Proper Noun always begins with a capital letter.
 Proper Nouns include the names of people, countries, cities,
villages, rivers, ships, streets, buildings, mountains, seas, months
of the year, days of the week, festivals, etc.
EXERCISES
I. Underline the Proper Nouns in the following sentences :
1. We named the cat Silky.
2. Kabir was a great saint.
3. We visited the Taj in Agra.
4. Delhi is the capital of India.
5. I have never been to Mumbai.
6. Misha and Manu went to Delhi.
7. Do you know Sunny and Chinky ?
8. We visited the Golden Temple on Sunday.
3
II. Rewrite each Proper Noun correctly in these sentences :
1. Have you visited the taj mahal ?
Have you visited the Taj Mahal ?
2. I am going to ropar on monday.
3. The amritsar mail goes to kolkata.
4. muslims go to mosques on fridays.
5. black beauty is the story of a horse.
6. Where were the last olympics held ?
7. bill clinton was the president of america.
3. Abstract Nouns
An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, feeling or state; as ––
goodness, hardness, wisdom, love, hatred,
theft, boyhood, slavery, freedom.
1. Fire gives us heat.
2. He had pain in his legs.
3. She acted upon my advice.
4. What is the depth of this river ?
The underlined words in the above sentences are abstract nouns
because they refer to some quality, feeling or state.
The following words are all Abstract Nouns :
theft peace poverty kindness
hope misery honesty darkness
truth greed courage weakness
sleep sorrow sickness childhood
death hunger patience treatment
4
EXERCISES
I. Underline the Abstract Nouns in the following sentences :
1. Please control your anger.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. There was silence all around.
4. We get knowledge from books.
5. There was darkness in the room.
6. What is the height of this building ?
7. You should have kindness for the poor.
8. Wars always bring death and destruction.
II. Form Abstract Nouns from the given words :
laugh – laughter hate –

true – treat –
child – soft –
cruel – bright –
brave – strong –
punctual – dangerous –
III. Use any five Abstract Nouns in sentences of your own :

1. She likes the softness of her skin.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5
4. Collective Nouns
A Collective Noun is the name of a group of persons, animals
or things of the same kind; as ––
flock, cattle, class, army, family, committee.
1. Our team won the match.
2. I have lost my bunch of keys.
3. The cattle are grazing in the field.
The underlined words in the above sentences are collective nouns
because they refer to a collection of persons or things of the same
kind.
The word team stands for a collection of players.
The word cattle stands for a collection of farm animals.
The word bunch stands for a collection of things fastened
together.
Learn the following Collective Nouns :
1. a shoal of fish 13. a gang of thieves
2. a hive of bees 14. a library of books
3. a pride of lions 15. a bundle of sticks
4. a herd of cattle 16. a bench of judges
5. a flight of stairs 17. a crowd of people
6. a bunch of keys 18. a brood of chickens
7. a flock of sheep 19. a band of musicians
8. a crew of sailors 20. a wardrobe of clothes
9. a heap of stones 21. a regiment of soldiers
10.a string of pearls 22. a fleet of ships or cars
11.a suite of rooms 23. a litter of pups / piglets
12.a basket of fruits 24. a pack of cards / wolves
6
EXERCISES
I. Match the Collective Nouns with the given phrases :
1. A collection of pups pack
2. A collection of ships flock
3. A collection of sheep fleet
4. A collection of books suite
5. A collection of rooms litter
6. A collection of wolves herd
7. A collection of flowers library
8. A collection of elephants bouquet
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Collective Nouns :

1. A flight of stairs.
2. A of fish.
3. A of lions.
4. A of cows.
5. A of cards.
6. A of fruits.
7. A of pearls.
8. A of judges.
9. A of grapes.
10.A of clothes.
11.A of thieves.
12.A of soldiers.
7
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
I. What is a Noun ?
II. Name the different kinds of Noun.
Give two examples of each.
III. The italicized words in the following sentences are Nouns. Classify
these Nouns (Common / Proper / Abstract / Collective) :
1. He won much praise.
2. Nitin lives in Mumbai.
3. I saw a flock of sheep.
4. Silver is a white metal.
5. You cannot cheat God.
6. My sweater is made of wool.
7. I bought some new furniture.
8. The old woman was very happy now.
IV. Choose suitable Nouns to fill in the blanks :
duty profit courage marriage

need weight freedom childhood
1. Be careful about your weight.

2. We want to live in .
3. Her took place last month.
4. It is our to obey our parents.
5. Seema lost her parents in her .
6. We helped him when he was in .
7. The soldier was rewarded for his .
8. Jatin made good from his business.
8
V. Pick out the Nouns in the following sentences and say whether
they are Common, Proper, Collective or Abstract :
1. I love music.
2. Meera studies in sixth class.
3. Ludhiana is an industrial city.
4. He bought a doll for his sister.
5. These tables are made of wood.
6. A drowning man catches at a straw.
7. His father left for London yesterday.
8. Mathematics is my favourite subject.
VI. Choose a suitable Abstract Noun to match each phrase :
1. A quiet room [ silence ] pride
2. A clever boy [ ] silence
3. A great king [ ] poverty
4. A strong girl [ ] courage
5. A proud child [ ] strength
6. A poor beggar [ ] greatness
7. A brave policeman [ ] innocence
8. An innocent woman [ ] intelligence
9
THE NOUN –– NUMBER
Singular and Plural Nouns
A noun is said to be Singular if it refers to one thing; as ––

book, ball, chair, town, animal, etc.
A noun is said to be Plural if it refers to more than one thing; as ––
books, balls, chairs, towns, animals, etc.
Now look at these sentences :
1. Neha has three dolls.
2. Reema has a bag of sugar.
3. All the babies were crying.
4. Joy got a big ball on his birthday.
The underlined nouns in the above sentences are either singular
or plural. They tell whether they refer to one or more than one.
Forming Plurals of Nouns

1. As a general rule, the plural of a noun is formed by adding–
s to the singular form.
Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

cat – cats rat – rats
cap – caps toy – toys
ball – balls son – sons
flag – flags owl – owls
doll – dolls lion – lions
bird – birds page – pages
hare – hares table – tables
goat – goats sister – sisters
horse – horses orange – oranges
10
2. Nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, or -sh form their plurals by
adding -es.

bunch – bunches dress – dresses
brush – brushes gas – gases
dish – dishes class – classes
church – churches loss – losses
match – matches box – boxes
bush – bushes fox – foxes
tax – taxes glass – glasses
3. Nouns ending in -y (with a consonant before them) form

their plural by changing -y to -ies.

city – cities sky – skies
story – stories lady – ladies
fairy – fairies pony – ponies
dairy – dairies baby – babies
family – families puppy – puppies
butterfly – butterflies country – countries
4. Nouns ending in -y (with a vowel before them), form their

plural by taking an -s only.

key – keys valley – valleys
ray – rays storey – storeys
day – days holiday – holidays
boy – boys journey – journeys
play – plays monkey – monkeys
11
5. Nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing
-f or -fe to -ves.
calf – calves life – lives
loaf – loaves half – halves
wolf – wolves knife – knives
shelf – shelves thief – thieves
6. Some nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by taking
an -s only.
roof – roofs hoof – hoofs
safe – safes chief – chiefs
proof – proofs dwarf – dwarfs
7. Nouns ending in -o (with a consonant before them), form their
plural by taking -es.
echo – echoes negro – negroes
hero – heroes mango – mangoes
potato – potatoes volcano – volcanoes
buffalo – buffaloes mosquito – mosquitoes
But the words photo and piano take an -s only to form their
plural.
8. Nouns ending in -o (with a vowel before them), form their
plural by taking an -s only.
Singular – Plural
radio – radios
cuckoo – cuckoos
bamboo – bamboos
12
9. Some nouns have irregular plurals.

man – men ox – oxen
foot – feet louse – lice
tooth – teeth mouse – mice
goose – geese child – children
10. A Compound Noun generally forms its plural by adding

-s to the principal word.
daughters-in-law lookers-on step-daughters

mothers-in-law step-sons maid-servants
fathers-in-law sons-in-law passers-by
11. The following Compound Nouns take a double plural.
man-servant – men-servants
woman-teacher – women-teachers
woman-servant – women-servants
EXERCISES
I. Give the plural form of :
fly box life

hero roof fish
shoe shelf foot
dwarf potato child
pencil mouse piano
13
II. Give the singular form of :
foxes oxen gases
teeth copies shoes
halves knives ladies
armies negroes wolves
watches chimneys mosquitoes
III. Rewrite each sentence using the plural form of Nouns :

1. The monkey was in a cage.
The monkeys were in cages.
2. The knife is on the shelf.
3. He put his foot on the bench.
4. The hero in the film acted well.
5. The policeman chased the thief.
6. The woman told the child a story.
7. Sam plucked a leaf from the tree.
8. The maid washed the glass and the dish.
IV. Rewrite each sentence using the singular form of Nouns :

1. The oxen are pulling the carts.
The ox is pulling the cart.
2. Neha heard the cries of wolves.
3. The women rode on the ponies.
4. The loaves are kept in the boxes.
5. The mice were afraid of the geese.
6. The children were bitten by mosquitoes.
7. These stories are about witches and fairies.
8. The men told the ladies stories of Indian heroes.
14
Remember that ––
1. Some Nouns have the same form in the plural and the
singular; as ––
deer, sheep, fish, dozen, score, hundred, thousand
2. The following Nouns have a plural form but always take

the singular verb; as ––
news, civics, politics, physics, mathematics,
means, gallows
1. This news is true.
2. Physics is a difficult subject.
3. The following Nouns are always used in the plural form

and take the plural verb; as ––
thanks, scissors, trousers, pants,
alms, wages, spectacles, socks
1. My thanks are to you all.
2. The scissors were blunt.
4. The following Nouns are used only in the singular form

and take the singular verb; as ––
furniture, scenery, luggage, machinery, advice,
bread, hair, business, mischief
1. This furniture is for sale.
2. My luggage is not so heavy.
5. The word ‘hair’ is used in the plural when a definite

number of hairs are to be mentioned.
1. There were two hairs in my soup.
2. She has three white hairs on her head.
15
I. Give the plural of the following nouns :

ox leaf knife chief tooth
fox wife child story mouse
II. Rewrite each sentence with a plural subject :
1. A cow eats grass.
2. The child is playing.
3. The army was fighting.
4. A crow is sitting in the tree.
5. The ox is grazing in the field.
6. This road is closed for repairs.
III. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the given words :
1. She has white . (tooth)
2. I have lost my . (shoe)
3. This is not true. (news)
4. The were crying. (baby)
5. The house has two . (storey)
6. Your were not new. (trousers)
IV. Correct the following sentences :
1. Her hairs are black.
2. Your scissor is blunt.
3. Where is my trouser ?
4. Please accept my thank.
5. These furnitures are for sale.
6. We saw many wolfs in the zoo.
16
THE NOUN –– GENDER
Gender means the fact of being a male or a female.
On the basis of gender, we can put nouns into four groups :
1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender
3. Common Gender
4. Neuter Gender
1. A noun that refers to a male is said

to be of the Masculine Gender; as ––
man, lion, dog, horse, boy, king
2. A noun that refers to a female is said to be of
the Feminine Gender; as ––
woman, lioness, bitch, mare, girl, queen
3. A noun that refers to both a male and a female, is
said to be of the Common Gender; as ––
child, baby, parent, cousin, friend, student, thief
4. A noun that refers to neither a male nor a female, is said
to be of the Neuter Gender; as ––
toy, house, book, pen, pram, table, etc.
What in nature is called the difference of sex, we say in

grammar the difference of gender.
Genders
Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

(male) (female) (either sex) (neither sex)
17
CHANGE OF GENDER
We can change the gender of a Noun in different ways; as ––
1. By using a different word :
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
monk –– nun fox –– vixen
father –– mother uncle –– aunt
boy –– girl son –– daughter
man –– woman nephew –– niece
bull –– cow cock –– hen
king –– queen brother –– sister
husband –– wife sir –– madam
gentleman –– lady dog –– bitch
horse –– mare bachelor –– maid
2. By adding ‘-ess’ to the masculine :

god –– goddess prince –– princess
lion –– lioness master –– mistress
tiger –– tigress emperor –– empress
3. By changing a part of the word :

bride –– bridegroom granduncle –– grandaunt
peacock –– peahen he-goat –– she-goat
landlord –– landlady headmaster –– headmistress
milkman –– milkwoman father-in-law –– mother-in-law
grandfather –– grandmother brother-in-law –– sister-in-law
18
EXERCISES
I. Put each word in the column it belongs to :
van duke horse milkmaid
bull child flower governess
box book parent gentleman
nun baby servant hairdresser
aunt table duchess shopkeeper
road monk daughter policewoman
Feminine Masculine Common Neuter
II. Change the Gender of the following :

sir uncle
lion tigress
bull peacock
cock gentleman
mare grandfather
19
I. Give the opposite Gender of the following :

sir aunt mare king
lady cock horse tiger
wife male lioness mother
II. Rewrite each sentence, changing the Gender of Nouns and
Pronouns :
1. A cruel man killed the fox.
2. Mr. Sharma is a businessman.
3. The Emperor welcomed the Duke.
4. The dog is barking at the servant.
5. Madam, my aunt wants to see you.
6. His nephew went to Shimla with his son.
7. The headmaster punished the naughty boys.
8. The bride touched the feet of her mother-in-law.
III. Fill in the blanks with the Feminine gender
of the words in italics :
1. We pray to gods and .
2. The hotel has a waiter and a .
3. The actor married an in Mumbai.
4. The lion and the are in their den.
5. The witch changed the prince into a .
6. The tiger and the look after their cubs.
7. The emperor and the of Japan live in Tokyo.
8. The guests were received by the host and the .
20
2 THE PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
The boys are talking. Misha has got a gift.

They are friends. She is very happy.
Aman is a good boy. I have a bicycle.

He helps everyone. I like it very much.
The words they, she, he and it are used in place of Nouns.

We call them Pronouns.
There are three main kinds of Pronoun :
1. Personal Pronouns
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
3. Interrogative Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
Pronouns used for persons are called Personal Pronouns; as ––
I, he, they, me, our, etc.
There are three kinds of Personal Pronouns.
(See next page.)
21
1. Pronouns of the First Person :
Singular Plural
I we
my, mine our, ours
me us
myself ourselves
2. Pronouns of the Second Person :
Singular Plural
you you
your, yours your, yours
yourself yourselves
3. Pronouns of the Third Person :
Singular Plural
he, she, it, they
him, her, it them
his, her, its their, theirs
himself, herself, itself themselves
Points to Remember :
• He, his, him, himself are Pronouns of Masculine Gender.
• She, her, hers, herself are Pronouns of Feminine Gender.
• It, its, itself are Pronouns of Neuter Gender.
We can use ‘It’ for little babies and lifeless things.
• All Plural Pronouns are Pronouns of Common Gender. They
can be used for both masculine and feminine genders.
22
Use of Personal Pronouns
1. I, we, he, she and they are used as Subject.
2. Me, us, him, her and them are used as Object.
Subject Verb Object
I know him.
We know them.
He knows her.
She knows me.
They know us.
3. My, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its and theirs
are used to express ownership.
This is my pen. This pen is mine.
That is her bag. That bag is hers.
This is our school. This school is ours.
4. We never use an apostrophe (’) with the personal pronouns.

Incorrect Correct
Your’s sincerely. Yours sincerely.
This country of our’s. This country of ours.
That picture of her’s. That picture of hers.
5. Personal Pronouns used to express emphasis are called

Emphatic Pronouns; as ––
1. I did it myself.
2. We did it ourselves.
3. You did it yourself.
4. He did it himself.
5. She did it herself.
6. They did it themselves.
23
6. Emphatic pronouns are never used as a Subject.
Incorrect Correct
Myself went there. I myself went there.
Yourself can do it. You can do it yourself.
Himself was to blame. He himself was to blame.
EXERCISES
I. Rewrite each sentence using a suitable Pronoun in place of
the Noun in bold type :
1. Neha is not here.
Neha has gone to see her mother.
She has gone to see her mother.
2. ‘The Panchtantra’ has many stories.
‘The Panchtantra’ is a good book.
3. Where is Anu’s school ?
How does Anu go to school ?
4. Karan has high fever.
Karan will not go to school today.
5. I have invited Micky and Joy.
Micky and Joy are my friends.
6. Yash and Rahul are very happy.
Yash and Rahul are going on a picnic.
7. My aunt bought me a computer.
The computer cost my aunt a lot.
8. Simran gave her parents a gift.
The gift was liked by her parents.
24
II. Choose the correct Pronoun to fill in each blank :
1. That horse is . (our / ours)
2. This is pen, not mine. (your / yours)
3. The horse fell and broke leg. (its / it)
4. Here is your book; take away. (it / its)
5. The girls were tired; are resting. (they / them)
III. Choose a suitable Pronoun for each blank :
(myself, yourself, himself, itself, themselves)
1. He did all this.
2. I will do this .
3. You should take care of .
4. They admitted their fault.
5. The town is not very large.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns used to point to some object or objects are called
Demonstrative Pronouns; as ––
This is a book. These are books.
That is a book. Those are books.

The words this, these, that, those are used to point to some
object or objects. We call them Demonstrative Pronouns.
25
EXERCISE
Choose the correct Demonstrative Pronoun to fill in each blank :
1. is not my fault. (This / These)
2. Are your books ? (that / those)
3. are very tasty sweets. (This / These)
4. Was a costly hotel ? (that / those)
3. Interrogative Pronouns
Pronouns used to ask questions are called Interrogative
Pronouns; as ––
1. Who are you ?
2. What is your name ?
3. Which is your house ?
4. Whose are these books ?
5. Whom did you give the book ?
The pronouns who, what, which, whose, whom have been used to
ask questions. We call them Interrogative Pronouns.
EXERCISE
Fill in each blank with a suitable Interrogative Pronoun :
1. What are you doing ?
2. did they invite ?
3. did the teacher say ?
4. of these is your pen ?
5. visited you yesterday ?
6. is the price of this table ?
7. does this book belong to ?
8. is better, honour or riches ?
26
I. Rewrite each sentence, changing the Nouns and Pronouns into
their plural form. Make other necessary changes also :
1. I love my sister.
2. That is her doll.
3. This is my book.
4. He is flying a kite.
5. She is a good girl.
6. He gave me his book.
7. I did this work myself.
8. You are my dear friend.
9. She was playing with her doll.
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Pronouns :
1. is Reema’s doll.
2. is a girl from Goa.
3. are ripe mangoes.
4. has taken my ball ?
5. have done our best.
6. do you want to eat ?
7. gave you that knife ?
8. of your cows was ill ?
9. She will do this work .
III. Say what kind of Pronoun each of the underlined words is :
1. That is my book.
2. This is their house.
3. Who teaches you English ?
4. What are you doing here ?
27
5. She is not like her sister.
6. You have been very kind.
7. It is a book about animals.
8. These are all fresh flowers.
9. Which of these is your bike ?
10.We are students of class six.
IV. Choose the correct Pronoun to fill in each blank :
1. This is pen. (she, her, hers)
2. This pen is . (she, her, hers)
3. I am sincerely. (you, your, yours)
4. Anita has hurt . (she, hers, herself)
5. He did this work . (myself, himself)
6. I looked at in the mirror. (my, mine, myself)
7. shall finish this work today. (We, Us, Our)
8. The teacher asked a question. (he, him, his)
V. Choose the correct Pronoun for each blank :
1. We love motherland. (our / his)
2. She is as wise as am. (me / I)
3. He has gifted a watch. (me / mine)
4. This watch is better than . (yours / your)
5. This book of stories is for . (she / her)
6. This house belongs to father. (my / me)
7. Lalit is as gentle as brother is. (he / his)
8. This family is not as poor as are. (us / we)
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3 THE ADJECTIVE
An Adjective is a defining word. It is used with a Noun to tell us
something more about that noun; as ––
1. She is a tall girl.
2. He is a rich man.
3. We have many friends.
We can use Adjectives to compare the qualities of Nouns; as ––
1. Honey is a fat boy.
2. Sunny is fatter than Honey.
3. Bunny is the fattest of the three.
The words fat, fatter and fattest show the degrees of a quality.
We call them Degrees of Comparison.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
There can be three Degrees of Comparison :
1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree
1. Positive Degree : The ordinary form of the adjec-
tive is called Positive Degree. It simply describes a
quality and makes no comparison; as ––
1. Neha is a tall girl.
2. June is a hot month.
3. Kapil is a good player.
29
2. Comparative Degree : When two things of
the same class are compared, we use the
Comparative Degree; as ––
1. Tanu is taller than Neha.
2. June is hotter than April.
3. Karan is a better player than Kapil.
3. Superlative Degree : When one thing is

compared with all others of the same class,
we use the Superlative Degree; as ––
1. Anu is the tallest of the three.
2. June is the hottest month of the year.
3. Varun is the best player in our team.
Note that we always use ––

 ‘the’ before a Superlative Degree.
 ‘than’ after a Comparative Degree.
FORMING DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. By adding -er and -est :
Positive Comparative Superlative

tall taller tallest
fast faster fastest
long longer longest
kind kinder kindest
slow slower slowest
poor poorer poorest
short shorter shortest
young younger youngest
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2. By adding -r and -st :

late later latest
fine finer finest
nice nicer nicest
wise wiser wisest
large larger largest
brave braver bravest
gentle gentler gentlest
3. By adding -ier and -iest in place of the final ‘-y’ :

dirty dirtier dirtiest
noisy noisier noisiest
funny funnier funniest
heavy heavier heaviest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
greedy greedier greediest
4. By doubling the final consonant before adding -er and -est :

fat fatter fattest
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
sad sadder saddest
thin thinner thinnest
wet wetter wettest
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5. By adding more and most :

honest more honest most honest
popular more popular most popular
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
wonderful more wonderful most wonderful
interesting more interesting most interesting
6. By using a different word :

good better best
little less least
old older oldest
bad worse worst
much / many more most
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with ‘than’ or ‘the’ :
1. June is hotter April.

2. This is best book I have.
3. Riding is best kind of exercise.
4. She is more intelligent her sister.
5. A wise enemy is better a foolish friend.
6. Shakespeare was greatest dramatist of England.
32
II. Complete the following table for Degrees of Comparison :

dim
lazy
cool
dull
hard
wide
good
quick
clever
happy
narrow
greedy
naughty
important
III. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given Adjective :
1. Soni is than Neha. (pretty)
2. My bag is than his. (heavy)
3. Today is than yesterday. (cold)
4. Raj has friends than I have. (much)
5. A hare runs than a tortoise. (fast)
6. Rosy is the girl in our town. (beautiful)
7. I am not happy than you are. (little)
8. She is the student in our class. (good)
9. This is the thing I have ever seen. (bad)
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IV. Point out the Adjective and its Degree of Comparison in each
sentence :
1. This is an easy question.
2. Ashoka was a great king.
3. She is wiser than her brother.
4. Mumbai is hotter than Shimla.
5. Neeru was wearing a red frock.
6. Manu got more marks than Rajan.
7. Which is the longest river of India ?
8. Who is the best player of your team ?
V. Supply the proper form of the given Adjectives :
1. Hot : May is than April.
2. Tall : Megha is than her sister.
3. Old : My uncle is than my father.
4. Rich : He is the man in our town.
5. Large : Name the city in the world.
6. Dry : Rajasthan is the part of India.
7. Good : This pen is than my other pen.
8. Sharp : Your knife is sharp, but mine is .
34
4 THE VERB
A Verb is a word that tells us something about a person or thing.
A Verb tells us ––
1. What a person or thing is; as ––
1. The rose is red.
2. The cat was dead.
3. Dogs are faithful animals.
2. What a person or thing has; as ––
1. A week has seven days.
2. Monkeys have long tails.
3. We had a holiday yesterday.
3. What a person or thing does; as ––
1. They killed a snake.
2. He is writing a letter.
3. The sun is rising in the east.
A Verb is the most important word in a sentence.
PARTS OF A VERB
A Verb in English can have two parts :
1. The Main (Ordinary) Verb.
2. The Auxiliary (Helping) Verb.
1. The Main Verb tells us ‘what happened’ or ‘what the situation
is’. The main verb can have four different forms :
(i) V1 (go) or the root form.
(ii) V2 (went) or the past form.
(iii) V3 (gone) or the past participle form.
(iv) V1-ing (going) or the present participle form.
35
2. The Auxiliary Verb helps the Main Verb to complete its
meaning. It helps the Main Verb to form a Tense, or to form
Negatives and Questions.
The following verbs are often used as Auxiliary Verbs :
1. is, am, are, was, were.
2. has, have, had.
3. do, does, did.
4. will, would, shall, should.
5. can, could, may, might, must, etc.
EXERCISES
I. Underline the Verbs in the following sentences :
1. I live in Delhi.
2. The lion roars.
3. It is raining outside.
4. I have two brothers.
5. Rina gave me a flower.
6. A cobbler mends shoes.
7. I will give you my book.
8. The driver was cleaning the car.
II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Auxiliaries :
1. I come in, sir ?
2. I finished my work.
3. You pay your debts.
4. We help our friends.
5. I solve this question.
6. You sit on this bench.
7. Anyone make mistakes.
8. He not telling the truth.
36
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Conjugation means giving the different forms of a verb; as ––
V1 V2 V3 V1+ing
abuse abused abused abusing
apply applied applied applying
attend attended attended attending
beat beat beaten beating
bend bent bent bending
bite bit bitten biting
break broke broken breaking
bring brought brought bringing
build built built building
buy bought bought buying
catch caught caught catching
choose chose chosen choosing
cry cried cried crying
dance danced danced dancing
die died died dying
draw drew drawn drawing
drink drank drunk drinking
drive drove driven driving
eat ate eaten eating
fall fell fallen falling
fight fought fought fighting
find found found finding
fly flew flown flying
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V1 V2 V3 V1+ing
grow grew grown growing
hide hid hidden hiding
keep kept kept keeping
kill killed killed killing
know knew known knowing
laugh laughed laughed laughing
learn learnt learnt learning
leave left left leaving
lend lent lent lending
lie lied lied lying
lie lay lain lying
lose lost lost losing
make made made making
meet met met meeting
obey obeyed obeyed obeying
pay paid paid paying
put put put putting
read read read reading
reply replied replied replying
ring rang rung ringing
rise rose risen rising
sell sold sold selling
send sent sent sending
shine shone shone shining
shoot shot shot shooting
sleep slept slept sleeping
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V1 V2 V3 V1+ing
spell spelt spelt spelling
spend spent spent spending
steal stole stolen stealing
study studied studied studying
swim swam swum swimming
take took taken taking
teach taught taught teaching
tear tore torn tearing
tell told told telling
think thought thought thinking
throw threw thrown throwing
try tried tried trying
weep wept wept weeping
write wrote written writing
EXERCISES
I. Conjugate the following Verbs :
build fall rise speak teach
weep ruin look sleep learn
study throw weave forget destroy
II. Give the present participle form of the following Verbs :
sit die sink fight catch
tie run bite shine apply
hit live swim write begin
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5 THE ADVERB
An Adverb is a word that tells us How, When or Where an action
is done. It gives us information about the time, place, or manner of
an action; as ––
1. He ran slowly. (how)
2. She came today. (when)
3. I saw them sitting here. (where)
In simple words, an Adverb is a word that tells us about the time,

place or manner of an action.
(How) (When) (Where)
Manu ran quickly. Tanu is eating now. Nanu is reading inside.
The word ‘quickly’ shows how. The word ‘now’ shows when.
The word ‘inside’ shows where.
They are all Adverbs.
SOME ADVERBS OF COMMON USE

Some Adverbs of common use are :
1. Adverbs of Time
2. Adverbs of Place
3. Adverbs of Manner
4. Adverbs of Number
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1. Adverbs of Time tell us when an action is done.
Some of these Adverbs are ––
now, then, early, late, soon, today, tomorrow, yesterday
2. Adverbs of Place tell us where an action is done.
here, there, in, out, away, far, near, above, forward
3. Adverbs of Manner tell us how an action is done.

slowly, clearly, loudly, badly, sincerely, brightly, fast, well, ill
4. Adverbs of Number tell us how often an action is done.

once, twice, thrice, always, never, sometimes, daily
FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES
Most Adverbs are formed by adding -ly to Adjectives :
Adjective – Adverb Adjective – Adverb
dry – drily quiet – quietly

lazy – lazily cruel – cruelly
real – really great – greatly
bad – badly quick – quickly
safe – safely silent – silently
able – ably lucky – luckily
true – truly warm – warmly
easy – easily brave – bravely
high – highly angry – angrily
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Adjective – Adverb Adjective – Adverb
wise – wisely equal – equally

cold – coldly clever – cleverly
glad – gladly useful – usefully
bold – boldly bright – brightly
neat – neatly moral – morally
nice – nicely heavy – heavily
hard – hardly happy – happily
kind – kindly actual – actually
slow – slowly gentle – gently
poor – poorly honest – honestly
clear – clearly careful – carefully
loud – loudly sincere – sincerely
dirty – dirtily strange – strangely
short – shortly humble – humbly
EXERCISES
I. Pick out Adverbs in the following sentences :

1. I never cheat anyone.
2. You came late, Raman.
3. The boys talked loudly.
4. The child cried bitterly.
5. We sleep early at night.
6. Mrs. Roy doesn’t live here.
7. The king treated his people kindly.
8. Raj behaved rudely with his teacher.
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II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs of Time :
1. The sun is rising .
2. The train will arrive .
3. I received your card .
4. We have a dance class .
5. Kusha goes to bed at night.
III. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs of Place :

1. God is .
2. The thief ran .
3. Karan is playing .
4. I did not see Neha .
5. The boys are standing .
IV. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs of Manner :

1. It was raining .
2. The girls sang .
3. The sun shines .
4. Suman danced .
5. Gandhiji always spoke .
V. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs of Number :

1. Ram came here .
2. We pay our fees .
3. I help my friends.
4. I have visited the Taj.
5. The boy went to the shop .
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VI. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs.
1. Kusha sings .
2. Do this work .
3. Anu goes there .
4. Did Kushal run ?
5. Do this exercise .
6. The army fought .
7. Rahul won’t play .
8. The moon shines .
9. Our soldiers fought .
10.The train was running .
VII. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs from the box :
daily sweetly properly yesterday

bravely upstairs regularly everywhere
1. Anil ran .
2. The sky is .
3. I go to school .
4. The birds sang .
5. I hurt my knee .
6. The soldiers fought .
7. We must take a walk .
8. The servant didn’t sweep the floor .
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6 THE TENSES
The form of verb that shows the Time or State of an action is called
the Tense.
We have three main Tenses in English.
They are ––
1. The Present Tense
2. The Past Tense
3. The Future Tense
Look at the following sentences :
1. Manu is here today.
2. Children are happy.
3. Manu was here yesterday.
4. Children were happy.
5. Manu will be here tomorrow.
6. Children will be happy.
 Sentences 1 and 2 show the present state.

We can say they are in the Present Tense.
 Sentences 3 and 4 show the past state.
We can say they are in the Past Tense.
 Sentences 5 and 6 show the future state.
We can say they are in the Future Tense.
Note that ––
1. We use V1 for Present Tense.
2. We use V2 for Past Tense.
3. We use will / shall + V1 for Future Tense.
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FORMS OF TENSES
In English, each Tense has four different forms :

1. Indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous
Thus, in English we have twelve different Tenses.

They are ––
1. Present Indefinite She writes letters.

2. Past Indefinite She wrote letters.
3. Future Indefinite She will write letters.
4. Present Continuous She is writing letters.

5. Past Continuous She was writing letters.
6. Future Continuous She will be writing letters.
7. Present Perfect She has written letters.

8. Past Perfect She had written letters.
9. Future Perfect She will have written letters.
10. Present Perfect Continuous She has been writing letters.

11. Past Perfect Continuous She had been writing letters.
12. Future Perfect Continuous She will have been writing letters.
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1. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
The Present Indefinite Tense is used to express a universal truth
or habitual action; as––
1. I like bread.
2. We do our duty.
3. Rahul speaks the truth.
4. The sun rises in the east.
The underlined verbs are all in the Present Indefinite Tense.
For Positive Statements in this tense :

 We use V1 for I, You and a Plural subject; as––
1. We learn our lessons.
2. You pray to God daily.
3. They buy milk from this dairy.
 We use V1 + s/es for a Singular subject; as––

1. She tells lies.
2. Meena cooks delicious food.
3. Ms Madhu teaches us English.
EXERCISE
I. Put each sentence into the plural :
1. A cat eats meat.
2. A dog hates a cat.
3. A writer writes a book.
4. An apple grows on a tree.
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II. Put each sentence into the singular :
1. Houses have roofs.
2. Postmen wear caps.
3. They drink tea out of cups.
4. Classrooms have blackboards.
For Negative Statements :

 We use do not + V1 for I, you and a Plural subject; as––
1. We do not learn our lessons.
2. You do not pray to God daily.
3. They do not buy milk from this dairy.
 We use does not + V1 for a Singular subject; as––
1. He does not tell lies.
2. Meena does not cook delicious food.
3. Ms Madhu does not teach us English.
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Negative :
1. Ram goes home for lunch.
Ram does not go home for lunch.
2. I like coffee.
3. She looks beautiful.
4. These boys run fast.
5. We go for a walk daily.
6. You obey your teachers.
7. He takes care of his health.
8. They take tea in the evening.
48
For Questions,
We use the following sentence pattern :
Do/Does Subject V1 Complement ?

1. Do we learn our lessons ?
2. Do you pray to God daily ?
3. Do they buy milk from this dairy ?
4. Does she tell lies ?
5. Does the teacher teach the class ?
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Question :
1. Owls hoot at night.
Do owls hoot at night ?
2. They work on Sundays.
3. Children play on the road.
4. A postman delivers letters.
5. Farmers grow crops for us.
6. Mosquitoes spread Malaria.
7. She helps her mother in the kitchen.
8. Your brother knows many people in this town.
For Negative Questions,

we can put not before the main verb or in short form
after the helping verb; as––
1. Does she not tell lies ?
= Doesn’t she tell lies ?
2. Do you not pray to God daily ?
= Don’t you pray to God daily ?
49
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question :
1. Do cows live on grass ?
Do cows not live on grass ?
(or) Don’t cows live on grass ?
2. She does not like coffee.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. Do they come here daily ?
5. Does Kusha bring flowers ?
6. We do not pluck the flowers.
7. Does Nitin obey his parents ?
8. He does not drive his car very fast.
9. These boys do not respect their teachers.
2. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

Past Indefinite Tense is used to express an action which took place
in the past or was completed before the time of speaking; as ––
1. Simi liked ice cream.
2. Rohan went to the market.
For Positive Statements in this tense,

we use V2 with all subjects (singular as well as plural); as––
1. He worked honestly.
2. They took milk for breakfast.
3. I bought this book last month.
50
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence using the Past form of the given verbs :
1. Rahul (want) a shirt.
Rahul wanted a shirt.
2. Deepa (eat) an ice cream.
3. Nancy (wear) simple clothes.
4. Raj (come) to India in March.
5. They (build) a house in Delhi.
6. The boys (laugh) at the beggar.
7. I (go) to the market with my friend.
8. My mother (buy) a new dress for me.
For Negative Statements,

we use did not + V1 for all subjects (singular as well as plural); as––
1. He did not work honestly.
2. I did not buy this book last month.
3. They did not take milk for breakfast.
Always remember that with did, we always
use the V1 form of the verb, never the V2 form.
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Negative :
1. Misha told the truth.
Misha did not tell the truth.
2. He took my pen.
3. Tony polished his shoes.
4. She cooked food for me.
5. Rohan respected his teachers.
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6. They finished their work in time.
7. The naughty boys broke the glass.
8. Ranjan and his friends went for a picnic.
For Questions,
we use the following sentence pattern :
Did Subject V1 Complement ?

1. Did he work honestly ?
2. Did I buy this book last month ?
3. Did they take milk for breakfast ?
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Question :
1. Nancy danced at the party.
Did Nancy dance at the party ?
2. He invited us to dinner.
3. My uncle sent me a gift.
4. Our team won the match.
5. You paid your fees yesterday.
6. We spent our holidays at Shimla.
7. They plucked flowers in the garden.
8. Sonu broke his leg in the accident.
For Negative Questions,

we can put not before the main verb or in short form after the
helping verb; as––
1. Did she not tell lies ?
Didn’t she tell lies ?
2. Did you not apply for leave ?
Didn’t you apply for leave ?
52
EXERCISE
Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question :
1. Did the peon ring the bell ?
Did the peon not ring the bell ?
(Or) Didn’t the peon ring the bell ?
2. Did he tell a lie ?
3. We called him a fool.
4. Reeta ate all biscuits.
5. Did she reply your letter ?
6. Your sister painted this picture.
7. Did she finish her work in time ?
8. Did they congratulate you on your success ?
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action that is

going on at the time of speaking; as––
1. Radha is doing her homework.
2. Mona is cooking food in the kitchen.
The underlined words denote an action that is going on at present.
So we can say these sentences are in the Present Continuous Tense.
For positive statements

in this tense, we use is/am/are + V1-ing :
1. I am going there.
2. He is doing his work.
3. They are digging a well.
53
For negative statements,
we use is/am/are + not + V1-ing :
1. I am not going there.
2. He is not doing his work.
3. They are not digging a well.
For questions,
we put the helping verb before the Subject; as ––
1. Am I going there ?
2. Is he doing his work ?
3. Are they digging a well ?
For negative questions,

we can put ‘not’ before the main verb or in
short form after the helping verb, as––
1. Is he not doing his work ?
Isn’t he doing his work ?
2. Am I not going there ?
An’t I going there ?
(We use an’t in spoken language only.)
3. Are they not digging a well ?
Aren’t they digging a well ?
EXERCISES
I. Use the Present Continuous Tense to complete each sentence :
1. Mona is taking a test. (take)
2. I my breakfast. (have)
3. The hunter the lion. (kill)
4. The trees their leaves. (shed)
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5. The farmers their fields. (water)
6. The pain in my arm worse. (get)
7. The tailors the uniforms. (not make)
II. Rewrite each sentence as a question :

1. I am reading a book.
2. She is not doing her work.
3. They are watching a movie.
4. You are not listening to me.
5. We are going for a picnic today.
6. The girls are playing in the park.
7. The boys are not teasing the girls.
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Past Continuous Tense is used to express an action which was
actually taking place at some particular moment in the past.
For positive statements,
we use was/were + V1-ing; as ––
1. He was reading a book.
2. They were going to the market.
For negative statements,
we use was/were + not + V1-ing; as ––
1. He was not reading a book.
2. They were not going to the market.
For questions,
we put the helping verb before the subject; as ––
1. Was he reading a book ?
2. Were they going to the market ?
55
For negative questions,
we can put ‘not’ before the main verb or in
short form after the helping verb; as ––
1. Was he not reading a book ?
Wasn’t he reading a book ?
2. Were they not going to the market ?
Weren’t they going to the market ?
EXERCISES
I. Complete each sentence using the Past Continuous Tense :
1. Children in the bushes. (hide)
Children were hiding in the bushes.
2. They through the zoo. (walk)
3. The waiter the people. (serve)
4. Meera with her friends. (not play)
5. The baby all the morning. (not cry)
6. The dancers on the stage. (not perform)
II. Rewrite each sentence as a question :

1. The peon was ringing the bell.
2. We were not going to our village.
3. The boys were wearing red turbans.
4. Hema was not working at that time.
5. The children were playing in the street.
6. The teacher was writing on the blackboard.
7. The little girl was not playing with her doll.
8. Anu and Rosy were not talking to each other.
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I. Use Simple Past form of the given verb to complete each sentence:
1. Did you this film ? (enjoy)
2. Did Roma this picture ? (paint)
3. Columbus America in 1492. (discover)
4. She to her village last month. (go)
5. The peon (not) the bell in time. (ring)
6. The fool didn’t from experience. (learn)
II. Use Simple Present form of the given verbs to complete each
sentence :
1. I for a walk daily. (go)
2. The sun in the east. (rise)
3. They (not) bad workers. (like)
4. Kusha (not) her parents. (obey)
5. Teachers good students. (love)
6. We milk and eggs for breakfast. (take)
III. Rewrite each sentence in Past Indefinite Tense :

1. The bird flies to its nest.
2. They drink coffee every day.
3. Does he pay his fees regularly ?
4. Do you have milk for breakfast ?
5. Do we not fall ill by over-eating ?
6. You do not finish your work in time.
7. Kusha does not wear simple clothes.
8. Does he not help his friends in need ?
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IV. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense :
1. Isn’t it raining heavily ?
2. We are waiting for the bus.
3. The teacher is teaching the children.
4. I am not living with my aunt these days.
5. They are not going home in the evening.
6. Is the lady knitting a sweater for her son ?
7. Aren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street ?
8. Am I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel ?
V. Rewrite each sentence in Present Continuous Tense :

1. Do you not speak the truth ?
2. The students ask many questions.
3. I sit on the front bench in my class.
4. Does Kamla teach dance and music ?
5. These boys do not respect their elders.
6. She does not play with the poor children.
VI. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense :

1. The girls did not pluck flowers.
2. Did the peon not ring the bell ?
3. Did Ram break the windowpanes ?
4. My friends talked to me in English.
5. The watchman did not open the gate.
6. He spent all his money in good deeds.
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7 THE PREPOSITION
A Preposition is a word placed before a Noun or Pronoun to in-
dicate place, direction, source; as ––
on, in, at, under, upon, into, from.
Look at these pictures which show the different positions of the cat.
The cat is on the table. The cat is in the box.
The cat is under the table. The cat is behind the box.
The underlined words show the position of the cat.
We call them prepositions.
Some other Prepositions of common use are ––
near to after with during
down by above before between
from for among below without
USE OF SOME PREPOSITIONS

1. On, Upon
On denotes position of rest on the surface.
Upon denotes motion.
1. The vase is on the table.
2. The cat jumped upon the wall.
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2. In, Into
In denotes position of rest inside something.
Into denotes motion towards the inside of something.
1. Neha was sitting in her room.
2. Meera went into the room.
3. On, In, At
On is used with days and dates.
In is used with months and years.
At is used for a point of time.
1. I shall go to Mumbai on Monday.
2. His interview falls on 15 Oct.
3. India got freedom in 1947.
4. He went to Shimla in June.
5. Ram reached here at eight.
6. I met Mr. Sharma at 5 o’clock.
4. Note some special uses of ‘at’ and ‘in’
1. At dawn / noon / night
2. In the morning
3. In the evening
4. In the afternoon
5. In, At
In is used with names of big cities and states.
At is used with names of small villages and towns.
1. My uncle lives in Delhi.
2. She was born at Ramgarh.
6. Between, Among
‘Between’ is used for two persons, places or things.
‘Among’ is used for more than two persons, places or things.
1. The two brothers divided their property between themselves.
2. The three brothers divided their property among themselves.
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EXERCISES
I. Underline the prepositions in the following sentences :
1. She sat beside me.
2. Rani is afraid of her teacher.
3. The bird flew over the trees.
4. The dog ran after the mouse.
5. The sky and clouds are above us.
6. The river flows under the bridge.
7. December comes after November.
8. There is a big well behind his house.
9. She brought a beautiful dress for me.
10. I went with my friend to see a movie.
II. Fill in the blanks with a suitable preposition from the box :
of on for near into

at by after from with
1. I am fond music.
2. Look the blackboard.
3. I am waiting the bus.
4. The police ran the thief.
5. Keep the books the shelf.
6. What is Ludhiana famous ?
7. We are proud our country.
8. My ball has fallen the well.
9. Are you coming road or rail ?
10. I went my friends for a picnic.
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11. There is a temple the hospital.
12. Tony cleaned the floor a broom.
13. The girls are waiting the station.
14. My friend’s house is far our house.
15.She lives her parents.
III. Write what you see in this picture. Use a suitable preposition
in each one of your sentences; as ––
Mrs. Raj and Mrs. Rani are sitting on a bench.
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8 THE CONJUNCTION
A Conjunction is a word which joins two words, phrases or
sentences; as ––
1. I know that you are right.
2. Ram and Sham are brothers.
3. You will pass if you work hard.
4. Soni wants coffee but I want tea.
Some other Conjunctions of common use are ––

or yet because though
so for therefore otherwise
Now look at these sentences :

1. Anu went to the shop.
She bought a pen.
We can combine these two
sentences by using ‘and’ :
Anu went to the shop and bought a pen.
2. Ajay is fat.
His sister is thin.
Ajay is fat but his sister is thin.
3. Ravi did not come to school.

He is unwell.
Ravi did not come to school because he is unwell.
4. He ran fast.
He could not catch the train.
Though he ran fast, he could not catch the train.
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EXERCISES
I. Point out the Conjunction in each sentence :
1. He is slow but steady.

2. Nisha and Meera are friends.
3. We went out and had an ice-cream.
4. I missed the train because I was late.
5. Yesterday it rained but today it is sunny.
6. I remember his name but not his address.
7. He bought a radio because he loves music.
8. They went to the market and did some shopping.
II. Join each pair of sentences using ‘but’ :
1. Seema is tall.
Her brother is short.
Seema is tall but her brother is short.
2. A bird can fly.
A fish can’t fly.
3. Shimla is cold.
Jaipur is warm.
4. Varun worked hard.
He failed the test.
5. The girls saw a lion.
The lion did not see them.
6. A car has four wheels.
A cycle has two wheels.
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III. Fill in the blanks with a suitable Conjunction :
1. She bought nothing because she had no money.

2. He was sad he had failed.
3. June is warm January is cold.
4. Arun has a car she can’t drive.
5. Tom Bob always play together.
6. Neha went to Agra saw the Taj.
7. An elephant is big an ant is small.
8. Go to the garden get some flowers.
9. I went to see him he was not at home.
10. I couldn’t make any tea there was no milk.
IV. Match the columns to make meaningful sentences :
1. He worked hard but not tea.

2. Kapil likes coffee yet he failed.
3. I went to see my mother because she was ill.
4. No one answered the bell and rested for a while.
5. Tanu and Manu came home because everyone was out.
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V. Join each pair of sentences using a suitable Conjunction.
You can use one from the box below :
so if but though therefore

yet or and because otherwise
1. You will win. You run fast.

2. He was poor. He was honest.
3. I helped him. He is my friend.
4. She was ill. She did not come.
5. He did not work hard. He failed.
6. Anu came early. Bonny came late.
7. Tell me the truth. I will punish you.
8. Is that story true ? Is that story false ?
9. Ravi ran fast. He couldn’t win the race.
10. Amit can read English. Amit can write English.
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9 THE ARTICLE
An Article is a word that determines or limits the noun that
follows it.
In English grammar, ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’ are called Articles.
An Article is always used with a Noun. So it can also be called an
Adjective.
Use of ‘a’ / ‘an’
You have already learnt that ‘an’ is used before words beginning
with a vowel sound and ‘a’ before words beginning with a
consonant sound.
Look at these pictures and name the objects using appropriate ar-
ticles. Two have been done for you :
a cup an egg
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EXERCISE
Put ‘a’ or ‘an’ for each :
1. ox 8. inkpot
2. kite 9. monkey
3. unit 10. elephant
4. cart 11. honest man
5. M.A. 12. useful thing
6. hour 13. European lady
7. table 14. one-eyed man.
Use of ‘the’
We use ‘the’ to talk of some specific person, animal, place or thing.
We use ‘the’ in the following cases also :
1. Before the names of rivers and seas ––
the Sutlej, the Jamuna; the Indian Ocean, the Arabian sea
2. Before the names of magazines, newspapers and holy
books ––
the Star Dust, the Reader’s Digest; the Tribune,
the Times of India; the Bible, the Quran, the Gita
3. Before the names of races or people ––
the Hindus, the Punjabis, the English
4. Before superlatives ––
the coldest, the worst, the eldest
5. Before the names of natural objects ––
the sun, the moon, the earth
6. Before the names of mountain ranges ––
the Himalayas, the Vindhyas
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7. Before the names of historical places ––
the Red Fort, the Taj Mahal
8. Before a noun if we want to
particularise it.
She is the girl who is my best friend.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with the Articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ :
1. I waited for hour.
2. ant is insect.
3. Red Fort is in Delhi.
4. Jack and Jill went up hill.
5. Speak truth. Don’t tell lie.
6. She rode on elephant at the zoo.
7. earth is covered with land and water.
8. Bible is sacred book of Christians.
9. In sky at night we can see stars and moon.
10. He took banana, orange and apple for breakfast.
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Articles (a/an/the) :

1. Rohit wrote essay.
2. I saw one eyed man.
3. sun rises in the east.
4. watch tells us time.
5. accident is ugly sight.
6. She went home in morning.
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7. boy standing there is my friend.
8. Mohit saw old man crossing the road.
9. In the north of our country are Himalayas.
10. Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati meet at Sangam.
III. Rewrite each sentence correctly :

1. He is an European.
2. I heard loud noise.
3. Look at blackboard.
4. Rajan is honest man.
5. I go for the walk in evening.
6. Gardener is watering plants.
7. I gave him an one-rupee coin.
8. An umbrella is an useful thing.
9. He was a best judge of horses.
10. She is a tallest girl in our class.
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10 THE SENTENCE
A Sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense.
Look at the following groups of words.
1. This bag is very heavy.
2. The boys broke the glass.
3. The bird is singing sweetly.
4. Please give me a glass of water.
These groups of words make complete sense.

We call them sentences.
Note that ––
1. A sentence always begins with a capital letter.
2. A sentence always ends with a full stop (.),
an exclamation mark (!)
or a question mark (?).
Look at the following groups of words :
1. A black cat
2. Under the table
3. In the afternoon
4. My favourite book.
These groups of words do make some sense, but not complete
sense. Such a group of words is called a Phrase.
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EXERCISES
I. Below are given some groups of words.
State which of them are sentences :
1. Cold and chilly.
2. Where are you ?
3. My little brother.
4. The cat is sleeping.
5. Sunday and Monday.
6. Is your house very big ?
7. Whose pencils are these ?
8. Do you know who that man is ?
II. Rearrange each group of words to make a meaningful sentence:
1. mango is this sweet very
This mango is very sweet.
2. book this like I
3. friend best is he my
4. daily play park in we the
5. respect should you elders
6. a day are twenty-four hours in there
7. ship camel is of the desert called the
8. coldest of the month the year December is
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
Every Sentence has two parts.
1. The Subject : It is that part of the sentence which names
the person or thing we are speaking about.
2. The Predicate : It is that part of the sentence which tells
something about the subject.
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The part of a sentence leaving out the subject
is called the Predicate.
Look at the following sentence :
Subject Predicate
The birds are building their nests.
EXERCISES
I. Separate the Subject and the Predicate in each sentence :
1. Shilpa’s sister is my friend.
2. I like ice-cream very much.
3. The roses are big and fresh.
4. The market is near our house.
5. My brother fell from the tree.
6. My sister baked a cake for me.
7. The dog was bitten by a snake.
8. The basket had fruits and vegetables.
II. Supply the missing Subject in each sentence :
1. are fond of toys.
2. were flying in the sky.
3. is watering the plants.
4. is cooking food in the kitchen.
III. Complete each sentence with a suitable Predicate :
1. Some boys
2. Our teacher
3. An old woman
4. My elder brother
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KINDS OF SENTENCES
There are four main kinds of sentences.
1. Declarative
(i) Affirmative
(ii) Negative
2. Interrogative
3. Imperative
4. Exclamatory
1. A Declarative sentence makes a statement. It has a full stop

at the end. A declarative sentence can be of two types :
(i) Affirmative :
1. He goes to school.
2. Mother cooked food.
3. She is doing her work.
4. They were plucking flowers.
(ii) Negative :
1. He does not go to school.
2. Mother did not cook food.
3. She is not doing her work.
4. They were not plucking flowers.
2. An Interrogative sentence asks a question. We put a ques-

tion mark (?) at the end of such a sentence.
1. Did he help you ?
3. Are you going home ?
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3. An Exclamatory sentence shows a sudden feeling of
pleasure, surprise, grief, anger, etc. We put the sign of
exclamation (!) at the end of such a sentence.
1. How hot the sun is !
2. How stupid you are !
3. What a tasty dish it is !
4. What a lovely flower it is !
4. An Imperative sentence makes an order or a request.

We put a full stop at the end of such a sentence.
1. Tell me the truth.
2. Please don’t tell lies.
There can be three kinds of Imperatives :
Second Person Imperatives; as ––
1. Help this man.
2. Don’t help this man.
First Person Imperatives; as ––
1. Let’s stand here.
2. Let’s not stand here.
Third Person Imperatives; as ––
1. Let her come in.
2. Let her not come in.
(Don’t let her come in.)
Note : In spoken English, we can put the Adverbial
Particle at the end of the sentence; as ––
1. Eat up your dinner.
Eat your dinner up.
2. Show in the guests.
Show the guests in.
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EXERCISES
I. Say what kind of sentence each of these is :
1. What a shame !
2. How foolish he is !
3. The baby is not crying.
4. I want to finish the work.
5. Do not pluck the flowers.
6. When will you meet me ?
II. Make the following Imperatives negative :
1. Bite your nails.
2. Eat in the class.
3. Throw stones at birds.
4. Please tell her I am in.
5. Make friends with him.
6. Let’s ask them about it.
III. Rewrite each Imperative placing the Adverbial Particle at the
end :
1. Turn on the TV set !
2. Put down your pens.
3. Take off your shoes !
4. Put out your tongue.
5. Do up your buttons !
6. Take away these books !
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11 PUNCTUATION
Punctuation means putting full stops, commas, question marks
etc. into a piece of writing. Punctuation helps to separate one sen-
tence from another sentence, or one part of a sentence from an-
other.
The important Marks of Punctuation are ––
1. Full Stop (.)
2. Comma (,)
3. Question Mark (?)
4. Exclamation Mark (!)
5. Apostrophe (’)
6. Quotation Mark (“”)
1. Full Stop is used in the following cases :

 To mark the end of an assertive or
imperative sentence; as ––
1. The child is sleeping.
2. Don’t make noise here.
 To mark abbreviations and initials; as ––

Sat. Dec. Co. Mr. A. kumar
M.A. M.L.A P.M. Mrs. N. Roy
2. Comma is used in the following cases :

 To separate words from each other; as ––
1. She is a tall, lovely and gentle girl.
2. Joe has pens, pencils, paper and books.
3. He did his homework neatly, quickly and correctly.
 A comma is generally not used before and.
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 To separate a reporting verb from the reported
speech; as ––
1. She says, “I am happy here.”
2. The priest said, “God loves all men.”
3. Question Mark is used in the following cases :

 After a direct question; as ––
2. Have you got a camera ?
 After a tag question; as ––

1. She is lovely, isn’t she ?
2. He didn’t go home, did he ?
4. Exclamation Mark is used in the following cases :

 After expressions of surprise or strong feeling.
1. How cold it is !
2. What a lovely child !
 After an interjection; as ––
1. O !
2. Oh !
3. Alas !
4. Wow !
5. Ouch !
6. Hurray !
5. Apostrophe (a raised comma) is used in the following cases :

 To show that some letters or numbers have been
omitted; as ––
1. I’m for I am
2. hasn’t for has not
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3. ’14 for 2014
4. can’t for cannot
 To show the possessive form of nouns; as ––

1. man’s hat
2. girls’ school
3. Principal’s office
4. Mohan’s camera
6. Quotation Marks are used in the following cases :

 To show the actual words of a speaker; as ––
1. The teacher said, “Stop talking.”
2. “I can’t solve this sum,” said Swami.
 To show the titles of songs, poems, books, magazines, etc.

1. She is listening to “Amrit Vani”.
2. Do you read “India Today” ?
Quotation Marks are called Inverted Commas also.

In place of double commas, we can use single commas also.
1. She is listening to ‘Amrit Vani’.
2. Do you read ‘India Today’ ?
7. Capital letters are used in the following cases :

1. The first letter of the word with which a sentence begins.
2. The speech in inverted commas begins with a capital letter.
3. The pronoun ‘I’ is always written in the capital form.
4. All Proper Nouns begin with a capital letter.
(Mohan, India, the Gita, the Himalayas, etc.)
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EXERCISES
I. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where
necessary :
1. she is a good dancer
2. is neeru a good dancer
3. isn’t richa a good dancer
4. madhus sister isnt a good dancer
5. richa said madhu is a good dancer
6. preeti is a good dancer said richas sister
7. what are the children doing there in the street
8. they are pulling the little dogs tail and the dog is crying
II. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where
necessary :
1. do you have a pet
2. the ladys purse was stolen
3. mrs Indu jain taught us hindi
4. this is our classroom said tony
5. what a great man gandhiji was
6. reema will sing a song said neha
7. well you may go and play outside
8. j c bose was a famous indian scientist
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12 VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT
1. OCCUPATIONS
Look at the list of persons and what they do :
Actor one who acts a role in a

play or movie
Artist one who practises fine art
Author one who writes books
Barber one who cuts hair
Blacksmith one who makes or repairs

things made of iron
Butcher one who sells meat
Carpenter one who works with wood
Chemist one who sells medicines
Cobbler one who mends shoes
Dentist one who treats all teeth

problems
Doctor one who treats the sick
Florist one who sells flowers
Goldsmith one who makes or repairs

things made of gold
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Greengrocer one who sells fruits and
vegetables
Lawyer one who practises law
Librarian one who takes care of the

library
Mason one who builds houses
Porter one who carries luggage
Milkman one who brings milk to

people’s houses daily
Newsagent one who sells newspapers

and magazines
Pilot one who flies the plane
Optician one who makes / sells

spectacles
Sailor one who sails a ship
Shepherd one who looks after sheep
Stationer one who sells books,

pencils, paper, etc.
Tailor one who stitches clothes
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2. THE YOUNG ONES OF ANIMALS
Animal Young One Animal Young one

ass foal bear cub
cat kitten deer fawn
pig piglet goat kid
lion cub duck duckling
owl owlet tiger cub
cow calf horse colt
dog puppy sheep lamb
hen chicken goose gosling
frog tadpole elephant calf
3. HOMES FOR ALL
People / Things Homes Animals Homes

car garage horse stable
pig pigsty snake hole
fish water sheep pen
lion den books library
hen coop rabbit hutch
bee hive spider web
ship dock monks monastery
dog kennel babies nursery
bird nest Eskimo igloo
cow shed clothes wardrobe
nuns convent soldiers barrack
gipsy caravan patients hospital
kings palace aeroplane hangar
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4. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

A Synonym is a word with the same meaning as another
word; as ––
Word – Synonym Word – Synonym

actual – real fear – terror
allow – permit foolish – stupid
and – plus fun – enjoyment
annual – yearly grief – sorrow
arrive – reach happy – glad
beautiful – lovely hollow – empty
beauty – loveliness hot – warm
begin – start kind – generous
big – large loving – affectionate
brave – bold perfect – ideal
brief – short quiet – silent
calm – peaceful reply – answer
clever – intelligent right – correct
close – shut smell – scent
centre – middle small – tiny
costly – expensive soft – tender
damp – wet steady – regular
daily – everyday taste – flavour
definite – certain timeless – unending
difficult – hard unite – join
enemy – foe vacant – empty
example – instance wealthy – rich
excellent – superb wide – broad
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
An Antonym is a word which is opposite in meaning to an-
other word; as ––
Word – Antonym Word – Antonym
absent – present import – export
above – below increase – decrease
accept – reject joy – sorrow
before – after junior – senior
bitter – sweet kind – cruel
blunt – sharp lend – borrow
bold – timid light – heavy
beautiful – ugly love – hate
bright – dim long – short
cheap – costly near – far
clean – dirty old – young
clever – stupid oral – written
dark – bright night – day
defeat – victory peace – war
difficult – easy poor – rich
death – life profit – loss
empty – full right – wrong
early – late shallow – deep
enemy – friend slow – fast
far – near stale – fresh
foolish – wise strong – weak
fresh – stale thick – thin
good – bad top – bottom
great – small tall – short
high – low warm – cool
hot – cold wide – narrow
in – out wise – foolish
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5. HOMOPHONES
Homophones are words that sound alike but have different
spellings and meanings; as ––
1. We went by the shorter route.
We went to buy vegetables for the party.
2. A week has seven days.
Sheena was very weak after the illness.
3. There’s a hole in the wall.
Imran ate the whole cake.
4. I will be late by an hour.
Our phone is not working.
5. Can you hear me ?
We have rest here for a short while.
The underlined words are all homophones.
Some Common Homophones

1. Bare – Don’t walk around in bare feet.
Bear – Who can bear such an insult ?
2. Birth – What is your date of birth ?
Berth – I got a berth in the train.
3. Break – You shouldn’t break the rules.
Brake – The brakes of my bike don’t work.
4. Check – The teacher checked my homework.
Cheque – She gave me a cheque for one thousand rupees.
5. Dear – She is my dear friend.
Deer – A deer can run very fast.
6. Dose – This bottle contains six doses.
Doze – He was dozing in the class.
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7. Fair – Our prices are always fair.
Fare – I shall pay the bus fare for you.
8. Flour – The bread is made of flour.
Floor – There was a carpet on the floor.
9. Heel – I have pain in my left heel.
Heal – Your wound will take time to heal.
10. Hair – Nisha has very long hair.
Hare – The hare can run very fast.
11. Loose – I like loose clothes.
Lose – Don’t lose heart. Be brave.
12. Lesson – I have learnt my lesson.
Lessen – This tablet will lessen your pain.
13. Mail – I sent the letter by air mail.
Male – She gave birth to a male child.
14. Meet – I meet him almost daily.
Meat – Do you eat meat ?
15. No – I have no words to thank you.
Know – I know nothing about him.
16. Pair – I have bought a pair of shoes.
Pare – Pare your nails.
17. Piece – I gave him a piece of bread.
Peace – We want to live in peace.
18. Pray – I pray to God daily.
Prey – The lion is a beast of prey.
19. Ring – Neha was wearing a gold ring.
Wring – Wring out the towel, please.
20. Sea – The ship was caught in the stormy sea.
See – We see with our eyes.
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21. Steal – Knowledge is a thing that no one can steal.
Steel – The knife is made of steel.
22. Son – His son is a doctor.
Sun – The sun rises in the east.
23. Tail – A monkey has a long tail.
Tale – She related her sad tale.
24. Their – They have finished their work.
There – We waited there for an hour.
25. Waste – Don’t waste your time.
Waist – I have pain in my waist.
EXERCISES
I. Use each pair of homophones in sentences of your own to
bring out the difference in their meanings :
1. would, wood 4. nose, knows 7. not, knot
2. steal, steel 5. piece, peace 8. die, dye
3. ate, eight 6. blew, blue 9. break, brake.
II. Choose the correct word for each blank :
1. Give me address. (there / their )
2. Rama got wet in the . (rain / reign)
3. We went to Delhi last . (week / weak)
4. I had to for many days. (weight / wait)
5. Our team has the match. (won / one)
6. The hunter ran after the . (dear / deer)
7. The and the tortoise ran a race. (hair / hare)
8. Rani went with her to the market. (son / sun)
9. Ravi reached the station at the time. (write / right)
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COMPOSITION
13 LETTER WRITING
PERSONAL LETTERS
Letters written to one’s parents, relatives and friends are called
personal letters.
Format of Personal Letters
1. The Heading (Your Address and Date) : 13, Mall Road
Ludhiana
15 June, 20__
2. The Salutation : My dear Anu, My dear father, My dear brother, etc.
3. The Body : Whatever your want to tell.
4. The Ending : (For parents and siblings) Yours affectionately / Your
affectionate son; Yours lovingly / Your loving son.
(For friends or known) Yours sincerely, Yours truly.
Specimen of a Personal Letter
Write a letter to your friend inviting him to attend the marriage
party of your elder brother.
85, Maya Nagar
The Heading (Your
 Ludhiana
Address and date)
14 August, 20_ _
The Salutation  Dear Harish
My elder brother’s marriage comes off on Feb. 16.
The marriage party will go to Amritsar. I want you to
The Body  go with us. We have hired a bus. We shall get time to
see the Golden Temple also. Please do reach here on
Feb. 15. We will be glad to see you here.
With love
Yours sincerely
The Ending 
Sunil
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SOME IMPORTANT PERSONAL LETTERS
(1)
TO FATHER FOR MONEY
Write a letter to your father requesting him to send you money to
buy a bicycle.
86, Green Park
Guru Nagar
28 May, 20_ _
Respected Father
Our school has been shifted to a new building. This new building is
about 5 kilometers away from the town. As yet there is no bus service
to the side of the school, I have to walk all the way. It tires me quite a
lot. Also I get late for school .The class-teacher gets angry with me. So
I should have a bicycle. It would cost me around Rs. 3200. Kindly send
me money as soon as possible. I know my loving Papa won’t refuse it.
Your loving son
Arun
(2)
TELLING ABOUT VISIT TO A HISTORICAL PLACE
Write a letter to your elder brother telling him about the historical
place you visited last week.
25 Model Town
Phagwara
25 April 20_ _
My dear Brother
Since long I had a desire to see the Taj at Agra. Last week I got a chance
to see it. I went there with my classmates. Our Headmaster also went
with us.
The Taj is a very beautiful building. It is made of pure white marble. We
saw it in the moonlight. It looked like a dream in marble. There were
90
beautiful flower-beds. We stayed there for about four hours. Its memory
is still fresh in my mind.
With love and respect to you and dear Mom and Dad.
Your loving brother
Rubal
(3)
THANKING FOR GIFT
Your uncle has sent you a watch as a birthday gift. Write a letter of
thanks to him for the gift.
8, Adarsh Nagar
Ferozepur
27 Feb., 20_ _
My dear Uncle
Yesterday was my birthday. I received a parcel from you. There was a
wrist watch in it. I thank you for the kind gift.
It is a very fine watch. It keeps correct time. All my friends have liked it.
I shall keep it with great care. I once again thank you for this nice gift.
With love and respect to you and dear Aunt.
Yours affectionately
Rahul
(4)
CONGRATULATING ON SUCCESS
Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in
the examination.
284, Jawahar Nagar
Ludhiana
13 March, 20_ _
My dear Vinod
The result of your examination was out yesterday. I saw it in the
newspaper. You got 650 marks. You stood first in the district. You have
91
brought honour to your school and parents. It is the fruit of your hard
work. I congratulate you on your success.
Do not forget to give us a party.
Yours truly
Krishna
(5)
TELLING ABOUT SUMMER VACATION
Write a letter to your friend telling him how you spent your sum-
mer vacation.
550, Upkar Nagar
Moga
24 Feb., 20_ _
My dear Rohit
Our school broke up for summer vacation last month. I went to Shimla
with my parents. It was very cool there. The scenery was beautiful. I
spent mornings and evenings in long walks. I had a happy time there.
We stayed there for twenty days.
With love
Yours sincerely
Raman
EXERCISE
1. Write a letter to your friend telling him about your daily routine.
2. Write a letter to your friend sympathizing with him on his fail-
ure in the examination.
3. Your father wants to know about your progress at school. Write
a letter to him telling how you are getting on at school.
4. Write a letter to your elder brother to send you money
because you want to join the educational tour to Agra to see
the Taj.
5. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to spend his holidays
with you.
92
APPLICATION WRITING
Letters written to the head of a school or college making some

request are called Letters of Application.
Format of Letters of Application

1. The Beginning : The Principal
D.A.V. School
Ludhiana
2. The Salutation : Respected Sir / Madam
3. The Body : Details of your request
4. The Ending : Yours obediently (or) Your obedient student
5. Applicant’s Name : Raman Sharma
Specimen of an Application
Write an application to your Headmaster to grant you leave to
attend your sister’s marriage.
The Headmaster
The Beginning  Govt. High School
Raipur
The Salutation  Sir
The marriage of my elder sister comes off on 14 May.
I am to attend it. Father wants me at home. He
has much work to do. He needs my help. So, I cannot
The Body  attend school for five days. Kindly grant me leave from
12th to 16th May.
I shall be very thankful to you.
The Ending  Yours obediently
Abdul Hamid
The Name of
 11 May, 20_ _
the Applicant
Class VI, Section B
93
SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS
(1)
APPLICATION FOR LEAVE
Write an application to the Headmaster of your school to grant
you one day’s sick leave.
The Headmaster
Hindu High School
Sangrur
Sir
I have fever and a bad headache also. I can’t come to school. The doctor
has advised me rest. Kindly grant me leave for today only.
Thanking you
Yours obediently
Amit Kumar
Class VI, Section A
19 Feb., 20_ _
(2)
APPLICATION FOR REMISSION OF FINE
You have been fined for remaining absent from school. Write an
application to your Headmaster for the remission of fine.
The Headmaster
D.A.V. High School
Raipur
Sir
Our English teacher gave us a test on Friday. I was unwell. I could not
send my application. I could not take the test. So the teacher has fined
me fifty rupees.
94
My father is a poor man. He cannot pay the fine. Kindly remit my fine.
I shall be thankful to you for this kindness.
Yours obediently
Ram Kumar
Class VI, Section E
14 May, 20_ _
(3)
APPLICATION FOR FEE-CONCESSION
Write an application to the Principal of your school to grant you
full fee-concession.
The Principal
Govt. High School
Ludhiana
Sir
I am a student of the sixth class of your school. My father is a peon. His

pay is very small. He cannot pay my school fee.
I always stand first in my class. I am a member of the Football Eleven.
Last year, I was a free student. Kindly grant me full fee-concession this
year also.
I shall be highly thankful to you for this kindness.
Yours obediently
Anil Sharma
Class VI, Section D
16 March, 20_ _
95
(4)
APPLICATION FOR SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE
Write an application to the Principal of your school to issue you
the School Leaving Certificate.
The Principal
B.C.M High School
Gurdaspur
Sir
My Father has been transferred to Ludhiana. My parents are leaving for
Ludhiana tomorrow. I cannot stay here alone.
My father has signed the application. Kindly issue me my school
leaving certificate.
I shall be thankful to you for this kindness.
Yours obediently
Neera Verma
VI Class, Section D
25 August, 20_ _
EXERCISE
1. Your name has been struck off. Write an application to your
Principal for re-admission.
2. You cannot take the examination because of the marriage of
your elder sister. Write an application to your Principal to ex-
empt you from the examination.
3. Write a letter to your Headmaster requesting him to grant you
three days’ sick leave.
4. Write an application to your teacher for change of seat.
5. Write an application to your class teacher asking her to
excuse you for not having done the assignment given by her.
96
14 PARAGRAPH WRITING
SOME IMPORTANT PARAGRAPHS
1. My Father
Shri Rajan Sharma is my father. He is a teacher. He teaches in
D.A.V. High School, Ludhiana. He is an M.A., B.Ed. He teaches
English and Mathematics. He is a good teacher. He loves his
students. He helps the poor students. The students respect him. My
father is very kind to us. He takes interest in our studies. He teaches
us at night. He tells us stories of great men. He is never angry with
us. He loves us and we respect him. We love his company. He is a
good father. My father is very simple in his habits. He does not
smoke. He helps the poor and needy people. He is an ideal citizen.
2. My Best Friend
I have many friends. But Sahil is my best friend. He is of my age.
His father is a doctor. His mother is a teacher. Sahil is my classmate.
We go to school together. We sit at the same desk. Sahil is very
intelligent. He stands first in the class. He respects his teachers. All
the teachers love him. Sahil is a good player. He plays tennis. He is
the captain of the school team. He goes to the playground daily.
Sahil has good habits. He wears simple clothes. He always speaks
the truth. He is very gentle. He helps the poor. He is a true friend.
3. My School
I read in Arya High School, Amritsar. It is a very big school. It has
one huge gate. It has two storeys. There are fifty rooms. The rooms
are airy. Each room has two electric fans. The hall of our school is
very big. The school has two big playgrounds. It has a beautiful
garden also. There are ten classes in our school. Each class has four
sections. Each section has about sixty boys. Our Headmaster is very
able. He is very kind to us. He lives a simple life. All the teachers
respect him. They are also able and hard-working. They
97
love the students. The students respect them. Our school shows
very good results every year. I love my school. I am proud of it.
4. Our Headmaster
Sh. Sohan Lal is the headmaster of our school. He is forty years
old. He is tall and strong. He is active and smart. He is an M.A., B.Ed.
Our headmaster is true to his duty. He is very punctual. He comes
to school in time. He sits in his office. He works very hard. He plans
his work well. He is very intelligent. He watches the working of the
school. All the teachers and students respect him. He is a good
teacher. He is a good speaker. He is a good writer also. He has
written many books. He is a good player. He plays games in the
evening. He is all in all in our school. We are proud of him. May he
live long !
5. My Country
India is my country. It is a big country. It has many big rivers. It
has many high mountains. The Ganga and the Jamuna are its most
important rivers. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the
world. They are in the north of India. My country has many big
cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. New Delhi is the
capital of India. It has the Red Fort and many other famous
buildings. People of all castes live in India. They live in peace. They
live like brothers. I am proud of my country. It is our motherland.
The Tricolour is our national flag.
6. The Diwali
Diwali means ‘row of lights’. It is an important Hindu festival. It
comes off in November. Rama came back to Ayodhya on this day.
Guru Har Govind was set free by the Mughal Emperor on this day.
The festival is celebrated in every village and town. Houses and
shops are whitewashed. Beautiful pictures are hung on the walls.
People buy sweets and toys. They light candles at night. Children
fire crackers. Everyone looks happy. Some people gamble on this
day. It is an evil. It should be ended.
98
7. A Birthday Party
My friend, Anil, gave a party on his birthday. He invited all his
friends. The party was at his house. I reached his house at 6 p.m.
There was a great hustle and bustle. A big cake was placed on a
table. All of us stood round the table. Anil cut the cake with a knife.
All of us chanted three times : ‘Happy Birthday To You.’ Then the cake
was served to all. It was very tasty. There were many things to eat. We
ate to our heart’s content. There was singing and dancing also.
8. My Favourite Game
Football is my favourite game. I play this game daily. I play it in
the school ground. I go there daily in the evening. I play for two
hours. It gives me good exercise. I love playing football. This game
does not cost much. Twenty-two men can play with just one football.
This game is not time-consuming like cricket. A football match takes
only one hour. It gives us better exercise than any other game. It is
not risky also. So, I like this game very much.
9. Our School Peon

Ramu is our school peon. He is twenty-five years old. He is tall
and strong. He is obedient and honest. He is true to his duty. He
respects the teachers. Ramu lives in the school. He gets up early in
the morning. He dusts the office. He rings the bell at the right time.
He is busy the whole day. He is loyal to the school. He looks after
the school property. His duty is hard but his pay is small.
10. The Dog

The dog is a faithful animal. It has four legs. Its feet are called
paws. It has two ears, one tail and four paws. It is found in many
sizes and colours. Dogs eat what men eat. But they are fond of
meat and milk. The dog is a very useful animal. It is very faithful
and obedient. It is our friend and guide. It watches our houses at
night. Some dogs are very intelligent. They do useful work for the
police and the army.
99
EXERCISE
Write a paragraph on :
1. Television
2. My House
3. My Mother
4. My Pet Dog
5. My Classroom
6. The Policeman
7. My School Library
8. The Recess Period
9. Our School Garden
10. My Favourite Teacher
11. How I Celebrated My Birthday
12. An Indian Festival Or Dussehra.
100
15 STORY WRITING
1. The Fox and the Crow
Outline : A fox .... hungry a
crow .... on a tree .... a piece of bread
.... beak .... fox wanted .... a plan ....
said to the crow .... sweet voice ....
sing a song .... crow .... glad ....
opened mouth .... sing .... bread
fell down .... fox picked it .... hear
your song tomorrow .... .
Story : Once a fox was hungry. He went out in search of food. He
reached a garden. A crow was sitting on a tree. The crow had a
piece of bread. The fox wanted to get it.
He hit upon a plan. He said to the crow, “You are a fine bird. Your
voice is very sweet. I like your songs. Please sing me a song. “ The
crow was glad at its praise. It opened its mouth to sing. It cried,
“Caw ! Caw !” The piece of bread fell down. The fox picked it up and
ate it. He said to the crow, “Thank you very much. I shall hear your
song tomorrow.”
2. The Wolf and the Lamb
Outline : On hot day .... a wolf
went to a stream .... saw a lamb ....
drinking water .... wanted to eat
.... why are you muddying water
.... lamb .... I cannot .... wolf angry
.... said to lamb .... abused me last
year .... lamb said .... not even born
.... must be your mother .... fell upon
the lamb .... ate it up.
101
Story : One day it was very hot. A wolf felt thirsty. He went to a
stream. He began to drink water. Lower down the stream he saw a
lamb. The lamb was also drinking water. The wolf wanted to eat it.
He said to the lamb, “Why are you making the water muddy ?”
The lamb said, “Sir, the water is flowing from you to me. I cannot
make it muddy.” The wolf got angry. He said to the lamb, “You abused
me last year.” The lamb said, “Sir, I was not even born then.” The
wolf said angrily, “Then it must be your mother.” So saying, the wolf
fell upon the lamb and ate it up.
3. A Bad Company
Outline : Raja .... only son of

his parents .... bad company ....
advised him .... in vain .... father ....
plan .... bought some apples ....
asked Raja to place .... almirah .... a
rotten apple .... among the fine ....
after some days .... opened almirah
.... apples .... gone bad .... learnt a
lesson .... gave up .... good boy.
Story : Raja was the only son of his parents. He got into bad
company. His father advised him, but in vain. At last he hit upon a
plan. He bought some fine apples. He asked Raja to place them in
an almirah. Then the father gave Raja a rotten apple. He asked Raja
to place it among the fine apples.
After some days, Raja opened the almirah. All the apples had
gone bad. One rotten apple had spoiled all others. Now Raja learnt
a lesson. He gave up bad company. He became a good boy.
102
4. Three Greedy Friends
Outline : Three friends .... very
poor .... search of job .... on the
way .... bag of money .... decided
to divide .... hungry .... one of them
bring food .... all money .... mixed
poison .... the other two killed him
.... bigger share .... ate poisoned
food .... also died .... none could
get .... money.
Story : Three young men lived in a village. They were very poor.
One day they set out in search of a job. On the way they found a
bag of money. They decided to divide it.
They were very hungry. One of them went to a village to bring
food. He wanted to get all the money. He mixed poison in their
food. The other two wanted bigger shares. They decided to kill him.
When he came back, they killed him. Then they ate the food. They
also died. None could get the money.
5. The Lion and the Mouse

Outline : A lion resting in a
jungle .... a mouse rolls over the
lion .... the lion catches it .... the
mouse asks to be pardoned .... the
.... lion excuses it .... the lion caught
in a trap .... roars for help .... the
mouse cuts the net .... the lion is
rescued.
103
Story : It was a summer day. A lion was sleeping under a tree. A
little mouse lived near that tree. It came out of its hole. It began to
jump over the body of the lion. The lion woke up. He caught the
mouse and was about to kill it. The mouse said to the lion, “Please
do not kill me. I shall help you in trouble.” The lion laughed at the
words of the mouse. He let the mouse go.
After some days, the lion was caught in a trap. He tried hard but
could not free himself. He began to roar. The mouse heard his roar.
It came there. It cut the ropes with its sharp teeth. In a short while
the lion got free. He thanked the mouse.
6. Union is Strength
Outline : Old farmer .... three
sons .... always quarrelled .... farmer
at the point of death .... gave them
a bundle of sticks .... asked them
to break it turn by turn .... couldn’t
break .... untied the bundle .... each
one could break sticks easily ....
father said .... live united like bundle
of sticks .... sons learnt lesson ....
never quarrelled again.
Story : Once there was an old farmer. He had three sons. They
always quarrelled with one another. The farmer advised them not
to quarrel. But it was in vain.
One day the farmer was at the point of death. He called his sons
to him. He gave them a bundle of sticks. He asked them to break
it. The sons tried one by one, but failed to break it.
The farmer untied the bundle. Now each one could break the
sticks easily. The father said, “Live united like the bundle of sticks.
United we stand, divided we fall.” The sons learnt a lesson. They
never quarrelled again.
104
EXERCISE
Develop a story from the outline given below. Give it a suitable title.
1. A fox was hungry ........ entered a fruit garden ........ saw a bunch of
grapes ........ wanted to eat them ........ tried to reach the grapes
........ failed each time ........ was tired ........ said to himself that
grapes were sour.
2. A hare and a tortoise ........ decided to run a race ........ race
began ........ tortoise moved slowly ........ hare ran fast ........ hare left
tortoise far behind ........ hare went to sleep ........ tortoise kept
moving ........ tortoise won.
3. A crow was thirsty ........ searched for water everywhere ........

saw a pitcher with water ........ beak could not reach the water
........ put pebbles into the pitcher ........ level of water rose ........
drank the water.
4. A hungry dog ........ stole a piece of meat from a shop ........ came to
a river ........ looked into the river ........ saw another dog with a piece
of meat in his mouth ........ opened his mouth and began to bark
........ piece of meat ........ fell into the river ........ greedy dog was sad.
105
5. Ramu, a cap seller ........ goes place to place ........ is tired ........
rests under a tree ........ goes to sleep ........ monkeys come down
from the tree ........ take caps ........ wear them ........ Ramu gets
up ........ looks at the basket ........ caps missing ........ looks up
........ sees monkeys with caps on their heads ........ thinks what
to do ........ suddenly sees a heap of stones ........ an idea strikes
........ throws his own cap on the ground ........ monkeys copy
him ........ throw the caps back ........ leaves happily.
106
REVISION TEST PAPER –– 1
(Based on Chapters 1 to 7)
Time Allowed : 1 Hour Total Marks : 50

I. Put the words in the columns they belong to :12✕1/2=6 marks
crew lion rose Amritsar
hotel herd family childhood
Red Fort wisdom Colgate friendship
Common Noun Proper Noun Abstract Noun Collective Noun
II. Rewrite each sentence in the plural form : 5 marks

1. He hurt his foot and tooth.
2. The mother loves her baby.
3. The child ran after the goose.
4. She put the book on the shelf.
5. Rahul put the apple in the box.
III. Match the genders in the given columns : 1/2✕8=4 marks

Column A Column B
lion wife
hero maid
horse mare
widower niece
nephew lioness
husband widow
landlord heroine
bachelor landlady
107
IV. Underline the Pronouns in the sentences and tell their kind :
5 marks
1. Where is the book ?
2. These are your books.
3. That is a swimming pool.
4. Who is the king of Nepal ?
5. She told them about the film.
V. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the Adjectives :
5 marks
1. Neha sings than me. (good)
2. Imran is than his brother. (intelligent)
3. Manu is the girl in my class. (tall)
4. Aman got the marks in English. (high)
5. Misha is the child of the family. (old)
VI. Conjugate the following Verbs : 5 marks
rise break sweep spoil fight
reply lie lend drive choose
VII. Complete the sentences with suitable Adverbs : 5 marks
1. Come .
2. Rani tells lies.
3. Nanny got up .
4. The girl shouted .
5. His father returned .
VIII. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the Verbs given in
the brackets : 5 marks
1. I to Delhi next week. (go)
2. Did Sham your brother ? (abuse)
108
3. Rohit to my house yesterday. (come)
4. Grandma me a story last night. (tell)
5. The teacher is on the blackboard. (write)
IX. Transform the following sentences as directed : 5 marks
1. She is not doing her work. (Past Continuous)
2. He invited us to dinner. (Negative)
3. We do not pluck flowers. (Present Continuous)
4. Armaan works honestly. (Interrogative)
5. Mandy does not work hard. (Past Simple)
X. Fill in the blanks with the correct Prepositions : 5 marks
1. The dog ran the mouse. (after / before)
2. She got a letter her aunt. (by / from)
3. The books are the shelves. (on / upon)
4. The church is just the road. (above / across)
5. Distribute these apples the children.
(among / between)
109

I. Pick out Conjunctions from the following sentences :
5 marks
1. He worked hard yet he failed.
2. I ran because I was late for office.
3. I have a bat but I don’t have a ball.
4. Anu listened to the music and danced.
5. Though he was rich he was a big miser.
II. Join each pair of sentences using the suitable Conjunctions
given in the box : 5 marks
though but and because yet
1. He is poor. He is honest.
2. A bird can fly. A fish can’t.
3. He worked hard. He failed.
4. We went for a picnic. We had fun.
5. I couldn’t help you. I had no money at that time.
III. Use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ to complete the sentences :
1/2✕10=5 marks
1. His father is M.A.
2. boy carried umbrella.
3. Ravi bought ox and cow.
4. Vinay is engineer in company.
5. Guru Granth Sahib is holy book of
Sikhs.
110
IV. Rearrange the jumbled words to form sentences : 5 marks
1. on the tree is the sitting bird
2. enjoy children ice cream eating
3. Shahjahan built the wife for Taj Mahal his
4. Switzerland Kashmir the of called India is
5. follow rules traffic we crossing must the while road
V. Separate the Subject and the Predicate : 5 marks
1. The boys left for Ambala.
2. Alexander was a great warrior.
3. The cruel king punished his men.
4. Ram and his friends went for a picnic.
5. Fruits and vegetables are cheap in winter.
VI. Give the kind of each sentence : 5 marks
1. Don’t hurt anyone.
2. What a pretty doll !
3. Who are you talking to ?
4. She didn’t do her homework.
5. Please give me a glass of water.
VII. Punctuate the following sentences using Capital letters where
necessary : 2✕5=10 marks
1. the taj mahal is in agra
2. what a lovely rose this is
3. i am going to madhus house
4. do you know armaans birthday is in january
5. where are the mangoes oranges bananas and grapes kept
111
VIII. Give one word for : 5 marks
1. A person who sell flowers.
2. A person who flies an aircraft.
3. A person who stitches clothes.
4. A person who sells vegetables and fruits.
5. A person who sells books, pencils, pens, etc.
IX. Complete the following sentences : 5 marks
1. A cub is the young one of a .
2. A pup is the young one of a .
3. A is the young one of a frog.
4. A is the young one of an ass.
5. An owlet is the young one of an .
112

I. Give the Synonyms of the following : 5 marks
enemy fear fun brief daily
unite small foolish hot big
II. Give the Antonyms of the following : 5 marks
bitter lost beautiful wise ask
peace lazy agree fail true
III. Make sentences with the following words to bring out the
difference in their meanings : 10 marks
1. (a) whole :
(b) hole :
2. (a) week :
(b) weak :
3. (a) floor :
(b) flour :
4. (a) hair :
(b) hare :
5. (a) weight :
(b) wait :
IV. You have gone on a trip to Amritsar with your parents. Write
a letter to your friend telling her / him about the trip.
Or
Write a letter to your Principal requesting him to grant you
one day’s sick leave. 10 marks
113
V. Write a paragraph in about 80 words on any one of the follow-
ing topics : 10 marks
1. My Hobby
2. An Indian Festival
3. Our School Library
VI. Complete the story with the help of the following pictures and
the outline given below. Also give your story a suitable title :
10 marks
Outline : An elephant ........ a tailor ........ friends ........ to the pond

........ to drink water ........ tailor always gave ........ banana ........ one day
........ tailor fell ill ........ his son ........ in the shop ........ projected his
trunk ........ pricked needle ........ felt pain ........ said nothing ........ filled
muddy water ........ came back ........ threw the dirty water ........ the
clothes spoiled ........ paid the boy ........ in his own coin.
Or
Outline : A shepherd boy ........ looked after ........ sheep ........ thought of
........ mischief ........ cried ........ Wolf ! Wolf ! ........ villagers came ........ for his
help ........ no wolf ........ angry ........ really came ........ cried for help ........ did
not believe ........ wolf killed many sheep ........ tore the boy ........ pieces.
114

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

PUNJAB SCHOOL EDUCATION BOARD

Edition 2016 ................. Copies

All rights, including those of translation, reproduction

Written by : Ms. Shelija Sangar

We would gratefully welcome comments and suggestions from teachers,

Look at these sentences :

There are four kinds of noun :

Look at these sentences :

The underlined words in the above sentences are Common Nouns

1. Keep the books on the table.

Look at these sentences :

II. Form Abstract Nouns from the given words :

laugh – laughter hate –

III. Use any five Abstract Nouns in sentences of your own :

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Collective Nouns :

duty profit courage marriage

1. Be careful about your weight.

A noun is said to be Singular if it refers to one thing; as ––

Forming Plurals of Nouns

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

3. Nouns ending in -y (with a consonant before them) form

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

4. Nouns ending in -y (with a vowel before them), form their

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural

10. A Compound Noun generally forms its plural by adding

daughters-in-law lookers-on step-daughters

11. The following Compound Nouns take a double plural.

fly box life

III. Rewrite each sentence using the plural form of Nouns :

IV. Rewrite each sentence using the singular form of Nouns :

2. The following Nouns have a plural form but always take

3. The following Nouns are always used in the plural form

4. The following Nouns are used only in the singular form

5. The word ‘hair’ is used in the plural when a definite

I. Give the plural of the following nouns :

1. A noun that refers to a male is said

What in nature is called the difference of sex, we say in

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

2. By adding ‘-ess’ to the masculine :

3. By changing a part of the word :

Feminine Masculine Common Neuter

II. Change the Gender of the following :

I. Give the opposite Gender of the following :

The boys are talking. Misha has got a gift.

Aman is a good boy. I have a bicycle.

The words they, she, he and it are used in place of Nouns.

2. Pronouns of the Second Person :

3. Pronouns of the Third Person :

4. We never use an apostrophe (’) with the personal pronouns.

5. Personal Pronouns used to express emphasis are called

This is a book. These are books.

That is a book. Those are books.

3. Superlative Degree : When one thing is

Note that we always use ––

FORMING DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. By adding -er and -est :

Positive Comparative Superlative